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surviving remnant protoplanets</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Evidence_in_the_Solar_System_-_surviving_remnant_protoplanets-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Extrasolar_protoplanets_-_observed_protoplanets" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Extrasolar_protoplanets_-_observed_protoplanets"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Extrasolar protoplanets - observed protoplanets</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Extrasolar_protoplanets_-_observed_protoplanets-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Extrasolar protoplanets - observed protoplanets subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Extrasolar_protoplanets_-_observed_protoplanets-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Unconfirmed_protoplanets" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Unconfirmed_protoplanets"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Unconfirmed protoplanets</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Unconfirmed_protoplanets-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Protoplanet: Difference between revisions</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 38 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-38" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">38 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protoplaneet" title="Protoplaneet – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Protoplaneet" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D9%88%D9%83%D8%A8_%D8%A3%D9%88%D9%84%D9%8A" title="كوكب أولي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="كوكب أولي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protoplaneta" title="Protoplaneta – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Protoplaneta" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Протопланета – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Протопланета" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protoplaneta" title="Protoplaneta – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Protoplaneta" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protoplaneta" title="Protoplaneta – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Protoplaneta" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protoplanet" title="Protoplanet – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Protoplanet" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protoplanet" title="Protoplanet – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Protoplanet" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protoplaneet" title="Protoplaneet – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Protoplaneet" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protoplaneta" title="Protoplaneta – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Protoplaneta" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%DB%8C%D8%B4%E2%80%8C%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%87" title="پیش‌سیاره – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="پیش‌سیاره" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protoplan%C3%A8te" title="Protoplanète – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Protoplanète" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protoplaneta" title="Protoplaneta – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Protoplaneta" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9B%90%EC%8B%9C_%ED%96%89%EC%84%B1" title="원시 행성 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="원시 행성" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protoplanet" title="Protoplanet – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Protoplanet" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protoplanet" title="Protoplanet – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Protoplanet" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protopianeta" title="Protopianeta – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Protopianeta" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A7%D7%93%D7%9D-%D7%9B%D7%95%D7%9B%D7%91_%D7%9C%D7%9B%D7%AA" title="קדם-כוכב לכת – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="קדם-כוכב לכת" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protoplan%C3%A8t" title="Protoplanèt – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Protoplanèt" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protoplan%C3%A9it" title="Protoplanéit – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Protoplanéit" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proplaneta" title="Proplaneta – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Proplaneta" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Протопланета – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Протопланета" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protoplanet" title="Protoplanet – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Protoplanet" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protoplaneet" title="Protoplaneet – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Protoplaneet" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8E%9F%E5%A7%8B%E6%83%91%E6%98%9F" title="原始惑星 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="原始惑星" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protoplanet" title="Protoplanet – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Protoplanet" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protoplaneta" title="Protoplaneta – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Protoplaneta" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protoplaneta" title="Protoplaneta – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Protoplaneta" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protoplanet%C4%83" title="Protoplanetă – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Protoplanetă" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Протопланета – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Протопланета" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protoplan%C3%A9ta" title="Protoplanéta – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Protoplanéta" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protoplaneetta" title="Protoplaneetta – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Protoplaneetta" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protoplanet" title="Protoplanet – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Protoplanet" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Протопланета – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Протопланета" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%96ngezegen" title="Öngezegen – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Öngezegen" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Протопланета – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Протопланета" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protoplanet" title="Protoplanet – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Protoplanet" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8E%9F%E8%A1%8C%E6%98%9F" title="原行星 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="原行星" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q849009#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> 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href='/w/index.php?title=Protoplanet&diff=1258399833&oldid=1182460183&diff-type=inline'><span class='oo-ui-toggleSwitchWidget-grip'></span></a></div></div></div></div></div></div><table class="diff diff-type-table diff-contentalign-left diff-editfont-monospace" data-mw="interface"> <col class="diff-marker" /> <col class="diff-content" /> <col class="diff-marker" /> <col class="diff-content" /> <tr class="diff-title" lang="en"> <td colspan="2" class="diff-otitle diff-side-deleted"><div id="mw-diff-otitle1"><strong><a href="/w/index.php?title=Protoplanet&oldid=1182460183" title="Protoplanet">Revision as of 13:50, 29 October 2023</a> <span class="mw-diff-edit"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Protoplanet&action=edit&oldid=1182460183" title="Protoplanet">edit</a></span><span class="mw-diff-timestamp" data-timestamp="2023-10-29T13:50:59Z"></span></strong></div><div id="mw-diff-otitle2"><a href="/wiki/User:Renamed_user_g5s6n3yi8z7g08cs" class="mw-userlink" title="User:Renamed user 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title="Special:Contributions/139.216.74.181">139.216.74.181</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=User_talk:139.216.74.181&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="User talk:139.216.74.181 (page does not exist)">talk</a>) to last revision by Meli thev</span></div><div id="mw-diff-otitle5"><span class="mw-tag-markers"><a href="/wiki/Special:Tags" title="Special:Tags">Tags</a>: <span class="mw-tag-marker mw-tag-marker-twinkle"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Twinkle" title="Wikipedia:Twinkle">Twinkle</a></span> <span class="mw-tag-marker mw-tag-marker-mw-undo"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Undo" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Undo">Undo</a></span></span></div><div id="mw-diff-otitle4"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Protoplanet&diff=prev&oldid=1182460183" title="Protoplanet" id="differences-prevlink">← Previous edit</a></div></td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-ntitle diff-side-added"><div id="mw-diff-ntitle1"><strong><a href="/w/index.php?title=Protoplanet&oldid=1258399833" title="Protoplanet">Latest revision as of 14:19, 19 November 2024</a> <span class="mw-diff-edit"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Protoplanet&action=edit" title="Protoplanet">edit</a></span><span class="mw-diff-timestamp" data-timestamp="2024-11-19T14:19:14Z"></span> <span class="mw-diff-undo"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Protoplanet&action=edit&undoafter=1182460183&undo=1258399833" title=""Undo" reverts this edit and opens the edit form in preview mode. It allows adding a reason in the summary.">undo</a></span></strong></div><div id="mw-diff-ntitle2"><a href="/w/index.php?title=User:Stevinger&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new mw-userlink" title="User:Stevinger (page does not exist)" data-mw-revid="1258399833"><bdi>Stevinger</bdi></a> <span class="mw-usertoollinks">(<a href="/wiki/User_talk:Stevinger" class="mw-usertoollinks-talk" title="User talk:Stevinger">talk</a> | <a href="/wiki/Special:Contributions/Stevinger" class="mw-usertoollinks-contribs" title="Special:Contributions/Stevinger">contribs</a>)</span><div class="mw-diff-usermetadata"><div class="mw-diff-userroles"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Extended_confirmed_editors" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Extended confirmed editors">Extended confirmed users</a></div><div class="mw-diff-usereditcount"><span>594</span> edits</div></div></div><div id="mw-diff-ntitle3"><abbr class="minoredit" title="This is a minor edit">m</abbr><span class="comment mw-comment-none">No edit summary</span></div><div id="mw-diff-ntitle5"><span class="mw-tag-markers"><a href="/wiki/Special:Tags" title="Special:Tags">Tag</a>: <span class="mw-tag-marker mw-tag-marker-visualeditor"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:VisualEditor" title="Wikipedia:VisualEditor">Visual edit</a></span></span></div><div id="mw-diff-ntitle4"> </div></td> </tr><tr><td colspan="4" class="diff-multi" lang="en">(19 intermediate revisions by 9 users not shown)</td></tr><tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 5:</td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 5:</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>==The planetesimal hypothesis==</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>==The planetesimal hypothesis==</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>A [[planetesimal]] is an object formed from dust, rock, and other materials, measuring from meters to hundreds of kilometers in size. </div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>A [[planetesimal]] is an object formed from dust, rock, and other materials, measuring from meters to hundreds of kilometers in size. </div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><div>According to the [[Chamberlin–Moulton planetesimal hypothesis]] and the theories of [[Viktor Safronov]], a protoplanetary disk of materials such as gas and dust would orbit a star early in the formation of a planetary system. The action of [[gravity]] on such materials form larger and larger chunks until some reach the size of planetesimals.<ref name="Cessna">{{cite web |last1=Cessna |first1=Abby |title=Planetesimals |url=https://www.universetoday.com/35974/planetesimals/ |website=Universe Today |access-date=5 April 2022 |date=26 July 2009}}</ref><ref name="Ahrens">{{cite journal |last1=Ahrens |first1=T J |title=Impact Erosion of Terrestrial Planetary Atmospheres |journal=Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences |date=1 May 1993 |volume=21 |issue=1 |pages=525–555 |doi=10.1146/annurev.ea.21.050193.002521 |url=https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ea.21.050193.002521 |access-date=5 April 2022 |issn=0084-6597|hdl=2060/19920021677 |hdl-access=free }}</ref></div></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>According to the [[Chamberlin–Moulton planetesimal hypothesis]] and the theories of [[Viktor Safronov]], a protoplanetary disk of materials such as gas and dust would orbit a star early in the formation of a planetary system. The action of [[gravity]] on such materials form larger and larger chunks until some reach the size of planetesimals.<ref name="Cessna">{{cite web |last1=Cessna |first1=Abby |title=Planetesimals |url=https://www.universetoday.com/35974/planetesimals/ |website=Universe Today |access-date=5 April 2022 |date=26 July 2009}}</ref><ref name="Ahrens">{{cite journal |last1=Ahrens |first1=T J |title=Impact Erosion of Terrestrial Planetary Atmospheres |journal=Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences |date=1 May 1993 |volume=21 |issue=1 |pages=525–555 |doi=10.1146/annurev.ea.21.050193.002521<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> |bibcode=1993AREPS..21..525A</ins> |url=https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ea.21.050193.002521 |access-date=5 April 2022 |issn=0084-6597|hdl=2060/19920021677 |hdl-access=free }}</ref></div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><br /></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><br /></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>It is thought that the collisions of planetesimals created a few hundred larger planetary embryos. Over the course of hundreds of millions of years, they collided with one another. The exact sequence whereby planetary embryos collided to assemble the planets is not known, but it is thought that initial collisions would have replaced the first "generation" of embryos with a second generation consisting of fewer but larger embryos. These in their turn would have collided to create a third generation of fewer but even larger embryos. Eventually, only a handful of embryos were left, which collided to complete the assembly of the [[planet]]s proper.<ref>{{cite book|title=An Introduction to the Solar System|pages=56|first=Neil|last=McBride|author2=Iain Gilmour |author3=Philip A. Bland |author4=Elaine A. Moore |author5=Mike Widdowson |author6=Ian Wright |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|location=Cambridge|year=2004|isbn=9780521837354}}</ref></div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>It is thought that the collisions of planetesimals created a few hundred larger planetary embryos. Over the course of hundreds of millions of years, they collided with one another. The exact sequence whereby planetary embryos collided to assemble the planets is not known, but it is thought that initial collisions would have replaced the first "generation" of embryos with a second generation consisting of fewer but larger embryos. These in their turn would have collided to create a third generation of fewer but even larger embryos. Eventually, only a handful of embryos were left, which collided to complete the assembly of the [[planet]]s proper.