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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Pitching in a game</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pitching_in_a_game-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rotation_and_specialization" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rotation_and_specialization"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Rotation and specialization</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rotation_and_specialization-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-After_the_ball_is_pitched" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#After_the_ball_is_pitched"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>After the ball is pitched</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-After_the_ball_is_pitched-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pitching_biomechanics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pitching_biomechanics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Pitching biomechanics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pitching_biomechanics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Equipment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Equipment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Equipment</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Equipment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" 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id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 29 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-29" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">29 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%A2u-chhi%C3%BA" title="Tâu-chhiú – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Tâu-chhiú" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%96%D1%82%D1%87%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Пітчар – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Пітчар" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Llan%C3%A7ador" title="Llançador – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Llançador" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nadhazova%C4%8D" title="Nadhazovač – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Nadhazovač" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pitcher" title="Pitcher – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Pitcher" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pitcher" title="Pitcher – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Pitcher" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lanzador" title="Lanzador – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Lanzador" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lan%C4%89ulo" title="Lanĉulo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Lanĉulo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaurtitzaile_(beisbol)" title="Jaurtitzaile (beisbol) – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Jaurtitzaile (beisbol)" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%DB%8C%DA%86%D8%B1" title="پیچر – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="پیچر" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lanceur_(baseball)" title="Lanceur (baseball) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Lanceur (baseball)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%88%AC%EC%88%98" title="투수 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="투수" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%B0" title="पिचर – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="पिचर" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lanciatore" title="Lanciatore – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Lanciatore" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iaculator" title="Iaculator – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Iaculator" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%B0" title="पिचर – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="पिचर" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%89_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%83%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%87" title="رامى الكوره – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="رامى الكوره" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pelempar" title="Pelempar – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Pelempar" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Werper" title="Werper – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Werper" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%8A%95%E6%89%8B" title="投手 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="投手" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miotacz_(baseball)" title="Miotacz (baseball) – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Miotacz (baseball)" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arremessador" title="Arremessador – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Arremessador" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Питчер – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Питчер" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pitcher" title="Pitcher – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Pitcher" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sy%C3%B6tt%C3%A4j%C3%A4" title="Syöttäjä – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Syöttäjä" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pitcher" title="Pitcher – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Pitcher" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%E1%BA%A7u_th%E1%BB%A7_giao_b%C3%B3ng_(b%C3%B3ng_ch%C3%A0y)" title="Cầu thủ giao bóng (bóng chày) – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Cầu thủ giao bóng (bóng chày)" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%8A%95%E6%89%8B" title="投手 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="投手" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%8A%95%E6%89%8B" title="投手 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="投手" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1048902#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Pitcher" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Pitcher" 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href="/w/index.php?title=Pitcher&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Pitcher" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Pitcher" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all 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<div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Player who pitches the ball in baseball</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Pitcher_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Pitcher (disambiguation)">Pitcher (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Clayton_Kershaw_on_July_23,_2015_(2).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Clayton_Kershaw_on_July_23%2C_2015_%282%29.jpg/240px-Clayton_Kershaw_on_July_23%2C_2015_%282%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="252" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Clayton_Kershaw_on_July_23%2C_2015_%282%29.jpg/360px-Clayton_Kershaw_on_July_23%2C_2015_%282%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Clayton_Kershaw_on_July_23%2C_2015_%282%29.jpg/480px-Clayton_Kershaw_on_July_23%2C_2015_%282%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2758" data-file-height="2895" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Clayton_Kershaw" title="Clayton Kershaw">Clayton Kershaw</a>, a pitcher for the <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_Dodgers" title="Los Angeles Dodgers">Los Angeles Dodgers</a>, pitching in a game versus the <a href="/wiki/New_York_Mets" title="New York Mets">New York Mets</a> in 2015.