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Nature in its original sate is fractal as evidence by the predominance of smaller observations than larger observations. The study made use of the descriptive research design since its main purpose is to determine the current state of forest covers all over the world. Data were obtained from the Global Forest Cover file of the World Bank. The countries that have low forest covers are characterized by population pressures coupled with ineffective implementation of forest laws and regulations making such countries vulnerable to fast rates of deforestation. Moreover, countries have natural topographies are not suitable for natural forest growths or where population pressure exerts a great deal of influence on the rate of deforestation. 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const worksViewsPath = "/v0/works/views?subdomain_param=api&work_ids%5B%5D=35454612"; const getWorkViews = async (workId) => { const response = await fetch(worksViewsPath); if (!response.ok) { throw new Error('Failed to load work views'); } const data = await response.json(); return data.views[workId]; }; // Get the view count for the work - we send this immediately rather than waiting for // the DOM to load, so it can be available as soon as possible (but without holding up // the backend or other resource requests, because it's a bit expensive and not critical). const viewCount = await getWorkViews(workId); const updateViewCount = (viewCount) => { try { const viewCountNumber = parseInt(viewCount, 10); if (viewCountNumber === 0) { // Remove the whole views element if there are zero views. document.getElementById('work-metadata-view-count')?.parentNode?.remove(); return; } const commaizedViewCount = viewCountNumber.toLocaleString(); const viewCountBody = document.getElementById('work-metadata-view-count'); if (!viewCountBody) { throw new Error('Failed to find work views element'); } viewCountBody.textContent = `${commaizedViewCount} views`; } catch (error) { // Remove the whole views element if there was some issue parsing. document.getElementById('work-metadata-view-count')?.parentNode?.remove(); throw new Error(`Failed to parse view count: ${viewCount}`, error); } }; // If the DOM is still loading, wait for it to be ready before updating the view count. if (document.readyState === "loading") { document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', () => { updateViewCount(viewCount); }); // Otherwise, just update it immediately. } else { updateViewCount(viewCount); } })();</script></div><p class="ds-work-card--work-abstract ds-work-card--detail ds2-5-body-md">This study analyzes the fractal statistical structure of forest covers in countries across the globe with the end-in-view of determining the hidden factors that produced such a structure. Nature in its original sate is fractal as evidence by the predominance of smaller observations than larger observations. The study made use of the descriptive research design since its main purpose is to determine the current state of forest covers all over the world. Data were obtained from the Global Forest Cover file of the World Bank. The countries that have low forest covers are characterized by population pressures coupled with ineffective implementation of forest laws and regulations making such countries vulnerable to fast rates of deforestation. Moreover, countries have natural topographies are not suitable for natural forest growths or where population pressure exerts a great deal of influence on the rate of deforestation. Countries with high forest covers have low population and have in place some of the better implemented forest regulations and laws.</p><div class="ds-work-card--button-container"><button class="ds2-5-button js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"continue-reading-button--work-card","attachmentId":55316463,"attachmentType":"docx","workUrl":"https://www.academia.edu/35454612/FRACTAL_STATISTICAL_STRUCTURE_OF_GLOBAL_FOREST_COVERS"}">See full PDF</button><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--secondary js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"download-pdf-button--work-card","attachmentId":55316463,"attachmentType":"docx","workUrl":"https://www.academia.edu/35454612/FRACTAL_STATISTICAL_STRUCTURE_OF_GLOBAL_FOREST_COVERS"}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span>Download PDF</button></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-trigger-container"><div class="ds-signup-banner-trigger ds-signup-banner-trigger-control"></div></div><div class="ds-signup-banner ds-signup-banner-control"><div id="ds-signup-banner-close-button"><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--secondary ds2-5-button--inverse"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">close</span></button></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-ctas"><img src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/academia-logo-capital-white.svg" /><h4 class="ds2-5-heading-serif-sm">Sign up for access to the world's latest research</h4><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--inverse ds2-5-button--full-width js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"signup-banner"}">Sign up for free<span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">arrow_forward</span></button></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-divider"></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-reasons"><div class="ds-signup-banner-reasons-item"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 24px" translate="no">check</span><span>Get notified about relevant papers</span></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-reasons-item"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 24px" translate="no">check</span><span>Save papers to use in your research</span></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-reasons-item"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 24px" translate="no">check</span><span>Join the discussion with peers</span></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-reasons-item"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 24px" translate="no">check</span><span>Track your impact</span></div></div></div><script>(() => { // Set up signup banner show/hide behavior: // 1. 