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class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Environmental_conditions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Environmental_conditions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Environmental conditions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Environmental_conditions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-General_indicators" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#General_indicators"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>General indicators</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-General_indicators-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Geography of Mexico</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another 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Available in 29 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-29" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">29 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%BA%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%A7_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%83%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%83" title="جغرافيا المكسيك – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="جغرافيا المكسيك" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xeograf%C3%ADa_de_M%C3%A9xicu" title="Xeografía de Méxicu – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Xeografía de Méxicu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%AD%E0%A7%82%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%B2" title="মেক্সিকোর ভূগোল – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="মেক্সিকোর ভূগোল" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%B0%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D1%96%D1%8F_%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D1%96%D0%BA%D1%96" title="Геаграфія Мексікі – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Геаграфія Мексікі" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE" title="География на Мексико – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="География на Мексико" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Douaroniezh_Mec%27hiko" title="Douaroniezh Mec'hiko – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Douaroniezh Mec'hiko" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geografia_f%C3%ADsica_de_M%C3%A8xic" title="Geografia física de Mèxic – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Geografia física de Mèxic" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daearyddiaeth_Mecsico" title="Daearyddiaeth Mecsico – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Daearyddiaeth Mecsico" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexicos_geografi" title="Mexicos geografi – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Mexicos geografi" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geograf%C3%ADa_de_M%C3%A9xico" title="Geografía de México – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Geografía de México" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexikoko_geografia" title="Mexikoko geografia – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Mexikoko geografia" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%BA%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%81%DB%8C%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D9%85%DA%A9%D8%B2%DB%8C%DA%A9" title="جغرافیای مکزیک – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="جغرافیای مکزیک" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%A9ographie_du_Mexique" title="Géographie du Mexique – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Géographie du Mexique" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%84%D5%A5%D6%84%D5%BD%D5%AB%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%AB_%D5%A1%D5%B7%D5%AD%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%B0%D5%A1%D5%A3%D6%80%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Մեքսիկայի աշխարհագրություն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Մեքսիկայի աշխարհագրություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zemljopis_Meksika" title="Zemljopis Meksika – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Zemljopis Meksika" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geografio_di_Mexikia" title="Geografio di Mexikia – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Geografio di Mexikia" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9B%E1%83%94%E1%83%A5%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98%E1%83%99%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%92%E1%83%94%E1%83%9D%E1%83%92%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%A4%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="მექსიკის გეოგრაფია – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="მექსიკის გეოგრაფია" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geografi_Mexico" title="Geografi Mexico – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Geografi Mexico" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geografie_van_Mexico" title="Geografie van Mexico – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Geografie van Mexico" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexicos_geografi" title="Mexicos geografi – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Mexicos geografi" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geografia_Meksyku" title="Geografia Meksyku – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Geografia Meksyku" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geografia_do_M%C3%A9xico" title="Geografia do México – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Geografia do México" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8" title="География Мексики – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="География Мексики" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0_%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Географија Мексика – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Географија Мексика" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geografija_Meksika" title="Geografija Meksika – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Geografija Meksika" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meksikon_maantiede" title="Meksikon maantiede – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Meksikon maantiede" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meksika_co%C4%9Frafyas%C4%B1" title="Meksika coğrafyası – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Meksika coğrafyası" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D1%96%D1%8F_%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8" title="Географія Мексики – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Географія Мексики" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A2%A8%E8%A5%BF%E5%93%A5%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%86" title="墨西哥地理 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="墨西哥地理" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q580061#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> 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.mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title">Geography of Mexico</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Mexico_topographic_map-blank.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Mexico_topographic_map-blank.svg/260px-Mexico_topographic_map-blank.svg.png" decoding="async" width="260" height="171" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Mexico_topographic_map-blank.svg/390px-Mexico_topographic_map-blank.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Mexico_topographic_map-blank.svg/520px-Mexico_topographic_map-blank.