</figcaption></figure> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Baseball" title="Baseball">baseball</a>, the <b>pitcher</b> is the player who throws ("pitches") the <a href="/wiki/Baseball_(ball)" title="Baseball (ball)">baseball</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Pitcher%27s_mound" class="mw-redirect" title="Pitcher's mound">pitcher's mound</a> toward the <a href="/wiki/Catcher" title="Catcher">catcher</a> to begin each play, with the goal of <a href="/wiki/Out_(baseball)" title="Out (baseball)">retiring</a> a <a href="/wiki/Batter_(baseball)" class="mw-redirect" title="Batter (baseball)">batter</a>, who attempts to either make contact with the <a href="/wiki/Pitch_(baseball)" title="Pitch (baseball)">pitched</a> ball or draw a <a href="/wiki/Base_on_balls" title="Base on balls">walk</a>. In the numbering system used to record defensive plays, the pitcher is assigned the number 1. The pitcher is often considered the most important player on the defensive side of the game, and as such is situated at the right end of the <a href="/wiki/Defensive_spectrum" title="Defensive spectrum">defensive spectrum</a>. There are many different types of pitchers, such as the <a href="/wiki/Starting_pitcher" title="Starting pitcher">starting pitcher</a>, <a href="/wiki/Relief_pitcher" title="Relief pitcher">relief pitcher</a>, <a href="/wiki/Middle_reliever" title="Middle reliever">middle reliever</a>, <a href="/wiki/Left-handed_specialist" title="Left-handed specialist">lefty specialist</a>, <a href="/wiki/Setup_man" title="Setup man">setup man</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Closing_pitcher" class="mw-redirect" title="Closing pitcher">closer</a>. </p><p>Traditionally, the pitcher also bats. Starting in 1973 with the <a href="/wiki/American_League" title="American League">American League</a> and spreading to further leagues throughout the 1980s and 1990s, the hitting duties of the pitcher have generally been given over to the position of <a href="/wiki/Designated_hitter" title="Designated hitter">designated hitter</a>, a cause of some controversy. The <a href="/wiki/National_League_(baseball)" title="National League (baseball)">National League</a> adopted the designated hitter in 2022; as of 2024, the Japanese <a href="/wiki/Central_League" title="Central League">Central League</a> is the highest level of competition to not use the designated hitter position. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Overview">Overview</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pitcher&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Overview"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Hiroshima_toyo_carp_2010_number_18.ogv/320px--Hiroshima_toyo_carp_2010_number_18.ogv.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="320" height="180" data-durationhint="10" data-mwtitle="Hiroshima_toyo_carp_2010_number_18.ogv" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Hiroshima_toyo_carp_2010_number_18.ogv"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/b7/Hiroshima_toyo_carp_2010_number_18.ogv/Hiroshima_toyo_carp_2010_number_18.ogv.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="854" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/b7/Hiroshima_toyo_carp_2010_number_18.ogv/Hiroshima_toyo_carp_2010_number_18.ogv.720p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="720p.vp9.webm" data-width="1280" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b7/Hiroshima_toyo_carp_2010_number_18.ogv" type="video/ogg; codecs="theora"" data-width="1280" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/b7/Hiroshima_toyo_carp_2010_number_18.ogv/Hiroshima_toyo_carp_2010_number_18.ogv.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="256" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/b7/Hiroshima_toyo_carp_2010_number_18.ogv/Hiroshima_toyo_carp_2010_number_18.ogv.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="426" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/b7/Hiroshima_toyo_carp_2010_number_18.ogv/Hiroshima_toyo_carp_2010_number_18.ogv.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/b7/Hiroshima_toyo_carp_2010_number_18.ogv/Hiroshima_toyo_carp_2010_number_18.ogv.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /></video></span><figcaption>(video) <a href="/wiki/Hiroshima_Toyo_Carp" title="Hiroshima Toyo Carp">Hiroshima Toyo Carp</a> number 18, <a href="/wiki/Kenta_Maeda" title="Kenta Maeda">Kenta Maeda</a>, pitching a ball</figcaption></figure> <p>In most cases, the objective of the pitcher is to deliver the <a href="/wiki/Pitch_(baseball)" title="Pitch (baseball)">pitch</a> to the catcher without allowing the <a href="/wiki/Batter_(baseball)" class="mw-redirect" title="Batter (baseball)">batter</a> to <a href="/wiki/Hit_(baseball)" title="Hit (baseball)">hit</a> the ball with the bat. A successful pitch is delivered in such a way that the batter either allows the pitch to pass through the <a href="/wiki/Strike_zone" title="Strike zone">strike zone</a>, swings the bat at the ball and misses it, or hits the ball poorly (resulting in a pop fly or ground out). If the batter elects not to swing at the pitch, it is called a <i>strike</i> if any part of the ball passes through the strike zone and a <i>ball</i> when no part of the ball passes through the strike zone. A check swing is when the batter begins to swing, but then stops the swing short. If the batter successfully checks the swing and the pitch is out of the strike zone, it is called a ball. </p><p>There are two legal <a href="/wiki/Pitching_position" title="Pitching position">pitching positions</a>, the <i>windup</i> and the set position or <i>stretch</i>. Either position may be used at any time; typically, the windup is used when the bases are empty, while the set position is used when at least one runner is on base. Each position has certain procedures that must be followed. A balk can be called on a pitcher from either position. A <a href="/wiki/Power_pitcher" title="Power pitcher">power pitcher</a> is one who relies on the velocity of his pitches to succeed.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Generally, power pitchers record a high percentage of <a href="/wiki/Strikeouts" class="mw-redirect" title="Strikeouts">strikeouts</a>. A <a href="/wiki/Control_pitcher" title="Control pitcher">control pitcher</a> succeeds by throwing accurate pitches and thus records few walks. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Baseball_P.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Baseball_P.svg/220px-Baseball_P.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="184" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Baseball_P.svg/330px-Baseball_P.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Baseball_P.svg/440px-Baseball_P.