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Nature in its original state is fractal as evidenced by the predominance of smaller observations than larger observations. The study made use of the descriptive research design to determine the current state of forest covers all over the world. Data were obtained from the Global Forest Cover file of the World Bank. Countries with low forest covers are characterized by population pressures coupled with ineffective implementation of forest laws and regulations making such countries vulnerable to fast rates of deforestation. Moreover, these countries have natural topographies that are not suitable for natural forest growths or where population pressure exerts a great deal of influence on the rate of deforestation. Countries with high forest covers have low population and have in place some of the bett...</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Fractal Statistical Structure of Global Forest Cover","attachmentId":77986055,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/67000962/Fractal_Statistical_Structure_of_Global_Forest_Cover","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/67000962/Fractal_Statistical_Structure_of_Global_Forest_Cover"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="1" data-entity-id="102026322" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/102026322/Complementarity_of_Fractal_Analysis_and_Gis_Methods_in_the_Analysis_of_the_Spatial_Temporal_Dynamics_of_the_Forest_Fund">Complementarity of Fractal Analysis and Gis Methods in the Analysis of the Spatial-Temporal Dynamics of the Forest Fund</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="42777191" href="https://unibuc.academia.edu/AndreeaKarinaGruia">Andreea Karina Gruia</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Proceedings 2019, 2019</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Forest is an important component of the ecosystem, which has been under increasing pressure in recent decades to provide raw material to emerging industries. Under these circumstances, it is necessary to develop methodologies for assessing the economic pressure on forest resources. In order to be able to assess forestry changes at regional level, a complex methodological approach is required, which implies GIS-based methods for obtaining quantitative information and fractal analysis, in order to obtain qualitative information. Applying GIS methods was designed to extract information on the spatial dynamics of the forest fund from post-processed satellite imagery and to obtain the basis of the fractal analysis. However, in order to obtain qualitative information about the degree of homogeneity / heterogeneity, fragmentation / compacting, anisotropy / isotropy and complexity of the deforested forest areas, a non-Euclidean complex analysis was applied based on the fractal analysis methods. It has been identified that in the years with very intense deforestation (2001, 2014 and 2016) the largest increases in the degree of complexity, heterogeneity, anisotropy, but insignificant increases of the fragmentation of the forest areas occurred. In antithesis, the years with low deforestation (2002, 2003 and 2005) were characterized by the smallest increases in complexity and heterogeneity (close to 0), decreases in anisotropy, but more pronounced increases in forest fragmentation. Thus, we have shown that the fractal methodology along with the GIS is very useful and provides additional information on forest dynamics.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Complementarity of Fractal Analysis and Gis Methods in the Analysis of the Spatial-Temporal Dynamics of the Forest Fund","attachmentId":102402612,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/102026322/Complementarity_of_Fractal_Analysis_and_Gis_Methods_in_the_Analysis_of_the_Spatial_Temporal_Dynamics_of_the_Forest_Fund","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/102026322/Complementarity_of_Fractal_Analysis_and_Gis_Methods_in_the_Analysis_of_the_Spatial_Temporal_Dynamics_of_the_Forest_Fund"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="2" data-entity-id="79240864" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/79240864/Fractal_analysis_for_studying_the_evolution_of_forests">Fractal analysis for studying the evolution of forests</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="7756595" href="https://csu-au.academia.edu/HerbertJelinek">Herbert Jelinek</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Chaos, Solitons & Fractals, 2016</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Deforestation is an important phenomenon that may create major imbalances in ecosystems. In this study we propose a new mathematical analysis of the forest area dynamic, enabling qualitative as well as quantitative statements and results. Fractal dimensions of the area and the perimeter of a forest were determined using digital images. The difference between fractal dimensions of the area and the perimeter images turned out to be a crucial quantitative parameter. Accordingly, we propose a new fractal fragmentation index, FFI , which is based on this difference and which highlights the degree of compaction or non-compaction of the forest area in order to interpret geographic features. Particularly, this method was applied to forests, where large areas have been legally or illegally deforested. However, these methods can easily be used for other ecological or geographical investigations based on digital images, including deforestation of rainforests.