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class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Overseas_military_bases" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Overseas_military_bases"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Overseas military bases</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Overseas_military_bases-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sterile_zones_at_ports_of_entry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sterile_zones_at_ports_of_entry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Sterile zones at ports of entry</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sterile_zones_at_ports_of_entry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Demilitarised_zones" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demilitarised_zones"> <div 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id="toc-Europe_and_the_Middle_East-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-South_America" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#South_America"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>South America</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-South_America-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Antarctica" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Antarctica"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Antarctica</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Antarctica-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Outer_space" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Outer_space"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Outer space</span> </div> </a> <ul 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.sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title" style="background:#ccccff"><a href="/wiki/Extraterritoriality" title="Extraterritoriality">Extraterritorialities</a></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Earth</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antarctic_Treaty_System" title="Antarctic Treaty System">Antarctic Treaty System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diplomatic_mission" title="Diplomatic mission">Diplomatic mission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_waters" title="International waters">International waters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Seabed_Authority" title="International Seabed Authority">International Seabed Authority</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">International zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Space</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Extraterrestrial_real_estate" title="Extraterrestrial real estate">Extraterrestrial real estate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moon_Treaty" title="Moon Treaty">Moon Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outer_Space_Treaty" title="Outer Space Treaty">Outer Space Treaty</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Extraterritorialities" title="Template:Extraterritorialities"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Extraterritorialities" title="Template talk:Extraterritorialities"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Extraterritorialities" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Extraterritorialities"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>An <b>international zone</b> is any area <a href="/wiki/Extraterritoriality" title="Extraterritoriality">not fully subject</a> to the border control policies of the state in which it is located. There are several types of international zones ranging from special economic zones and sterile zones at ports of entry exempt from customs rules to concessions over which administration is ceded to one or more foreign states. International zones may also maintain distinct visa policies from the rest of the surrounding state. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Special_economic_zones">Special economic zones</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=International_zone&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Special economic zones"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Special_economic_zone" title="Special economic zone">Special economic zone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Free-trade_zone" title="Free-trade zone">Free-trade zone</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Free_economic_zone" class="mw-redirect" title="Free economic zone">Free economic zone</a></div> <p>A special economic zone (SEZ) is an area in which the business and trade laws are different from the rest of the jurisdiction within which it is located. SEZs are generally established to increase <a href="/wiki/Foreign_direct_investment" title="Foreign direct investment">foreign direct investment</a> or <a href="/wiki/Export-oriented_industrialization" title="Export-oriented industrialization">facilitate export-oriented manufacturing</a>. Depending on its purpose, an SEZ typically has less strict border control policies with regard to customs. An <a href="/wiki/Export_processing_zone" class="mw-redirect" title="Export processing zone">export processing zone</a> will typically allow for goods manufactured for export to be exempt from excise tax and for capital goods and raw materials to be exempt from customs duties upon import, while a <a href="/wiki/Bonded_logistics_park" title="Bonded logistics park">bonded logistics park</a> will typically exempt a designated area from all or most customs regulations. The most extreme category of SEZ is a freeport (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Luxembourg_Freeport" class="mw-redirect" title="Luxembourg Freeport">Luxembourg Freeport</a>, <a href="/wiki/Singapore_Freeport" class="mw-redirect" title="Singapore Freeport">Singapore Freeport</a>, <a href="/wiki/Geneva_Freeport" title="Geneva Freeport">Geneva Freeport</a>), in which goods stored or transhipped are treated as never having entered the host jurisdiction. </p><p>Uniquely, <a href="/wiki/Svalbard" title="Svalbard">Svalbard</a> is an <a href="/wiki/Visa_policy_of_Svalbard" title="Visa policy of Svalbard">entirely visa-free zone</a> under the terms of the <a href="/wiki/Svalbard_Treaty" title="Svalbard Treaty">Svalbard Treaty</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which recognises the sovereignty of Norway over the Arctic archipelago of <a href="/wiki/Svalbard" title="Svalbard">Svalbard</a> but subjects it to certain stipulations and consequently not all Norwegian law applies, including border controls. The treaty regulates the <a href="/wiki/Demilitarized_zone" title="Demilitarized zone">demilitarisation</a> of the archipelago. The signatories were given equal rights to engage in commercial activities (mainly coal mining) on the islands. As of 2012<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=International_zone&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, Norway and Russia are making use of this right. Similarly, simplified visa policies are in force for Iran's special economic zones of <a href="/wiki/Kish_Island" title="Kish Island">Kish</a> and <a href="/wiki/Qeshm_Island" title="Qeshm Island">Qeshm</a> islands, and for <a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Kurdistan" title="Iraqi Kurdistan">Iraqi Kurdistan</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Concessions">Concessions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=International_zone&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Concessions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Concessions_and_leases_in_international_relations" title="Concessions and leases in international relations">Concessions and leases in international relations</a></div> <p>A concession is a territory within a state over which another state has been granted jurisdiction. During the <a href="/wiki/Imperialism#Age_of_Imperialism" title="Imperialism">Age of Imperialism</a>, concessions were frequently granted to colonial or imperial powers. Notably, the United Nations' <a href="/wiki/Headquarters_of_the_United_Nations" title="Headquarters of the United Nations">headquarters in New York City</a> and offices in <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Office_at_Geneva" title="United Nations Office at Geneva">Geneva</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Office_at_Vienna" title="United Nations Office at Vienna">Vienna</a>, and <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Office_at_Nairobi" title="United Nations Office at Nairobi">Nairobi</a><sup id="cite_ref-vienna_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vienna-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> are administered as international concessions by the United Nations, while still subject to most local and national laws.<sup id="cite_ref-kelsen_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kelsen-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As the United Nations requires delegates from all member states to be permitted to attend meetings at its headquarters, host countries maintain special visa arrangements such as the <a href="/wiki/C-2_visa" title="C-2 visa">C-2 visa</a> which enables otherwise inadmissible foreign officials to enter the United States, provided they remain within the vicinity of the UN headquarters.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Tangier_International_Zone" title="Tangier International Zone">Tangier International Zone</a> was a 373 square kilometre concession administered by several countries in the Moroccan city of <a href="/wiki/Tangier" title="Tangier">Tangier</a> and its environs between 1923 and 1956. Much like the <a href="/wiki/Shanghai_International_Settlement" title="Shanghai International Settlement">Shanghai International Settlement</a>, the government and administration of the zone was in the hands of a number of foreign powers. The Zone had its own appointed <a href="/w/index.php?title=International_Legislative_Assembly&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="International Legislative Assembly (page does not exist)">International Legislative Assembly</a>, which was subject to supervision by a <a href="/w/index.php?title=Committee_of_Control&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Committee of Control (page does not exist)">Committee of Control</a> consisting of the Consuls of Belgium, France, Britain, Italy, the Netherlands, Portugal, and Spain.<sup id="cite_ref-stuarttangier_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-stuarttangier-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Executive power was vested in an Administrator, and judicial power resided in a <a href="/wiki/Mixed_Court" class="mw-redirect" title="Mixed Court">Mixed Court</a> of five judges, respectively appointed by the Belgian, British, Spanish, French, and Italian governments.<sup id="cite_ref-stuarttangier_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-stuarttangier-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a result of the creation of the Mixed Court, the various European powers withdrew the <a href="/wiki/Consular_court" title="Consular court">consular courts</a> that previously exercised jurisdiction there.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Zone had a reputation for tolerance, diversity of culture, religion, and <a href="/wiki/Bohemianism" title="Bohemianism">bohemianism</a>. It became a tourist hotspot for literary giants and <a href="/wiki/Homosexuality" title="Homosexuality">gay</a> men from Western countries. Many of the latter were able to live an openly <a href="/wiki/Coming_out" title="Coming out">"out"</a> life in the Zone.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In July 1952 the protecting powers met at <a href="/wiki/Rabat" title="Rabat">Rabat</a> to discuss the Zone's future, agreeing to abolish it. Tangier joined with the rest of <a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a> following the restoration of full sovereignty in 1956.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Tomb_of_Suleyman_Shah" title="Tomb of Suleyman Shah">Tomb of Suleyman Shah</a>, grandfather of the founder of the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a> <a href="/wiki/Osman_I" title="Osman I">Osman I</a>, has been located in northern <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a> since the Empire's collapse. The 1921 <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Ankara_(1921)" title="Treaty of Ankara (1921)">Treaty of Ankara</a><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> established the area surrounding the tomb as a Turkish concession. The tomb was moved in 1973 as the site was to be flooded by the creation of <a href="/wiki/Lake_Assad" title="Lake Assad">Lake Assad</a>, and in 2015 it was relocated unilaterally by Turkey in response to the <a href="/wiki/Syrian_civil_war" title="Syrian civil war">Syrian civil war</a>. The Syrian government denounced the move as incompatible with the 1921 treaty; Turkey plans to move the tomb back to the second site.