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="612" data-file-height="511" /></a><figcaption>The position of the pitcher</figcaption></figure> <p>Nearly all action during a game is centered on the pitcher for the defensive team. A pitcher's particular style, time taken between pitches, and skill heavily influence the dynamics of the game and can often determine the victor. Starting with the pivot foot on the <i>pitcher's rubber</i> at the center of the pitcher's mound, which is 60 feet 6 inches (18.44 m) from <i>home plate</i>, the pitcher throws the baseball to the <a href="/wiki/Catcher" title="Catcher">catcher</a>, who is positioned behind home plate and catches the ball. Meanwhile, a <a href="/wiki/Batter_(baseball)" class="mw-redirect" title="Batter (baseball)">batter</a> stands in the <a href="/wiki/Batter%27s_box" class="mw-redirect" title="Batter's box">batter's box</a> at one side of the plate, and attempts to bat the ball <a href="/wiki/Hit_(baseball)" title="Hit (baseball)">safely</a> into fair play. </p><p>The type and sequence of pitches chosen depend upon the particular situation in a game. Because pitchers and catchers must coordinate each pitch, a system of hand signals is used by the catcher to communicate choices to the pitcher, who either vetoes or accepts by shaking his head or nodding. The relationship between pitcher and catcher is so important that some teams select the starting catcher for a particular game based on the starting pitcher. Together, the pitcher and catcher are known as the <i><a href="/wiki/Battery_(baseball)" title="Battery (baseball)">battery</a></i>. </p><p>Although the object and mechanics of pitching remain the same, pitchers may be classified according to their roles and effectiveness. The <a href="/wiki/Starting_pitcher" title="Starting pitcher">starting pitcher</a> begins the game, and he may be followed by various <a href="/wiki/Relief_pitcher" title="Relief pitcher">relief pitchers</a>, such as the <a href="/wiki/Long_reliever" title="Long reliever">long reliever</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Left-handed_specialist" title="Left-handed specialist">left-handed specialist</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Middle_relief_pitcher" class="mw-redirect" title="Middle relief pitcher">middle reliever</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Setup_pitcher" class="mw-redirect" title="Setup pitcher">setup man</a>, and/or the <a href="/wiki/Closer_(baseball)" title="Closer (baseball)">closer</a>. </p><p>In abbreviating baseball positions, <b>P</b> is used as a general designation for pitchers. <b>SP</b> and <b>RP</b> are sometimes used to differentiate starting and relief pitchers, respectively, while <b>LHP</b> and <b>RHP</b> are sometimes used to indicate if a pitcher is left-handed or right-handed, respectively.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Major_League_Baseball" title="Major League Baseball">Major League Baseball</a>, <a href="/wiki/Baseball_rubbing_mud" class="mw-redirect" title="Baseball rubbing mud">baseball rubbing mud</a> is used to condition game balls before pitchers use them.<sup id="cite_ref-florida_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-florida-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Pitching_in_a_game">Pitching in a game</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pitcher&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Pitching in a game"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Pitcher" title="Special:EditPage/Pitcher">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Pitcher%22">"Pitcher"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Pitcher%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Pitcher%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Pitcher%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Pitcher%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Pitcher%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">May 2019</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <table style="float:right;"> <tbody><tr> <td><figure class="mw-halign-none" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Baseball_pitch_release.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Baseball_pitch_release.jpg/180px-Baseball_pitch_release.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="252" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Baseball_pitch_release.jpg/270px-Baseball_pitch_release.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Baseball_pitch_release.jpg/360px-Baseball_pitch_release.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1501" data-file-height="2100" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Navy_Midshipmen_baseball" title="Navy Midshipmen baseball">Navy</a> pitcher releases the baseball from the pitcher's mound.</figcaption></figure> </td> <td><figure class="mw-halign-none" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Baseball_pitch_delivery.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Baseball_pitch_delivery.jpg/173px-Baseball_pitch_delivery.jpg" decoding="async" width="173" height="251" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Baseball_pitch_delivery.jpg/260px-Baseball_pitch_delivery.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Baseball_pitch_delivery.jpg/346px-Baseball_pitch_delivery.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="872" /></a><figcaption>Delivery of the baseball from the pitcher to catcher</figcaption></figure> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>A skilled pitcher often throws various pitches to prevent the batter from hitting the ball well. The most basic pitch is a <a href="/wiki/Fastball" title="Fastball">fastball</a>, where the pitcher throws the ball as hard as possible. Some pitchers are able to throw a fastball at a <a href="/wiki/Speed" title="Speed">speed</a> over 100 miles per hour (160 km/h; 150 ft/s), ex., <a href="/wiki/Aroldis_Chapman" title="Aroldis Chapman">Aroldis Chapman</a>. Other common types of pitches are the <a href="/wiki/Curveball" title="Curveball">curveball</a>, <a href="/wiki/Slider_(baseball)" class="mw-redirect" title="Slider (baseball)">slider</a>, <a href="/wiki/Changeup" title="Changeup">changeup</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cutter_(baseball)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cutter (baseball)">cutter</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sinker_(baseball)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sinker (baseball)">sinker</a>, <a href="/wiki/Screwball" title="Screwball">screwball</a>, <a href="/wiki/Forkball" title="Forkball">forkball</a>, <a href="/wiki/Split-fingered_fastball" class="mw-redirect" title="Split-fingered fastball">split-fingered fastball</a>, <a href="/wiki/Slurve" title="Slurve">slurve</a>, <a href="/wiki/Knuckleball" title="Knuckleball">knuckleball</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Vulcan_changeup" title="Vulcan changeup">vulcan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These generally are intended to have unusual movement or to deceive the batter as to the rotation or velocity of the ball, making it more difficult to hit. Few pitchers throw all these pitches, but most use a subset or blend of the basic types. Some pitchers release pitches from different arm angles, making it harder for the batter to pick up the ball's flight. (See <a href="/wiki/List_of_baseball_pitches" class="mw-redirect" title="List of baseball pitches">List of baseball pitches</a>.) A pitcher throwing well on a particular day is said to have brought his "good stuff." </p><p>Pitchers use several distinct throwing styles. The most common style is a three-quarters delivery in which the pitcher's arm snaps downward with the ball's release. Some pitchers use a sidearm delivery in which the arm arcs laterally to the torso. Some pitchers use a <a href="/wiki/Submarine_(baseball)" title="Submarine (baseball)">submarine</a> style in which the pitcher's body tilts sharply downward on delivery, creating an exaggerated sidearm motion in which the pitcher's knuckles come very close to the mound. </p><p>Effective pitching is vitally important in baseball. In <a href="/wiki/Baseball_statistics" title="Baseball statistics">baseball statistics</a>, for each game, one pitcher will be credited with <a href="/wiki/Win_(baseball_statistics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Win (baseball statistics)">winning</a> the game, and one pitcher will be charged with losing it. These are not necessarily the starting pitchers for each team; however, a reliever can win, and the starter would then get a no-decision. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Rotation_and_specialization">Rotation and specialization</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pitcher&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Rotation and specialization"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Pitcher" title="Special:EditPage/Pitcher">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">November 2015</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Pitching is physically demanding, especially if the pitcher is throwing with maximum effort. A full game usually involves 120–170 pitches thrown by each team, and most pitchers begin to tire before they reach this point. As a result, the pitcher who starts a game often will not be the one who finishes it, and he may not be recovered enough to pitch again for a few days. The act of throwing a baseball at high speed is very unnatural to the body and somewhat damaging to human muscles; thus pitchers are very susceptible to injuries, soreness, and general pain. </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Noah_Syndergaard_(20697486276).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Noah_Syndergaard_%2820697486276%29.jpg/230px-Noah_Syndergaard_%2820697486276%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="230" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Noah_Syndergaard_%2820697486276%29.jpg/345px-Noah_Syndergaard_%2820697486276%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Noah_Syndergaard_%2820697486276%29.jpg/460px-Noah_Syndergaard_%2820697486276%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3763" data-file-height="2672" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Major_League_Baseball" title="Major League Baseball">Major League Baseball</a> player <a href="/wiki/Noah_Syndergaard" title="Noah Syndergaard">Noah Syndergaard</a> pitching for the <a href="/wiki/New_York_Mets" title="New York Mets">New York Mets</a> in 2015</figcaption></figure> <p>Baseball teams use two strategies to address this problem: rotation and specialization. To accommodate playing nearly every day, a team will include a group of pitchers who start games and rotate between them, allowing each pitcher to rest for a few days between starts. A team's roster of starting pitchers are usually not even in terms of skill. Exceptional pitchers are highly sought after and in the professional ranks draw large salaries, thus teams can seldom stock each slot in the rotation with top-quality pitchers. </p><p>The best starter in the team's rotation is called the <a href="/wiki/Ace_(baseball)" title="Ace (baseball)">ace</a>. He is usually followed in the rotation by 3 or 4 other starters before he would be due to pitch again. Barring injury or exceptional circumstances, the ace is usually the pitcher that starts on Opening Day. Aces are also preferred to start crucial games late in the season and in the playoffs; sometimes they are asked to pitch on shorter rest if the team feels he would be more effective than the 4th or 5th starter. Typically, the further down in the rotation a starting pitcher is, the weaker he is compared with the others on the staff. The "5th starter" is seen as the cut-off between the starting staff and the <i><a href="/wiki/Bullpen" title="Bullpen">bullpen</a></i>. A team may have a designated 5th starter, sometimes known as a <a href="/wiki/Spot_starter" class="mw-redirect" title="Spot starter">spot starter</a> or that role may shift cycle to cycle between members of the bullpen or <a href="/wiki/Triple-A_(baseball)" title="Triple-A (baseball)">Triple-A</a> starters. Differences in rotation setup could also have tactical considerations as well, such as alternating right- or left-handed pitchers, in order to throw off the other team's hitting game-to-game in a series. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jacob%27s_Field_Fultz_and_Betancourt_in_the_Bullpen.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Jacob%27s_Field_Fultz_and_Betancourt_in_the_Bullpen.jpg/220px-Jacob%27s_Field_Fultz_and_Betancourt_in_the_Bullpen.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Jacob%27s_Field_Fultz_and_Betancourt_in_the_Bullpen.jpg/330px-Jacob%27s_Field_Fultz_and_Betancourt_in_the_Bullpen.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Jacob%27s_Field_Fultz_and_Betancourt_in_the_Bullpen.jpg/440px-Jacob%27s_Field_Fultz_and_Betancourt_in_the_Bullpen.jpg 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="1280" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Aaron_Fultz" title="Aaron Fultz">Aaron Fultz</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rafael_Betancourt" title="Rafael Betancourt">Rafael Betancourt</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Cleveland_Indians" class="mw-redirect" title="Cleveland Indians">Cleveland Indians</a> warming up in the Bullpen.</figcaption></figure> <p>Teams have additional pitchers reserved to replace that game's starting pitcher if he tires or proves ineffective. These players are called <i><a href="/wiki/Relief_pitcher" title="Relief pitcher">relief pitchers</a></i>, <i>relievers</i>, or collectively the <i>bullpen</i>. Once a starter begins to tire or is starting to give up hits and runs a call is made to the bullpen to have a reliever start to warm up. This involves the reliever starting to throw practice balls to a coach in the bullpen so as to be ready to come in and pitch whenever the manager wishes to pull the current pitcher. Having a reliever warm up does not always mean he will be used; the current pitcher may regain his composure and retire the side, or the manager may choose to go with another reliever if strategy dictates. Commonly, pitching changes will occur as a result of a <a href="/wiki/Pinch_hitter" title="Pinch hitter">pinch hitter</a> being used in the late innings of a game, especially if the pitcher is in the batting lineup due to not having the designated hitter. A reliever would then come out of the bullpen to pitch the next inning. </p><p>When making a pitching change a manager will come out to the mound. He will then call in a pitcher by the tap of the arm which the next pitcher throws with. The manager or pitching coach may also come out to discuss strategy with the pitcher, but on his second trip to the mound with the same pitcher in the same inning, the pitcher has to come out. It is considered proper etiquette for the pitcher to wait on the mound until the manager arrives, whereby he then hands the manager the ball, and only then he is allowed to leave the field. Relief pitchers often have even more specialized roles, and the particular reliever used depends on the situation. Many teams designate one pitcher as the <i><a href="/wiki/Closer_(baseball)" title="Closer (baseball)">closer</a></i>, a relief pitcher specifically reserved to pitch the final inning or innings of a game when his team has a narrow lead, in order to preserve the victory. More recently, teams began experimenting with an <i><a href="/wiki/Opener_(baseball)" title="Opener (baseball)">opener</a></i>, a relief pitcher who starts a game but only pitches at least the first inning. Other relief roles include <a href="/wiki/Set-up_pitcher" class="mw-redirect" title="Set-up pitcher">set-up men</a>, <a href="/wiki/Middle_relief_pitcher" class="mw-redirect" title="Middle relief pitcher">middle relievers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Left-handed_specialist" title="Left-handed specialist">left-handed specialists</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Long_reliever" title="Long reliever">long relievers</a>. Generally, relievers pitch fewer innings and throw fewer pitches than starters, but they can usually pitch more frequently without the need for several days of rest between appearances. Relief pitchers are typically pitchers with "special stuff", meaning that they have very effective pitches or a very different style of delivery. This makes the batter see a very different way of pitching in attempt to get them out. One example is a sidearm or submarine pitcher. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Position_player" title="Position player">Position players</a> are <a href="/wiki/Position_players_pitching" class="mw-redirect" title="Position players pitching">eligible to pitch</a> in a game as well, this however is rare as these players are not truly trained as pitchers and risk injury. (For instance, in a 1993 game, <a href="/wiki/Jose_Canseco" title="Jose Canseco">Jose Canseco</a> suffered a season ending arm injury after pitching 2 innings.) Plus, they tend to throw with less velocity and skill. For these reasons, managers will typically only use a position player as a pitcher in a blowout loss, or if they have run out of available pitchers in order to avoid a forfeit (the latter typically only happens in extra-inning games). <a href="/wiki/Cliff_Pennington_(baseball)" title="Cliff Pennington (baseball)">Cliff Pennington</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Toronto_Blue_Jays" title="Toronto Blue Jays">Toronto Blue Jays</a>, who pitched <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1154941027">.mw-parser-output .frac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .frac .num,.mw-parser-output .frac .den{font-size:80%;line-height:0;vertical-align:super}.mw-parser-output .frac .den{vertical-align:sub}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}</style><span class="frac"><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">3</span></span> of an inning in game 4 of the <a href="/wiki/2015_American_League_Championship_Series" title="2015 American League Championship Series">2015 American League Championship Series</a> en route to a 14–2 loss, was the only documented position player to pitch during the <a href="/wiki/Postseason" class="mw-redirect" title="Postseason">postseason</a>, until <a href="/wiki/Austin_Romine" title="Austin Romine">Austin Romine</a> of the <a href="/wiki/New_York_Yankees" title="New York Yankees">New York Yankees</a> pitched the ninth inning of Game 3 in a 16–1 loss against the <a href="/wiki/Boston_Red_Sox" title="Boston Red Sox">Boston Red Sox</a> in the <a href="/wiki/2018_American_League_Division_Series" title="2018 American League Division Series">2018 American League Division Series</a>. The only regulation game in which <i>both</i> pitchers of record were position players occurred on May 6, 2012, when the Baltimore Orioles' designated hitter Chris Davis was the winner in a 16-inning game against Boston while Red Sox outfielder Darnell McDonald took the loss. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="After_the_ball_is_pitched">After the ball is pitched</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pitcher&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: After the ball is pitched"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The pitcher's duty does not cease after he pitches the ball. Unlike the other fielders, a pitcher and catcher must start every play in a designated area. The pitcher must be on the <a href="/wiki/Pitcher%27s_mound" class="mw-redirect" title="Pitcher's mound">pitcher's mound</a>, with one foot in contact with the <a href="/wiki/Pitcher%27s_rubber" class="mw-redirect" title="Pitcher's rubber">pitcher's rubber</a>, and the catcher must be behind <a href="/wiki/Home_plate" class="mw-redirect" title="Home plate">home plate</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Catcher%27s_box" class="mw-redirect" title="Catcher's box">catcher's box</a>. Once the ball is in play, however, the pitcher and catcher, like the other fielders, can respond to any part of the field necessary to make or assist in a defensive play.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At that point, the pitcher has several standard roles. The pitcher must attempt to field any balls coming up the middle, and in fact a <a href="/wiki/Gold_Glove_Award" title="Gold Glove Award">Gold Glove Award</a> is reserved for the pitcher with the best fielding ability. He must head over to <a href="/wiki/First_base" class="mw-redirect" title="First base">first base</a>, to be available to cover it, on balls hit to the right side, since the first baseman might be fielding them too far to the baseman's right to reach first base before the batter-runner can. Except for the first baseman, the pitcher ordinarily has the shortest run to first base of anyone, and is the second-most-likely person to make a putout at first base by retrieving a fielded ball thrown by an infielder (typically a first baseman). On <a href="/wiki/Passed_ball" title="Passed ball">passed balls</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wild_pitch" title="Wild pitch">wild pitches</a>, he covers home-plate when there are runners on. Also, he generally backs up throws to home plate. When there is a throw from the outfield to third base, he has to back up the play to third base as well. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Pitching_biomechanics">Pitching biomechanics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pitcher&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Pitching biomechanics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The physical act of overhand pitching is complex and unnatural to the human anatomy. Most major league pitchers throw at speeds of 70 to 100 mph (110 to 160 km/h), putting high amounts of stress on the pitching arm. Pitchers are by far the most frequently injured players and many professional pitchers will have multiple surgeries to repair damage in the elbow and shoulder by the end of their careers. </p><p>As such, the <a href="/wiki/Biomechanics" title="Biomechanics">biomechanics</a> of pitching are closely studied and taught by coaches at all levels and are an important field in <a href="/wiki/Sports_medicine" title="Sports medicine">sports medicine</a>. Glenn Fleisig, a biomechanist who specializes in the analysis of baseball movements, says that pitching is "the most violent human motion ever measured."<sup id="cite_ref-Dean,_J._2010_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dean,_J._2010-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He claims that the pelvis can rotate at 515–667°/sec, the trunk can rotate at 1,068–1,224°/s, the elbow can reach a maximal angular velocity of 2,200–2,700°/s and the force pulling the pitcher's throwing arm away from the shoulder at ball release is approximately 280 <a href="/wiki/Pound_(force)" title="Pound (force)">pounds-force</a> (1,200 <a href="/wiki/Newton_(unit)" title="Newton (unit)">N</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-Dean,_J._2010_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dean,_J._2010-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Overhead_throwing_motion" class="mw-redirect" title="Overhead throwing motion">overhead throwing motion</a> can be divided into phases which include windup, early cocking, late cocking, early acceleration, late acceleration, deceleration, and follow-through.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Training for pitchers often includes targeting one or several of these phases. Biomechanical evaluations are sometimes done on individual pitchers to help determine points of inefficiency.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mechanical measurements that are assessed include, but are not limited to, foot position at stride foot contact (SFC), elbow flexion during arm cocking and acceleration phases, maximal external rotation during arm cocking, horizontal abduction at SFC, arm abduction, lead knee position during arm cocking, trunk tilt, peak angular velocity of throwing arm and angle of wrist.