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Fractal analysis for studying the evolution of forests","attachmentId":86022078,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/79240864/Fractal_analysis_for_studying_the_evolution_of_forests","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/79240864/Fractal_analysis_for_studying_the_evolution_of_forests"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="3" data-entity-id="34068247" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/34068247/Using_Fractal_Analysis_in_Modeling_the_Dynamics_of_Forest_Areas_and_Economic_Impact_Assessment_Maramures_County_Romania_as_a_Case_Study">Using Fractal Analysis in Modeling the Dynamics of Forest Areas and Economic Impact Assessment: Maramures , County, Romania, as a Case Study</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="67082116" href="https://independent.academia.edu/DobreaRazvan1">Dobrea Razvan</a><span>, </span><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="1960190" href="https://unibuc.academia.edu/IonAndronache">Ion Andronache</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Forests, 2017</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">This study uses fractal analysis to quantify the spatial changes of forest resources caused by an increase of deforested areas. The method introduced contributes to the evaluation of forest resources being under significant pressure from anthropogenic activities. The pressure on the forest resources has been analyzed for Maramures , County, one of the most deforested counties in Romania. In order to evaluate this, the deforested areas were calculated for the period of 2001–2014, by using the Global Forest Change 2000–2014 database. The Fractal Fragmentation Index (FFI) and Fixed Grid 2D Lacunarity (FG2DL) were used to quantify the degree of fragmentation and dispersion of the forested areas, and thereby the extent to which a forest area is affected by deforestation. The process of quantifying the pressure on forested areas included the creation of a database for the period of 2000–2014 containing economic activities (turnover) related to woody recourses, important indicators of forest exploitation. Taken together, the results obtained indicate a dramatic increase in deforested areas (over 19,122 ha in total for the period of analysis), in Maramures , County.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Using Fractal Analysis in Modeling the Dynamics of Forest Areas and Economic Impact Assessment: Maramures , County, Romania, as a Case Study","attachmentId":54004172,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/34068247/Using_Fractal_Analysis_in_Modeling_the_Dynamics_of_Forest_Areas_and_Economic_Impact_Assessment_Maramures_County_Romania_as_a_Case_Study","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/34068247/Using_Fractal_Analysis_in_Modeling_the_Dynamics_of_Forest_Areas_and_Economic_Impact_Assessment_Maramures_County_Romania_as_a_Case_Study"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="4" data-entity-id="34068216" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/34068216/Assessment_of_Textural_Differentiations_in_Forest_Resources_in_Romania_Using_Fractal_Analysis">Assessment of Textural Differentiations in Forest Resources in Romania Using Fractal Analysis</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="1960190" href="https://unibuc.academia.edu/IonAndronache">Ion Andronache</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Forests, 2017</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Deforestation and forest degradation have several negative effects on the environment including a loss of species habitats, disturbance of the water cycle and reduced ability to retain CO 2 , with consequences for global warming. We investigated the evolution of forest resources from development regions in Romania affected by both deforestation and reforestation using a non-Euclidean method based on fractal analysis. We calculated four fractal dimensions of forest areas: the fractal box-counting dimension of the forest areas, the fractal box-counting dimension of the dilated forest areas, the fractal dilation dimension and the box-counting dimension of the border of the dilated forest areas. Fractal analysis revealed morpho-structural and textural differentiations of forested, deforested and reforested areas in development regions with dominant mountain relief and high hills (more forested and compact organization) in comparison to the development regions dominated by plains or low hills (less forested, more fragmented with small and isolated clusters). Our analysis used the fractal analysis that has the advantage of analyzing the entire image, rather than studying local information, thereby enabling quantification of the uniformity, fragmentation, heterogeneity and homogeneity of forests.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Assessment of Textural Differentiations in Forest Resources in Romania Using Fractal Analysis","attachmentId":54004121,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/34068216/Assessment_of_Textural_Differentiations_in_Forest_Resources_in_Romania_Using_Fractal_Analysis","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/34068216/Assessment_of_Textural_Differentiations_in_Forest_Resources_in_Romania_Using_Fractal_Analysis"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="5" data-entity-id="56518963" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/56518963/Use_of_Fractal_Analysis_in_the_Evaluation_of_Deforested_Areas_in_Romania">Use of Fractal Analysis in the Evaluation of Deforested Areas in Romania</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="142934807" href="https://independent.academia.edu/MarianMarin23">Marian Marin</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Advances in Forest Management under Global Change [Working Title]</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Spectacular spatial dynamics of forest areas is one of the biggest challenges for the scientific world, concerned with completing the methodologies devoted to new methodological approaches, to provide new information that is indispensable in assessing the