<ref>{{cite book|title=An Introduction to the Solar System|pages=56|first=Neil|last=McBride|author2=Iain Gilmour |author3=Philip A. Bland |author4=Elaine A. Moore |author5=Mike Widdowson |author6=Ian Wright |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|location=Cambridge|year=2004|isbn=9780521837354}}</ref></div></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 12:</td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 12:</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>|first=Abby|last=Cessna|year=2009|publisher=Universe Today}}</ref> the quantity of which has been reduced over time due to [[radioactive decay]]. Heating due to radioactivity, impact, and gravitational pressure melted parts of protoplanets as they grew toward being planets. In melted zones their heavier [[Chemical element|element]]s sank to the center, whereas lighter elements rose to the surface. Such a process is known as [[planetary differentiation]]. The composition of some [[meteorite]]s show that differentiation took place in some [[asteroid]]s.</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>|first=Abby|last=Cessna|year=2009|publisher=Universe Today}}</ref> the quantity of which has been reduced over time due to [[radioactive decay]]. Heating due to radioactivity, impact, and gravitational pressure melted parts of protoplanets as they grew toward being planets. In melted zones their heavier [[Chemical element|element]]s sank to the center, whereas lighter elements rose to the surface. Such a process is known as [[planetary differentiation]]. The composition of some [[meteorite]]s show that differentiation took place in some [[asteroid]]s.</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><br /></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><br /></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><div>==Evidence in the Solar System==</div></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>==Evidence in the Solar System<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> - surviving remnant protoplanets</ins>==</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>In the case of the [[Solar System]], it is thought that the collisions of planetesimals created a few hundred planetary embryos. Such embryos were similar to [[Ceres (dwarf planet)|Ceres]] and [[Pluto]] with masses of about 10<sup>22</sup> to 10<sup>23</sup>&nbsp;kg and were a few thousand kilometers in diameter.{{fact|date=October 2022}}</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>In the case of the [[Solar System]], it is thought that the collisions of planetesimals created a few hundred planetary embryos. Such embryos were similar to [[Ceres (dwarf planet)|Ceres]] and [[Pluto]] with masses of about 10<sup>22</sup> to 10<sup>23</sup>&nbsp;kg and were a few thousand kilometers in diameter.{{fact|date=October 2022}}</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><br /></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><br /></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><div>According to the [[giant impact hypothesis]] the [[Moon]] formed from a colossal impact of a hypothetical protoplanet called [[Theia (planet)|Theia]] with Earth, early in the [[Formation and evolution of the Solar System|Solar System's history]].{{<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">fact|date=October</del> <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">2022}}</del></div></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>According to the [[giant impact hypothesis]]<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">,</ins> the [[Moon]] formed from a colossal impact of a hypothetical protoplanet called [[Theia (planet)|Theia]] with Earth, early in the [[Formation and evolution of the Solar System|Solar System's history]].<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"><ref name="Nace2016"></ins>{{<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">cite</ins> <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">web</ins></div></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-deleted"></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div> |last1=Nace |first1=Trevor</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-deleted"></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div> |title = New Evidence For 4.5 Billion Year Old Impact Formed Our Moon</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-deleted"></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div> |work = [[Forbes]]</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-deleted"></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div> |url = https://www.forbes.com/sites/trevornace/2016/01/30/new-evidence-4-5-billion-year-old-impact-formed-moon/</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-deleted"></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div> |date = 2016-01-30</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-deleted"></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div> |access-date = 2016-01-30</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-deleted"></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Young |first1=E. D. |last2=Kohl |first2=I. E. |last3=Warren |first3=P. H. |last4=Rubie |first4=D. C. |last5=Jacobson |first5=S. A. |last6=Morbidelli |first6=A. |title=Oxygen isotopic evidence for vigorous mixing during the Moon-forming giant impact |journal=Science |date=28 January 2016 |volume=351 |issue=6272 |pages=493–496 |doi=10.1126/science.aad0525|pmid=26823426 |arxiv=1603.04536 |bibcode=2016Sci...351..493Y |s2cid=6548599 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last1=Wolpert|first1=Stuart|title=Moon was produced by a head-on collision between Earth and a forming planet|date=January 28, 2016|url=http://newsroom.ucla.edu/releases/moon-was-produced-by-a-head-on-collision-between-earth-and-a-forming-planet|website=UCLA newsroom|publisher=UCLA}}</ref></div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><br /></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><br /></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>In the inner Solar System, the three protoplanets to survive more-or-less intact are the [[asteroid]]s [[Ceres (dwarf planet)|Ceres]], [[2 Pallas|Pallas]], and [[4 Vesta|Vesta]]. [[16 Psyche|Psyche]] is likely the survivor of a violent hit-and-run with another object that stripped off the outer, rocky layers of a protoplanet.<ref name=NASA15-196>{{cite web|url=http://www.nasa.gov/press-release/nasa-selects-investigations-for-future-key-planetary-mission|title=NASA Selects Investigations for Future Key Planetary Mission|date=30 September 2015 }}</ref> The asteroid [[9 Metis|Metis]] may also have a similar origin history to that of Psyche.<ref name="Kelley00">{{cite journal|last=Kelley |first=Michael S|author2=Michael J. Gaffey</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>In the inner Solar System, the three protoplanets to survive more-or-less intact are the [[asteroid]]s [[Ceres (dwarf planet)|Ceres]], [[2 Pallas|Pallas]], and [[4 Vesta|Vesta]]. [[16 Psyche|Psyche]] is likely the survivor of a violent hit-and-run with another object that stripped off the outer, rocky layers of a protoplanet.<ref name=NASA15-196>{{cite web|url=http://www.nasa.gov/press-release/nasa-selects-investigations-for-future-key-planetary-mission|title=NASA Selects Investigations for Future Key Planetary Mission|date=30 September 2015 }}</ref> The asteroid [[9 Metis|Metis]] may also have a similar origin history to that of Psyche.<ref name="Kelley00">{{cite journal|last=Kelley |first=Michael S|author2=Michael J. Gaffey</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 21:</td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 28:</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>|title = BIG PIC: 2 Pallas, the Asteroid with Protoplanetary Attitude|work = Discovery Space| publisher = [[Discovery Communications]]| date = 2009-10-08| url = http://dsc.discovery.com/space/big-pic/hubble-pallas-asteroid-protoplanet.html| access-date = 2009-10-08}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| last = Klotz| first = Irene| title = ASTEROID FAILS TO MAKE IT BIG: A newly studied asteroid is actually a planetary building block that stopped growing.| work = [[Discovery News]]| publisher = [[Discovery Communications]]| date = 2011-10-27|url=http://news.discovery.com/space/asteroid-protoplanet-lutetia-rosetta-111027.html| access-date = 2011-10-27}}</ref> [[Kuiper belt|Kuiper-belt]] [[dwarf planet]]s have also been referred to as protoplanets.<ref name=msnbc>{{cite web|date=2009-10-08|title=Protoplanet frozen in time|publisher=[[MSNBC]]|author=Alan Boyle|url=http://cosmiclog.msnbc.msn.com/archive/2009/10/08/2092402.aspx|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091010023833/http://cosmiclog.msnbc.msn.com/archive/2009/10/08/2092402.aspx|url-status=dead|archive-date=2009-10-10|access-date=2009-09-12}}</ref> Because [[iron meteorite]]s have been found on Earth, it is deemed likely that there once were other metal-cored protoplanets in the [[asteroid belt]] that since have been disrupted and that are the source of these meteorites.{{fact|date=October 2022}}</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>|title = BIG PIC: 2 Pallas, the Asteroid with Protoplanetary Attitude|work = Discovery Space| publisher = [[Discovery Communications]]| date = 2009-10-08| url = http://dsc.discovery.com/space/big-pic/hubble-pallas-asteroid-protoplanet.html| access-date = 2009-10-08}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| last = Klotz| first = Irene| title = ASTEROID FAILS TO MAKE IT BIG: A newly studied asteroid is actually a planetary building block that stopped growing.| work = [[Discovery News]]| publisher = [[Discovery Communications]]| date = 2011-10-27|url=http://news.discovery.com/space/asteroid-protoplanet-lutetia-rosetta-111027.html| access-date = 2011-10-27}}</ref> [[Kuiper belt|Kuiper-belt]] [[dwarf planet]]s have also been referred to as protoplanets.<ref name=msnbc>{{cite web|date=2009-10-08|title=Protoplanet frozen in time|publisher=[[MSNBC]]|author=Alan Boyle|url=http://cosmiclog.msnbc.msn.com/archive/2009/10/08/2092402.aspx|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091010023833/http://cosmiclog.msnbc.msn.com/archive/2009/10/08/2092402.aspx|url-status=dead|archive-date=2009-10-10|access-date=2009-09-12}}</ref> Because [[iron meteorite]]s have been found on Earth, it is deemed likely that there once were other metal-cored protoplanets in the [[asteroid belt]] that since have been disrupted and that are the source of these meteorites.{{fact|date=October 2022}}</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><br /></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><br /></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><div>==<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Observed</del> protoplanets==</div></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>==<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Extrasolar protoplanets - observed</ins> protoplanets==</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><div>In February 2013 astronomers made the first direct observation of a candidate protoplanet forming in a disk of gas and dust around a distant star, [[HD 100546]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.eso.org/public/news/eso1310/|title=The Birth of a Giant Planet?|publisher=[[European Southern Observatory]]|date=28 February 2013|access-date=2 March 2013}}</ref><ref name="quanz13">{{cite journal|author=Quanz, <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Sasch</del> P.<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">|display-authors=4</del>|author2=Amara, Adam|author3=Meyer, Michael P.|author4=Kenworthy, Matthew P.|author5=Kasper, Markus|author6=Girard, Julien H.|date=2013|title=A young protoplanet candidate embedded in the circumstellar disk of HD 100546|journal=<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> </del>Astrophysical Journal|volume=766|issue=1|at=L1<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">|doi=10.1088/2041-8205/766/1/l1</del>|arxiv<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> </del>=<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> </del>1302.7122 |bibcode<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> </del>=<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> </del>2013ApJ...766L...1Q |s2cid=56140977}}</ref> Subsequent observations suggest that several protoplanets may be present in the gas disk.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Garufi |first1=A. |last2=Quanz |first2=S. P. |last3=Schmid |first3=H. M. |last4=Mulders |first4=G. D. |last5=Avenhaus |first5=H. |last6=Boccaletti |first6=A. |last7=Ginski |first7=C. |last8=Langlois |first8=M. |last9=Stolker |first9=T. |last10=Augereau |first10=J.-C. |last11=Benisty |first11=M. |last12=Lopez |first12=B. |last13=Dominik |first13=C. |last14=Gratton |first14=R. |last15=Henning |first15=T. |last16=Janson |first16=M. |last17=Ménard |first17=F. |last18=Meyer |first18=M. R. |last19=Pinte |first19=C. |last20=Sissa |first20=E. |last21=Vigan |first21=A. |last22=Zurlo |first22=A. |last23=Bazzon |first23=A. |last24=Buenzli |first24=E. |last25=Bonnefoy |first25=M. |last26=Brandner |first26=W. |last27=Chauvin |first27=G. |last28=Cheetham |first28=A. |last29=Cudel |first29=M. |last30=Desidera |first30=S. |last31=Feldt |first31=M. |last32=Galicher |first32=R. |last33=Kasper |first33=M. |last34=Lagrange |first34=A.-M. |last35=Lannier |first35=J. |last36=Maire |first36=A. L. |last37=Mesa |first37=D. |last38=Mouillet |first38=D. |last39=Peretti |first39=S. |last40=Perrot |first40=C. |last41=Salter |first41=G. |last42=Wildi |first42=F. |title=The SPHERE view of the planet-forming disk around HD 100546 |journal=Astronomy & Astrophysics |date=April 2016 |volume=588 |pages=A8 |doi=10.1051/0004-6361/201527940 |url=https://www.aanda.org/articles/aa/full_html/2016/04/aa27940-15/aa27940-15.html |access-date=5 April 2022 |language=en |issn=0004-6361|doi-access=free }}</ref></div></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>In February 2013 astronomers made the first direct observation of a candidate protoplanet forming in a disk of gas and dust around a distant star, [[HD 100546]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.eso.org/public/news/eso1310/|title=The Birth of a Giant Planet?|publisher=[[European Southern Observatory]]|date=28 February 2013|access-date=2 March 2013}}</ref><ref name="quanz13">{{cite journal<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> </ins>|author=Quanz, <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Sascha</ins> P.<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> </ins>|author2=Amara, Adam<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> </ins>|author3=Meyer, Michael P.<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> </ins>|author4=Kenworthy, Matthew P.<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> </ins>|author5=Kasper, Markus<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> </ins>|author6=Girard, Julien H.<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> |display-authors=4 </ins>|date=2013<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> </ins>|title=A young protoplanet candidate embedded in the circumstellar disk of HD 100546<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> </ins>|journal=Astrophysical Journal<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> </ins>|volume=766<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> </ins>|issue=1<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> </ins>|at=L1<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> </ins>|arxiv=1302.7122 |bibcode=2013ApJ...766L...1Q<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> |doi=10.1088/2041-8205/766/1/l1</ins> |s2cid=56140977}}</ref> Subsequent observations suggest that several protoplanets may be present in the gas disk.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Garufi |first1=A. |last2=Quanz |first2=S. P. |last3=Schmid |first3=H. M. |last4=Mulders |first4=G. D. |last5=Avenhaus |first5=H. |last6=Boccaletti |first6=A. |last7=Ginski |first7=C. |last8=Langlois |first8=M. |last9=Stolker |first9=T. |last10=Augereau |first10=J.-C. |last11=Benisty |first11=M. |last12=Lopez |first12=B. |last13=Dominik |first13=C. |last14=Gratton |first14=R. |last15=Henning |first15=T. |last16=Janson |first16=M. |last17=Ménard |first17=F. |last18=Meyer |first18=M. R. |last19=Pinte |first19=C. |last20=Sissa |first20=E. |last21=Vigan |first21=A. |last22=Zurlo |first22=A. |last23=Bazzon |first23=A. |last24=Buenzli |first24=E. |last25=Bonnefoy |first25=M. |last26=Brandner |first26=W. |last27=Chauvin |first27=G. |last28=Cheetham |first28=A. |last29=Cudel |first29=M. |last30=Desidera |first30=S. |last31=Feldt |first31=M. |last32=Galicher |first32=R. |last33=Kasper |first33=M. |last34=Lagrange |first34=A.