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Asia">Asia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=International_zone&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Asia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Concessions_in_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Concessions in China">Concessions in China</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dejima" title="Dejima">Dejima</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Treaty_ports" title="Treaty ports">Treaty ports</a></div> <p>The island port of <a href="/wiki/Dejima" title="Dejima">Dejima</a> was a Portuguese and, later, Dutch concession near the Japanese city of <a href="/wiki/Nagasaki" title="Nagasaki">Nagasaki</a>. Established to house Portuguese traders during the <a href="/wiki/Nanban_trade" title="Nanban trade">Nanban trade</a>, it was later ceded to Dutch administration between 1641 and 1854. Under the <a href="/wiki/Sakoku" title="Sakoku">Sakoku</a> policy in force during the <a href="/wiki/Edo_period" title="Edo period">Edo period</a>, it was Japan's only point of interaction with the outside world. Border controls limited passage of foreign merchants from Dejima to Nagasaki and of Japanese from Nagasaki to Dejima.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Similarly, the island of <a href="/wiki/Macau" title="Macau">Macau</a> was ceded by China during the <a href="/wiki/Ming_dynasty" title="Ming dynasty">Ming dynasty</a> to the Portuguese, who <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Macau" title="Portuguese Macau">administered it as a trading hub</a> between 1557 and 1999. In the aftermath of the <a href="/wiki/Opium_Wars" title="Opium Wars">Opium Wars</a>, the Ming Dynasty's successor <a href="/wiki/Qing_Dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Qing Dynasty">Qing Dynasty</a> ceded <a href="/wiki/British_Hong_Kong" title="British Hong Kong">the island of Hong Kong and the surrounding area</a> to the British under the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Nanjing" class="mw-redirect" title="Treaty of Nanjing">Treaty of Nanjing</a>, resulting in the area being administered as a British trading hub until 1997. </p><p>During the late <a href="/wiki/Qing_dynasty" title="Qing dynasty">Qing years</a>, significant portions of Chinese territory, primarily along the coast, were surrendered as concessions to occupying powers including many European powers as well as Japan and the United States. Each concession had its own police force, and different legal jurisdictions with their own separate laws. Thus, an activity might be legal in one concession but illegal in another. Many of the concessions also maintained their own military garrison and standing army. Military and police forces of the Chinese government were sometimes present. Some police forces allowed Chinese, others did not. In these concessions, the citizens of each foreign power were given the right to freely inhabit, trade, <a href="/wiki/Missionary" title="Missionary">proselytize</a>, and travel. They developed their own sub-cultures, isolated and distinct from the intrinsic <a href="/wiki/Chinese_culture" title="Chinese culture">Chinese culture</a>, and colonial administrations attempted to give their concessions "homeland" qualities. Churches, <a href="/wiki/Public_house" class="mw-redirect" title="Public house">public houses</a>, and various other western commercial institutions sprang up in the concessions. In the case of Japan, its own traditions and language naturally flourished. Some of these concessions eventually had more advanced architecture of each originating culture than most cities back in the countries of the foreign powers origin. Chinese were originally forbidden from most of the concessions, but to improve commercial activity and services, by the 1860s most concessions permitted Chinese, but treated them like second-class citizens as they were not citizens of the foreign state administering the concession. They eventually became the majority of the residents inside the concessions. Non-Chinese in the concessions were generally subject to <a href="/wiki/Consul_(representative)" title="Consul (representative)">consular</a> law, and some of these laws applied to the Chinese residents. Notable Concessions include the <a href="/wiki/Shanghai_International_Settlement" title="Shanghai International Settlement">Shanghai International Settlement</a> administered by the United Kingdom and the United States, the <a href="/wiki/Shanghai_French_Concession" title="Shanghai French Concession">French Concession in Shanghai</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Kwantung_Leased_Territory" title="Kwantung Leased Territory">Kwantung Leased Territory</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Beijing_Legation_Quarter" class="mw-redirect" title="Beijing Legation Quarter">Beijing Legation Quarter</a>. </p><p>The foreign concessions in China continued to exist during the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_China_(1912%E2%80%931949)" title="Republic of China (1912–1949)">mainland period</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Republic of China">Republic of China</a>. In major cities like Shanghai and Tianjin, due to the existence of numerous jurisdictions, criminals could commit a crime in one jurisdiction and then easily escape to another. This became a major problem during the Republican period, with the rise of post–Imperial <a href="/wiki/Warlord_era" class="mw-redirect" title="Warlord era">Warlord era</a> and the collapse of central authority in the 1920s and the 1930s. Crime often flourished, especially organised crime by different warlord groups. </p><p>The majority of concessions in Asia were <a href="/wiki/Treaty_ports" title="Treaty ports">treaty ports</a>, port cities in China and Japan that were opened to foreign trade mainly by the <a href="/wiki/Unequal_treaty" class="mw-redirect" title="Unequal treaty">unequal treaties</a> forced upon them by <a href="/wiki/Western_world" title="Western world">Western powers</a>, as well as cities in Korea opened up similarly by the <a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Japan" title="Empire of Japan">Japanese Empire</a> prior to its annexation of the Korean peninsula.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The treaty port system in China lasted approximately one hundred years beginning with the 1841 <a href="/wiki/Opium_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Opium War">Opium War</a>. The system effectively ended when Japan took control of most of the ports in the late 1930s, The Russians relinquished their treaty rights in the wake of the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Revolution_(1917)" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian Revolution (1917)">Russian revolution</a> in 1917, and the Germans were expelled in 1914. The three main treaty powers, the British, the Americans, and the French continued to hold their concessions and extraterritorial jurisdictions until the <a href="/wiki/Second_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second World War">Second World War</a>. This ended when the Japanese stormed into their concessions in late 1941. They formally relinquished their treaty rights in a new "equal treaties" agreement with <a href="/wiki/Chiang_Kai-shek" title="Chiang Kai-shek">Chiang Kai-shek</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Nationalist_Government_(China)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nationalist Government (China)">Nationalist Government</a> in exile in <a href="/wiki/Chongqing" title="Chongqing">Chongqing</a> in 1943. The international communities that were residues of the treaty port era ended in the late 1940s when the communists took over and nearly all foreigners left. </p><p>Within the concessions in China, the occupying foreign powers administered distinct legal systems. The two main courts judging extraterritorial cases were the <a href="/wiki/Shanghai_Mixed_Court" title="Shanghai Mixed Court">Shanghai Mixed Court</a> and the <a href="/wiki/British_Supreme_Court_for_China" title="British Supreme Court for China">British Supreme Court for China</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECassel201263_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECassel201263-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Similar courts were established for treaty countries, e.g. the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Court_for_China" title="United States Court for China">United States Court for China</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These had jurisdiction over the concession areas, which formally remained under Qing sovereignty.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECassel201264_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECassel201264-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Initially, Chinese people who committed crimes in, say, the British zone, were remanded to Chinese authorities.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECassel201265_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECassel201265-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Suez_and_Panama_canals">Suez and Panama canals</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=International_zone&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Suez and Panama canals"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Panama_Canal_Zone" title="Panama Canal Zone">Panama Canal Zone</a> and <a href="/wiki/Suez_Canal_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="Suez Canal Company">Suez Canal Company</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Suez_Canal" title="Suez Canal">Suez</a> and <a href="/wiki/Panama_Canal" title="Panama Canal">Panama Canals</a> were originally established as concessions administered by the foreign powers who funded their construction. Between 1859 and 1956, the British and French owned <a href="/wiki/Suez_Canal_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="Suez Canal Company">Suez Canal Company</a> operated the Suez Canal while the United States government <a href="/wiki/Panama_Canal_Zone" title="Panama Canal Zone">administered the area surrounding</a> the Panama Canal from 1903 to 1999. Concessionary administration of the Suez Canal was ended when Egyptian President <a href="/wiki/Gamal_Abdel_Nasser" title="Gamal Abdel Nasser">Gamal Abdel Nasser</a> nationalised the company during the <a href="/wiki/Suez_Crisis" title="Suez Crisis">Suez Crisis</a> while American administration of the Panama Canal ended as a result of the <a href="/wiki/Torrijos%E2%80%93Carter_Treaties" title="Torrijos–Carter Treaties">Torrijos–Carter Treaties</a> in which the United States voluntarily renounced its concession over the <a href="/wiki/Panama_Canal_Zone" title="Panama Canal Zone">Panama Canal Zone</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Overseas_military_bases">Overseas military bases</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=International_zone&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Overseas military bases"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_with_overseas_military_bases" title="List of countries with overseas military bases">List of countries with overseas military bases</a></div> <p>Overseas military bases such as the American-administered <a href="/wiki/Pituffik_Space_Base" title="Pituffik Space Base">Pituffik Space Base</a> in Greenland and <a href="/wiki/Guantanamo_Bay_Naval_Base" title="Guantanamo Bay Naval Base">Guantanamo Bay</a> in Cuba or the British-administered <a href="/wiki/Akrotiri_and_Dhekelia" title="Akrotiri and Dhekelia">Akrotiri and Dhekelia</a> on the island of Cyprus are a distinct category of concession ceded by a host state solely for military purposes. The jurisdictional authority ceded to the administering military force varies from base to base depending on the agreement concluded by the host and administering state. For example, <a href="/wiki/Khmeimim_Air_Base" title="Khmeimim Air Base">Khmeimim Air Base</a> in Syria is leased to the Russian government for a period of 49 years and the Russian government exercises extraterritorial jurisdiction over the air base and its personnel<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Vasiliev2018_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vasiliev2018-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while the British government administers Akrotiri and Dhekelia (designated as "sovereign