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="3340" data-file-height="2200" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Continent</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/North_America" title="North America">North America</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Coordinates</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Geography_of_Mexico&params=23_00_N_102_00_W_type:country"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">23°00′N</span> <span class="longitude">102°00′W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">23.000°N 102.000°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">23.000; -102.000</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Area</th><td class="infobox-data"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Total</th><td class="infobox-data">1,972,550 km<sup>2</sup> (761,610 sq mi)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Land</th><td class="infobox-data">98.96%</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Water</th><td class="infobox-data">1.04%</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Coastline</th><td class="infobox-data">9,330 km (5,800 mi)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Borders</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Land_borders" class="mw-redirect" title="Land borders">Total land borders</a> <br /> 4,263 km</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Highest point</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Pico_de_Orizaba" title="Pico de Orizaba">Pico de Orizaba</a> volcano <br /> 5,700 m</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Lowest point</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Laguna_Salada_(Baja_California)" class="mw-redirect" title="Laguna Salada (Baja California)">Laguna Salada</a> <br /> -10 m</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Longest river</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Rio_Grande" title="Rio Grande">Rio Grande</a> <br /> 3,108 km</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Largest lake</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Lake_Chapala" title="Lake Chapala">Lake Chapala</a> <br /> 1,100 km<sup>2</sup> (420 sq mi)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Exclusive economic zone</th><td class="infobox-data">3,269,386 km<sup>2</sup> (1,262,317 sq mi)</td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>geography of Mexico</b> describes the geographic features of <b><a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a></b>, a country in the <a href="/wiki/Americas" title="Americas">Americas</a>. Mexico is located at about 23° N and 102° W<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in the southern portion of <a href="/wiki/North_America" title="North America">North America</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From its farthest land points, Mexico is a little over 3,200 km (2,000 mi) in length. Mexico is bounded to the north by the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> (specifically, from west to east, by <a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arizona" title="Arizona">Arizona</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_Mexico" title="New Mexico">New Mexico</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Texas" title="Texas">Texas</a>), to the west and south by the <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Ocean" title="Pacific Ocean">Pacific Ocean</a>, to the east by the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Mexico" title="Gulf of Mexico">Gulf of Mexico</a>, and to the southeast by <a href="/wiki/Belize" title="Belize">Belize</a>, <a href="/wiki/Guatemala" title="Guatemala">Guatemala</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Caribbean_Sea" title="Caribbean Sea">Caribbean Sea</a>. The northernmost constituent of <a href="/wiki/Latin_America" title="Latin America">Latin America</a>, it is the most populous <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_where_Spanish_is_an_official_language" class="mw-redirect" title="List of countries where Spanish is an official language">Spanish-speaking country</a> in the world. Mexico is the world's 13th largest country, three times the size of <a href="/wiki/Texas" title="Texas">Texas</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Almost all of Mexico is on the <a href="/wiki/North_American_Plate" class="mw-redirect" title="North American Plate">North American Plate</a>, with small parts of the <a href="/wiki/Baja_California_Peninsula" class="mw-redirect" title="Baja California Peninsula">Baja California Peninsula</a> in the northwest on the <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Plate" class="mw-redirect" title="Pacific Plate">Pacific</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cocos_Plate" class="mw-redirect" title="Cocos Plate">Cocos Plates</a>. Some geographers include the portion east of the <a href="/wiki/Isthmus_of_Tehuantepec" title="Isthmus of Tehuantepec">Isthmus of Tehuantepec</a> including the Yucatán Peninsula within North America. This portion includes <a href="/wiki/Campeche" title="Campeche">Campeche</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chiapas" title="Chiapas">Chiapas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tabasco" title="Tabasco">Tabasco</a>, <a href="/wiki/Quintana_Roo" title="Quintana Roo">Quintana Roo</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Yucat%C3%A1n" title="Yucatán">Yucatán</a>, representing 12.1 percent of the country's total area. Alternatively, the <a href="/wiki/Trans-Mexican_Volcanic_Belt" title="Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt">Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt</a> may be said to delimit the region physiographically on the north.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Geopolitically, Mexico is generally not considered part of Central America. Politically, Mexico is divided into <a href="/wiki/Political_divisions_of_Mexico" class="mw-redirect" title="Political divisions of Mexico">thirty-two states</a>. </p><p>As well as <a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Mexico" title="List of islands of Mexico">numerous neighbouring islands</a>, Mexican territory includes the more remote <a href="/wiki/Guadalupe_Island" title="Guadalupe Island">Isla Guadalupe</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Islas_Revillagigedo" class="mw-redirect" title="Islas Revillagigedo">Islas Revillagigedo</a> in the Pacific. Mexico's total area covers 1,972,550 square kilometers, including approximately 6,000 square kilometers of islands in the Pacific Ocean, Gulf of Mexico, Caribbean Sea, and Gulf of California. On its north, Mexico shares a 5,000-kilometer border with the United States. The meandering <a href="/wiki/R%C3%ADo_Bravo_del_Norte" class="mw-redirect" title="Río Bravo del Norte">Río Bravo del Norte</a> (known as the Rio Grande in the United States) defines the border from <a href="/wiki/Ciudad_Ju%C3%A1rez" title="Ciudad Juárez">Ciudad Juárez</a> east to the Gulf of Mexico. A series of natural and artificial markers delineate the United States-Mexican border west from Ciudad Juárez to the Pacific Ocean. The Mexico-U.S. boundary is jointly administered by the International Boundary and Water Commission.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On its south, Mexico shares an 871 kilometer border with Guatemala and a 251-kilometer border with Belize. </p><p>Mexico has a 9,330-kilometer coastline, of which 7,338 kilometers face the Pacific Ocean and the Gulf of California, and the remaining 2,805 kilometers front the Gulf of Mexico and the Caribbean Sea. Mexico's <a href="/wiki/Exclusive_economic_zone" title="Exclusive economic zone">exclusive economic zone</a> (EEZ) covers 3,269,386 km<sup>2</sup> (1,262,317 sq mi) and is the 13th largest in the world. It extends 200 mi (320 km) nautical miles off each coast. The landmass of Mexico dramatically narrows as it moves in a southeasterly direction from the United States border and then abruptly curves northward before ending in the 500-kilometer-long Yucatán Peninsula. Indeed, the state capital of Yucatán, <a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9rida,_Yucat%C3%A1n" title="Mérida, Yucatán">Mérida</a>, is farther north than <a href="/wiki/Mexico_City" title="Mexico City">Mexico City</a> or <a href="/wiki/Guadalajara,_Jalisco" class="mw-redirect" title="Guadalajara, Jalisco">Guadalajara</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Physical_features">Physical features</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mountain_ranges_and_elevations">Mountain ranges and elevations</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mexico_tectonic_plates.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Mexico_tectonic_plates.png/220px-Mexico_tectonic_plates.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="183" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Mexico_tectonic_plates.png/330px-Mexico_tectonic_plates.