-M. |last35=Lannier |first35=J. |last36=Maire |first36=A. L. |last37=Mesa |first37=D. |last38=Mouillet |first38=D. |last39=Peretti |first39=S. |last40=Perrot |first40=C. |last41=Salter |first41=G. |last42=Wildi |first42=F. |title=The SPHERE view of the planet-forming disk around HD 100546 |journal=Astronomy & Astrophysics |date=April 2016 |volume=588 |pages=A8 |doi=10.1051/0004-6361/201527940 |url=https://www.aanda.org/articles/aa/full_html/2016/04/aa27940-15/aa27940-15.html |access-date=5 April 2022 |language=en |issn=0004-6361|doi-access=free<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> |arxiv=1601.04983 |bibcode=2016A&A...588A...8G</ins> }}</ref></div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><br /></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><br /></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>Another protoplanet, AB Aur b, may be in the earliest observed stage of formation for a gas giant. It is located in the gas disk of the star [[AB Aurigae]]. AB Aur b is among the largest exoplanets identified, and has a distant orbit, three times as far as Neptune is from the Earth's sun. Observations of AB Aur b may challenge conventional thinking about how planets are formed. It was viewed by the [[Subaru Telescope]] and the [[Hubble Space Telescope]].<ref name="CBC">{{cite news |title=Gigantic Jupiter-like alien planet observed still 'in the womb' |url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/science/planet-in-the-womb-1.6408539 |access-date=5 April 2022 |work=CBC News |date=April 5, 2022}}</ref></div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>Another protoplanet, AB Aur b, may be in the earliest observed stage of formation for a gas giant. It is located in the gas disk of the star [[AB Aurigae]]. AB Aur b is among the largest exoplanets identified, and has a distant orbit, three times as far as Neptune is from the Earth's sun. Observations of AB Aur b may challenge conventional thinking about how planets are formed. It was viewed by the [[Subaru Telescope]] and the [[Hubble Space Telescope]].<ref name="CBC">{{cite news |title=Gigantic Jupiter-like alien planet observed still 'in the womb' |url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/science/planet-in-the-womb-1.6408539 |access-date=5 April 2022 |work=CBC News |date=April 5, 2022}}</ref></div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><br /></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><br /></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><div>Rings, gaps, spirals, dust concentrations and shadows in [[Protoplanetary disk|protoplanetary disks]] could be caused by protoplanets. These structures are not completely understood and are therefore not seen as a proof for the presence of a protoplanet.<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal |last1=Pinte |first1=Christophe |last2=Teague |first2=Richard |last3=Flaherty |first3=Kevin |last4=Hall |first4=Cassandra |last5=Facchini |first5=Stefano |last6=Casassus |first6=Simon |date=2022-03-01 |title=Kinematic Structures in Planet-Forming Disks |arxiv=2203.09528 |url=https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2022arXiv220309528P}}</ref></div></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>Rings, gaps, spirals, dust concentrations and shadows in [[Protoplanetary disk|protoplanetary disks]] could be caused by protoplanets. These structures are not completely understood and are therefore not seen as a proof for the presence of a protoplanet.<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal |last1=Pinte |first1=Christophe |last2=Teague |first2=Richard |last3=Flaherty |first3=Kevin |last4=Hall |first4=Cassandra |last5=Facchini |first5=Stefano |last6=Casassus |first6=Simon |date=2022-03-01 |title=Kinematic Structures in Planet-Forming Disks<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> |journal=Protostars and Planets VII |volume=534 |page=645</ins> |arxiv=2203.09528<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> |bibcode=2023ASPC..534..645P</ins> |url=https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2022arXiv220309528P<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">}}</ref> One new emerging way to study the effect of protoplanets on the disk are [[Atomic and molecular astrophysics|molecular line]] observations of protoplanetary disks in the form of gas velocity maps.<ref name=":3" /> [[HD 97048|HD 97048 b]] is the first protoplanet detected by disk [[kinematics]] in the form of a kink in the gas velocity map.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Pinte |first1=C. |last2=van der Plas |first2=G. |last3=Ménard |first3=F. |last4=Price |first4=D. J. |last5=Christiaens |first5=V. |last6=Hill |first6=T. |last7=Mentiplay |first7=D. |last8=Ginski |first8=C. |last9=Choquet |first9=E. |last10=Boehler |first10=Y. |last11=Duchêne |first11=G. |last12=Perez |first12=S. |last13=Casassus |first13=S. |date=2019-08-01 |title=Kinematic detection of a planet carving a gap in a protoplanetary disk |url=https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2019NatAs...3.1109P |journal=Nature Astronomy |volume=3 |issue=12 |pages=1109–1114 |doi=10.1038/s41550-019-0852-6 |arxiv=1907.02538 |bibcode=2019NatAs...3.1109P |s2cid=195820690 |issn=2397-3366</ins>}}</ref></div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><br /></td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-added"></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><div>One new emerging way to study the effect of protoplanets on the disk are [[Atomic and molecular astrophysics|molecular line]] observations of protoplanetary disks in the form of gas velocity maps.<ref name=":3" /> [[HD 97048|HD 97048 b]] is the first protoplanet detected by disk [[kinematics]] in the form of a kink in the gas velocity map.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Pinte |first1=C. |last2=van der Plas |first2=G. |last3=Ménard |first3=F. |last4=Price |first4=D. J. |last5=Christiaens |first5=V. |last6=Hill |first6=T. |last7=Mentiplay |first7=D. |last8=Ginski |first8=C. |last9=Choquet |first9=E. |last10=Boehler |first10=Y. |last11=Duchêne |first11=G. |last12=Perez |first12=S. |last13=Casassus |first13=S. |date=2019-08-01 |title=Kinematic detection of a planet carving a gap in a protoplanetary disk |url=https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2019NatAs...3.1109P |journal=Nature Astronomy |volume=3 |issue=12 |pages=1109–1114 |doi=10.1038/s41550-019-0852-6 |arxiv=1907.02538 |bibcode=2019NatAs...3.1109P |s2cid=195820690 |issn=2397-3366}}</ref> Other disks like around [[IM Lupi]] or [[HD 163296]] show similar kinks in their gas velocity map.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Verrios |first1=Harrison J. |last2=Price |first2=Daniel J. |last3=Pinte |first3=Christophe |last4=Hilder |first4=Thomas |last5=Calcino |first5=Josh |date=2022-07-01 |title=Kinematic Evidence for an Embedded Planet in the IM Lupi Disk |url=https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2022ApJ...934L..11V |journal=The Astrophysical Journal |volume=934 |issue=1 |pages=L11 |doi=10.3847/2041-8213/ac7f44 |arxiv=2207.02869 |bibcode=2022ApJ...934L..11V |issn=0004-637X}}</ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite journal |last1=Calcino |first1=Josh |last2=Hilder |first2=Thomas |last3=Price |first3=Daniel J. |last4=Pinte |first4=Christophe |last5=Bollati |first5=Francesco |last6=Lodato |first6=Giuseppe |last7=Norfolk |first7=Brodie J. |date=2022-04-01 |title=Mapping the Planetary Wake in HD 163296 with Kinematics |url=https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2022ApJ...929L..25C |journal=The Astrophysical Journal |volume=929 |issue=2 |pages=L25 |doi=10.3847/2041-8213/ac64a7 |arxiv=2111.07416 |bibcode=2022ApJ...929L..25C |s2cid=244117638 |issn=0004-637X}}</ref> Another candidate exoplanet, called [[HD 169142|HD 169142 b]], was first directly imaged in 2014.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Reggiani |first1=Maddalena |last2=Quanz |first2=Sascha P. |last3=Meyer |first3=Michael R. |last4=Pueyo |first4=Laurent |last5=Absil |first5=Olivier |last6=Amara |first6=Adam |last7=Anglada |first7=Guillem |last8=Avenhaus |first8=Henning |last9=Girard |first9=Julien H. |last10=Carrasco Gonzalez |first10=Carlos |last11=Graham |first11=James |last12=Mawet |first12=Dimitri |last13=Meru |first13=Farzana |last14=Milli |first14=Julien |last15=Osorio |first15=Mayra |date=2014-09-01 |title=Discovery of a Companion Candidate in the HD 169142 Transition Disk and the Possibility of Multiple Planet Formation |url=https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014ApJ...792L..23R |journal=The Astrophysical Journal |volume=792 |issue=1 |pages=L23 |doi=10.1088/2041-8205/792/1/L23 |arxiv=1408.0813 |bibcode=2014ApJ...792L..23R |s2cid=37427761 |issn=0004-637X}}</ref> HD 169142 b additionally shows multiple lines of evidence to be a protoplanet.<ref name=":5">{{Cite journal |last1=Hammond |first1=Iain |last2=Christiaens |first2=Valentin |last3=Price |first3=Daniel J. |last4=Toci |first4=Claudia |last5=Pinte |first5=Christophe |last6=Juillard |first6=Sandrine |last7=Garg |first7=Himanshi |date=2023-02-01 |title=Confirmation and Keplerian motion of the gap-carving protoplanet HD 169142 b |journal=Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society |volume=522 |issue=1 |pages=L51–L55 |doi=10.1093/mnrasl/slad027 |arxiv=2302.11302 |bibcode=2023MNRAS.522L..51H |url=https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2023arXiv230211302H}}</ref></div></td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-added"></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>{| class="wikitable"</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>{| class="wikitable"</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>|+List of confirmed protoplanets (described as "protoplanets" in literature)</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>|+List of confirmed protoplanets (described as "protoplanets" in literature)</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 44:</td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 49:</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>!Detection technique</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>!Detection technique</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>|-</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>|-</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><div>|[[<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">HD</del> <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">100546</del>]]</div></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">| rowspan="2" </ins>|[[<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">PDS</ins> <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">70</ins>]]</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><div>|HD 100546 b</div></td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-added"></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><div>(disputed<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Rameau |first1=Julien |last2=Follette |first2=Katherine B. |last3=Pueyo |first3=Laurent |last4=Marois |first4=Christian |last5=Macintosh |first5=Bruce |last6=Millar-Blanchaer |first6=Maxwell |last7=Wang |first7=Jason J. |last8=Vega |first8=David |last9=Doyon |first9=René |last10=Lafrenière |first10=David |last11=Nielsen |first11=Eric L. |last12=Bailey |first12=Vanessa |last13=Chilcote |first13=Jeffrey K. |last14=Close |first14=Laird M. |last15=Esposito |first15=Thomas M. |date=2017-06-01 |title=An Optical/Near-infrared Investigation of HD 100546 b with the Gemini Planet Imager and MagAO |url=https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017AJ....153..244R |journal=The Astronomical Journal |volume=153 |issue=6 |pages=244 |doi=10.3847/1538-3881/aa6cae |arxiv=1704.06317 |bibcode=2017AJ....153..244R |s2cid=19100982 |issn=0004-6256}}</ref>)</div></td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-added"></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><div>|4-13<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Quanz |first1=Sascha P. |last2=Amara |first2=Adam |last3=Meyer |first3=Michael R. |last4=Girard |first4=Julien H. |last5=Kenworthy |first5=Matthew A. |last6=Kasper |first6=Markus |date=2015-07-01 |title=Confirmation and Characterization of the Protoplanet HD 100546 b—Direct Evidence for Gas Giant Planet Formation at 50 AU |url=https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015ApJ...807...64Q |journal=The Astrophysical Journal |volume=807 |issue=1 |pages=64 |doi=10.1088/0004-637X/807/1/64 |arxiv=1412.5173 |bibcode=2015ApJ...807...64Q |s2cid=119119314 |issn=0004-637X}}</ref></div></td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-added"></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><div>|249<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Orbital Period Calculator {{!}} Binary System |url=https://www.omnicalculator.com/physics/orbital-period |access-date=2023-03-01 |website=www.omnicalculator.com |language=en}}</ref></div></td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-added"></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><div>|53±2</div></td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-added"></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><div>|108<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Gaia Collaboration |date=2020-11-01 |title=VizieR Online Data Catalog: Gaia EDR3 (Gaia Collaboration, 2020) |url=https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2020yCat.1350....0G |journal=VizieR Online Data Catalog |pages=I/350|bibcode=2020yCat.1350....0G }}</ref></div></td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-added"></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><div>|2015<ref>{{Cite web |title=HD 100546 {{!}} NASA Exoplanet Archive |url=https://exoplanetarchive.ipac.caltech.edu/overview/HD%20100546%20b#planet_HD-100546-b_collapsible |access-date=2023-03-01 |website=exoplanetarchive.ipac.caltech.edu}}</ref></div></td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-added"></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><div>|Direct imaging</div></td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-added"></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><div>|-</div></td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-added"></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><div>|[[PDS 70]]</div></td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-added"></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>|PDS 70 b</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>|PDS 70 b</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>|3±1</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>|3±1</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>|119</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>|119</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>|20±2</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>|20±2</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-deleted"></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>|112<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Gaia Collaboration |date=2020-11-01 |title=VizieR Online Data Catalog: Gaia EDR3 (Gaia Collaboration, 2020) |url=https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2020yCat.1350....0G |journal=VizieR Online Data Catalog |pages=I/350 |doi=10.26093/cds/vizier.1350 |bibcode=2020yCat.1350....0G}}</ref></div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><div>|112<ref name=":1" /></div></td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-added"></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>|2018<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=PDS 70 {{!}} NASA Exoplanet Archive |url=https://exoplanetarchive.ipac.caltech.edu/overview/PDS%2070%20b#planet_PDS-70-b_collapsible |access-date=2023-03-01 |website=exoplanetarchive.ipac.caltech.edu}}</ref></div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>|2018<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=PDS 70 {{!