base areas" under the treaty establishing Cyprus independence) as <a href="/wiki/British_Overseas_Territories" title="British Overseas Territories">an overseas territory</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sterile_zones_at_ports_of_entry">Sterile zones at ports of entry</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=International_zone&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Sterile zones at ports of entry"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The sterile zone at a <a href="/wiki/Border_control#Border_checkpoints" title="Border control">port of entry</a> is the area where arriving international passengers have not formally entered the country by clearing arrival customs and immigration controls, and departing passengers have formally exited the country by clearing exit immigration control. Sterile zones are most commonly found in international airports, while they also exist at certain seaports and land crossings. Despite their usual exemption from local immigration and customs laws, international zones at ports of entry are fully under the jurisdiction of the country where they are located and local laws apply. Persons caught committing an unlawful act (e.g. possession of contraband such as illegal drugs) in the international zone are liable for prosecution. </p><p>Within international airports, transit passengers can usually take connecting international flights in the international zone without clearing customs and immigration controls, and in most cases do not require a <a href="/wiki/Travel_visa" title="Travel visa">visa</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some countries, however, require transit passengers of certain nationalities to hold a direct airside transit visa<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> even when they would not need to pass through border controls. To exempt passengers transiting between international flights from clearing border controls, most international airports outside North America feature a sterile zone which only authorized employees and processed passengers with a valid ticket are allowed to enter.<sup id="cite_ref-Wallis2003_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wallis2003-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Two major exceptions are the United States and Canada, where airports typically have no international transit zones. All passengers arriving on international flights are subject to customs and immigration inspections. Nationals of countries other than the United States and Canada at a U.S. airport requires at least a <a href="/wiki/C-1_visa" title="C-1 visa">C-1 transit visa</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Electronic_System_for_Travel_Authorization" title="Electronic System for Travel Authorization">ESTA</a> for eligible travellers. Meanwhile, transiting at a Canadian airport for nationals of countries other than Canada or the United States generally requires a visa or Electronic Travel Authorization (eTA) except for individuals <a href="/wiki/Visa_policy_of_Canada#Special_waivers_for_travellers_to_and_from_the_United_States" title="Visa policy of Canada">proceeding to or from the United States</a> who qualify for the China Transit Program or Transit Without Visa Program. </p><p>A common feature of sterile zones at airports and occasionally land and sea borders, <a href="/wiki/Duty-free_shop" title="Duty-free shop">duty-free shops</a> sell products tax-free to customers who have cleared exit border controls prior to boarding and, in some places, to passengers arriving from overseas. Most countries impose limits on how much of each type of duty-free goods, may be purchased by each passenger. The airport with the most duty-free sales is <a href="/wiki/Seoul_Incheon_Airport" class="mw-redirect" title="Seoul Incheon Airport">Seoul Incheon Airport</a> with US$1.85 billion in 2016.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dubai International Airport is second, recording transactions worth $1.82 billion in 2016.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/EuroAirport_Basel_Mulhouse_Freiburg" title="EuroAirport Basel Mulhouse Freiburg">EuroAirport Basel Mulhouse Freiburg</a>, an airport located in France 20 kilometres southeast of <a href="/wiki/Mulhouse" title="Mulhouse">Mulhouse</a> and 3.5 kilometres northwest of <a href="/wiki/Basel" title="Basel">Basel</a> (Switzerland), contains a binational sterile zone including a customs road allowing passengers travelling to and from Switzerland to access the airport without passing through French customs control. The airport has been jointly operated by the two countries since a 1946 treaty. <a href="/wiki/Geneva_Airport" title="Geneva Airport">Geneva Airport</a> in Switzerland has similar facilities for French travellers.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-treaty_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-treaty-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Demilitarised_zones">Demilitarised zones</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=International_zone&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Demilitarised zones"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Demilitarized_zone" title="Demilitarized zone">Demilitarized zone</a></div> <p>A demilitarised zone is an area in which treaties or agreements between nations, military powers or contending groups forbid military installations, activities or personnel. They often lie along <i>de jure</i> or <i>de facto</i> frontiers or boundaries between two or more military powers or alliances. Demilitarised zones should not be confused with <a href="/wiki/Border_control#Border_zones" title="Border control">border zones</a>, which are areas lying along a border established unilaterally by a state for border control purposes. </p><p>Many demilitarised zones are considered <a href="/wiki/Neutral_territory" class="mw-redirect" title="Neutral territory">neutral territory</a> because neither side is allowed to control it, even for non-combat administration. Some zones remain demilitarised after an agreement has awarded control to a state which (under the DMZ terms) had originally ceded its right to maintain military forces in the disputed territory. It is also possible for powers to agree on the demilitarisation of a zone without formally settling their respective territorial claims, enabling the dispute to be resolved by peaceful means such as diplomatic dialogue or an international court. </p><p>Several demilitarised zones have also unintentionally become <a href="/wiki/Wildlife_preserve" class="mw-redirect" title="Wildlife preserve">wildlife preserves</a> because their land is unsafe for construction or less exposed to human disturbances (including hunting). Examples include the <a href="/wiki/Korean_Demilitarised_Zone" class="mw-redirect" title="Korean Demilitarised Zone">Korean Demilitarised Zone</a>, the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Buffer_Zone_in_Cyprus" title="United Nations Buffer Zone in Cyprus">Cypriot Demilitarised Zone</a> (<a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Buffer_Zone_in_Cyprus" title="United Nations Buffer Zone in Cyprus">The Green Line</a>), and the former <a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_Demilitarised_Zone" class="mw-redirect" title="Vietnamese Demilitarised Zone">Vietnamese Demilitarised Zone</a> which divided Vietnam into two countries (<a href="/wiki/North_Vietnam" title="North Vietnam">North Vietnam</a> and <a href="/wiki/South_Vietnam" title="South Vietnam">South Vietnam</a>) from 21 July 1954 to 2 July 1976. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Asia_2">Asia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=International_zone&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Asia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:DMZ1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Map of the demilitarised zone between North and South Vietnam" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/DMZ1.jpg/250px-DMZ1.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/DMZ1.jpg/375px-DMZ1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/DMZ1.jpg/500px-DMZ1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1362" data-file-height="891" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_Demilitarised_Zone" class="mw-redirect" title="Vietnamese Demilitarised Zone">Vietnamese Demilitarised Zone</a> separating <a href="/wiki/North_Vietnam" title="North Vietnam">North</a> and <a href="/wiki/South_Vietnam" title="South Vietnam">South Vietnam</a> in 1969</figcaption></figure> <p>As a result of the partition of the Korean peninsula by the United States and the Soviet Union after World War II, and exacerbated by the subsequent <a href="/wiki/Korean_War" title="Korean War">Korean War</a>, there is a <a href="/wiki/Korean_Demilitarized_Zone" title="Korean Demilitarized Zone">Demilitarised Zone</a> (DMZ) spanning the <i>de facto</i> border between <a href="/wiki/North_Korea" title="North Korea">North Korea</a> and <a href="/wiki/South_Korea" title="South Korea">South Korea</a>. The DMZ follows the effective boundaries as of the end of the Korean War in 1953. Similarly to the Frontier Closed Area in Hong Kong, this zone and the defence apparatus that exists on both sides of the border serve to curtail unauthorised passage between the two sides. In South Korea, there is an additional fenced-off area between the Civilian Control Line (CCL) and the start of the Demilitarised Zone. The CCL is a line that designates an additional buffer zone to the Demilitarised Zone within a distance of 5 to 20 kilometres from the Southern Limit Line of the Demilitarised Zone. Its purpose is to limit and control the entrance of civilians into the area to protect and maintain the security of military facilities and operations near the Demilitarised Zone. The commander of the <a href="/wiki/Eighth_United_States_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Eighth United States Army">8th US Army</a> ordered the creation of the CCL and it was activated and first became effective in February 1954.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The buffer zone that falls south of the Southern Limit Line is called the Civilian Control Zone. Barbed wire fences and manned military guard posts mark the CCLe. South Korean soldiers typically accompany tourist busses and cars travelling north of the CCL as armed guards to monitor the civilians as well as to protect them from North Korean intruders. Most of the tourist and media photos of the "Demilitarised Zone fence" are actually photos of the CCL fence. The actual Demilitarised Zone fence on the Southern Limit Line is completely off-limits to everybody except soldiers and it is illegal to take pictures of the Demilitarised Zone fence. </p><p>Similarly, the whole estuary of the <a href="/wiki/Han_River_(Korea)" title="Han River (Korea)">Han River</a> in the Korean Peninsula is deemed a "Neutral Zone" and is officially off-limits to all civilian vessels. Only <a href="/wiki/Military_vessel" class="mw-redirect" title="Military vessel">military vessels</a> are allowed within this neutral zone.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In recent years, Chinese fishing vessels have taken advantage of the tense situation in the <a href="/wiki/Han_River_(Korea)" title="Han River (Korea)">Han River</a> Estuary Neutral Zone and illegally fished in this area due to both <a href="/wiki/Korean_People%27s_Navy" title="Korean People's Navy">North Korean</a> and <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Korea_Navy" title="Republic of Korea Navy">South Korean</a> navies never patrolling this area due to the fear of naval battles breaking out. This has led to <a href="/wiki/Naval_combat" class="mw-redirect" title="Naval combat">firefights</a> and sinkings of boats between Chinese fishermen and <a href="/wiki/South_Korean_Coast_Guard" class="mw-redirect" title="South Korean Coast Guard">South Korean Coast Guard</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 30 January 2019, North Korean and South Korean military officials signed a landmark agreement that would open the Han River Estuary to civilian vessels for the first time since the Armistice Agreement in 1953. The agreement was scheduled to take place in April 2019 but the failure of the <a href="/wiki/2019_Hanoi_Summit" class="mw-redirect" title="2019 Hanoi Summit">2019 Hanoi Summit</a> indefinitely postponed these plans.