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Mexico_tectonic_plates.png/440px-Mexico_tectonic_plates.png 2x" data-file-width="717" data-file-height="596" /></a><figcaption>Mexico rests mostly in the <a href="/wiki/North_American_Plate" class="mw-redirect" title="North American Plate">North American Plate</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Beginning approximately 50 kilometres (31 mi) from the United States border, the <a href="/wiki/Sierra_Madre_Occidental" title="Sierra Madre Occidental">Sierra Madre Occidental</a> mountain range extends about 1,250 kilometres (780 mi) south to the Río Santiago,<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> where it merges with the <a href="/wiki/Cordillera_Neovolc%C3%A1nica" class="mw-redirect" title="Cordillera Neovolcánica">Cordillera Neovolcánica</a> range that runs east–west across central Mexico. The Sierra Madre Occidental lies approximately 300 kilometres (190 mi) inland from the west coast of Mexico at its northern end but approaches to within fifty kilometers of the coast near the Cordillera Neovolcánica. The northwest coastal plain is the name given the lowland area between the Sierra Madre Occidental and the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_California" title="Gulf of California">Gulf of California</a>. The Sierra Madre Occidental averages 2,250 metres (7,380 ft) in elevation, with peaks reaching 3,000 metres (9,800 ft). </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MountainIztaccihuatlMexico01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/MountainIztaccihuatlMexico01.jpg/220px-MountainIztaccihuatlMexico01.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="123" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/MountainIztaccihuatlMexico01.jpg/330px-MountainIztaccihuatlMexico01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/MountainIztaccihuatlMexico01.jpg/440px-MountainIztaccihuatlMexico01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="336" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Iztacc%C3%ADhuatl" class="mw-redirect" title="Iztaccíhuatl">Iztaccíhuatl</a> mountain near Mexico City. It is characterized by its snow-capped summit and rugged terrain, including steep slopes and <a href="/wiki/Glacier" title="Glacier">glaciers</a>.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pico_de_Orizaba_desde_Hidalgo,_Puebla.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Pico_de_Orizaba_desde_Hidalgo%2C_Puebla.jpg/220px-Pico_de_Orizaba_desde_Hidalgo%2C_Puebla.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Pico_de_Orizaba_desde_Hidalgo%2C_Puebla.jpg/330px-Pico_de_Orizaba_desde_Hidalgo%2C_Puebla.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Pico_de_Orizaba_desde_Hidalgo%2C_Puebla.jpg/440px-Pico_de_Orizaba_desde_Hidalgo%2C_Puebla.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Pico_de_Orizaba" title="Pico de Orizaba">Pico de Orizaba</a>, also known as Citlaltépetl, is the highest mountain in Mexico and the third highest peak in <a href="/wiki/North_America" title="North America">North America</a>, after Denali in Alaska and Mount Logan in Canada. </figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Sierra_Madre_Oriental" title="Sierra Madre Oriental">Sierra Madre Oriental</a> mountain range starts at the Big Bend region of the border with the U.S. state of Texas and continues 1,350 kilometres (840 mi) until reaching <a href="/wiki/Cofre_de_Perote" title="Cofre de Perote">Cofre de Perote</a>, one of the major peaks of the Cordillera Neovolcánica. As is the case with the Sierra Madre Occidental, the Sierra Madre Oriental comes progressively closer to the coastline as it approaches its southern terminus, reaching to within 75 kilometres (47 mi) of the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Mexico" title="Gulf of Mexico">Gulf of Mexico</a>. The northeast coastal plain extends from the eastern slope of the Sierra Madre Oriental to the Gulf of Mexico. The median elevation of the Sierra Madre Oriental is 2,200 metres (7,200 ft), with some peaks at 3,000 metres (9,800 ft). </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Mexican_Altiplano" class="mw-redirect" title="Mexican Altiplano">Mexican Altiplano</a>, stretching from the United States border to the Cordillera Neovolcánica, occupies the vast expanse of land between the eastern and western sierra madres. A low east–west range divides the altiplano into northern and southern sections. These two sections, previously called the Mesa del Norte and Mesa Central, are now regarded by geographers as sections of one altiplano. The northern altiplano averages 1,100 meters in elevation and continues south from the Río Bravo del Norte through the states of <a href="/wiki/Zacatecas" title="Zacatecas">Zacatecas</a> and <a href="/wiki/San_Luis_Potos%C3%AD" title="San Luis Potosí">San Luis Potosí</a>. Various narrow, isolated ridges cross the plateaus of the northern altiplano. Numerous depressions dot the region, the largest of which is the <a href="/wiki/Bols%C3%B3n_de_Mapim%C3%AD" title="Bolsón de Mapimí">Bolsón de Mapimí</a>. The southern Altiplano is higher than its northern counterpart, averaging 2,000 metres (6,600 ft) in elevation. The southern altiplano contains numerous valleys originally formed by ancient lakes. Several of Mexico's most prominent cities, including <a href="/wiki/Mexico_City" title="Mexico City">Mexico City</a> and <a href="/wiki/Guadalajara,_Jalisco" class="mw-redirect" title="Guadalajara, Jalisco">Guadalajara</a>, are located in the valleys of the southern Altiplano. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mexico_watersheds.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Mexico_watersheds.jpg/220px-Mexico_watersheds.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Mexico_watersheds.jpg/330px-Mexico_watersheds.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Mexico_watersheds.jpg/440px-Mexico_watersheds.jpg 2x" data-file-width="886" data-file-height="633" /></a><figcaption>Watersheds of Mexico. Basins in blue drain to the Pacific, in brown to the Gulf of Mexico, and in yellow to the Caribbean Sea. Grey indicates <a href="/wiki/Endorheic_basin" title="Endorheic basin">interior basins</a> that do not drain to the sea.</figcaption></figure> <p>One other significant mountain range, the <a href="/wiki/Peninsular_Ranges" title="Peninsular Ranges">Peninsular Ranges</a>, cuts across the landscape of the northern half of Mexico. A southern extension of the California coastal ranges that parallel California's coast, the Mexican portion of the Peninsular Ranges extends from the United States border to the southern tip of the Baja California Peninsula, a distance of 1,430 kilometres (890 mi). Peaks in the California system range in altitude from 2,200 metres (7,200 ft) in the north to only 250 metres (820 ft) near <a href="/wiki/La_Paz,_BCS" class="mw-redirect" title="La Paz, BCS">La Paz</a> in the south. Narrow lowlands are found on the Pacific Ocean and the Gulf of California sides of the mountains. The Cordillera Neovolcánica is a belt 900 kilometres (560 mi) long and 130 kilometres (81 mi) wide, extending from the Pacific Ocean to the Gulf of Mexico. The Cordillera Neovolcánica begins at the Río Grande de Santiago and continues south to Colima, where it turns east along the nineteenth parallel to the central portion of the state of Veracruz. The region is distinguished by considerable seismic activity and contains Mexico's highest volcanic peaks. This range contains three peaks exceeding 5,000 metres (16,000 ft): Pico de Orizaba (Citlaltépetl)—the third highest mountain in North America—and Popocatépetl and Iztaccíhuatl near Mexico City. The Cordillera Neovolcánica is regarded as the geological dividing line between North America and Central America. </p><p>Several important mountain ranges dominate the landscape of southern and southeastern Mexico. The <a href="/wiki/Sierra_Madre_del_Sur" title="Sierra Madre del Sur">Sierra Madre del Sur</a> extends 1,200 kilometers along Mexico's southern coast from the southwestern part of the Cordillera Neovolcánica to the nearly flat <a href="/wiki/Isthmus_of_Tehuantepec" title="Isthmus of Tehuantepec">isthmus of Tehuantepec</a>. Mountains in this range average 2,000 meters in elevation. The range averages 100 kilometers wide, but widens to 150 kilometers