}} NASA Exoplanet Archive |url=https://exoplanetarchive.ipac.caltech.edu/overview/PDS%2070%20b#planet_PDS-70-b_collapsible |access-date=2023-03-01 |website=exoplanetarchive.ipac.caltech.edu}}</ref></div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>|Direct Imaging</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>|Direct Imaging</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>|-</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>|-</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><div>|PDS 70</div></td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-added"></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>|PDS 70 c</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>|PDS 70 c</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>|8±4</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>|8±4</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-deleted"></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>|227<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Orbital Period Calculator {{!}} Binary System |url=https://www.omnicalculator.com/physics/orbital-period |access-date=2023-03-01 |website=www.omnicalculator.com |language=en}}</ref></div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><div>|227<ref name=":0" /></div></td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-added"></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>|{{Val|34|6|3}}</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>|{{Val|34|6|3}}</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>|112</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>|112</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 80:</td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 74:</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>|2019<ref>{{Cite web |title=HD 97048 {{!}} NASA Exoplanet Archive |url=https://exoplanetarchive.ipac.caltech.edu/overview/HD%2097048%20b#planet_HD-97048-b_collapsible |access-date=2023-03-01 |website=exoplanetarchive.ipac.caltech.edu}}</ref></div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>|2019<ref>{{Cite web |title=HD 97048 {{!}} NASA Exoplanet Archive |url=https://exoplanetarchive.ipac.caltech.edu/overview/HD%2097048%20b#planet_HD-97048-b_collapsible |access-date=2023-03-01 |website=exoplanetarchive.ipac.caltech.edu}}</ref></div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>|Disk Kinematics</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>|Disk Kinematics</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-deleted"></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>|-</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-deleted"></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>|[[HD 169142]]</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-deleted"></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>|HD 169142 b</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-deleted"></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>|3±2</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-deleted"></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>|167<ref name=":0" /></div></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-deleted"></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>|37.2±1.5</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-deleted"></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>|114</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-deleted"></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>|2019<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Gratton |first=R. |last2=Ligi |first2=R. |last3=Sissa |first3=E. |last4=Desidera |first4=S. |last5=Mesa |first5=D. |last6=Bonnefoy |first6=M. |last7=Chauvin |first7=G. |last8=Cheetham |first8=A. |last9=Feldt |first9=M. |last10=Lagrange |first10=A. M. |last11=Langlois |first11=M. |last12=Meyer |first12=M. |last13=Vigan |first13=A. |last14=Boccaletti |first14=A. |last15=Janson |first15=M. |date=March 2019 |title=Blobs, spiral arms, and a possible planet around HD 169142 |url=https://www.aanda.org/10.1051/0004-6361/201834760 |journal=Astronomy & Astrophysics |volume=623 |pages=A140 |arxiv=1901.06555 |bibcode=2019A&A...623A.140G |doi=10.1051/0004-6361/201834760 |issn=0004-6361}}</ref>/2023<ref name=":5">{{Cite journal |last1=Hammond |first1=Iain |last2=Christiaens |first2=Valentin |last3=Price |first3=Daniel J. |last4=Toci |first4=Claudia |last5=Pinte |first5=Christophe |last6=Juillard |first6=Sandrine |last7=Garg |first7=Himanshi |date=2023-02-01 |title=Confirmation and Keplerian motion of the gap-carving protoplanet HD 169142 b |url=https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2023arXiv230211302H |journal=Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society |volume=522 |issue=1 |pages=L51–L55 |arxiv=2302.11302 |bibcode=2023MNRAS.522L..51H |doi=10.1093/mnrasl/slad027 |doi-access=free}}</ref></div></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-deleted"></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>|Direct imaging</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-deleted"></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>|}</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-deleted"></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><br /></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-deleted"></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>=== Unconfirmed protoplanets ===</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-deleted"></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>The confident detection of protoplanets is difficult. Protoplanets usually exist in gas-rich protoplanetary disks. Such disks can produce over-densities by a process called disk fragmentation. Such fragments can be small enough to be unresolved and mimic the appearance of a protoplanet.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Teague |first1=Richard |last2=Jankovic |first2=Marija R. |last3=Haworth |first3=Thomas J. |last4=Qi |first4=Chunhua |last5=Ilee |first5=John D. |date=2020-06-01 |title=A three-dimensional view of Gomez's hamburger |journal=Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society |volume=495 |issue=1 |pages=451–459 |doi=10.1093/mnras/staa1167 |doi-access=free |arxiv=2003.02061 |bibcode=2020MNRAS.495..451T |issn=0035-8711}}</ref> A number of unconfirmed protoplanet candidates are known and some detections were later questioned.</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-deleted"></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>{| class="wikitable"</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-deleted"></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>|+List of unconfirmed/disputed/refuted protoplanets</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-deleted"></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>!Star</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-deleted"></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>!Exoplanet</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-deleted"></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>!Mass</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-deleted"></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>({{Jupiter mass|link=true}})</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-deleted"></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>!Period</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-deleted"></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>(yr)</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-deleted"></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>!separation</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-deleted"></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>([[Astronomical unit|AU]])</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-deleted"></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>!Distance to earth</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-deleted"></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>([[parsec]])</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-deleted"></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>!Year of Discovery</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-deleted"></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>!disputed/</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-deleted"></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>unconfirmed/</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-deleted"></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>refuted</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-deleted"></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>!Detection technique</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-deleted"></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>|-</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-deleted"></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>| rowspan="3" |[[LkCa 15]]</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-deleted"></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>|LkCa 15 b</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-deleted"></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>|</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-deleted"></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>|</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-deleted"></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>|12.7</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-deleted"></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>|</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-deleted"></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>|2012<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Kraus |first1=Adam L. |last2=Ireland |first2=Michael J. |date=2012-01-01 |title=LkCa 15: A Young Exoplanet Caught at Formation? |url=https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012ApJ...745....5K |journal=The Astrophysical Journal |volume=745 |issue=1 |pages=5 |doi=10.1088/0004-637X/745/1/5 |arxiv=1110.3808 |bibcode=2012ApJ...745....5K |issn=0004-637X}}</ref></div></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-deleted"></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>| rowspan="3" |refuted in 2019<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Currie |first1=Thayne |last2=Marois |first2=Christian |last3=Cieza |first3=Lucas |last4=Mulders |first4=Gijs D. |last5=Lawson |first5=Kellen |last6=Caceres |first6=Claudio |last7=Rodriguez-Ruiz |first7=Dary |last8=Wisniewski |first8=John |last9=Guyon |first9=Olivier |last10=Brandt |first10=Timothy D. |last11=Kasdin |first11=N. Jeremy |last12=Groff |first12=Tyler D. |last13=Lozi |first13=Julien |last14=Chilcote |first14=Jeffrey |last15=Hodapp |first15=Klaus |date=2019-05-01 |title=No Clear, Direct Evidence for Multiple Protoplanets Orbiting LkCa 15: LkCa 15 bcd are Likely Inner Disk Signals |journal=The Astrophysical Journal |volume=877 |issue=1 |pages=L3 |doi=10.3847/2041-8213/ab1b42 |doi-access=free |arxiv=1905.04322 |bibcode=2019ApJ...877L...3C |issn=0004-637X}}</ref></div></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-deleted"></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>|Direct imaging</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-deleted"></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>|-</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-deleted"></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>|LkCa 15 c</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-deleted"></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>|</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-deleted"></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>|</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-deleted"></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>|18.6</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-deleted"></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>|</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-deleted"></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>|2015<ref name=":6">{{Cite journal |last1=Sallum |first1=S. |last2=Follette |first2=K. B. |last3=Eisner |first3=J. A. |last4=Close |first4=L. M. |last5=Hinz |first5=P. |last6=Kratter |first6=K. |last7=Males |first7=J. |last8=Skemer |first8=A. |last9=Macintosh |first9=B. |last10=Tuthill |first10=P. |last11=Bailey |first11=V. |last12=Defrère |first12=D. |last13=Morzinski |first13=K. |last14=Rodigas |first14=T. |last15=Spalding |first15=E. |date=2015-11-01 |title=Accreting protoplanets in the LkCa 15 transition disk |url=https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015Natur.527..342S |journal=Nature |volume=527 |issue=7578 |pages=342–344 |doi=10.1038/nature15761 |pmid=26581290 |arxiv=1511.07456 |bibcode=2015Natur.527..342S |s2cid=916170 |issn=0028-0836}}</ref></div></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-deleted"></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>|Direct imaging</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-deleted"></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>|-</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-deleted"></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>|LkCa 15 d</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-deleted"></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>|</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-deleted"></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>|</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-deleted"></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>|24.7</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-deleted"></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>|</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-deleted"></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>|2015<ref name=":6" /></div></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-deleted"></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>|Direct imaging</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-deleted"></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>|-</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-deleted"></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>|[[HD 100546]]</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-deleted"></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>|HD 100546 b</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-deleted"></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>|4-13<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Quanz |first1=Sascha P. |last2=Amara |first2=Adam |last3=Meyer |first3=Michael R. |last4=Girard |first4=Julien H. |last5=Kenworthy |first5=Matthew A. |last6=Kasper |first6=Markus |date=2015-07-01 |title=Confirmation and Characterization of the Protoplanet HD 100546 b—Direct Evidence for Gas Giant Planet Formation at 50 AU |url=https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015ApJ...807...64Q |journal=The Astrophysical Journal |volume=807 |issue=1 |pages=64 |arxiv=1412.5173 |bibcode=2015ApJ...807...64Q |doi=10.1088/0004-637X/807/1/64 |hdl=1887/48578 |issn=0004-637X |s2cid=119119314}}</ref></div></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-deleted"></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>|249<ref name=":0" /></div></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-deleted"></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>|53±2</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-deleted"></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>|108<ref name=":1" /></div></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-deleted"></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>|2015<ref>{{Cite web |title=HD 100546 {{!