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1962, the <a href="/wiki/International_Court_of_Justice" title="International Court of Justice">International Court of Justice</a> had ordered the creation of a "provisional demilitarised zone" around the <a href="/wiki/Preah_Vihear_Temple" title="Preah Vihear Temple">Preah Vihear Temple</a> whose ownership <a href="/wiki/Cambodian%E2%80%93Thai_border_dispute" title="Cambodian–Thai border dispute">is claimed</a> by both <a href="/wiki/Cambodia" title="Cambodia">Cambodia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the Japanese occupation of <a href="/wiki/Manchuria" title="Manchuria">Manchuria</a>, when they administered as the puppet state of <a href="/wiki/Manchukuo" title="Manchukuo">Manchukuo</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Tanggu_Truce" title="Tanggu Truce">Tanggu Truce</a> of May 1933 was concluded between China and Japan, establishing a demilitarised zone between Manchukuo and China. In 1937 Japan violated this truce with an invasion of the remainder of China. In 1945, after the fall of the Japanese empire at the end of the <a href="/wiki/Pacific_War" title="Pacific War">Asia-Pacific theatre</a> of <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, Manchuria was re-incorporated into China. Similarly, during the <a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a>, there was a <a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_Demilitarized_Zone" title="Vietnamese Demilitarized Zone">demilitarised zone</a> between <a href="/wiki/North_Vietnam" title="North Vietnam">North Vietnam</a> and <a href="/wiki/South_Vietnam" title="South Vietnam">South Vietnam</a>. The zone was established in July 1954 as a result of the <a href="/wiki/Geneva_Conference_(1954)" class="mw-redirect" title="Geneva Conference (1954)">Geneva Conference</a> ending the war between the <a href="/wiki/Viet_Minh" title="Viet Minh">Viet Minh</a> and France. The DMZ in Vietnam officially lay at the <a href="/wiki/17th_parallel_north" title="17th parallel north">17th parallel</a> but, in reality, extended about 1.5 km on either side of the <a href="/wiki/B%E1%BA%BFn_H%E1%BA%A3i_River" title="Bến Hải River">Bến Hải River</a> and west to east from the <a href="/wiki/Laos" title="Laos">Lao</a> border to the <a href="/wiki/South_China_Sea" title="South China Sea">South China Sea</a>. The Vietnamese demilitarised zone was abolished following the reunification of the country in 1976. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Europe_and_the_Middle_East">Europe and the Middle East</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=International_zone&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Europe and the Middle East"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Demilitarised zones are common in Europe and the Middle East, especially in areas with territorial disputes in the aftermath of military conflicts. </p><p><b>Contemporary</b>: </p> <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Buffer_Zone_in_Cyprus" title="United Nations Buffer Zone in Cyprus">Green Line</a> separating <a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Southern Cyprus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Northern_Cyprus" title="Northern Cyprus">Northern Cyprus</a> is a demilitarised border zone operated by the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Peacekeeping_Force_in_Cyprus" title="United Nations Peacekeeping Force in Cyprus">United Nations Peacekeeping Force in Cyprus</a><sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The buffer zone was established in 1974 due to ethnic tensions between <a href="/wiki/Greek_Cypriots" title="Greek Cypriots">Greek</a> and <a href="/wiki/Turkish_Cypriots" title="Turkish Cypriots">Turkish Cypriots</a>. The green line is similar in nature to the <a href="/wiki/Korean_Demilitarized_Zone" title="Korean Demilitarized Zone">38th parallel</a> separating the Republic of Korea and North Korea.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%85land" title="Åland">Åland</a> – The <a href="/wiki/%C3%85land_convention" title="Åland convention">Åland Convention of 1921</a>, which was concluded following a decision of the <a href="/wiki/League_of_Nations" title="League of Nations">League of Nations</a> in response to the <a href="/wiki/%C3%85land_crisis" class="mw-redirect" title="Åland crisis">Åland crisis</a>, mandates that the Finnish government maintain the territory as a demilitarised area.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ceuta_border_fence" title="Ceuta border fence">Ceuta border fence</a> and <a href="/wiki/Melilla_border_fence" title="Melilla border fence">Melilla border fence</a> – A <i>de facto</i> demilitarised zone exists between the Spanish territories of <a href="/wiki/Ceuta" title="Ceuta">Ceuta</a> and <a href="/wiki/Melilla" title="Melilla">Melilla</a> and <a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a>. Perimeter fences around both cities have been constructed by Spanish and Moroccan authorities, creating a demilitarised zone between the Spanish and Moroccan fences.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transnistria" title="Transnistria">Transnistria</a> – The <a href="/wiki/Joint_Control_Commission" title="Joint Control Commission">Joint Control Commission</a> peacekeeping mission monitors a demilitarised security zone roughly outlining the <a href="/wiki/Dniester" title="Dniester">Dniester</a> between <a href="/wiki/Moldova" title="Moldova">Moldova</a> and the unrecognized Transnistria created by the <a href="/w/index.php?title=1992_Transnistria_War_ceasefire_agreement&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1992 Transnistria War ceasefire agreement (page does not exist)">ceasefire agreement</a> ending the <a href="/wiki/Transnistria_War" title="Transnistria War">Transnistria War</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuwait%E2%80%93Iraq_barrier" class="mw-redirect" title="Kuwait–Iraq barrier">Kuwait–Iraq barrier</a> – The <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council" title="United Nations Security Council">United Nations Security Council</a> approved the creation of a demilitarised zone between <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kuwait" title="Kuwait">Kuwait</a> in <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_689" title="United Nations Security Council Resolution 689">Resolution 689</a> after the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_War" title="Gulf War">Persian Gulf War</a>. Although the demilitarised zone is no longer mandated by the council, it continues to exist.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinai_Peninsula" title="Sinai Peninsula">Sinai Peninsula</a> – The <a href="/wiki/Egypt%E2%80%93Israel_peace_treaty" title="Egypt–Israel peace treaty">Egypt–Israel peace treaty</a> sets a limit to the amount of forces <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a> can place in the Sinai Peninsula. Parts of the peninsula are demilitarised to various degrees, especially within 20–40 kilometres of Israel. Israel also agreed to limit its forces within 3 kilometres of the Egyptian border.<sup id="cite_ref-MFA_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MFA-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The areas are monitored by the <a href="/wiki/Multinational_Force_and_Observers" title="Multinational Force and Observers">Multinational Force and Observers</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-10TAGpgA-1_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10TAGpgA-1-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Because of the <a href="/wiki/Sinai_insurgency" title="Sinai insurgency">Sinai insurgency</a> all sides agreed and encouraged Egypt to send large amounts of military forces into the area, including tanks and helicopters, to fight Islamist groups.<sup id="cite_ref-jpost120809_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jpost120809-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-haaretz120816_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-haaretz120816-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-jpost131029_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jpost131029-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-jpost130715_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jpost130715-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudan" title="Sudan">Sudan</a> – A 10 km demilitarised zone along the <a href="/wiki/Sudan" title="Sudan">Sudan</a> – <a href="/wiki/South_Sudan" title="South Sudan">South Sudan</a> border.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Disengagement_Observer_Force#UNDOF_Zone" title="United Nations Disengagement Observer Force">United Nations Disengagement Observer Force Zone</a> – The United Nations Security Council approved the creation of a demilitarised zone in a portion of the Israeli-<a href="/wiki/Israeli-occupied_territories" title="Israeli-occupied territories">occupied territory</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Golan_Heights" title="Golan Heights">Golan Heights</a> in Syria in <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_350" title="United Nations Security Council Resolution 350">Resolution 350</a> after the <a href="/wiki/Yom_Kippur_War" title="Yom Kippur War">Yom Kippur War</a>. The zone is monitored by the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Disengagement_Observer_Force" title="United Nations Disengagement Observer Force">United Nations Disengagement Observer Force</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Interim_Force_in_Lebanon" title="United Nations Interim Force in Lebanon">United Nations Interim Force in Lebanon</a> – Created by the United Nations with the adoption of <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council" title="United Nations Security Council">Security Council</a> <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution" class="mw-redirect" title="United Nations Security Council Resolution">Resolution</a> <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_425" title="United Nations Security Council Resolution 425">425</a> and <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_426" title="United Nations Security Council Resolution 426">426</a>, to confirm Israeli withdrawal from <a href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanon</a> which Israel had <a href="/wiki/1978_South_Lebanon_conflict" title="1978 South Lebanon conflict">invaded</a> in 1978, to restore international peace and security, and help the <a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Lebanon" title="Politics of Lebanon">Government of Lebanon</a> restore its effective authority in the area.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gibraltar_map.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Old map of the Gibraltar peninsula" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Gibraltar_map.png/220px-Gibraltar_map.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="237" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/17/Gibraltar_map.png 1.5x" data-file-width="330" data-file-height="355" /></a><figcaption>Historical map of the <a href="/wiki/Promontory" title="Promontory">promontory</a> of Gibraltar.</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Historical</b>: </p> <ul><li>A neutral territory was established between the <a href="/wiki/British_Overseas_Territories" title="British Overseas Territories">British Overseas Territory</a> of <a href="/wiki/Gibraltar" title="Gibraltar">Gibraltar</a> and Spain after the end of the <a href="/wiki/Thirteenth_Siege_of_Gibraltar" class="mw-redirect" title="Thirteenth Siege of Gibraltar">1727 siege</a>. A strip of land 600 <a href="/wiki/Toise" title="Toise">toises</a> (about 1.2 km) long, more than two cannon shots' distance between the British and Spanish guns, was called "the neutral ground" and shown as such on older maps. In 1908, the British built a fence in a portion claimed to be the British half of the neutral territory. Spain <a href="/wiki/Disputed_status_of_the_isthmus_between_Gibraltar_and_Spain" title="Disputed status of the isthmus between Gibraltar and Spain">does not recognise</a> British sovereignty over the isthmus (including the border), asserting it is Spanish soil. Although both the United Kingdom and Spain used to be part of the European Union (before the United Kingdom's exit), the border was a <i>de facto</i> international frontier with customs and immigration checks; Spain does not formally recognise it as a "frontier", referring to it as a "fence".</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhineland" title="Rhineland">Rhineland</a> – The <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Versailles" title="Treaty of Versailles">Treaty of Versailles</a> designated the Rhineland as a demilitarised zone after <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>, prohibiting the <a href="/wiki/Weimar_Republic" title="Weimar Republic">Weimar Republic</a> from deploying its <a href="/wiki/Reichswehr" title="Reichswehr">military</a> there. It was <a href="/wiki/Remilitarization_of_the_Rhineland" class="mw-redirect" title="Remilitarization of the Rhineland">re-occupied and re-militarised</a> in 1936 by <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a> in violation of international treaties.