in the state of <a href="/wiki/Oaxaca" title="Oaxaca">Oaxaca</a>. The narrow southwest coastal plain extends from the Sierra Madre del Sur to the <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Ocean" title="Pacific Ocean">Pacific Ocean</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Sierra_Madre_de_Oaxaca" title="Sierra Madre de Oaxaca">Sierra Madre de Oaxaca</a> begins at Pico de Orizaba and extends in a southeasterly direction for 300 kilometers until reaching the isthmus of Tehuantepec. Peaks in the Sierra Madre de Oaxaca average 2,500 meters in elevation, with some peaks exceeding 3,000 meters. South of the isthmus of Tehuantepec, the Sierra Madre de Chiapas runs 280 kilometers along the Pacific Coast from the <a href="/wiki/Oaxaca" title="Oaxaca">Oaxaca</a>-<a href="/wiki/Chiapas" title="Chiapas">Chiapas</a> border to Mexico's border with <a href="/wiki/Guatemala" title="Guatemala">Guatemala</a>. Although average elevation is only 1,500 meters, one peak—<a href="/w/index.php?title=Volc%C3%A1n_de_Tacuma&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Volcán de Tacuma (page does not exist)">Volcán de Tacuma</a>—exceeds 4,000 meters in elevation. Finally, the Meseta Central de Chiapas extends 250 kilometers through the central part of Chiapas to Guatemala. The average height of peaks of the Meseta Central de Chiapas is 2,000 meters. The Chiapas central valley separates the Meseta Central de Chiapas and the Sierra Madre de Chiapas. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rivers_and_other_bodies_of_water">Rivers and other bodies of water</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lago_de_Chapala.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Lago_de_Chapala.jpg/220px-Lago_de_Chapala.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Lago_de_Chapala.jpg/330px-Lago_de_Chapala.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Lago_de_Chapala.jpg/440px-Lago_de_Chapala.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Lake_Chapala" title="Lake Chapala">Lake Chapala</a>, Mexico's largest freshwater lake.</figcaption></figure> <p>Mexico has nearly 150 rivers, two-thirds of which empty into the Pacific Ocean and the remainder of which flow into the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Mexico" title="Gulf of Mexico">Gulf of Mexico</a> or the <a href="/wiki/Caribbean_Sea" title="Caribbean Sea">Caribbean Sea</a>. Despite this apparent abundance of water, water volume is unevenly distributed throughout the country. Indeed, five rivers—the <a href="/wiki/Usumacinta_River" title="Usumacinta River">Usumacinta</a>, <a href="/wiki/Grijalva_River" title="Grijalva River">Grijalva</a>, Papaloapán, <a href="/wiki/Coatzacoalcos_River" title="Coatzacoalcos River">Coatzacoalcos</a>, and <a href="/wiki/P%C3%A1nuco_River" title="Pánuco River">Pánuco</a>—account for 52 percent of Mexico's average annual volume of surface water. All five rivers flow into the Gulf of Mexico; only the <a href="/wiki/R%C3%ADo_P%C3%A1nuco" class="mw-redirect" title="Río Pánuco">Río Pánuco</a> is outside southeastern Mexico, which contains approximately 15 percent of national territory and 12 percent of the national population. In contrast, northern and central Mexico, with 47 percent of the national area and almost 60 percent of Mexico's population, have less than 10 percent of the country's water resources. </p><p>In 2024, a team of oceanographers discovered the world's deepest blue hole, <a href="/wiki/Taam_Ja%27_Blue_Hole" title="Taam Ja' Blue Hole">Taam Ja</a>, meaning 'deep waters' in <a href="/wiki/Mayan_languages" title="Mayan languages">Mayan</a>, in Chetumal Bay, <a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a>. Due to technical limitations, the actual depth of the hole is still unknown. However, the findings suggest the presence of a complex labyrinth of underground caves and tunnels, which could shed new light on the site and the diversity of life within it.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Seismic_activity">Seismic activity</h2></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_of_earthquakes_in_Mexico.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Map_of_earthquakes_in_Mexico.svg/400px-Map_of_earthquakes_in_Mexico.svg.png" decoding="async" width="400" height="280" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Map_of_earthquakes_in_Mexico.svg/600px-Map_of_earthquakes_in_Mexico.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Map_of_earthquakes_in_Mexico.svg/800px-Map_of_earthquakes_in_Mexico.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1189" data-file-height="833" /></a><figcaption>Map of earthquakes in Mexico from 1990 to 2017</figcaption></figure> <p>Situated atop three of the large tectonic plates that constitute the Earth's surface, Mexico is one of the most seismologically active regions on Earth.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The motion of these plates causes earthquakes and volcanic activity. </p><p>Most of the Mexican landmass rests on the westward moving North American plate. The Pacific Ocean floor off southern Mexico, however, is being carried northeast by the underlying motion of the <a href="/wiki/Cocos_Plate" class="mw-redirect" title="Cocos Plate">Cocos Plate</a>. Ocean floor material is relatively dense; when it strikes the lighter granite of the Mexican landmass, the ocean floor is forced under the landmass, creating the deep <a href="/wiki/Middle_America_Trench" title="Middle America Trench">Middle America Trench</a> that lies off Mexico's southern coast. The westward moving land atop the North American plate is slowed and crumpled where it meets the Cocos plate, creating the mountain ranges of southern Mexico. The subduction of the Cocos plate accounts for the frequency of earthquakes near Mexico's southern coast. As the rocks constituting the ocean floor are forced down, they melt, and the molten material is forced up through weaknesses in the surface rock, creating the volcanoes in the Cordillera Neovolcánica across central Mexico. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Baja_California_Desert.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Baja_California_Desert.jpg/220px-Baja_California_Desert.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Baja_California_Desert.jpg/330px-Baja_California_Desert.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Baja_California_Desert.jpg/440px-Baja_California_Desert.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2100" data-file-height="1680" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Baja_California" title="Baja California">Baja California</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Areas of Mexico's coastline on the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_California" title="Gulf of California">Gulf of California</a>, including the Baja California Peninsula, are riding northwestward on the Pacific plate. Rather than one plate subducting, the Pacific and North American plates grind past each other, creating a slip fault that is the southern extension of the <a href="/wiki/San_Andreas_Fault" title="San Andreas Fault">San Andreas Fault</a> in California. Motion along this fault in the past pulled Baja California away from the coast, creating the Gulf of California. Continued motion along this fault is the source of earthquakes in western Mexico. </p><p>Mexico has a <a href="/wiki/List_of_earthquakes_in_Mexico" title="List of earthquakes in Mexico">long history of destructive earthquakes</a> and volcanic eruptions. In September 1985, an earthquake measuring 8.0 on the moment magnitude scale and centered in the subduction zone off Acapulco killed more than 4,000 people in Mexico City, more than 300 kilometers away. Volcán de Colima, south of Guadalajara, erupted in 1994, and El Chichón, in southern Mexico, underwent a violent eruption in 1983. <a href="/wiki/Par%C3%ADcutin" title="Parícutin">Parícutin</a> in northwest Mexico began as puffs of smoke in a cornfield in 1943; a decade later the volcano was 424 meters high. Although dormant for decades, <a href="/wiki/Popocat%C3%A9petl" title="Popocatépetl">Popocatépetl</a> and <a href="/wiki/Iztacc%C3%ADhuatl" class="mw-redirect" title="Iztaccíhuatl">Iztaccíhuatl</a> ("smoking warrior" and "white lady," respectively, in <a href="/wiki/Nahuatl" title="Nahuatl">Nahuatl</a>) occasionally send out puffs of smoke clearly visible in Mexico City, a reminder to the capital's inhabitants that volcanic activity is near. Popocatépetl showed renewed activity in 1995 and 1996, forcing the evacuation of several nearby villages and causing concern by seismologists and government officials about the effect that a large-scale eruption might have on the heavily populated region nearby. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Climate">Climate</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Mexico" title="Climate of Mexico">Climate of Mexico</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mexico_K%C3%B6ppen.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Mexico_K%C3%B6ppen.svg/220px-Mexico_K%C3%B6ppen.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Mexico_K%C3%B6ppen.svg/330px-Mexico_K%C3%B6ppen.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Mexico_K%C3%B6ppen.svg/440px-Mexico_K%C3%B6ppen.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="765" data-file-height="765" /></a><figcaption>Mexico map of Köppen Climate Classification with state division</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Tropic_of_Cancer" title="Tropic of Cancer">Tropic of Cancer</a> effectively divides the country into temperate and tropical zones. Land north of the twenty-fourth parallel experiences cooler temperatures during the winter months. South of the twenty-fourth parallel, temperatures are fairly constant year round and vary solely as a function of elevation. </p><p>Areas south of the twentieth-fourth parallel with elevations up to 1,000 meters (3,281 ft) (the southern parts of both coastal plains as well as the <a href="/wiki/Yucat%C3%A1n_Peninsula" title="Yucatán Peninsula">Yucatán Peninsula</a>), have a yearly median temperature between 24 and 28 °C (75.2 and 82.4 °F). Temperatures here remain high throughout the year, with only a 5 °C (9 °F) difference between winter and summer median temperatures. Although low-lying areas north of the twentieth-fourth parallel are hot and humid during the summer, they generally have lower yearly temperature averages (from 20 to 24 °C or 68.0 to 75.2 °F) because of more moderate conditions during the winter. </p> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pachycereus_pringlei_forest.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Pachycereus_pringlei_forest.jpg/250px-Pachycereus_pringlei_forest.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Pachycereus_pringlei_forest.jpg/375px-Pachycereus_pringlei_forest.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Pachycereus_pringlei_forest.jpg/500px-Pachycereus_pringlei_forest.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6720" data-file-height="4480" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Pachycereus_pringlei" title="Pachycereus pringlei">Pachycereus pringlei</a> Forest in the <a href="/wiki/Sonoran_Desert" title="Sonoran Desert">Sonoran Desert</a> Sonora, Mexico.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Yucca_decipiens_3.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Yucca_decipiens_3.jpg/250px-Yucca_decipiens_3.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Yucca_decipiens_3.jpg/375px-Yucca_decipiens_3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Yucca_decipiens_3.jpg/500px-Yucca_decipiens_3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3504" data-file-height="2336" /></a><figcaption>Shrubs, succulents like <a href="/wiki/Yucca_decipiens" title="Yucca decipiens">Yucca decipiens</a>, and small grasses coexisting in the semi-arid desert of Zacatecas. Part of the <a href="/wiki/Chihuahuan_Desert" title="Chihuahuan Desert">Chihuahuan Desert</a>.</figcaption></figure><p> Between 1,000 and 2,000 meters (3,281 and 6,562 ft), one encounters yearly average temperatures between 16 and 20 °C (60.8 and 68.0 °F). Towns and cities at this elevation south of the twenty-fourth parallel have relatively constant, pleasant temperatures throughout the year, whereas more northerly locations experience sizeable seasonal variations. Above 2,000 meters (6,562 ft), temperatures drop as low as an average yearly range between 8 and 12 °C (46.4 and 53.6 °F) in the <a href="/wiki/Cordillera_Neovolc%C3%A1nica" class="mw-redirect" title="Cordillera Neovolcánica">Cordillera Neovolcánica</a>. At 2,300 meters (7,546 ft), <a href="/wiki/Mexico_City" title="Mexico City">Mexico City</a> has a yearly median temperature of 15 °C (59 °F) with pleasant summers and mild winters. Average daily highs and lows for May, the warmest month, are 26 and 12 °C (78.8 and 53.6 °F), and average daily highs and lows for January, the coldest month, are 19 and 6 °C (66.2 and 42.8 °F). Rainfall varies widely both by location and season. Arid or semiarid conditions are encountered in the <a href="/wiki/Baja_California_Peninsula" class="mw-redirect" title="Baja California Peninsula">Baja California Peninsula</a>, the northwestern state of <a href="/wiki/Sonora" title="Sonora">Sonora</a>, the northern altiplano, and also significant portions of the southern altiplano. Rainfall in these regions averages between 300 and 600 millimeters (11.8 and 23.6 in) per year, although even less in some areas, particularly in the state of Baja California. Average rainfall totals are between 600 and 1,000 millimeters (23.6 and 39.4 in) in most of the major populated areas of the southern altiplano, including Mexico City and <a href="/wiki/Guadalajara,_Jalisco" class="mw-redirect" title="Guadalajara, Jalisco">Guadalajara</a>. Low-lying areas along the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Mexico" title="Gulf of Mexico">Gulf of Mexico</a> receive in excess of 1,000 millimeters (39.4 in) of rainfall in an average year, with the wettest region being the southeastern state of Tabasco, which typically receives approximately 2,000 millimeters (78.7 in) of rainfall on an annual basis. Parts of the northern altiplano, highlands and high peaks in the Sierra Madres receive yearly snowfall. Citlaltépetl, Popocatépetl and Iztaccíhuatl continue to support <a href="/wiki/Glaciers" class="mw-redirect" title="Glaciers">glaciers</a>, the largest of which is the <a href="/wiki/Gran_Glaciar_Norte" title="Gran Glaciar Norte">Gran Glaciar Norte</a>.</p><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Selva_Lacandona.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Selva_Lacandona.JPG/220px-Selva_Lacandona.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Selva_Lacandona.JPG/330px-Selva_Lacandona.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Selva_Lacandona.JPG/440px-Selva_Lacandona.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2304" data-file-height="1728" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Chiapas" title="Chiapas">Chiapas</a></figcaption></figure><p> Mexico has pronounced wet and dry <a href="/wiki/Seasons" class="mw-redirect" title="Seasons">seasons</a>. Most of the country experiences a rainy season from June to mid-October and significantly less rain during the remainder of the year. February and July generally are the driest and wettest months, respectively. Mexico City, for example, receives an average of only 5 millimeters (0.2 in) of rain during February but more than 160 millimeters (6.3 in) in July. Coastal areas, especially those along the Gulf of Mexico, experience the largest amounts of rain in September. <a href="/wiki/Tabasco" title="Tabasco">Tabasco</a> typically records more than 300 millimeters (11.8 in) of rain during that month. A small coastal area of northwestern coastal Mexico around <a href="/wiki/Tijuana" title="Tijuana">Tijuana</a> has a <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_climate" title="Mediterranean climate">Mediterranean climate</a> with considerable coastal fog and a rainy season that occurs in winter. </p><p>Mexico lies squarely within the <a href="/wiki/Hurricane" class="mw-redirect" title="Hurricane">hurricane</a> belt, and all regions of both coasts are susceptible to these storms from June through November. Hurricanes on the Pacific coast are often less violent than those affecting Mexico's eastern coastline. Several hurricanes per year strike the <a href="/wiki/Caribbean" title="Caribbean">Caribbean</a> and Gulf of Mexico coastline, however, and these storms bring high winds, heavy rain, extensive damage, and occasional loss of life. <a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Gilbert" title="Hurricane Gilbert">Hurricane Gilbert</a> passed directly over <a href="/wiki/Canc%C3%BAn" title="Cancún">Cancún</a> in September 1988, with winds in excess of 200 kilometers per hour (124 mph), producing major damage to hotels in the resort area. It then struck northeast Mexico, where flooding from the heavy rain killed dozens in the <a href="/wiki/Monterrey" title="Monterrey">Monterrey</a> area and caused extensive damage to livestock and vegetable crops. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Climate_change">Climate change</h3></div> <div class="excerpt-block"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1066933788">.mw-parser-output .excerpt-hat .mw-editsection-like{font-style:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable dablink excerpt-hat selfref">This section is an excerpt from <a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Mexico" title="Climate change in Mexico">Climate change in Mexico</a>.<span class="mw-editsection-like plainlinks"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Climate_change_in_Mexico&action=edit">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><div class="excerpt"> <p><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Mexico" title="Climate change in Mexico">Climate change in Mexico</a> is expected to have widespread impacts: with significant decreases in <a href="/wiki/Precipitation" title="Precipitation">precipitation</a> and increases in <a href="/wiki/Temperatures" class="mw-redirect" title="Temperatures">temperatures</a>. This will put pressure on the <a href="/wiki/Economy" title="Economy">economy</a>, people and the biodiversity of many parts of the country, which have largely <a href="/wiki/Arid" class="mw-redirect" title="Arid">arid</a> or hot <a href="/wiki/Climates" class="mw-redirect" title="Climates">climates</a>. Already <a href="/wiki/Climate_change" title="Climate change">climate change</a> has impacted agriculture,<sup id="cite_ref-Climate_change_in_Mexico_:0_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Climate_change_in_Mexico_:0-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> biodiversity, farmer livelihoods, and migration,<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as well as water, health, air pollution, traffic disruption from floods, and housing vulnerability to <a href="/wiki/Landslide" title="Landslide">landslides</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> Altered precipitation patterns and warming temperatures have led to economic insecurity in Mexico, particularly for <a href="/wiki/Smallholding" title="Smallholding">smallholder</a> farmers who grow Mexico's economically and culturally important crops: <a href="/wiki/Maize" title="Maize">maize</a> and <a href="/wiki/Coffee" title="Coffee">coffee</a>. Climate change impacts are especially severe in <a href="/wiki/Mexico_City" title="Mexico City">Mexico City</a>, due to increases in <a href="/wiki/Air_pollution" title="Air pollution">air pollution</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="(February 2020)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Ecological impacts of climate change within Mexico include reductions in <a href="/wiki/Landscape_connectivity" title="Landscape connectivity">landscape connectivity</a> and shifting migratory patterns of animals. Furthermore, climate change in Mexico is tied to worldwide trade and economic processes which relate directly to global food security.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (March 2021)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Environmental_conditions">Environmental conditions</h2></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rio_Grande_in_Big_Bend_NP.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Rio_Grande_in_Big_Bend_NP.jpg/250px-Rio_Grande_in_Big_Bend_NP.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Rio_Grande_in_Big_Bend_NP.jpg/375px-Rio_Grande_in_Big_Bend_NP.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Rio_Grande_in_Big_Bend_NP.jpg/500px-Rio_Grande_in_Big_Bend_NP.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3888" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption>The Rio Grande at Big Bend National Park, on the Mexico–U.S. border</figcaption></figure> <p>Mexico faces significant environmental challenges damaging nearly all sections of the country. Vast expanses of southern and southeastern tropical forests have been denuded due to mineral resource extraction,<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and then, far behind in second place, for cattle-raising and agriculture. For example, tropical forests covered almost half of the state of Tabasco in 1940 but less than 10% by the late 1980s. During the same period, pastureland increased from 20 to 60% of the state's total area.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Analysts reported similar conditions in other tropical sections of Mexico. <a href="/wiki/Deforestation" title="Deforestation">Deforestation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Desertification" title="Desertification">desertification</a> has contributed to serious levels of soil erosion nationwide. In 1985 the government classified almost 17% of all land as totally eroded, 31% in an accelerated state of erosion, and 38% demonstrating signs of incipient erosion.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mexico has developed a <a href="/wiki/Biodiversity_Action_Plan" class="mw-redirect" title="Biodiversity Action Plan">Biodiversity Action Plan</a> to address issues of <a href="/wiki/Endangered_species" title="Endangered species">endangered species</a> and <a href="/wiki/Habitat_(ecology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Habitat (ecology)">habitats</a> that merit protection.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:SierraGordaQueretaro.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/SierraGordaQueretaro.JPG/220px-SierraGordaQueretaro.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/SierraGordaQueretaro.JPG/330px-SierraGordaQueretaro.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/SierraGordaQueretaro.JPG/440px-SierraGordaQueretaro.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Sierra_Gorda" title="Sierra Gorda">Sierra Gorda</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Soil destruction is particularly pronounced in the north and northwest, with more than 60% of land considered in a total or accelerated state of erosion. Fragile because of its semiarid and arid character, the soil of the region has become increasingly damaged through excessive cattle-raising and irrigation with waters containing high levels of salinity. The result is a mounting problem of desertification throughout the region.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_18-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Mexico's vast coastline faces a different, but no less difficult, series of environmental problems. For example, inadequately regulated petroleum exploitation in the <a href="/wiki/Coatzacoalcos" title="Coatzacoalcos">Coatzacoalcos</a>-<a href="/wiki/Minatitl%C3%A1n,_Veracruz" title="Minatitlán, Veracruz">Minatitlán</a> zone in the Gulf of Mexico has caused serious damage to the waters and fisheries of <a href="/wiki/R%C3%ADo_Coatzacoalcos" class="mw-redirect" title="Río Coatzacoalcos">Río Coatzacoalcos</a>. The deadly <a href="/wiki/1992_Guadalajara_explosions" title="1992 Guadalajara explosions">explosion that racked a working-class neighborhood</a> in Guadalajara in April 1992 serves as an appropriate symbol of environmental damage in Mexico. More than 1,000 barrels (160 m<sup>3</sup>) of gasoline seeped from a corroded Mexican Petroleum (Petróleos Mexicanos—Pemex) pipeline into the municipal sewer system, where it combined with gases and industrial residuals to produce a massive explosion that killed 190 persons and injured nearly 1,500 others.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> <a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Mexico" title="Tourism in Mexico">Mexico's tourism industry</a> impacts the environment but this can be reduced.<sup id="cite_ref-Rosario-et-al-2017_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rosario-et-al-2017-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Carmona-Morena et al. 2004 & Sánchez-Medina et al. 2015 find the country's environmental enforcement in the tourism sector varies between little and nonexistent.