}} NASA Exoplanet Archive |url=https://exoplanetarchive.ipac.caltech.edu/overview/HD%20100546%20b#planet_HD-100546-b_collapsible |access-date=2023-03-01 |website=exoplanetarchive.ipac.caltech.edu}}</ref></div></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-deleted"></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>|disputed in 2017<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Rameau |first1=Julien |last2=Follette |first2=Katherine B. |last3=Pueyo |first3=Laurent |last4=Marois |first4=Christian |last5=Macintosh |first5=Bruce |last6=Millar-Blanchaer |first6=Maxwell |last7=Wang |first7=Jason J. |last8=Vega |first8=David |last9=Doyon |first9=René |last10=Lafrenière |first10=David |last11=Nielsen |first11=Eric L. |last12=Bailey |first12=Vanessa |last13=Chilcote |first13=Jeffrey K. |last14=Close |first14=Laird M. |last15=Esposito |first15=Thomas M. |date=2017-06-01 |title=An Optical/Near-infrared Investigation of HD 100546 b with the Gemini Planet Imager and MagAO |journal=The Astronomical Journal |volume=153 |issue=6 |pages=244 |arxiv=1704.06317 |bibcode=2017AJ....153..244R |doi=10.3847/1538-3881/aa6cae |issn=0004-6256 |s2cid=19100982 |doi-access=free}}</ref></div></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-deleted"></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>|Direct imaging</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-deleted"></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>|-</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-deleted"></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>|[[Gomez's Hamburger]]</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-deleted"></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>|GoHam b</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-deleted"></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>|0.8-11.4</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-deleted"></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>|</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-deleted"></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>|350±50</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-deleted"></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>|250</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-deleted"></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>|2015<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Berné |first1=O. |last2=Fuente |first2=A. |last3=Pantin |first3=E. |last4=Bujarrabal |first4=V. |last5=Baruteau |first5=C. |last6=Pilleri |first6=P. |last7=Habart |first7=E. |last8=Ménard |first8=F. |last9=Cernicharo |first9=J. |last10=Tielens |first10=A. G. G. M. |last11=Joblin |first11=C. |date=2015-06-01 |title=Very Large Telescope observations of Gomez's Hamburger: Insights into a young protoplanet candidate |url=https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015A&A...578L...8B |journal=Astronomy and Astrophysics |volume=578 |pages=L8 |doi=10.1051/0004-6361/201526041 |arxiv=1504.02735 |bibcode=2015A&A...578L...8B |issn=0004-6361}}</ref></div></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-deleted"></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>|unconfirmed candidate</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-deleted"></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>|Direct imaging</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>|-</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>|-</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>|[[AB Aurigae]]</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>|[[AB Aurigae]]</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>|[[AB Aurigae b|AB Aur b]]</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>|[[AB Aurigae b|AB Aur b]]</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><div>(disputed<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Zhou |first=Yifan |last2=Bowler |first2=Brendan P. |last3=Yang |first3=Haifeng |last4=Sanghi |first4=Aniket |last5=Herczeg |first5=Gregory J. |last6=Kraus |first6=Adam L. |last7=Bae |first7=Jaehan |last8=Long |first8=Feng |last9=Follette |first9=Katherine B. |last10=Ward-Duong |first10=Kimberley |last11=Zhu |first11=Zhaohuan |last12=Biddle |first12=Lauren I. |last13=Close |first13=Laird M. |last14=Yushu Jiang |first14=Lillian |last15=Wu |first15=Ya-Lin |date=30 Aug 2023 |title=UV-Optical Emission of AB Aur b is Consistent with Scattered Stellar Light |url=https://arxiv.org/abs/2308.16223 |journal=AJ |pages=11 |arxiv=2308.16223 |doi=}}</ref>)</div></td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-added"></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>|9</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>|9</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>|</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>|</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 89:</td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 158:</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>|156<ref name=":1" /></div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>|156<ref name=":1" /></div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>|2022<ref>{{Cite web |title=AB Aur {{!}} NASA Exoplanet Archive |url=https://exoplanetarchive.ipac.caltech.edu/overview/AB%20Aur%20b#planet_AB-Aur-b_collapsible |access-date=2023-03-01 |website=exoplanetarchive.ipac.caltech.edu}}</ref></div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>|2022<ref>{{Cite web |title=AB Aur {{!}} NASA Exoplanet Archive |url=https://exoplanetarchive.ipac.caltech.edu/overview/AB%20Aur%20b#planet_AB-Aur-b_collapsible |access-date=2023-03-01 |website=exoplanetarchive.ipac.caltech.edu}}</ref></div></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-deleted"></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>|disputed in 2023<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Zhou |first1=Yifan |last2=Bowler |first2=Brendan P. |last3=Yang |first3=Haifeng |last4=Sanghi |first4=Aniket |last5=Herczeg |first5=Gregory J. |last6=Kraus |first6=Adam L. |last7=Bae |first7=Jaehan |last8=Long |first8=Feng |last9=Follette |first9=Katherine B. |last10=Ward-Duong |first10=Kimberley |last11=Zhu |first11=Zhaohuan |last12=Biddle |first12=Lauren I. |last13=Close |first13=Laird M. |last14=Yushu Jiang |first14=Lillian |last15=Wu |first15=Ya-Lin |date=30 Aug 2023 |title=UV-Optical Emission of AB Aur b is Consistent with Scattered Stellar Light |journal=Astrophysical Journal |volume=166 |issue=6 |pages=11 |arxiv=2308.16223 |bibcode=2023AJ....166..220Z |doi=10.3847/1538-3881/acf9ec |doi-access=free}}</ref> and 2024<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Biddle |first1=Lauren I. |last2=Bowler |first2=Brendan P. |last3=Zhou |first3=Yifan |last4=Franson |first4=Kyle |last5=Zhang |first5=Zhoujian |date=2024-04-01 |title=Deep Paβ Imaging of the Candidate Accreting Protoplanet AB Aur b |journal=The Astronomical Journal |volume=167 |issue=4 |pages=172 |arxiv=2402.12601 |bibcode=2024AJ....167..172B |doi=10.3847/1538-3881/ad2a52 |doi-access=free |issn=0004-6256}}</ref></div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>|Direct imaging</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>|Direct imaging</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>|-</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>|-</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><div>|[[<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">HD</del> <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">169142</del>]]</div></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>|[[<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">IM</ins> <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Lupi</ins>]]</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-deleted"></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>|</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><div>|HD 169142 b</div></td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-added"></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><div>|<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">3±</del>2</div></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>|2<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">-3</ins></div></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-deleted"></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>|</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><div>|167<ref name=":0" /></div></td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-added"></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-deleted"></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>|110</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><div>|37.2±1.5</div></td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-added"></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><div>|<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">114</del></div></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>|</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-deleted"></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>|2022<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Verrios |first1=Harrison J. |last2=Price |first2=Daniel J. |last3=Pinte |first3=Christophe |last4=Hilder |first4=Thomas |last5=Calcino |first5=Josh |date=2022-07-01 |title=Kinematic Evidence for an Embedded Planet in the IM Lupi Disk |journal=The Astrophysical Journal |volume=934 |issue=1 |pages=L11 |arxiv=2207.02869 |bibcode=2022ApJ...934L..11V |doi=10.3847/2041-8213/ac7f44 |issn=0004-637X |doi-access=free}}</ref></div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><div>|2023<ref>{{Cite web |title=HD 169142 {{!}} NASA Exoplanet Archive |url=https://exoplanetarchive.ipac.caltech.edu/overview/HD%20169142 |access-date=2023-04-11 |website=exoplanetarchive.ipac.caltech.edu}}</ref></div></td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-added"></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-deleted"></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>|unconfirmed candidate</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><div>|Direct imaging<ref name=":5" /></div></td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-added"></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-deleted"></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>|Disk Kinematics</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-deleted"></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>|-</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-deleted"></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>|[[HD 163296]]</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-deleted"></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>|multiple?<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Kanagawa |first1=Kazuhiro D. |last2=Ono |first2=Tomohiro |last3=Momose |first3=Munetake |date=2023-12-01 |title=Kinematic signatures of a low-mass planet with a moderately inclined orbit in a protoplanetary disk |url=https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2023PASJ...75.1105K |journal=Publications of the Astronomical Society of Japan |volume=75 |issue=6 |pages=1105–1123 |doi=10.1093/pasj/psad059 |arxiv=2308.12144 |bibcode=2023PASJ...75.1105K |issn=0004-6264}}</ref></div></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-deleted"></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>|</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-deleted"></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>|</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-deleted"></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>|</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-deleted"></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>|</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-deleted"></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>|2022<ref name=":4">{{Cite journal |last1=Calcino |first1=Josh |last2=Hilder |first2=Thomas |last3=Price |first3=Daniel J. |last4=Pinte |first4=Christophe |last5=Bollati |first5=Francesco |last6=Lodato |first6=Giuseppe |last7=Norfolk |first7=Brodie J. |date=2022-04-01 |title=Mapping the Planetary Wake in HD 163296 with Kinematics |journal=The Astrophysical Journal |volume=929 |issue=2 |pages=L25 |arxiv=2111.07416 |bibcode=2022ApJ...929L..25C |doi=10.3847/2041-8213/ac64a7 |issn=0004-637X |s2cid=244117638 |doi-access=free}}</ref></div></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-deleted"></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>|unconfirmed candidates</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-deleted"></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>|Disk Kinematics</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-deleted"></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>|-</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-deleted"></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>|[[Elias 2-27|Elias 2-24]]</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-deleted"></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>|</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-deleted"></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>|2-5</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-deleted"></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>|</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-deleted"></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>|52</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-deleted"></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>|</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-deleted"></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>|2023<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Pinte |first1=C. |last2=Hammond |first2=I. |last3=Price |first3=D. J. |last4=Christiaens |first4=V. |last5=Andrews |first5=S. M. |last6=Chauvin |first6=G. |last7=Pérez |first7=L. M. |last8=Jorquera |first8=S. |last9=Garg |first9=H. |last10=Norfolk |first10=B. J. |last11=Calcino |first11=J. |last12=Bonnefoy |first12=M. |date=2023-11-01 |title=Kinematic and thermal signatures of the directly imaged protoplanet candidate around Elias 2-24 |journal=Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society |volume=526 |issue=1 |pages=L41–L46 |doi=10.1093/mnrasl/slad010 |doi-access=free |arxiv=2301.08759 |bibcode=2023MNRAS.526L..41P |issn=0035-8711}}</ref></div></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-deleted"></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>|unconfirmed candidate</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-deleted"></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>|Direct imaging + Disk Kinematics</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>|}</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>|}</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><br /></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><br /></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 111:</td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 202:</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><br /></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><br /></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>== External links ==</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>== External links ==</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><div>*[http://tech.groups.yahoo.com/group/mpml/message/25780 Thread on the definition of a protoplanet] (Minor Planet Mailing List : July 15, 2011)</div></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>*[<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">https://archive.today/20130105085824/</ins>http://tech.groups.yahoo.com/group/mpml/message/25780 Thread on the definition of a protoplanet] (Minor Planet Mailing List : July 15, 2011)</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><br /></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><br /></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>{{Exoplanet}}</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>{{Exoplanet}}</div></td> </tr> </table><hr class='diff-hr' id='mw-oldid' /> <h2 class='diff-currentversion-title'>Latest revision as of 14:19, 19 November 2024</h2> <div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Large planetary embryo</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vesta_full_mosaic.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Vesta_full_mosaic.jpg/220px-Vesta_full_mosaic.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="189" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Vesta_full_mosaic.jpg/330px-Vesta_full_mosaic.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Vesta_full_mosaic.jpg/440px-Vesta_full_mosaic.jpg 2x" data-file-width="894" data-file-height="767" /></a><figcaption>A surviving protoplanet, <a href="/wiki/4_Vesta" title="4 Vesta">Vesta</a></figcaption></figure> <p>A <b>protoplanet</b> is a large planetary embryo that originated within a <a href="/wiki/Protoplanetary_disk" title="Protoplanetary disk">protoplanetary disk</a> and has undergone internal melting to produce a differentiated interior. Protoplanets are thought to form out of kilometer-sized <a href="/wiki/Planetesimal" title="Planetesimal">planetesimals</a> that gravitationally perturb each other's orbits and collide, gradually coalescing into the dominant <a href="/wiki/Planet" title="Planet">planets</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="The_planetesimal_hypothesis">The planetesimal hypothesis</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Protoplanet&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: The planetesimal hypothesis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A <a href="/wiki/Planetesimal" title="Planetesimal">planetesimal</a> is an object formed from dust, rock, and other materials, measuring from meters to hundreds of kilometers in size. According to the <a href="/wiki/Chamberlin%E2%80%93Moulton_planetesimal_hypothesis" title="Chamberlin–Moulton planetesimal hypothesis">Chamberlin–Moulton planetesimal hypothesis</a> and the theories of <a href="/wiki/Viktor_Safronov" title="Viktor Safronov">Viktor Safronov</a>, a protoplanetary disk of materials such as gas and dust would orbit a star early in the formation of a planetary system. The action of <a href="/wiki/Gravity" title="Gravity">gravity</a> on such materials form larger and larger chunks until some reach the size of planetesimals.