impact of deforestation within the ecosystem. In this study, we analyzed the evolution of the deforested areas, using the fractal fragmentation index (FFI). The research is based on high-resolution satellite images of forest areas between 2000 and 2017. The use of fractal algorithms allowed the modeling of the grinding patterns, identifying obvious differences between compact and fragmented cuts. Information is needed especially in the evaluation of the areas cleared because of illegal actions. Research has shown spectacular increases in deforestation in the mountain area, the northern and central groups of the Eastern Carpathians being the most fragmented geographical regions in Romania. The study showed that deforestation led to the fragmentation of forests, which generates major natural changes. The results obtained can contribute to the identification of new approaches in national forest fund management policies by establishing a critical fragmentation threshold.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Use of Fractal Analysis in the Evaluation of Deforested Areas in Romania","attachmentId":71866177,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/56518963/Use_of_Fractal_Analysis_in_the_Evaluation_of_Deforested_Areas_in_Romania","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/56518963/Use_of_Fractal_Analysis_in_the_Evaluation_of_Deforested_Areas_in_Romania"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="6" data-entity-id="123234639" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/123234639/Evaluation_of_forest_loss_data_using_fractal_algorithms_case_study_Eastern_Carpathians_Romania">Evaluation of forest loss data using fractal algorithms: case study Eastern Carpathians–Romania</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="46057107" href="https://independent.academia.edu/TitusBazac">Titus Bazac</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Frontiers in forests and global change, 2024</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Logging causes the fragmentation of areas with direct implications for hydrological processes, landslides, or habitats. The assessment of this fragmentation process plays an important role in the planning of future logging, reconstruction, and protection measures for the whole ecosystem. The methodology used includes imaging techniques applying two fractal indices: the Fractal Fragmentation Index (FFI) and the Fractal Fragmentation and Disorder Index (FFDI). The results showed the annual evolution and disposition of deforested areas. Only 3% of deforestation resulted in the fragmentation and splitting of forest plots. The remaining 97% resulted in the reduction of existing compact stands without fragmentation. The method has many advantages in quantifying the spatial evolution of forests, estimating the capture of carbon emissions and establishing sustainability of bird and animal habitats. The analysis took place in the Eastern Carpathians, in Romania, in the time period of 2001-2022</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Evaluation of forest loss data using fractal algorithms: case study Eastern Carpathians–Romania","attachmentId":117745724,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/123234639/Evaluation_of_forest_loss_data_using_fractal_algorithms_case_study_Eastern_Carpathians_Romania","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/123234639/Evaluation_of_forest_loss_data_using_fractal_algorithms_case_study_Eastern_Carpathians_Romania"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="7" data-entity-id="40204249" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/40204249/Recent_Deforestation_Pattern_Changes_2000_2017_in_the_Central_Carpathians_A_Gray_Level_Co_Occurrence_Matrix_and_Fractal_Analysis_Approach">Recent Deforestation Pattern Changes (2000-2017) in the Central Carpathians: A Gray-Level Co-Occurrence Matrix and Fractal Analysis Approach</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="70955106" href="https://independent.academia.edu/MarianMarin11">Marian Marin</a><span>, </span><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="1960190" href="https://unibuc.academia.edu/IonAndronache">Ion Andronache</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Forests, 2019</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">The paper explores the distribution of tree cover and deforested areas in the Central Carpathians in the central-east part of Romania, in the context of the anthropogenic forest disturbances and sustainable forest management. The study aims to evaluate the spatiotemporal changes in deforested areas due to human pressure in the Carpathian Mountains, a sensitive biodiverse European ecosystem. We used an analysis of satellite imagery with Landsat-7 Enhanced Thematic Mapper Plus (Landsat-7 ETM+) from the University of Maryland (UMD) Global Forest Change (GFC) dataset. The workflow started with the determination of tree cover and deforested areas from 2000-2017, with an overall accuracy of 97%. For the monitoring of forest dynamics, a Gray-Level Co-occurrence Matrix analysis (Entropy) and fractal analysis (Fractal Fragmentation-Compaction Index and Tug-of-War Lacunarity) were utilized. The increased fragmentation of tree cover (annually 2000-2017) was demonstrated by the highest values of the Fractal Fragmentation-Compaction Index, a measure of the degree of disorder (Entropy) and heterogeneity (Lacunarity). The principal outcome of the research reveals the dynamics of disturbance of tree cover and deforested areas expressed by the textural and fractal analysis. The results obtained can be used in the future development and adaptation of forestry management policies to ensure sustainable management of exploited forest areas.