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some players begin intense mechanical training at a young age, a practice that has been criticized by many coaches and doctors, with some citing an increase in <a href="/wiki/Tommy_John_surgery" class="mw-redirect" title="Tommy John surgery">Tommy John surgeries</a> in recent years.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Fleisig lists nine recommendations for preventative care of children's arms.<sup id="cite_ref-Fleisig,_G._S._2009_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fleisig,_G._S._2009-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 1) Watch and respond to signs of fatigue. 2) Youth pitchers should not pitch competitively in more than 8 months in any 12-month period. 3) Follow limits for pitch counts and days of rest. 4) Youth pitchers should avoid pitching on multiple teams with overlapping seasons. 5) Youth pitchers should learn good throwing mechanics as soon as possible: basic throwing, fastball pitching and change-up pitching. 6) Avoid using radar guns. 7) A pitcher should not also be a catcher for their team. The pitcher catcher combination results in many throws and may increase the risk of injury. 8) If a pitcher complains of pain in their elbow, get an evaluation from a sports medicine physician. 9) Inspire youth to have fun playing baseball and other sports. Participation and enjoyment of various activities will increase the youth's athleticism and interest in sports.<sup id="cite_ref-Fleisig,_G._S._2009_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fleisig,_G._S._2009-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>To counteract shoulder and elbow injury, coaches and trainers have begun utilizing "jobe" exercises, named for <a href="/wiki/Frank_Jobe" title="Frank Jobe">Frank Jobe</a>, the pioneer of the Tommy John procedure.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Jobes are exercises that have been developed to isolate, strengthen and stabilize the rotator cuff muscles. Jobes can be done using either resistance bands or lightweight dumbbells. Common jobe exercises include shoulder external rotation, shoulder flexion, horizontal abduction, prone abduction and scaption (at 45°, 90° and inverse 45°). </p><p>In addition to the Jobes exercises, many pitching coaches are creating lifting routines that are specialized for pitchers. Pitchers should avoid exercises that deal with a barbell. The emphasis on the workout should be on the legs and the core. Other body parts should be worked on but using lighter weights. Over lifting muscles, especially while throwing usually ends up in a strain muscle or possibly a tear. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Equipment">Equipment</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pitcher&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Equipment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Other than the catcher, pitchers and other fielders wear very few pieces of equipment. In general the ball cap, <a href="/wiki/Baseball_glove" title="Baseball glove">baseball glove</a> and cleats are equipment used. Pitchers may also keep with them at the mound a bag of powdered <a href="/wiki/Rosin" title="Rosin">rosin</a>. Handling the bag applies a small layer of the rosin to the pitcher's fingers in order to increase his grip on the ball. </p><p>Currently there is a new trend of introducing a pitcher helmet to provide head protection from batters hitting <a href="/wiki/Line_drive" class="mw-redirect" title="Line drive">line drives</a> back to the pitcher. As of January 2014<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pitcher&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, MLB approved a protective pitchers cap which can be worn by any pitcher if they choose.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> San Diego Padres relief pitcher, <a href="/wiki/Alex_Torres_(baseball)" title="Alex Torres (baseball)">Alex Torres</a> was the first player in MLB to wear the protective cap.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>One style of helmet is worn on top of the ballcap to provide protection to the forehead and sides.<sup id="cite_ref-reuters.com_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-reuters.com-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Softball" title="Softball">softball</a>, a full face helmet is available to all players including pitchers.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These fielder's masks are becoming increasingly popular in younger fast pitch leagues, some leagues even requiring them. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pitcher&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output 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</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pitching_machine" title="Pitching machine">Pitching machine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_baseball_pitches" class="mw-redirect" title="List of baseball pitches">List of baseball pitches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baseball_fielding_positions" class="mw-redirect" title="Baseball fielding positions">Baseball fielding positions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cy_Young_Award" title="Cy Young Award">Cy Young Award</a> winners</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Major_League_Baseball_career_wins_leaders" title="List of Major League Baseball career wins leaders">List of Major League Baseball career wins leaders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bowler_(cricket)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bowler (cricket)">Bowler</a> – similar position in <a href="/wiki/Cricket" title="Cricket">cricket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Sports_Medicine_Institute" title="American Sports Medicine Institute">American Sports Medicine Institute</a> – Pitching Biomechanics Evaluation</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pitcher&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.m-w.com/dictionary/velocity+">"Velocity"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 17,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=mlb.com&rft.atitle=Pitch+Types&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fm.mlb.com%2Fglossary%2Fpitch-types&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APitcher" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Baseball Explained, by Phillip Mahony. McFarland Books, 2014. See <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.baseballexplained.com">www.baseballexplained.com</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140813034018/http://www.baseballexplained.com/">Archived</a> August 13, 2014, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dean,_J._2010-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Dean,_J._2010_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dean,_J._2010_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDean2010" class="citation magazine cs1">Dean, J. (October 2010). "Perfect Pitch". <i>WIRED</i>. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://fullcountpitch.com/2009/02/06/pitching-perspectives-with-rick-peterson-understanding-the-epidemic-of-youth-pitching-injuries/">the original</a> on February 9, 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=fullcountpitch.com&rft.atitle=Pitching+Perspectives+with+Rick+Peterson%3A+Understanding+the+Epidemic+of+Youth+Pitching+Injuries&rft.date=2009-02-06&rft.au=Rick+Peterson&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffullcountpitch.com%2F2009%2F02%2F06%2Fpitching-perspectives-with-rick-peterson-understanding-the-epidemic-of-youth-pitching-injuries%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APitcher" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fleisig,_G._S._2009-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Fleisig,_G._S._2009_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fleisig,_G._S._2009_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFleisigWeberHassellAndrews2009" class="citation journal cs1">Fleisig, G. S.; Weber, A.; Hassell, N.; Andrews, J. R. (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3435945">"Prevention of elbow injuries in youth baseball pitchers"</a>. <i>Current Sports Medicine Reports</i>. <b>8</b> (5): 250–254. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1249%2Fjsr.0b013e3181b7ee5f">10.1249/jsr.0b013e3181b7ee5f</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3435945">3435945</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19741352">19741352</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Current+Sports+Medicine+Reports&rft.atitle=Prevention+of+elbow+injuries+in+youth+baseball+pitchers&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=250-254&rft.date=2009&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3435945%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F19741352&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1249%2Fjsr.0b013e3181b7ee5f&rft.aulast=Fleisig&rft.aufirst=G.+S.&rft.au=Weber%2C+A.&rft.au=Hassell%2C+N.&rft.au=Andrews%2C+J.+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3435945&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APitcher" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJeranChetlin2005" class="citation journal cs1">Jeran, J. J.; Chetlin, R. D. (2005). "Training the shoulder complex in baseball pitchers: A sport-specific approach". <i>Strength and Conditioning Journal</i>. <b>27</b> (4): 14–31. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1519%2F1533-4295%282005%2927%5B14%3Attscib%5D2.0.co%3B2">10.1519/1533-4295(2005)27[14:ttscib]2.0.co;2</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:71641134">71641134</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Strength+and+Conditioning+Journal&rft.atitle=Training+the+shoulder+complex+in+baseball+pitchers%3A+A+sport-specific+approach&rft.volume=27&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=14-31&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1519%2F1533-4295%282005%2927%5B14%3Attscib%5D2.0.co%3B2&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A71641134%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Jeran&rft.aufirst=J.+J.&rft.au=Chetlin%2C+R.+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APitcher" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.espn.com/espn/otl/story/_/id/10363291/pitchers-protective-caps-approved-major-league-baseball">"Pitchers' protective caps approved"</a>. <i>ESPN.com</i>. January 28, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ESPN.com&rft.atitle=Pitchers%27+protective+caps+approved&rft.date=2014-01-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.espn.com%2Fespn%2Fotl%2Fstory%2F_%2Fid%2F10363291%2Fpitchers-protective-caps-approved-major-league-baseball&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APitcher" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150304114557/http://www.pitchershelmet.com/who-was-the-first-pitcher-to-wear-protective-headgear/">"Who was the first pitcher to wear protective headgear"</a>. July 1, 2014. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pitchershelmet.com/who-was-the-first-pitcher-to-wear-protective-headgear/">the original</a> on March 4, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Who+was+the+first+pitcher+to+wear+protective+headgear&rft.date=2014-07-01&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pitchershelmet.com%2Fwho-was-the-first-pitcher-to-wear-protective-headgear%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APitcher" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-reuters.com-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-reuters.com_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140407101016/http://www.reuters.com/article/2011/03/07/idUS180810+07-Mar-2011+BW20110307">"New Pitching Helmet Prototype Unveiled by Easton-Bell Sports"</a>. <i>Reuters</i>. March 7, 2011. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/2011/03/07/idUS180810+07-Mar-2011+BW20110307">the original</a> on April 7, 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 18,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=New+Pitching+Helmet+Prototype+Unveiled+by+Easton-Bell+Sports&rft.date=2011-03-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2F2011%2F03%2F07%2FidUS180810%2B07-Mar-2011%2BBW20110307&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APitcher" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSpaventa" class="citation web cs1">Spaventa, Dan. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://web.archive.org/web/20140419011709/http://www.fastpitch-softball-coaching.com/softball-helmet.html">"Softball Helmet"</a>. Fastpitch-softball-coaching.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fastpitch-softball-coaching.com/softball-helmet.html">the original</a> on April 19, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Softball+Helmet&rft.pub=Fastpitch-softball-coaching.com&rft.aulast=Spaventa&rft.aufirst=Dan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fastpitch-softball-coaching.com%2Fsoftball-helmet.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APitcher" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pitcher&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBallardGood2011" class="citation magazine cs1">Ballard, Chris; Good, Owen (October 17, 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111013212224/http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/vault/article/magazine/MAG1191155/1/index.htm">"The Invisible Fastball: Six decades ago a minor league pitcher accomplished something we'll never see again"</a>. <i>Sports Illustrated</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/vault/article/magazine/MAG1191155/1/index.htm">the original</a> on October 13, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 19,</span> 2011</span>. <q>When [Kelly] Jack Swift arrived in Elkin, N.C., in late 1951, he was nobody's idea of a prospect.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Sports+Illustrated&rft.atitle=The+Invisible+Fastball%3A+Six+decades+ago+a+minor+league+pitcher+accomplished+something+we%27ll+never+see+again&rft.date=2011-10-17&rft.aulast=Ballard&rft.aufirst=Chris&rft.au=Good%2C+Owen&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsportsillustrated.cnn.com%2Fvault%2Farticle%2Fmagazine%2FMAG1191155%2F1%2Findex.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APitcher" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Baseball_positions" title="Template:Baseball positions"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Baseball_positions" title="Template talk:Baseball positions"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Baseball_positions" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Baseball positions"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Baseball_positions" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Baseball_positions" title="Baseball positions">Baseball positions</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:lightgrey;;width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Pitchers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em;background:lightgrey;font-weight:normal; padding-left:0.2em;">by role</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Starting_pitcher" title="Starting pitcher">Starter</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ace_(baseball)" title="Ace (baseball)">Ace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opener_(baseball)" title="Opener (baseball)">Opener</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relief_pitcher" title="Relief pitcher">Reliever</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Middle_relief_pitcher" class="mw-redirect" title="Middle