<sup id="cite_ref-Cessna_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cessna-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Ahrens_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ahrens-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It is thought that the collisions of planetesimals created a few hundred larger planetary embryos. Over the course of hundreds of millions of years, they collided with one another. The exact sequence whereby planetary embryos collided to assemble the planets is not known, but it is thought that initial collisions would have replaced the first "generation" of embryos with a second generation consisting of fewer but larger embryos. These in their turn would have collided to create a third generation of fewer but even larger embryos. Eventually, only a handful of embryos were left, which collided to complete the assembly of the <a href="/wiki/Planet" title="Planet">planets</a> proper.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Early protoplanets had more <a href="/wiki/Radioactive" class="mw-redirect" title="Radioactive">radioactive</a> elements,<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the quantity of which has been reduced over time due to <a href="/wiki/Radioactive_decay" title="Radioactive decay">radioactive decay</a>. Heating due to radioactivity, impact, and gravitational pressure melted parts of protoplanets as they grew toward being planets. In melted zones their heavier <a href="/wiki/Chemical_element" title="Chemical element">elements</a> sank to the center, whereas lighter elements rose to the surface. Such a process is known as <a href="/wiki/Planetary_differentiation" title="Planetary differentiation">planetary differentiation</a>. The composition of some <a href="/wiki/Meteorite" title="Meteorite">meteorites</a> show that differentiation took place in some <a href="/wiki/Asteroid" title="Asteroid">asteroids</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Evidence_in_the_Solar_System_-_surviving_remnant_protoplanets">Evidence in the Solar System - surviving remnant protoplanets</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Protoplanet&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Evidence in the Solar System - surviving remnant protoplanets"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the case of the <a href="/wiki/Solar_System" title="Solar System">Solar System</a>, it is thought that the collisions of planetesimals created a few hundred planetary embryos. Such embryos were similar to <a href="/wiki/Ceres_(dwarf_planet)" title="Ceres (dwarf planet)">Ceres</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pluto" title="Pluto">Pluto</a> with masses of about 10<sup>22</sup> to 10<sup>23</sup> kg and were a few thousand kilometers in diameter.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>According to the <a href="/wiki/Giant_impact_hypothesis" class="mw-redirect" title="Giant impact hypothesis">giant impact hypothesis</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Moon" title="Moon">Moon</a> formed from a colossal impact of a hypothetical protoplanet called <a href="/wiki/Theia_(planet)" title="Theia (planet)">Theia</a> with Earth, early in the <a href="/wiki/Formation_and_evolution_of_the_Solar_System" title="Formation and evolution of the Solar System">Solar System's history</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Nace2016_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nace2016-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the inner Solar System, the three protoplanets to survive more-or-less intact are the <a href="/wiki/Asteroid" title="Asteroid">asteroids</a> <a href="/wiki/Ceres_(dwarf_planet)" title="Ceres (dwarf planet)">Ceres</a>, <a href="/wiki/2_Pallas" title="2 Pallas">Pallas</a>, and <a href="/wiki/4_Vesta" title="4 Vesta">Vesta</a>. <a href="/wiki/16_Psyche" title="16 Psyche">Psyche</a> is likely the survivor of a violent hit-and-run with another object that stripped off the outer, rocky layers of a protoplanet.<sup id="cite_ref-NASA15-196_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NASA15-196-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The asteroid <a href="/wiki/9_Metis" title="9 Metis">Metis</a> may also have a similar origin history to that of Psyche.<sup id="cite_ref-Kelley00_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kelley00-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The asteroid <a href="/wiki/21_Lutetia" title="21 Lutetia">Lutetia</a> also has characteristics that resemble a protoplanet.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Kuiper_belt" title="Kuiper belt">Kuiper-belt</a> <a href="/wiki/Dwarf_planet" title="Dwarf planet">dwarf planets</a> have also been referred to as protoplanets.<sup id="cite_ref-msnbc_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-msnbc-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Because <a href="/wiki/Iron_meteorite" title="Iron meteorite">iron meteorites</a> have been found on Earth, it is deemed likely that there once were other metal-cored protoplanets in the <a href="/wiki/Asteroid_belt" title="Asteroid belt">asteroid belt</a> that since have been disrupted and that are the source of these meteorites.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Extrasolar_protoplanets_-_observed_protoplanets">Extrasolar protoplanets - observed protoplanets</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Protoplanet&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Extrasolar protoplanets - observed protoplanets"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In February 2013 astronomers made the first direct observation of a candidate protoplanet forming in a disk of gas and dust around a distant star, <a href="/wiki/HD_100546" title="HD 100546">HD 100546</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-quanz13_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-quanz13-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Subsequent observations suggest that several protoplanets may be present in the gas disk.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Another protoplanet, AB Aur b, may be in the earliest observed stage of formation for a gas giant. It is located in the gas disk of the star <a href="/wiki/AB_Aurigae" title="AB Aurigae">AB Aurigae</a>. AB Aur b is among the largest exoplanets identified, and has a distant orbit, three times as far as Neptune is from the Earth's sun. Observations of AB Aur b may challenge conventional thinking about how planets are formed. It was viewed by the <a href="/wiki/Subaru_Telescope" title="Subaru Telescope">Subaru Telescope</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Hubble_Space_Telescope" title="Hubble Space Telescope">Hubble Space Telescope</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-CBC_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CBC-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Rings, gaps, spirals, dust concentrations and shadows in <a href="/wiki/Protoplanetary_disk" title="Protoplanetary disk">protoplanetary disks</a> could be caused by protoplanets. These structures are not completely understood and are therefore not seen as a proof for the presence of a protoplanet.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One new emerging way to study the effect of protoplanets on the disk are <a href="/wiki/Atomic_and_molecular_astrophysics" title="Atomic and molecular astrophysics">molecular line</a> observations of protoplanetary disks in the form of gas velocity maps.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/HD_97048" title="HD 97048">HD 97048 b</a> is the first protoplanet detected by disk <a href="/wiki/Kinematics" title="Kinematics">kinematics</a> in the form of a kink in the gas velocity map.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>List of confirmed protoplanets (described as "protoplanets" in literature) </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Star </th> <th>Exoplanet </th> <th>Mass <p>(<a href="/wiki/Jupiter_mass" title="Jupiter mass"><var>M</var><sub>J</sub></a>) </p> </th> <th>Period <p>(yr) </p> </th> <th>separation <p>(<a href="/wiki/Astronomical_unit" title="Astronomical unit">AU</a>) </p> </th> <th>Distance to earth <p>(<a href="/wiki/Parsec" title="Parsec">parsec</a>) </p> </th> <th>Year of Discovery </th> <th>Detection technique </th></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/PDS_70" title="PDS 70">PDS 70</a> </td> <td>PDS 70 b </td> <td>3±1 </td> <td>119 </td> <td>20±2 </td> <td>112<sup id="cite_ref-:1_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>2018<sup id="cite_ref-:2_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>Direct Imaging </td></tr> <tr> <td>PDS 70 c </td> <td>8±4 </td> <td>227<sup id="cite_ref-:0_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7001340000000000000♠"></span>34<span style="margin-left:0.3em;"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1.2em;font-size:85%;text-align:right;">+6<br />−3</span></span></span> </td> <td>112 </td> <td>2019<sup id="cite_ref-:2_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>Direct Imaging </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/HD_97048" title="HD 97048">HD 97048</a> </td> <td>HD 97048 b </td> <td>2.5±0.5 </td> <td>956<sup id="cite_ref-:0_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>130 </td> <td>184<sup id="cite_ref-:1_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>2019<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>Disk Kinematics </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/HD_169142" title="HD 169142">HD 169142</a> </td> <td>HD 169142 b </td> <td>3±2 </td> <td>167<sup id="cite_ref-:0_21-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>37.2±1.5 </td> <td>114 </td> <td>2019<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>/2023<sup id="cite_ref-:5_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>Direct imaging </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Unconfirmed_protoplanets">Unconfirmed protoplanets</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Protoplanet&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Unconfirmed protoplanets"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The confident detection of protoplanets is difficult. Protoplanets usually exist in gas-rich protoplanetary disks. Such disks can produce over-densities by a process called disk fragmentation. Such fragments can be small enough to be unresolved and mimic the appearance of a protoplanet.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A number of unconfirmed protoplanet candidates are known and some detections were later questioned. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>List of unconfirmed/disputed/refuted protoplanets </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Star </th> <th>Exoplanet </th> <th>Mass <p>(<a href="/wiki/Jupiter_mass" title="Jupiter mass"><var>M</var><sub>J</sub></a>) </p> </th> <th>Period <p>(yr) </p> </th> <th>separation <p>(<a href="/wiki/Astronomical_unit" title="Astronomical unit">AU</a>) </p> </th> <th>Distance to earth <p>(<a href="/wiki/Parsec" title="Parsec">parsec</a>) </p> </th> <th>Year of Discovery </th> <th>disputed/ <p>unconfirmed/ refuted </p> </th> <th>Detection technique </th></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/LkCa_15" title="LkCa 15">LkCa 15</a> </td> <td>LkCa 15 b </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>12.7 </td> <td> </td> <td>2012<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td rowspan="3">refuted in 2019<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>Direct imaging </td></tr> <tr> <td>LkCa 15 c </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>18.6 </td> <td> </td> <td>2015<sup id="cite_ref-:6_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>Direct imaging </td></tr> <tr> <td>LkCa 15 d </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>24.7 </td> <td> </td> <td>2015<sup id="cite_ref-:6_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>Direct imaging </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/HD_100546" title="HD 100546">HD 100546</a> </td> <td>HD 100546 b </td> <td>4-13<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>249<sup id="cite_ref-:0_21-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>53±2 </td> <td>108<sup id="cite_ref-:1_19-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>2015<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>disputed in 2017<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>Direct imaging </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Gomez%27s_Hamburger" title="Gomez's Hamburger">Gomez's Hamburger</a> </td> <td>GoHam b </td> <td>0.8-11.4 </td> <td> </td> <td>350±50 </td> <td>250 </td> <td>2015<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>unconfirmed candidate </td> <td>Direct imaging </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/AB_Aurigae" title="AB Aurigae">AB Aurigae</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/AB_Aurigae_b" title="AB Aurigae b">AB Aur b</a> </td> <td>9 </td> <td> </td> <td>94±49 </td> <td>156<sup id="cite_ref-:1_19-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>2022<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>disputed in 2023<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and 2024<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>Direct imaging </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/IM_Lupi" title="IM Lupi">IM Lupi</a> </td> <td> </td> <td>2-3 </td> <td> </td> <td>110 </td> <td> </td> <td>2022<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>unconfirmed candidate </td> <td>Disk Kinematics </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/HD_163296" class="mw-redirect" title="HD 163296">HD 163296</a> </td> <td>multiple?<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>2022<sup id="cite_ref-:4_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>unconfirmed candidates </td> <td>Disk Kinematics </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Elias_2-27" title="Elias 2-27">Elias 2-24</a> </td> <td> </td> <td>2-5 </td> <td> </td> <td>52 </td> <td> </td> <td>2023<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>unconfirmed candidate </td> <td>Direct imaging + Disk Kinematics </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Protoplanet&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Accretion_(astrophysics)" title="Accretion (astrophysics)">Accretion (astrophysics)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fusor_(astronomy)" title="Fusor (astronomy)">Fusor (astronomy)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesoplanet" title="Mesoplanet">Mesoplanet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planetesimal" title="Planetesimal">Planetesimal</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Protoplanet&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Cessna-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Cessna_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output 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Ono, Tomohiro; Momose, Munetake (2023-12-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2023PASJ...75.1105K">"Kinematic signatures of a low-mass planet with a moderately inclined orbit in a protoplanetary disk"</a>. <i>Publications of the Astronomical Society of Japan</i>. <b>75</b> (6): 1105–1123. <a href="/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/2308.12144">2308.12144</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2023PASJ...75.1105K">2023PASJ...75.1105K</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fpasj%2Fpsad059">10.1093/pasj/psad059</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0004-6264">0004-6264</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Publications+of+the+Astronomical+Society+of+Japan&rft.atitle=Kinematic+signatures+of+a+low-mass+planet+with+a+moderately+inclined+orbit+in+a+protoplanetary+disk&rft.volume=75&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=1105-1123&rft.date=2023-12-01&rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2F2308.12144&rft.issn=0004-6264&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fpasj%2Fpsad059&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2023PASJ...75.1105K&rft.aulast=Kanagawa&rft.aufirst=Kazuhiro+D.