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saudi%E2%80%93Iraqi_neutral_zone" class="mw-redirect" title="Saudi–Iraqi neutral zone">Saudi–Iraqi neutral zone</a> – The <a href="/wiki/Uqair_Protocol_of_1922" title="Uqair Protocol of 1922">Uqair Protocol of 1922</a> established a demilitarised zone between the <a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Nejd" title="Sultanate of Nejd">Sultanate of Nejd</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Iraq" title="Kingdom of Iraq">Kingdom of Iraq</a>, which at the time was a <a href="/wiki/League_of_Nations_mandate" title="League of Nations mandate">League of Nations mandate</a> administered by the <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</a>. Nejd was later incorporated into the <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Kingdom of Saudi Arabia</a>. The zone was partitioned in 1981 but the treaty was not filed with the United Nations. The zone was finally officially abolished during the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_War" title="Gulf War">Persian Gulf War</a>, when Iraq and Saudi Arabia cancelled all international agreements with each other.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saudi%E2%80%93Kuwaiti_neutral_zone" class="mw-redirect" title="Saudi–Kuwaiti neutral zone">Saudi–Kuwaiti neutral zone</a> – The Uqair Protocol established a neutral zone between the <a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Nejd" title="Sultanate of Nejd">Sultanate of Nejd</a> and the <a href="/wiki/British_protectorate" title="British protectorate">British protectorate</a> of <a href="/wiki/Kuwait" title="Kuwait">Kuwait</a> in 1922. It was partitioned by mutual agreement in 1970.</li> <li>Israel and Egypt: <ul><li>Following the <a href="/wiki/1948_Arab%E2%80%93Israeli_War" title="1948 Arab–Israeli War">1948 Arab–Israeli War</a>, a demilitarised zone (the <a href="/wiki/El_Auja_Zone" class="mw-redirect" title="El Auja Zone">El Auja Zone</a>) was created by the <a href="/wiki/1949_Armistice_Agreements" title="1949 Armistice Agreements">1949 Armistice Agreements</a> between Israel and Egypt.</li></ul></li> <li>Israel and Jordan: <ul><li>The Israeli enclave and Jordanian area on <a href="/wiki/Mount_Scopus#Modern_era" title="Mount Scopus">Mt. Scopus</a> was designated as a DMZ.</li> <li>The area around the <a href="/wiki/Latrun" title="Latrun">Latrun</a> salient.</li></ul></li> <li>Israel and Syria: Following the 1948 Arab-Israeli War, three demilitarised zone were created by the <a href="/wiki/1949_Armistice_Agreements" title="1949 Armistice Agreements">1949 Armistice Agreements</a> between Israel and Syria.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Norway and Sweden established a demilitarised zone of 1 km on each side of their border after the <a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_union_between_Norway_and_Sweden" title="Dissolution of the union between Norway and Sweden">dissolution of the union between Norway and Sweden</a> in 1905. The zone was abolished by mutual agreement in 1993.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Syria_Buffer_Zone" title="Northern Syria Buffer Zone">Northern Syria Buffer Zone</a> – A 115 km demilitarised zone in northern Syria straddling portions of the <a href="/wiki/Syria%E2%80%93Turkey_border" title="Syria–Turkey border">Syria–Turkey border</a>. It was established between Turkey and the United States, both <a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a> allies, during the <a href="/wiki/Syrian_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Syrian Civil War">Syrian Civil War</a> to prevent clashes between <a href="/wiki/Autonomous_Administration_of_North_and_East_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="Autonomous Administration of North and East Syria">Kurdish</a> and Turkish forces.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The DMZ collapsed in October 2019, after Turkey dismissed the agreement and the United States ordered a withdrawal of US forces from northern Syria, allowing the <a href="/wiki/2019_Turkish_offensive_into_north-eastern_Syria" title="2019 Turkish offensive into north-eastern Syria">2019 Turkish offensive into north-eastern Syria</a> to go ahead.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ground_Safety_Zone" title="Ground Safety Zone">Ground Safety Zone</a> – A 5 km demilitarised area between <a href="/wiki/Serbia" title="Serbia">Serbia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kosovo" title="Kosovo">Kosovo</a> was created under the <a href="/wiki/Kumanovo_Agreement" title="Kumanovo Agreement">Kumanovo Agreement</a> following the <a href="/wiki/Kosovo_War" title="Kosovo War">Kosovo War</a> that existed between 1999 and 2001. Following the <a href="/wiki/Insurgency_in_the_Pre%C5%A1evo_Valley" title="Insurgency in the Preševo Valley">Insurgency in the Preševo Valley</a>, Serbian forces were allowed to enter GSZ.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idlib_demilitarization_(2018%E2%80%932019)" title="Idlib demilitarization (2018–2019)">Idlib demilitarisation agreement zone (2018–2019)</a> – A 15 km demilitarised zone, created by agreement between Russian and Turkish government, splitting the last major stronghold of the <a href="/wiki/Syrian_opposition" class="mw-redirect" title="Syrian opposition">Syrian rebels</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syrian government</a> controlled area amidst the <a href="/wiki/Syrian_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Syrian Civil War">Syrian Civil War</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The zone was never fully implemented.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="South_America">South America</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=International_zone&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: South America"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Mart%C3%ADn_Garc%C3%ADa_Island" title="Martín García Island">Martin García Island</a> – The <a href="/wiki/1973_Boundary_Treaty_between_Uruguay_and_Argentina" title="1973 Boundary Treaty between Uruguay and Argentina">Rio de la Plata Boundary Treaty</a> of 1973 between <a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</a> and <a href="/wiki/Uruguay" title="Uruguay">Uruguay</a> established that the island would remain under Argentinean sovereignty but could only be used as a <a href="/wiki/Nature_reserve" title="Nature reserve">natural reserve</a> of flora and fauna. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/El_Cagu%C3%A1n_DMZ" title="El Caguán DMZ">El Caguán</a> Demilitarised zone was established in southern <a href="/wiki/Colombia" title="Colombia">Colombia</a> between 1999 and 2002, during the failed <a href="/wiki/1999%E2%80%932002_FARC%E2%80%93Government_peace_process" title="1999–2002 FARC–Government peace process">peace process</a> that involved the Government of President <a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9s_Pastrana" class="mw-redirect" title="Andrés Pastrana">Andrés Pastrana</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_Armed_Forces_of_Colombia" title="Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia">Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia</a> (FARC). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Antarctica">Antarctica</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=International_zone&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Antarctica"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Antarctic_Treaty_System" title="Antarctic Treaty System">Antarctic Treaty System</a></div> <p>Under the <a href="/wiki/Antarctic_Treaty_System" title="Antarctic Treaty System">Antarctic Treaty</a>, Antarctica is administered as an international zone. The treaty forbids military activity in Antarctica, such as "the establishment of military bases and fortifications, the carrying out of military maneuvers, as well as the testing of any type of weapon", although it does provide for the "use of military personnel or equipment for scientific research or for any other peaceful purpose".<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The treaty establishes the continent as a preserve for scientific research, suspends<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>d<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> all territorial claims over the continent, and permits all states to establish research stations on the continent. </p><p>Antarctica currently has no permanent population and therefore it has no citizenship nor government. Personnel present on Antarctica at any time are almost always citizens or nationals of some sovereignty outside Antarctica, as there is no Antarctic sovereignty. Consequently, individuals who commit crimes in Antarctica are typically subject to the jurisdiction of their country of nationality, the victim's country of nationality (if applicable), or the country administering the base in or expedition during which the crime occurred. </p><p>Governments that are party to the Antarctic Treaty and its Protocol on Environmental Protection implement the articles of these agreements, and decisions taken under them, through national laws. These laws generally apply only to their own citizens, wherever they are in Antarctica, and serve to enforce the consensus decisions of the consultative parties: about which activities are acceptable, which areas require permits to enter, what processes of environmental impact assessment must precede activities, and so on. The Antarctic Treaty is often considered to represent an example of the <a href="/wiki/Common_heritage_of_mankind" class="mw-redirect" title="Common heritage of mankind">common heritage of mankind</a> principle.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Outer_space">Outer space</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=International_zone&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Outer space"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Outer space is generally regarded as an international zone insofar as it falls outside the national jurisdiction of any state. Article II of the <a href="/wiki/Outer_Space_Treaty" title="Outer Space Treaty">Outer Space Treaty</a> expressly forbids states from claiming celestial bodies such as the Moon or a planet as their own territory, whether by declaration, occupation, or "any other means".<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the state that launches a space object, such as a satellite or space station, retains jurisdiction and control over that object;<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> by extension, a state is also liable for damages caused by its space object.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Additionally, the treaty limits the use of the Moon and other <a href="/wiki/Astronomical_object" title="Astronomical object">celestial bodies</a> to peaceful purposes and prohibits their use for testing weapons of any kind, conducting military manoeuvres, or establishing military bases, installations, and fortifications (Article IV). However, the treaty does not prohibit the placement of <a href="/wiki/Conventional_weapons" class="mw-redirect" title="Conventional weapons">conventional weapons</a> in orbit, and thus some highly destructive attack tactics, such as <a href="/wiki/Kinetic_bombardment" title="Kinetic bombardment">kinetic bombardment</a>, are still potentially allowable.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Furthermore, the treaty explicitly allows the use of military personnel and resources to support peaceful uses of space, mirroring the Antarctic Treaty's position on military deployment in that continent. </p><p>While most satellites and space stations are administered by the state that deployed them, the <a href="/wiki/International_Space_Station" title="International Space Station">International Space Station</a> is governed by an international framework established by the Agreement Concerning Cooperation on the Civil International Space Station. Under the agreement, each state is responsible for any liability associated with the components it contributes to the station<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDepartment_of_State1998Article_10_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDepartment_of_State1998Article_10-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and for the management of their programmes and use of the station.