relief pitcher">Middle reliever</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_reliever" title="Long reliever">Long reliever</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Setup_man" title="Setup man">Setup man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Closer_(baseball)" title="Closer (baseball)">Closer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Left-handed_specialist" title="Left-handed specialist">Left-handed specialist</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swingman#Baseball" title="Swingman">Swingman</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em;background:lightgrey;font-weight:normal; padding-left:0.2em;">by style</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Power_pitcher" title="Power pitcher">Power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Control_pitcher" title="Control pitcher">Control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ground_ball_pitcher" title="Ground ball pitcher">Ground ball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fly_ball_pitcher" title="Fly ball pitcher">Fly ball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Switch_pitcher" title="Switch pitcher">Switch</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px;padding-right:1.0em;"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Baseball_fielding_positions_tiny.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Baseball fielding positions"><img alt="Baseball fielding positions" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Baseball_fielding_positions_tiny.svg/120px-Baseball_fielding_positions_tiny.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="94" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Baseball_fielding_positions_tiny.svg/180px-Baseball_fielding_positions_tiny.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Baseball_fielding_positions_tiny.svg/240px-Baseball_fielding_positions_tiny.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="87" data-file-height="68" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:lightgrey;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Defense_(sports)" title="Defense (sports)">Defensive<br />players</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em;background:lightgrey;font-weight:normal; padding-left:0.2em;">by type</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Pitcher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catcher" title="Catcher">Catcher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infielder" title="Infielder">Infielder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outfielder" title="Outfielder">Outfielder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utility_player_(baseball)" title="Utility player (baseball)">Utility player</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Position_player" title="Position player">Position player</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em;background:lightgrey;font-weight:normal; padding-left:0.2em;">by number</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Pitcher (1/P)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catcher" title="Catcher">Catcher (2/C)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_baseman" title="First baseman">First baseman (3/1B)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_baseman" title="Second baseman">Second baseman (4/2B)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_baseman" title="Third baseman">Third baseman (5/3B)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shortstop" title="Shortstop">Shortstop (6/SS)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Left_fielder" title="Left fielder">Left fielder (7/LF)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Center_fielder" title="Center fielder">Center fielder (8/CF)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_fielder" title="Right fielder">Right fielder (9/RF)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:lightgrey;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Offense_(sports)" title="Offense (sports)">Offensive<br />players</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em;background:lightgrey;font-weight:normal; padding-left:0.2em;">by role</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Batting_(baseball)" title="Batting (baseball)">Batter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Base_running" title="Base running">Runner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Batting_order_(baseball)" title="Batting order (baseball)">Batting order (1–9)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Designated_hitter" title="Designated hitter">Designated hitter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinch_hitter" title="Pinch hitter">Pinch hitter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinch_runner" title="Pinch runner">Pinch runner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leadoff_hitter" title="Leadoff hitter">Leadoff hitter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cleanup_hitter" title="Cleanup hitter">Cleanup hitter</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em;background:lightgrey;font-weight:normal; padding-left:0.2em;">by style</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clutch_hitter" title="Clutch hitter">Clutch hitter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contact_hitter" title="Contact hitter">Contact hitter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Power_hitter" title="Power hitter">Power hitter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Switch_hitter" title="Switch hitter">Switch hitter</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:lightgrey;;width:1%">Non-players</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em;background:lightgrey;font-weight:normal; padding-left:0.2em;">team roles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Manager_(baseball)" title="Manager (baseball)">Manager</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coach_(baseball)" title="Coach (baseball)">Coaches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bullpen_catcher" title="Bullpen catcher">Bullpen catcher</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em;background:lightgrey;font-weight:normal; padding-left:0.2em;">executives</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/President_of_baseball_operations" class="mw-redirect" title="President of baseball operations">President of baseball operations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_manager_(baseball)" title="General manager (baseball)">General manager</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em;background:lightgrey;font-weight:normal; padding-left:0.2em;">other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Umpire_(baseball)" title="Umpire (baseball)">Umpire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Official_scorer" title="Official scorer">Official scorer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Batboy" title="Batboy">Batboy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ball_boy" title="Ball boy">Ball boy/girl</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:lightgrey;;width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Captain_(baseball)" title="Captain (baseball)">Captain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battery_(baseball)" title="Battery (baseball)">Battery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Injured_list" title="Injured list">Injured list</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phantom_ballplayer" title="Phantom ballplayer">Phantom ballplayer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Platoon_system" title="Platoon system">Platoon system</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" 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