<sup id="cite_ref-Rosario-et-al-2017_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rosario-et-al-2017-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sánchez-Medina finds some change toward environmentally benign practices still occurs but is voluntary and has motives other than financial reward or fear of enforcement.<sup id="cite_ref-Rosario-et-al-2017_20-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rosario-et-al-2017-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They also find that such progress is slowed by the lack of financial wherewithal these tourism enterprises have.<sup id="cite_ref-Rosario-et-al-2017_20-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rosario-et-al-2017-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:03_Tour_Ca%C3%B1on_(122).JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/03_Tour_Ca%C3%B1on_%28122%29.JPG/220px-03_Tour_Ca%C3%B1on_%28122%29.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/03_Tour_Ca%C3%B1on_%28122%29.JPG/330px-03_Tour_Ca%C3%B1on_%28122%29.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/03_Tour_Ca%C3%B1on_%28122%29.JPG/440px-03_Tour_Ca%C3%B1on_%28122%29.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1632" data-file-height="1224" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Ca%C3%B1%C3%B3n_del_Sumidero" class="mw-redirect" title="Cañón del Sumidero">Cañón del Sumidero</a></figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Air_pollution_in_Mexico_City" title="Air pollution in Mexico City">Mexico City confronts authorities</a> with perhaps their most daunting environmental challenge. Geography and extreme population levels have combined to produce one of the world's most polluted urban areas. Mexico City sits in a valley surrounded on three sides by mountains, which <a href="/wiki/Valley_of_Mexico#Air_pollution" title="Valley of Mexico">serve to trap contaminants</a> produced by the metropolitan area's 15 million residents. One government study in the late 1980s determined that nearly 5 million tons of contaminants were emitted annually in the <a href="/wiki/Atmosphere" title="Atmosphere">atmosphere</a>, a tenfold increase over the previous decade. Carbons and hydrocarbons from the region's more than 3 million vehicles account for approximately 80% of these contaminants, with another 15%, primarily of <a href="/wiki/Sulfur" title="Sulfur">sulfur</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nitrogen" title="Nitrogen">nitrogen</a>, coming from industrial plants. The resulting dangerous mix is responsible for a wide range of respiratory illnesses. One study of twelve urban areas worldwide in the mid-1980s concluded that the residents of Mexico City had the highest levels of <a href="/wiki/Lead" title="Lead">lead</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cadmium" title="Cadmium">cadmium</a> in their blood. The volume of <a href="/wiki/Pollutants" class="mw-redirect" title="Pollutants">pollutants</a> from Mexico City has damaged the surrounding <a href="/wiki/Ecosystem" title="Ecosystem">ecosystem</a> as well. For example, wastewater from Mexico City that flows north and is used for irrigation in the state of <a href="/wiki/Hidalgo_(state)" title="Hidalgo (state)">Hidalgo</a> has been linked to congenital birth defects and high levels of gastrointestinal diseases in that state. </p> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pantanos_de_Centla_2.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Pantanos_de_Centla_2.JPG/250px-Pantanos_de_Centla_2.JPG" decoding="async" width="250" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Pantanos_de_Centla_2.JPG/375px-Pantanos_de_Centla_2.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Pantanos_de_Centla_2.JPG/500px-Pantanos_de_Centla_2.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Usumacinta_River" title="Usumacinta River">Usumacinta River</a>, in "Tres Brazos" the Usumacinta joins to San Pedrito river and <a href="/wiki/Grijalva_river" class="mw-redirect" title="Grijalva river">Grijalva river</a>, in the Wetlands of <a href="/wiki/Centla" class="mw-redirect" title="Centla">Centla</a>, biosphere reserve, in <a href="/wiki/Tabasco" title="Tabasco">Tabasco</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Beginning in the mid-1980s, the government enacted numerous antipollution policies in Mexico City with varied degrees of success. Measures such as vehicle emissions inspections, the introduction of unleaded gasoline, and the installation of catalytic converters on new vehicles helped reduce pollution generated by trucks and buses. In contrast, one of the government's most prominent actions, the No Driving Day program, may have inadvertently contributed to higher pollution levels. Under the program, metropolitan area residents were prohibited from driving their vehicles one day each work week based on the last number of their license plate. However, those with the resources to do so purchased additional automobiles to use on the day their principal vehicle was prohibited from driving, thus adding to the region's vehicle stock. Thermal inversions reached such dangerous levels at various times in the mid-1990s that the government declared pollution emergencies, necessitating sharp temporary cutbacks in vehicle use and industrial production. </p><p>Mexico had a 2018 <a href="/wiki/Forest_Landscape_Integrity_Index" title="Forest Landscape Integrity Index">Forest Landscape Integrity Index</a> mean score of 6.82/10, ranking it 63rd globally out of 172 countries.<sup id="cite_ref-FLII-Supplementary_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FLII-Supplementary-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="General_indicators">General indicators</h2></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Field_near_San_Miguel_de_Allende.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Field_near_San_Miguel_de_Allende.jpg/275px-Field_near_San_Miguel_de_Allende.jpg" decoding="async" width="275" height="197" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Field_near_San_Miguel_de_Allende.jpg/413px-Field_near_San_Miguel_de_Allende.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Field_near_San_Miguel_de_Allende.jpg/550px-Field_near_San_Miguel_de_Allende.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1103" data-file-height="789" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Mexican_Plateau" title="Mexican Plateau">Mexican Plateau</a> (also known as the Mexican Altiplano or Mesa Central)</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Climate:</b> varies from tropical to desert. </p><p><b>Terrain:</b> high, rugged mountains; low coastal plains; high plateaus; desert. </p><p><b>Elevation extremes:</b> </p> <ul><li>lowest point: <a href="/wiki/Laguna_Salada_(Baja_California)" class="mw-redirect" title="Laguna Salada (Baja California)">Laguna Salada</a> -10 m</li> <li>highest point: <a href="/wiki/Pico_de_Orizaba" title="Pico de Orizaba">Pico de Orizaba</a> volcano 5,700 m</li></ul> <p><b>Natural resources:</b> <a href="/wiki/Petroleum" title="Petroleum">petroleum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Silver" title="Silver">silver</a>, <a href="/wiki/Copper" title="Copper">copper</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gold" title="Gold">gold</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lead" title="Lead">lead</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zinc" title="Zinc">zinc</a>, <a href="/wiki/Natural_gas" title="Natural gas">natural gas</a> and <a href="/wiki/Timber" class="mw-redirect" title="Timber">timber</a>. </p><p><b>Land use:</b> </p> <ul><li>arable land: 12.98%</li> <li>permanent crops: 1.36%</li> <li>other: 85.66% (2011)</li></ul> <p><b>Irrigated land:</b> 64,600 km<sup>2</sup> (2009) </p><p><b>Total renewable water resources:</b> 457.2 km<sup>3</sup> </p><p><b>Natural hazards:</b> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_mexico_volcanoes.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Map_mexico_volcanoes.gif/430px-Map_mexico_volcanoes.gif" decoding="async" width="430" height="221" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Map_mexico_volcanoes.gif/645px-Map_mexico_volcanoes.