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDepartment_of_State1998Article_7_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDepartment_of_State1998Article_7-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Furthermore, each participating state exercises criminal jurisdiction over its personnel on the station except where the victim of a crime is a national of another participating state and the perpetrator's state of nationality does not prosecute the offence.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDepartment_of_State1998Article_22_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDepartment_of_State1998Article_22-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Other_examples">Other examples</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=International_zone&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Other examples"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>In 2024, <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a> announced the construction of a buffer zone around the Egypt-Gaza border.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Free_City_of_Danzig" title="Free City of Danzig">Free City of Danzig</a> was an international <a href="/wiki/League_of_Nations" title="League of Nations">League of Nations</a> <a href="/wiki/Protectorate" title="Protectorate">protectorate</a> that contained the <a href="/wiki/Baltic_Sea" title="Baltic Sea">Baltic Sea</a> port of Danzig (now <span title="Polish-language text"><i lang="pl"><a href="/wiki/Gda%C5%84sk" title="Gdańsk">Gdańsk</a></i></span>, Poland) and nearly 200 surrounding towns and villages that had a predominantly German population. It was created on 15 November 1920<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in accordance with the 1919 <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Versailles" title="Treaty of Versailles">Treaty of Versailles</a> that ended <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>, which excluded the area from <a href="/wiki/Weimar_Republic" title="Weimar Republic">Weimar Germany</a> and the new <a href="/wiki/Second_Polish_Republic" title="Second Polish Republic">Second Polish Republic</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Free City had a <a href="/wiki/Customs_union" title="Customs union">customs union</a> with Poland.</li> <li>During the <a href="/wiki/Allied-occupied_Austria" title="Allied-occupied Austria">allied occupation of Vienna</a> between 1945 and 1955, a small international zone in the <a href="/wiki/Innere_Stadt" title="Innere Stadt">historical city centre</a> was governed in rotation by American, British, French, and Soviet troops.</li> <li>During the <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Berlin_Friedrichstra%C3%9Fe_station" title="Berlin Friedrichstraße station">Friedrichstraße station</a> was served by <a href="/wiki/West_Berlin" title="West Berlin">West Berlin</a> <a href="/wiki/Berlin_S-Bahn" title="Berlin S-Bahn">S-Bahn</a> and <a href="/wiki/Berlin_U-Bahn" title="Berlin U-Bahn">U-Bahn</a> trains despite being located entirely in <a href="/wiki/East_Berlin" title="East Berlin">East Berlin</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>e<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The station also served as a border crossing between West Berlin and East Germany.</li> <li>Under the 1947 <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Partition_Plan_for_Palestine" title="United Nations Partition Plan for Palestine">United Nations Partition Plan for Palestine</a>, the city of <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a> was supposed to become an international <a href="/wiki/Corpus_separatum_(Jerusalem)" title="Corpus separatum (Jerusalem)"><i>corpus separatum</i></a>. This was never implemented; the city was the scene of <a href="/wiki/Battle_for_Jerusalem" title="Battle for Jerusalem">fierce fighting</a> in the <a href="/wiki/1948_Arab%E2%80%93Israeli_War" title="1948 Arab–Israeli War">1948 war</a> which culminated in its partition between <a href="/wiki/West_Jerusalem" title="West Jerusalem">West Jerusalem</a> (Israel) and <a href="/wiki/East_Jerusalem" title="East Jerusalem">East Jerusalem</a> (<a href="/wiki/Jordan" title="Jordan">Jordan</a>). In the <a href="/wiki/Six-Day_War" title="Six-Day War">1967 war</a>, East Jerusalem was captured and <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem_Law" title="Jerusalem Law">unilaterally annexed by Israel</a>, in a move that has <a href="/wiki/Status_of_Jerusalem" title="Status of Jerusalem">not been recognised</a> by the international community. The idea of an international zone in Jerusalem, encompassing at least the highly sensitive <a href="/wiki/Old_City_of_Jerusalem" title="Old City of Jerusalem">Old City</a>, continues to feature in many <a href="/wiki/Israeli%E2%80%93Palestinian_peace_process" title="Israeli–Palestinian peace process">proposals to resolve the Israeli-Palestinian conflict</a>.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Free_Territory_of_Trieste" title="Free Territory of Trieste">Free Territory of Trieste</a> was an international zone around the <a href="/wiki/Adriatic_Sea" title="Adriatic Sea">Adriatic Sea</a> port of <a href="/wiki/Trieste" title="Trieste">Trieste</a>, under <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolutions_1_to_100" title="List of United Nations Security Council Resolutions 1 to 100">direct responsibility</a> of the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council" title="United Nations Security Council">United Nations Security Council</a>. The area was established on 10 February 1947 by a protocol of the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Peace_with_Italy,_1947" class="mw-redirect" title="Treaty of Peace with Italy, 1947">Treaty of Peace with Italy</a> to accommodate an ethnically and culturally mixed population in a neutral environment free from the rule of either Italy or <a href="/wiki/Yugoslavia" title="Yugoslavia">Yugoslavia</a>, which made competing claims on the territory. The Free Territory was <i>de facto</i> given to its two neighbours in 1954 and this was formalised much later by the bilateral <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Osimo" title="Treaty of Osimo">Treaty of Osimo</a> of 1975, ratified in 1977.<sup id="cite_ref-nusa_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nusa-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gallery">Gallery</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=International_zone&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Gallery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:UNflags.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flags of United Nations member states flying outside the United Nations Headquarters complex in New York City."><img alt="Flags of United Nations member states flying outside the United Nations Headquarters complex in New York City." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/UNflags.jpg/120px-UNflags.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/UNflags.jpg/180px-UNflags.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/UNflags.jpg/240px-UNflags.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2272" data-file-height="1704" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Flags of United Nations member states flying outside the United Nations Headquarters complex in New York City.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Nanking_Road_(Shanghai)_1.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Nanjing Road in Shanghai, within the Shanghai International Settlement, a concession administered by multiple foreign powers during the late Qing Dynasty."><img alt="Nanjing Road in Shanghai, within the Shanghai International Settlement, a concession administered by multiple foreign powers during the late Qing Dynasty." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Nanking_Road_%28Shanghai%29_1.JPG/120px-Nanking_Road_%28Shanghai%29_1.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="88" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Nanking_Road_%28Shanghai%29_1.JPG/180px-Nanking_Road_%28Shanghai%29_1.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Nanking_Road_%28Shanghai%29_1.JPG/240px-Nanking_Road_%28Shanghai%29_1.JPG 2x" data-file-width="491" data-file-height="360" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Nanjing_Road_(Shanghai)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nanjing Road (Shanghai)">Nanjing Road</a> in Shanghai, within the Shanghai International Settlement, a <a href="/wiki/Concessions_in_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Concessions in China">concession</a> administered by multiple foreign powers during the late Qing Dynasty.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Allied_occupation_sectors_in_Vienna_(1945-1955).png" class="mw-file-description" title="The four sectors of occupation in Vienna between 1945 and 1955."><img alt="The four sectors of occupation in Vienna between 1945 and 1955." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Allied_occupation_sectors_in_Vienna_%281945-1955%29.png/120px-Allied_occupation_sectors_in_Vienna_%281945-1955%29.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="61" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Allied_occupation_sectors_in_Vienna_%281945-1955%29.png/180px-Allied_occupation_sectors_in_Vienna_%281945-1955%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Allied_occupation_sectors_in_Vienna_%281945-1955%29.png/240px-Allied_occupation_sectors_in_Vienna_%281945-1955%29.png 2x" data-file-width="1400" data-file-height="712" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The four sectors of occupation in Vienna between 1945 and 1955.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:UN_Palestine_Partition_Versions_1947.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="United Nations Partition Plan for Palestine, showing the city of Jerusalem as an international zone"><img alt="United Nations Partition Plan for Palestine, showing the city of Jerusalem as an international zone" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/UN_Palestine_Partition_Versions_1947.jpg/58px-UN_Palestine_Partition_Versions_1947.jpg" decoding="async" width="58" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/UN_Palestine_Partition_Versions_1947.jpg/87px-UN_Palestine_Partition_Versions_1947.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/UN_Palestine_Partition_Versions_1947.jpg/116px-UN_Palestine_Partition_Versions_1947.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1370" data-file-height="2838" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">United Nations Partition Plan for Palestine, showing the city of Jerusalem as an international zone</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Free_Territory_of_Trieste_Map.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Map of the Free Territory of Trieste, showing its two administrative zones, one of which was later absorbed by each of its two neighbours (Slovenia and Croatia were both part of Yugoslavia at the time)."><img alt="Map of the Free Territory of Trieste, showing its two administrative zones, one of which was later absorbed by each of its two neighbours (Slovenia and Croatia were both part of Yugoslavia at the time)." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Free_Territory_of_Trieste_Map.svg/93px-Free_Territory_of_Trieste_Map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="93" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Free_Territory_of_Trieste_Map.svg/139px-Free_Territory_of_Trieste_Map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Free_Territory_of_Trieste_Map.svg/185px-Free_Territory_of_Trieste_Map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="612" data-file-height="792" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Map of the <a href="/wiki/Free_Territory_of_Trieste" title="Free Territory of Trieste">Free Territory of Trieste</a>, showing its two administrative zones, one of which was later absorbed by each of its two neighbours (Slovenia and Croatia were both part of Yugoslavia at the time).</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pyongyang_airport.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Duty Free Shop in the sterile zone of Pyongyang Sunan International Airport"><img alt="Duty Free Shop in the sterile zone of Pyongyang Sunan International Airport" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Pyongyang_airport.JPG/120px-Pyongyang_airport.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Pyongyang_airport.JPG/180px-Pyongyang_airport.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Pyongyang_airport.JPG/240px-Pyongyang_airport.