&rft.au=Ono%2C+Tomohiro&rft.au=Momose%2C+Munetake&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fui.adsabs.harvard.edu%2Fabs%2F2023PASJ...75.1105K&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProtoplanet" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:4-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:4_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCalcinoHilderPricePinte2022" class="citation journal cs1">Calcino, Josh; Hilder, Thomas; Price, Daniel J.; Pinte, Christophe; Bollati, Francesco; Lodato, Giuseppe; Norfolk, Brodie J. (2022-04-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3847%2F2041-8213%2Fac64a7">"Mapping the Planetary Wake in HD 163296 with Kinematics"</a>. <i>The Astrophysical Journal</i>. <b>929</b> (2): L25. <a href="/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/2111.07416">2111.07416</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2022ApJ...929L..25C">2022ApJ...929L..25C</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3847%2F2041-8213%2Fac64a7">10.3847/2041-8213/ac64a7</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0004-637X">0004-637X</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:244117638">244117638</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Astrophysical+Journal&rft.atitle=Mapping+the+Planetary+Wake+in+HD+163296+with+Kinematics&rft.volume=929&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=L25&rft.date=2022-04-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A244117638%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2022ApJ...929L..25C&rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2F2111.07416&rft.issn=0004-637X&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3847%2F2041-8213%2Fac64a7&rft.aulast=Calcino&rft.aufirst=Josh&rft.au=Hilder%2C+Thomas&rft.au=Price%2C+Daniel+J.&rft.au=Pinte%2C+Christophe&rft.au=Bollati%2C+Francesco&rft.au=Lodato%2C+Giuseppe&rft.au=Norfolk%2C+Brodie+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.3847%252F2041-8213%252Fac64a7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProtoplanet" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPinteHammondPriceChristiaens2023" class="citation journal cs1">Pinte, C.; Hammond, I.; Price, D. 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(2023-11-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fmnrasl%2Fslad010">"Kinematic and thermal signatures of the directly imaged protoplanet candidate around Elias 2-24"</a>. <i>Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society</i>. <b>526</b> (1): L41–L46. <a href="/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/2301.08759">2301.08759</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2023MNRAS.526L..41P">2023MNRAS.526L..41P</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fmnrasl%2Fslad010">10.1093/mnrasl/slad010</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0035-8711">0035-8711</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Monthly+Notices+of+the+Royal+Astronomical+Society&rft.atitle=Kinematic+and+thermal+signatures+of+the+directly+imaged+protoplanet+candidate+around+Elias+2-24&rft.volume=526&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=L41-L46&rft.date=2023-11-01&rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2F2301.08759&rft.issn=0035-8711&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fmnrasl%2Fslad010&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2023MNRAS.526L..41P&rft.aulast=Pinte&rft.aufirst=C.&rft.au=Hammond%2C+I.&rft.au=Price%2C+D.+J.&rft.au=Christiaens%2C+V.&rft.au=Andrews%2C+S.+M.&rft.au=Chauvin%2C+G.&rft.au=P%C3%A9rez%2C+L.+M.&rft.au=Jorquera%2C+S.&rft.au=Garg%2C+H.&rft.au=Norfolk%2C+B.+J.&rft.au=Calcino%2C+J.&rft.au=Bonnefoy%2C+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1093%252Fmnrasl%252Fslad010&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProtoplanet" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Protoplanet&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20130105085824/http://tech.groups.yahoo.com/group/mpml/message/25780">Thread on the definition of a protoplanet</a> (Minor Planet Mailing List : July 15, 2011)</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl 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template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Exoplanet" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Exoplanet"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Exoplanets" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Exoplanets</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Planet" title="Planet">Planet</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Definition_of_planet" title="Definition of planet">Definition</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/IAU_definition_of_planet" title="IAU definition of planet">IAU</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planetary_science" title="Planetary science">Planetary science</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:right;">Main topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Exoplanet" title="Exoplanet">Exoplanet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exoplanet_orbital_and_physical_parameters" title="Exoplanet orbital and physical parameters">Exoplanet orbital and physical parameters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methods_of_detecting_exoplanets" title="Methods of detecting exoplanets">Methods of detecting exoplanets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planetary_system" title="Planetary system">Planetary system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planet-hosting_star" title="Planet-hosting star">Planet-hosting stars</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="10" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/PDS_70" title="PDS 70"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/PDS_70.jpg/100px-PDS_70.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="85" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/PDS_70.jpg/150px-PDS_70.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/PDS_70.jpg/200px-PDS_70.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1692" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:right;">Sizes<br />and <br /><a href="/wiki/List_of_planet_types" title="List of planet types">types</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Terrestrial_planet" title="Terrestrial planet">Terrestrial</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_planet" title="Carbon planet">Carbon planet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coreless_planet" title="Coreless planet">Coreless planet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desert_planet" title="Desert planet">Desert planet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dwarf_planet" title="Dwarf planet">Dwarf planet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hycean_planet" title="Hycean planet">Hycean planet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ice_planet" title="Ice planet">Ice planet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iron_planet" title="Iron planet">Iron planet</a> (Super-Mercury)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lava_planet" title="Lava planet">Lava planet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocean_world" title="Ocean world">Ocean world</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mega-Earth" title="Mega-Earth">Mega-Earth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sub-Earth" title="Sub-Earth">Sub-Earth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Super-Earth" title="Super-Earth">Super-Earth</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Gas_giant" title="Gas giant">Gaseous</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eccentric_Jupiter" title="Eccentric Jupiter">Eccentric Jupiter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mini-Neptune" title="Mini-Neptune">Mini-Neptune</a> (Gas dwarf)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helium_planet" title="Helium planet">Helium planet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hot_Jupiter" title="Hot Jupiter">Hot Jupiter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hot_Neptune" title="Hot Neptune">Hot Neptune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gas_giant" title="Gas giant">Gas giant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ice_giant" title="Ice giant">Ice giant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Super-Jupiter" title="Super-Jupiter">Super-Jupiter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Super-Neptune" title="Super-Neptune">Super-Neptune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Super-puff" title="Super-puff">Super-puff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultra-hot_Jupiter" class="mw-redirect" title="Ultra-hot Jupiter">Ultra-hot Jupiter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultra-hot_Neptune" class="mw-redirect" title="Ultra-hot Neptune">Ultra-hot Neptune</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Other types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blanet" title="Blanet">Blanet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brown_dwarf" title="Brown dwarf">Brown dwarf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chthonian_planet" title="Chthonian planet">Chthonian planet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circumbinary_planet" title="Circumbinary planet">Circumbinary planet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circumtriple_planet" title="Circumtriple planet">Circumtriple planet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disrupted_planet" title="Disrupted planet">Disrupted planet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Double_planet" title="Double planet">Double planet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecumenopolis" title="Ecumenopolis">Ecumenopolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eyeball_planet" title="Eyeball planet">Eyeball planet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giant_planet" title="Giant planet">Giant planet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesoplanet" title="Mesoplanet">Mesoplanet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planetary-mass_object" title="Planetary-mass object">Planemo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brown_dwarf#Low-mass_brown_dwarfs_versus_high-mass_planets" title="Brown dwarf">Planet/Brown dwarf boundary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planetesimal" title="Planetesimal">Planetesimal</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Protoplanet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulsar_planet" title="Pulsar planet">Pulsar planet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sub-brown_dwarf" title="Sub-brown dwarf">Sub-brown dwarf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sub-Neptune" title="Sub-Neptune">Sub-Neptune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toroidal_planet" title="Toroidal planet">Toroidal planet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultra-cool_dwarf" title="Ultra-cool dwarf">Ultra-cool dwarf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultra-short_period_planet" title="Ultra-short period planet">Ultra-short period planet (USP)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Formation_and_evolution_of_the_Solar_System" title="Formation and evolution of the Solar System">Formation <br />and <br />evolution</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Accretion_(astrophysics)" title="Accretion (astrophysics)">Accretion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Accretion_disk" title="Accretion disk">Accretion disk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asteroid_belt" title="Asteroid belt">Asteroid belt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circumplanetary_disk" title="Circumplanetary disk">Circumplanetary disk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circumstellar_disc" title="Circumstellar disc">Circumstellar disc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circumstellar_envelope" title="Circumstellar envelope">Circumstellar envelope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosmic_dust" title="Cosmic dust">Cosmic dust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Debris_disk" title="Debris disk">Debris disk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Detached_object" title="Detached object">Detached object</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disrupted_planet" title="Disrupted planet">Disrupted planet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Accretion_disk#Excretion_disk" title="Accretion disk">Excretion disk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exozodiacal_dust" title="Exozodiacal dust">Exozodiacal dust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extraterrestrial_materials" title="Extraterrestrial materials">Extraterrestrial materials</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extraterrestrial_sample_curation" title="Extraterrestrial sample curation">Extraterrestrial sample curation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giant-impact_hypothesis" title="Giant-impact hypothesis">Giant-impact hypothesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gravitational_collapse" title="Gravitational collapse">Gravitational collapse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hills_cloud" title="Hills cloud">Hills cloud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exoplanet_interiors" title="Exoplanet interiors">Internal structure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interplanetary_dust_cloud" title="Interplanetary dust cloud">Interplanetary dust cloud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interplanetary_medium" title="Interplanetary medium">Interplanetary medium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interplanetary_space" class="mw-redirect" title="Interplanetary space">Interplanetary space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interstellar_cloud" title="Interstellar cloud">Interstellar cloud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interstellar_dust" class="mw-redirect" title="Interstellar dust">Interstellar dust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interstellar_medium" title="Interstellar medium">Interstellar medium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outer_space#Interstellar_space" title="Outer space">Interstellar space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuiper_belt" title="Kuiper belt">Kuiper belt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_interstellar_and_circumstellar_molecules" title="List of interstellar and circumstellar molecules">List of interstellar and circumstellar molecules</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stellar_collision#Formation_of_planets" title="Stellar collision">Merging stars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molecular_cloud" title="Molecular cloud">Molecular cloud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nebular_hypothesis" title="Nebular hypothesis">Nebular hypothesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oort_cloud" title="Oort cloud">Oort cloud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outer_space" title="Outer space">Outer space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planetary_migration" title="Planetary migration">Planetary migration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planetary_system" title="Planetary system">Planetary system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planetesimal" title="Planetesimal">Planetesimal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nebular_hypothesis#Formation_of_planets" title="Nebular hypothesis">Planet formation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protoplanetary_disk" title="Protoplanetary disk">Protoplanetary disk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ring_system" title="Ring system">Ring system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rubble_pile" title="Rubble pile">Rubble pile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sample-return_mission" title="Sample-return mission">Sample-return mission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scattered_disc" title="Scattered