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Recent Deforestation Pattern Changes (2000-2017) in the Central Carpathians: A Gray-Level Co-Occurrence Matrix and Fractal Analysis Approach","attachmentId":60430269,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/40204249/Recent_Deforestation_Pattern_Changes_2000_2017_in_the_Central_Carpathians_A_Gray_Level_Co_Occurrence_Matrix_and_Fractal_Analysis_Approach","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/40204249/Recent_Deforestation_Pattern_Changes_2000_2017_in_the_Central_Carpathians_A_Gray_Level_Co_Occurrence_Matrix_and_Fractal_Analysis_Approach"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="8" data-entity-id="110287652" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/110287652/A_new_fractal_index_to_classify_forest_disturbance_and_anthropogenic_change">A new fractal index to classify forest disturbance and anthropogenic change</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="1960190" href="https://unibuc.academia.edu/IonAndronache">Ion Andronache</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">ContextDeforestation remains one of the most pressing threats to biodiversity. Characterizing the resulting forest loss and fragmentation efficiently from remotely sensed data therefore has strong practical implications. Data are often separately analyzed for spatial fragmentation and disorder, but no existing metric simultaneously quantifies the shapes and arrangement of fragments. ObjectivesWe present a Fractal Fragmentation and Disorder Index (FFDI), which advances a previously developed fractal index by merging it with the Rényi information dimension. The FFDI is designed to work across spatial scales, and efficiently reports the fragmentation of images and spatial disorder of those fragments. MethodsWe validate the FFDI with four sets of synthetic Hierarchically Structured Random Map (HRM) multiscale images, characterized by increasing fragmentation and disorder but decreasing average size over multiple scales. We then apply the FFDI to the Global Land Analysis & Discovery Glob...</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"A new fractal index to classify forest disturbance and anthropogenic change","attachmentId":108151486,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/110287652/A_new_fractal_index_to_classify_forest_disturbance_and_anthropogenic_change","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/110287652/A_new_fractal_index_to_classify_forest_disturbance_and_anthropogenic_change"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="9" data-entity-id="51859885" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/51859885/Application_of_Fractal_and_Gray_Level_Co_Occurrence_Matrix_Indices_to_Assess_the_Forest_Dynamics_in_the_Curvature_Carpathians_Romania">Application of Fractal and Gray-Level Co-Occurrence Matrix Indices to Assess the Forest Dynamics in the Curvature Carpathians—Romania</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="34344862" href="https://anaivkovic.academia.edu/MarkoRadulovic">Marko Radulovic</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Sustainability</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">The mountain ecosystems face significant damage from deforestation and environmental forest changes. We investigated the evolution of tree types of cover areas, deforested areas and total deforested areas from Curvature Carpathians using Gray-Level Co-occurrence Matrix and fractal analysis. The forest dynamics mapping was one of the main objectives of this study and it was carried out using multiple fractal and GLCM indices. We approached the analysis of satellite forest images by calculation of four fractal indices such as Pyramid dimension, Cube Counting Dimension, Fractal Fragmentation-Compaction Index and Tug-of-War lacunarity. We also calculated fractal dimension because it is an index of complexity comparing how the detail in a pattern changes with the scale at which it is measured. Fractal dimension is useful for estimation of irregularity or roughness of fractal and natural objects that do not conform to Euclidian geometry. While the fractal dimension quantifies how much spa...</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Application of Fractal and Gray-Level Co-Occurrence Matrix Indices to Assess the Forest Dynamics in the Curvature Carpathians—Romania","attachmentId":69393496,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/51859885/Application_of_Fractal_and_Gray_Level_Co_Occurrence_Matrix_Indices_to_Assess_the_Forest_Dynamics_in_the_Curvature_Carpathians_Romania","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/51859885/Application_of_Fractal_and_Gray_Level_Co_Occurrence_Matrix_Indices_to_Assess_the_Forest_Dynamics_in_the_Curvature_Carpathians_Romania"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div></div></div><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--wrapper js-loswp-sticky-ctas hidden"><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--grid-container"><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--container"><button class="ds2-5-button js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"continue-reading-button--sticky-ctas","attachmentId":55316463,"attachmentType":"docx","workUrl":null}">See full PDF</button><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--secondary js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"download-pdf-button--sticky-ctas","attachmentId":55316463,"attachmentType":"docx","workUrl":null}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span>Download PDF</button></div></div></div><div class="ds-below-fold--grid-container"><div class="ds-work--container js-loswp-embedded-document"><div class="attachment_preview" data-attachment="Attachment_55316463" style="display: none"><div class="js-scribd-document-container"><div class="scribd--document-loading js-scribd-document-loader" style="display: block;"><img alt="Loading..." src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/loaders/paper-load.gif" /><p>Loading Preview</p></div></div><div style="text-align: center;"><div class="scribd--no-preview-alert js-preview-unavailable"><p>Sorry, preview is currently unavailable. 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