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Duty Free Shop in the sterile zone of <a href="/wiki/Pyongyang_Sunan_International_Airport" class="mw-redirect" title="Pyongyang Sunan International Airport">Pyongyang Sunan International Airport</a></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=International_zone&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aljazeera.com/archive/2006/07/200841012024779644.html">Immigrants warmly welcomed</a>, <a href="/wiki/Al_Jazeera_English" title="Al Jazeera English">Al Jazeera</a>, 4 July 2006.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-vienna-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-vienna_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unov.org/unov/index.html">"Welcome to the United Nations Office at Vienna!"</a>. United Nations<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 October</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Welcome+to+the+United+Nations+Office+at+Vienna%21&rft.pub=United+Nations&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.unov.org%2Funov%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternational+zone" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-kelsen-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-kelsen_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKelsen2000" class="citation book cs1">Kelsen, Hans (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BWPa0MB_AyQC&q=%22local+courts+of+the+United+States+shall+have+jurisdiction+over+acts+done+and+transactions+taking+place+in+the+headquarters+district+as+provided+in+applicable+federal,+state+and+local+laws%22&pg=PA350"><i>The law of the United Nations: a critical analysis of its fundamental problems</i></a>. The Lawbook Exchange, Ltd. p. 350. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-58477-077-5" title="Special:BookSources/1-58477-077-5"><bdi>1-58477-077-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+law+of+the+United+Nations%3A+a+critical+analysis+of+its+fundamental+problems&rft.pages=350&rft.pub=The+Lawbook+Exchange%2C+Ltd.&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=1-58477-077-5&rft.aulast=Kelsen&rft.aufirst=Hans&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBWPa0MB_AyQC%26q%3D%2522local%2Bcourts%2Bof%2Bthe%2BUnited%2BStates%2Bshall%2Bhave%2Bjurisdiction%2Bover%2Bacts%2Bdone%2Band%2Btransactions%2Btaking%2Bplace%2Bin%2Bthe%2Bheadquarters%2Bdistrict%2Bas%2Bprovided%2Bin%2Bapplicable%2Bfederal%2C%2Bstate%2Band%2Blocal%2Blaws%2522%26pg%3DPA350&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternational+zone" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://travel.state.gov/content/travel/en/us-visas/other-visa-categories/transit.html">"Transit Visa"</a>. <i>travel.state.gov</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 November</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=travel.state.gov&rft.atitle=Transit+Visa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftravel.state.gov%2Fcontent%2Ftravel%2Fen%2Fus-visas%2Fother-visa-categories%2Ftransit.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternational+zone" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-stuarttangier-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-stuarttangier_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-stuarttangier_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFStuart1945" class="citation journal cs1">Stuart, Graham H. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 September</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=How+Morocco+was+once+a+haven+for+gay+Westerners&rft.date=2014-10-12&rft.aulast=Hamilton&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fmagazine-29566539&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternational+zone" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBond2007" class="citation journal cs1">Bond, Gwenda (2007). "Seriously Gay and Lesbian". <i>Publishers Weekly</i>. <b>254</b> (19): <span class="nowrap">27–</span>31. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0000-0019">0000-0019</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Publishers+Weekly&rft.atitle=Seriously+Gay+and+Lesbian&rft.volume=254&rft.issue=19&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E27-%3C%2Fspan%3E31&rft.date=2007&rft.issn=0000-0019&rft.aulast=Bond&rft.aufirst=Gwenda&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternational+zone" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.worldlii.org/int/other/treaties/UNTSer/1957/130.html">"Final Declaration of the International Conference in Tangier and annexed Protocol. Signed at Tangier, on 29 October 1956 [1957] UNTSer 130; 263 UNTS 165"</a>. 1956.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Final+Declaration+of+the+International+Conference+in+Tangier+and+annexed+Protocol.+Signed+at+Tangier%2C+on+29+October+1956+%5B1957%5D+UNTSer+130%3B+263+UNTS+165&rft.date=1956&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldlii.org%2Fint%2Fother%2Ftreaties%2FUNTSer%2F1957%2F130.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternational+zone" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hri.org/docs/FT1921/Franco-Turkish_Pact_1921.pdf">"Franco-Turkish agreement of Ankara"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (in French and English)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 August</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Franco-Turkish+agreement+of+Ankara&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hri.org%2Fdocs%2FFT1921%2FFranco-Turkish_Pact_1921.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternational+zone" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dailysabah.com/turkey/2018/04/02/suleyman-shahs-tomb-will-return-to-original-location-as-turkish-land-deputy-pm-says">"Süleyman Shah's tomb will return to original location as 'Turkish land,' Deputy PM says"</a>. 2 April 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=S%C3%BCleyman+Shah%27s+tomb+will+return+to+original+location+as+%27Turkish+land%2C%27+Deputy+PM+says&rft.date=2018-04-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dailysabah.com%2Fturkey%2F2018%2F04%2F02%2Fsuleyman-shahs-tomb-will-return-to-original-location-as-turkish-land-deputy-pm-says&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternational+zone" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ken Vos – The article "Dejima als venster en doorgeefluik" in the catalogue (Brussels, 5 October 1989 – 16 December 1989) of the exhibition Europalia 1989 : "Oranda : De Nederlanden in Japan (1600–1868)"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>In the context of Commodore Perry's "opening" of Japan in 1853, American naval expedition planners incorporated reference material written by men whose published accounts of Japan were based on first-hand experience. 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Taylor & Francis. pp. 511–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-351-34886-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-351-34886-7"><bdi>978-1-351-34886-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Russia%27s+Middle+East+Policy&rft.pages=511-&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-1-351-34886-7&rft.au=Alexey+Vasiliev&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIRdSDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT511&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternational+zone" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1">"Former Colleague Aided U.S. In Trapping Ex-C.I.A. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 September</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=EuroAirport&rft.atitle=General+conditions+of+use&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fly-euroairport.com%2Fen%2Fgeneral-conditions-of-use.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternational+zone" class="Z3988"></span> "The Site is published by Basel–Mulhouse Airport, a Franco-Swiss public enterprise governed by the international convention of 4 July 1949 concerning its construction and operation and the headquarters of which are situated at 68730 Blotzheim, France".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-treaty-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-treaty_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150924003206/http://www.euroairport.com/de/action/media/Display?cmpref=25204&forceDownload=1&lang=de&mediaParam%5Bcmpref%5D=25204&mediaParam%5BforceDownload%5D=1&mediaParam%5Blang%5D=de">"Schweizerisch-Französischer Staatsvertrag vom 4. Juli 1949 (Höflichkeitsübersetzung)"</a> (in German). EuroAirport Basel Mulhouse Freiburg. 1 November 2006. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.euroairport.com/de/action/media/Display?cmpref=25204&forceDownload=1&lang=de&mediaParam%5Bcmpref%5D=25204&mediaParam%5BforceDownload%5D=1&mediaParam%5Blang%5D=de">the original</a> on 24 September 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 October</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ReliefWeb&rft.atitle=Ground+Safety+Zone+%28GSZ%29%3A+Time+out+for+rebel+strong+hold+%E2%80%93+Serbia&rft.date=2001-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Freliefweb.int%2Freport%2Fserbia%2Fground-safety-zone-gsz-time-out-rebel-strong-hold&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternational+zone" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHeintz2018" class="citation news cs1">Heintz, Jim (17 September 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181008203352/http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/nationworld/ct-turkey-russia-syria-20180917-story,amp.html">"Turkey, Russia agree on demilitarized zone in Syria's Idlib region"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Chicago_Tribune" title="Chicago Tribune">Chicago Tribune</a></i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/nationworld/ct-turkey-russia-syria-20180917-story,amp.html">the original</a> on 8 October 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 October</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Chicago+Tribune&rft.atitle=Turkey%2C+Russia+agree+on+demilitarized+zone+in+Syria%27s+Idlib+region&rft.date=2018-09-17&rft.aulast=Heintz&rft.aufirst=Jim&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chicagotribune.com%2Fnews%2Fnationworld%2Fct-turkey-russia-syria-20180917-story%2Camp.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternational+zone" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation cs2">"art. 1", <i><a href="/wiki/Antarctic_Treaty" class="mw-redirect" title="Antarctic Treaty">Antarctic Treaty</a></i>, 1959</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Antarctic+Treaty&rft.atitle=art.+1&rft.date=1959&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternational+zone" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wright, Minturn, "The Ownership of Antarctica, Its Living and Mineral Resources", <i>Journal of Law and the Environment</i> 4 (1987).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.npolar.no/en/the-antarctic/dronning-maud-land.html">"Dronning Maud Land"</a>. Norwegian Polar Institute<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 September</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Dronning+Maud+Land&rft.pub=Norwegian+Polar+Institute&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.npolar.no%2Fen%2Fthe-antarctic%2Fdronning-maud-land.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternational+zone" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRapp2015" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Rapp, Ole Magnus (21 September 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aftenposten.no/nyheter/iriks/Norge-utvider-Dronning-Maud-Land-helt-frem-til-Sydpolen-8168779.html">"Norge utvider Dronning Maud Land helt frem til Sydpolen"</a>. <i>Aftenposten</i> (in Norwegian). Oslo, Norway<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 September</span> 2015</span>. <q>…formålet med anneksjonen var å legge under seg det landet som til nå ligger herreløst og som ingen andre enn nordmenn har kartlagt og gransket. Norske myndigheter har derfor ikke motsatt seg at noen tolker det norske kravet slik at det går helt opp til og inkluderer polpunktet.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Aftenposten&rft.atitle=Norge+utvider+Dronning+Maud+Land+helt+frem+til+Sydpolen&rft.date=2015-09-21&rft.aulast=Rapp&rft.aufirst=Ole+Magnus&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aftenposten.no%2Fnyheter%2Firiks%2FNorge-utvider-Dronning-Maud-Land-helt-frem-til-Sydpolen-8168779.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternational+zone" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jennifer Frakes, The Common Heritage of Mankind Principle and the Deep Seabed, Outer Space, and Antarctica: Will Developed and Developing Nations Reach a Compromise? Wisconsin International Law Journal. 