disc">Scattered disc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Star_formation" title="Star formation">Star formation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Planetary_system" title="Planetary system">Systems</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Exocomet" title="Exocomet">Exocomet</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Interstellar_comet" class="mw-redirect" title="Interstellar comet">Interstellar</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exomoon" title="Exomoon">Exomoon</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tidally_detached_exomoon" title="Tidally detached exomoon">Tidally detached</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rogue_planet" title="Rogue planet">Rogue planet</a></li> <li>Orbits <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Retrograde_and_prograde_motion#Exoplanets" title="Retrograde and prograde motion">Retrograde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Co-orbital_configuration#Trojans" title="Co-orbital configuration">Trojan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orbital_resonance#Mean-motion_resonances_among_extrasolar_planets" title="Orbital resonance">Mean-motion resonances</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titius%E2%80%93Bode_law#Lunar_systems_and_other_planetary_systems" title="Titius–Bode law">Titius–Bode law</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Planetary_system#Planet-hosting_stars" title="Planetary system">Host stars</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/A-type_main-sequence_star#Planets" title="A-type main-sequence star">A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B-type_main-sequence_star#Planets" title="B-type main-sequence star">B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Binary_star#Planets" title="Binary star">Binary star</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brown_dwarf#Planets_around_brown_dwarfs" title="Brown dwarf">Brown dwarfs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F-type_main-sequence_star#Planets" title="F-type main-sequence star">F/Yellow-white dwarfs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G-type_main-sequence_star#Planets" title="G-type main-sequence star">G/Yellow dwarfs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbig_Ae/Be_star#Planets" title="Herbig Ae/Be star">Herbig Ae/Be</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K-type_main-sequence_star#Planets" title="K-type main-sequence star">K/Orange dwarfs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_dwarf#Planets" title="Red dwarf">M/Red dwarfs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulsar_planet" title="Pulsar planet">Pulsar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_giant#Planets" title="Red giant">Red giant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subdwarf_B_star#Planetary_systems" title="Subdwarf B star">Subdwarf B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subgiant#Planets" title="Subgiant">Subgiant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T_Tauri_star#Planets" title="T Tauri star">T Tauri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_dwarf#Debris_disks_and_planets" title="White dwarf">White dwarfs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yellow_giant#Planets" class="mw-redirect" title="Yellow giant">Yellow giants</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Methods_of_detecting_exoplanets" title="Methods of detecting exoplanets">Detection</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Astrometry" title="Astrometry">Astrometry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methods_of_detecting_exoplanets#Direct_imaging" title="Methods of detecting exoplanets">Direct imaging</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_directly_imaged_exoplanets" title="List of directly imaged exoplanets">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gravitational_microlensing" title="Gravitational microlensing">Microlensing</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_exoplanets_detected_by_microlensing" title="List of exoplanets detected by microlensing">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polarimetry" title="Polarimetry">Polarimetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methods_of_detecting_exoplanets#Pulsar_timing" title="Methods of detecting exoplanets">Timing</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_exoplanets_detected_by_timing" title="List of exoplanets detected by timing">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doppler_spectroscopy" title="Doppler spectroscopy">Radial velocity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_exoplanets_detected_by_radial_velocity" title="List of exoplanets detected by radial velocity">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methods_of_detecting_exoplanets#Transit_photometry" title="Methods of detecting exoplanets">Transit method</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_transiting_exoplanets" title="List of transiting exoplanets">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transit-timing_variation" title="Transit-timing variation">Transit-timing variation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Planetary_habitability" title="Planetary habitability">Habitability</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Astrobiology" title="Astrobiology">Astrobiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astrooceanography" class="mw-redirect" title="Astrooceanography">Astrooceanography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circumstellar_habitable_zone" class="mw-redirect" title="Circumstellar habitable zone">Circumstellar habitable zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earth_analog" title="Earth analog">Earth analog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extraterrestrial_liquid_water" title="Extraterrestrial liquid water">Extraterrestrial liquid water</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galactic_habitable_zone" title="Galactic habitable zone">Galactic habitable zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habitability_of_binary_star_systems" title="Habitability of binary star systems">Habitability of binary star systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habitability_of_F-type_main-sequence_star_systems" title="Habitability of F-type main-sequence star systems">Habitability of F-type main-sequence star systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habitability_of_K-type_main-sequence_star_systems" title="Habitability of K-type main-sequence star systems">Habitability of K-type main-sequence star systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habitability_of_natural_satellites" title="Habitability of natural satellites">Habitability of natural satellites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habitability_of_neutron_star_systems" title="Habitability of neutron star systems">Habitability of neutron star systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habitability_of_red_dwarf_systems" title="Habitability of red dwarf systems">Habitability of red dwarf systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habitability_of_yellow_dwarf_systems" title="Habitability of yellow dwarf systems">Habitability of yellow dwarf systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habitable_zone_for_complex_life" title="Habitable zone for complex life">Habitable zone for complex life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_potentially_habitable_exoplanets" title="List of potentially habitable exoplanets">List of potentially habitable exoplanets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tholin" title="Tholin">Tholin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superhabitable_planet" class="mw-redirect" title="Superhabitable planet">Superhabitable planet</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:right;">Catalogues</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catalog_of_Nearby_Habitable_Systems" title="Catalog of Nearby Habitable Systems">Nearby Habitable Systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exoplanet_Data_Explorer" title="Exoplanet Data Explorer">Exoplanet Data Explorer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extrasolar_Planets_Encyclopaedia" title="Extrasolar Planets Encyclopaedia">Extrasolar Planets Encyclopaedia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NASA_Exoplanet_Archive" title="NASA Exoplanet Archive">NASA Exoplanet Archive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NASA_Star_and_Exoplanet_Database" title="NASA Star and Exoplanet Database">NASA Star and Exoplanet Database</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_Exoplanet_Catalogue" title="Open Exoplanet Catalogue">Open Exoplanet Catalogue</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_planets" title="Lists of planets">Lists</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Exoplanetary systems <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_exoplanetary_host_stars" class="mw-redirect" title="List of exoplanetary host stars">Host stars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_multiplanetary_systems" title="List of multiplanetary systems">Multiplanetary systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_stars_with_proplyds" title="List of stars with proplyds">Stars with proto-planetary discs</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_exoplanets" class="mw-redirect" title="Lists of exoplanets">Exoplanets</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Discoveries_of_exoplanets" title="Discoveries of exoplanets">Discoveries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_exoplanet_extremes" title="List of exoplanet extremes">Extremes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_exoplanet_firsts" title="List of exoplanet firsts">Firsts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_nearest_exoplanets" title="List of nearest exoplanets">Nearest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_largest_exoplanets" title="List of largest exoplanets">Largest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_most_massive_exoplanets" class="mw-redirect" title="List of most massive exoplanets">Heaviest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_nearest_terrestrial_exoplanet_candidates" title="List of nearest terrestrial exoplanet candidates">Terrestrial candidates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_exoplanets_discovered_by_the_Kepler_space_telescope" title="List of exoplanets discovered by the Kepler space telescope">Kepler</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_exoplanets_discovered_by_the_Kepler_space_telescope:_1%E2%80%93500" title="List of exoplanets discovered by the Kepler space telescope: 1–500">1–500</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_exoplanets_discovered_by_the_Kepler_space_telescope:_501%E2%80%931000" title="List of exoplanets discovered by the Kepler space telescope: 501–1000">501–1000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_exoplanets_discovered_by_the_Kepler_space_telescope:_1001%E2%80%931500" title="List of exoplanets discovered by the Kepler space telescope: 1001–1500">1001–1500</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_exoplanets_discovered_by_the_Kepler_space_telescope:_1501%E2%80%932000" title="List of exoplanets discovered by the Kepler space telescope: 1501–2000">1501–2000</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_exoplanets_observed_during_Kepler%27s_K2_mission" title="List of exoplanets observed during Kepler's K2 mission">K2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_potentially_habitable_exoplanets" title="List of potentially habitable exoplanets">Potentially habitable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_proper_names_of_exoplanets" title="List of proper names of exoplanets">Proper names</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>Discovered exoplanets by year <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_exoplanets_discovered_before_2000" title="List of exoplanets discovered before 2000">before 2000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_exoplanets_discovered_between_2000%E2%80%932009" title="List of exoplanets discovered between 2000–2009">2000–2009</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_exoplanets_discovered_in_2010" title="List of exoplanets discovered in 2010">2010</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_exoplanets_discovered_in_2011" title="List of exoplanets discovered in 2011">2011</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_exoplanets_discovered_in_2012" title="List of exoplanets discovered in 2012">2012</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_exoplanets_discovered_in_2013" title="List of exoplanets discovered in 2013">2013</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_exoplanets_discovered_in_2014" title="List of exoplanets discovered in 2014">2014</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_exoplanets_discovered_in_2015" title="List of exoplanets discovered in 2015">2015</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_exoplanets_discovered_in_2016" title="List of exoplanets discovered in 2016">2016</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_exoplanets_discovered_in_2017" title="List of exoplanets discovered in 2017">2017</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_exoplanets_discovered_in_2018" title="List of exoplanets discovered in 2018">2018</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_exoplanets_discovered_in_2019" title="List of exoplanets discovered in 2019">2019</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_exoplanets_discovered_in_2020" title="List of exoplanets discovered in 2020">2020</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_exoplanets_discovered_in_2021" title="List of exoplanets discovered in 2021">2021</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_exoplanets_discovered_in_2022" title="List of exoplanets discovered in 2022">2022</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_exoplanets_discovered_in_2023" title="List of exoplanets discovered in 2023">2023</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_exoplanets_discovered_in_2024" title="List of exoplanets discovered in 2024">2024</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:right;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Sagan_Institute" title="Carl Sagan Institute">Carl Sagan Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exoplanet_naming_convention" title="Exoplanet naming convention">Exoplanet naming convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phase_curve_(astronomy)#Exoplanets" title="Phase curve (astronomy)">Exoplanet phase curves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exoplanetary_Circumstellar_Environments_and_Disk_Explorer" title="Exoplanetary Circumstellar Environments and Disk Explorer">Exoplanetary Circumstellar Environments and Disk Explorer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extragalactic_planet" title="Extragalactic planet">Extragalactic planet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extrasolar_planets_in_fiction" title="Extrasolar planets in fiction">Extrasolar planets in fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geodynamics_of_terrestrial_exoplanets" title="Geodynamics of terrestrial exoplanets">Geodynamics of terrestrial exoplanets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neptunian_desert" title="Neptunian desert">Neptunian desert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nexus_for_Exoplanet_System_Science" title="Nexus for Exoplanet System Science">Nexus for Exoplanet System Science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Globular_cluster#Planets" title="Globular cluster">Planets in globular clusters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Small_planet_radius_gap" title="Small planet radius gap">Small planet radius gap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudarsky%27s_gas_giant_classification" title="Sudarsky's gas giant classification">Sudarsky's gas giant classification</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Discoveries_of_exoplanets" title="Discoveries of exoplanets">Discoveries of exoplanets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_exoplanet_search_projects" title="List of exoplanet search projects">Search projects</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;padding:0.15em 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