2003; 21:409</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFrakes2003" class="citation journal cs1">Frakes, Jennifer (2003). "The Common Heritage of Mankind Principle and the Deep Seabed, Outer Space, and Antarctica: Will Developed and Developing Nations Reach a Compromise?". <i>Wisconsin International Law Journal</i> (21 ed.): 409.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Wisconsin+International+Law+Journal&rft.atitle=The+Common+Heritage+of+Mankind+Principle+and+the+Deep+Seabed%2C+Outer+Space%2C+and+Antarctica%3A+Will+Developed+and+Developing+Nations+Reach+a+Compromise%3F&rft.pages=409&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=Frakes&rft.aufirst=Jennifer&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternational+zone" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation cs1"><span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:Outer Space Treaty of 1967#Article VIII"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Outer_Space_Treaty_of_1967#Article_VIII"><i>Outer Space Treaty of 1967#Article VIII</i> </a></span> – via <a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Outer+Space+Treaty+of+1967%23Article+VIII&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternational+zone" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Outer_Space_Treaty_of_1967#Article_VII" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Outer Space Treaty of 1967">Wikisource:Outer Space Treaty of 1967#Article VII</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBourbonniereLee2007" class="citation journal cs1">Bourbonniere, M.; Lee, R. J. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fejil%2Fchm051">"Legality of the Deployment of Conventional Weapons in Earth Orbit: Balancing Space Law and the Law of Armed Conflict"</a>. <i>European Journal of International Law</i>. <b>18</b> (5): 873. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fejil%2Fchm051">10.1093/ejil/chm051</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=European+Journal+of+International+Law&rft.atitle=Legality+of+the+Deployment+of+Conventional+Weapons+in+Earth+Orbit%3A+Balancing+Space+Law+and+the+Law+of+Armed+Conflict&rft.volume=18&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=873&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fejil%2Fchm051&rft.aulast=Bourbonniere&rft.aufirst=M.&rft.au=Lee%2C+R.+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1093%252Fejil%252Fchm051&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternational+zone" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDepartment_of_State1998Article_10-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDepartment_of_State1998Article_10_65-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDepartment_of_State1998">Department of State 1998</a>, Article 10.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDepartment_of_State1998Article_7-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDepartment_of_State1998Article_7_66-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDepartment_of_State1998">Department of State 1998</a>, Article 7.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDepartment_of_State1998Article_22-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDepartment_of_State1998Article_22_67-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDepartment_of_State1998">Department of State 1998</a>, Article 22.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://edition.cnn.com/2024/02/16/middleeast/egypt-wall-buffer-zone-gaza-border-intl-hnk/index.html#:~:text=Egypt%20is%20building%20a%20massive,of%20Gaza%27s%20population%20is%20sheltering.">"Egypt is building a new walled buffer zone more than 2 miles wide on Gaza border, satellite images show"</a>. 16 February 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Egypt+is+building+a+new+walled+buffer+zone+more+than+2+miles+wide+on+Gaza+border%2C+satellite+images+show&rft.date=2024-02-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fedition.cnn.com%2F2024%2F02%2F16%2Fmiddleeast%2Fegypt-wall-buffer-zone-gaza-border-intl-hnk%2Findex.html%23%3A~%3Atext%3DEgypt%2520is%2520building%2520a%2520massive%2Cof%2520Gaza%2527s%2520population%2520is%2520sheltering.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternational+zone" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2024/02/15/israel-hamas-war-news-gaza-palestine/">https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2024/02/15/israel-hamas-war-news-gaza-palestine/</a> <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Bare_URLs" title="Wikipedia:Bare URLs"><span title="A full citation is required to prevent link rot. (March 2024)">bare URL</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLoew2011" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Peter_Oliver_Loew" title="Peter Oliver Loew">Loew, Peter Oliver</a> (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9ifeo6zdSMcC"><i>Danzig – Biographie einer Stadt</i></a> (in German). C.H. Beck. p. 189. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-406-60587-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-406-60587-1"><bdi>978-3-406-60587-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Danzig+%E2%80%93+Biographie+einer+Stadt&rft.pages=189&rft.pub=C.H.+Beck&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-3-406-60587-1&rft.aulast=Loew&rft.aufirst=Peter+Oliver&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9ifeo6zdSMcC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternational+zone" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSamerski2003" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Samerski, Stefan (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VMvgZQrdkxcC"><i>Das Bistum Danzig in Lebensbildern</i></a> (in German). LIT Verlag. p. 8. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-8258-6284-4" title="Special:BookSources/3-8258-6284-4"><bdi>3-8258-6284-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Das+Bistum+Danzig+in+Lebensbildern&rft.pages=8&rft.pub=LIT+Verlag&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=3-8258-6284-4&rft.aulast=Samerski&rft.aufirst=Stefan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVMvgZQrdkxcC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternational+zone" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKaczorowska2010" class="citation book cs1">Kaczorowska, Alina (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zd5nwF7o3_8C"><i>Public International Law</i></a>. Routledge. p. 199. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-203-84847-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-203-84847-0"><bdi>978-0-203-84847-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Public+International+Law&rft.pages=199&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-203-84847-0&rft.aulast=Kaczorowska&rft.aufirst=Alina&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dzd5nwF7o3_8C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternational+zone" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nusa-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-nusa_74-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Drašček, Nuša. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dk.fdv.uni-lj.si/dela/Drascek-Nuska.PDF">"Slovenska zahodna meja po drugi svetovni vojni"</a>, diplomsko delo, Univerza v Ljubljani, Ljubljana, 2005</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=International_zone&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626" /><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The treaty, ratified by France, which <a href="/wiki/Mandate_for_Syria_and_the_Lebanon" title="Mandate for Syria and the Lebanon">ruled Syria at the time</a>, states that the tomb "shall remain, with its appurtenances, the property of Turkey, who may appoint guardians for it and may hoist the Turkish flag there".<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">According to the July 1953 <a href="/wiki/Korean_Armistice_Agreement" title="Korean Armistice Agreement">Korean Armistice Agreement</a> civil <a href="/wiki/Freight_transport" title="Freight transport">shipping</a> was supposed to be permissible in the Han River estuary and allow Seoul to be connected to the <a href="/wiki/Yellow_Sea" title="Yellow Sea">Yellow Sea</a> (West Sea) via the Han River.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, both Koreas and the UNC failed to make this happen. The South Korean government ordered the construction of the <a href="/wiki/Ara_Canal" title="Ara Canal">Ara Canal</a> to finally connect <a href="/wiki/Seoul" title="Seoul">Seoul</a> to the Yellow Sea, which was completed in 2012. Seoul was effectively landlocked from the ocean until 2012. The biggest limitation of the Ara Canal is it is too narrow to handle any vessels except small tourist boats and recreational boats, so Seoul still cannot receive large commercial ships or passenger ships in its port.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The peacekeeping force currently has its headquarters at the abandoned <a href="/wiki/Nicosia_International_Airport" title="Nicosia International Airport">Nicosia International Airport</a>, where the majority of peacekeepers are based and where talks between the two governments are held.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The treaty neither affirms nor rejects territorial claims previously asserted by parties but provides that no new territorial claims shall be asserted while it is in force and provides for the continent to by administered as an international zone during that time. The majority of Antarctica is claimed by one or more countries, but most countries do not explicitly recognise those claims. The area on the mainland between <a href="/wiki/90th_meridian_west" title="90th meridian west">90 degrees west</a> and <a href="/wiki/150th_meridian_west" title="150th meridian west">150 degrees west</a> is the only major land on Earth not claimed by any country.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Until 2015 the interior of the Norwegian Sector, the extent of which had never been officially defined,<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was considered to be unclaimed. That year, Norway formally laid claim to the area between its <a href="/wiki/Queen_Maud_Land" title="Queen Maud Land">Queen Maud Land</a> and the South Pole.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">West Berliners could transfer between the S-Bahn, U-Bahn and long-distance trains to the West without passing through East German border control. The station featured an East German government-run <a href="/wiki/Intershop" title="Intershop">Intershop</a>, which sold duty-free and high-quality items at lower prices compared to the West.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=International_zone&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCassel2012" class="citation book cs1">Cassel, Pär (2012). <i>Grounds of Judgment</i>. New York: Oxford UP. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-979205-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-979205-4"><bdi>978-0-19-979205-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Grounds+of+Judgment&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Oxford+UP&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-19-979205-4&rft.aulast=Cassel&rft.aufirst=P%C3%A4r&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternational+zone" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDepartment_of_State1998" class="citation web cs1">Department of State, United States of America (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.state.gov/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/12927-Multilateral-Space-Space-Station-1.29.1998.pdf">"AGREEMENT AMONG THE GOVERNMENT OF CANADA, GOVERNMENTS OF MEMBER STATES OF THE EUROPEAN SPACE AGENCY, THE GOVERNMENT OF JAPAN, THE GOVERNMENT OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION, AND THE GOVERNMENT OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA CONCERNING COOPERATION ON THE CIVIL INTERNATIONAL SPACE STATION"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 November</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=AGREEMENT+AMONG+THE+GOVERNMENT+OF+CANADA%2C+GOVERNMENTS+OF+MEMBER+STATES+OF+THE+EUROPEAN+SPACE+AGENCY%2C+THE+GOVERNMENT+OF+JAPAN%2C+THE+GOVERNMENT+OF+THE+RUSSIAN+FEDERATION%2C+AND+THE+GOVERNMENT+OF+THE+UNITED+STATES+OF+AMERICA+CONCERNING+COOPERATION+ON+THE+CIVIL+INTERNATIONAL+SPACE+STATION&rft.date=1998&rft.aulast=Department+of+State&rft.aufirst=United+States+of+America&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.state.gov%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2019%2F02%2F12927-Multilateral-Space-Space-Station-1.29.1998.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternational+zone" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div 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