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/ae/Map_mexico_volcanoes.gif 2x" data-file-width="715" data-file-height="368" /></a><figcaption>Major active volcanoes of Mexico. From west to east, volcanoes part of the <a href="/wiki/Trans-Mexican_Volcanic_Belt" title="Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt">Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt</a> are <a href="/wiki/Nevado_de_Colima" class="mw-redirect" title="Nevado de Colima">Nevado de Colima</a>, <a href="/wiki/Par%C3%ADcutin" title="Parícutin">Parícutin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Popocat%C3%A9petl" title="Popocatépetl">Popocatépetl</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Pico_de_Orizaba" title="Pico de Orizaba">Pico de Orizaba</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Tsunami" title="Tsunami">Tsunamis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tropical_cyclone" title="Tropical cyclone">tropical cyclones</a> along the Pacific coast, <a href="/wiki/Volcano" title="Volcano">volcanoes</a> and destructive <a href="/wiki/Earthquake" title="Earthquake">earthquakes</a> in the center and south, and <a href="/wiki/Hurricane" class="mw-redirect" title="Hurricane">hurricanes</a> on the Gulf of Mexico and Caribbean coasts. <br /><i>volcanism:</i> volcanic activity in the central-southern part of the country; the volcanoes in <a href="/wiki/Baja_California" title="Baja California">Baja California</a> are mostly dormant; <a href="/wiki/Colima" title="Colima">Colima</a> (elev. 3,850 m), which erupted in 2010, is Mexico's most active volcano and is responsible for causing periodic evacuations of nearby villagers; it has been deemed a "Decade Volcano" by the International Association of Volcanology and Chemistry of the Earth's Interior, worthy of study due to its explosive history and close proximity to human populations; <a href="/wiki/Popocatepetl" class="mw-redirect" title="Popocatepetl">Popocatepetl</a> (elev. 5,426 m) poses a threat to Mexico City; other historically active volcanoes include Barcena, Ceboruco, El Chichon, Michoacan-Guanajuato, Pico de Orizaba, San Martin, Socorro, and Tacana </p><p><b>Environment – current issues:</b> Natural fresh water resources scarce and polluted in north, inaccessible and poor quality in center and extreme southeast; raw sewage and industrial effluents polluting rivers in urban areas; <a href="/wiki/Deforestation" title="Deforestation">deforestation</a>; widespread <a href="/wiki/Erosion" title="Erosion">erosion</a>; <a href="/wiki/Desertification" title="Desertification">desertification</a>; serious air pollution in the <a href="/wiki/Mexico_City" title="Mexico City">national capital</a> and urban centers along the <a href="/wiki/US-Mexico_border" class="mw-redirect" title="US-Mexico border">US-Mexico border</a>; land subsidence in Valley of Mexico caused by <a href="/wiki/Overdrafting" title="Overdrafting">groundwater depletion</a>. </p><p><b>Environment – international agreements:</b> Party to: <a href="/wiki/Biodiversity" title="Biodiversity">biodiversity</a>, climate change, climate change-<a href="/wiki/Kyoto_Protocol" title="Kyoto Protocol">Kyoto Protocol</a>, desertification, endangered species, hazardous wastes, <a href="/wiki/Law_of_the_sea" title="Law of the sea">law of the sea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marine_dumping" class="mw-redirect" title="Marine dumping">marine dumping</a>, marine life conservation, lzone layer protection, ship pollution, wetlands, whaling. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Terra.png/28px-Terra.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Terra.png/42px-Terra.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Terra.png/56px-Terra.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Geography" title="Portal:Geography">Geography portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="map" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/North_America_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/28px-North_America_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/North_America_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/42px-North_America_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/North_America_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/56px-North_America_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="550" data-file-height="550" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:North_America" title="Portal:North America">North America portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/32px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/48px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/64px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="980" data-file-height="560" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Mexico" title="Portal:Mexico">Mexico portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/4000_meter_peaks_of_Mexico" class="mw-redirect" title="4000 meter peaks of Mexico">4000 meter peaks of Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geology_of_North_America" title="Geology of North America">Geology of North America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Ultras_of_Mexico" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Ultras of Mexico">List of Ultras of Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mountain_peaks_of_Mexico" class="mw-redirect" title="Mountain peaks of Mexico">Mountain peaks of Mexico</a></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Francaviglia, Richard V. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pbs.org/kera/usmexicanwar/prelude/geo_geography_and_climate.html">"Geography and climate"</a>, <i>U.S. Mexican War, 1846–1848.</i> March 14, 2006: PBS / KERA</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.answers.com/topic/Mexico#Dictionary">Mexico</a> <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bartleby.com/am/">The American Heritage Reference Collection</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070224162125/http://www.bartleby.com/am/">Archived</a> 2007-02-24 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></i>, et al.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bartleby.com/69/71/M06671.html">Mexico</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070620130055/http://www.bartleby.com/69/71/M06671.html">Archived</a> 2007-06-20 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bartleby.com/65/">The Columbia Encyclopedia</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070202190101/http://www.bartleby.com/65/">Archived</a> February 2, 2007, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://travel.state.gov/travel/cis_pa_tw/cis/cis_970.html">Mexico Country Specific Information</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101216201229/http://travel.state.gov/travel/cis_pa_tw/cis/cis_970.html">Archived</a> December 16, 2010, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>." <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_State" title="United States Department of State">United States Department of State</a>. Retrieved on March 22, 2012.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Nord-Amèrica, in <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.grec.cat">Gran Enciclopèdia Catalana</a></i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Robert J. McCarthy, Executive Authority, Adaptive Treaty Interpretation, and the International Boundary and Water Commission, U.S.-Mexico, 14-2 U. Denv. Water L. Rev. 197(Spring 2011) (also available for free download at <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://ssrn.com/abstract=1839903">https://ssrn.com/abstract=1839903</a>).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://countrystudies.us/mexico/48.htm">"Mexico - Topography and Drainage"</a>. <i>countrystudies.us</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Mexico_topics" title="Template:Mexico topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Mexico_topics" title="Template talk:Mexico topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Mexico_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Mexico topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Mexico_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a> <a href="/wiki/Index_of_Mexico-related_articles" title="Index of Mexico-related articles">articles</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Mexico" title="History of Mexico">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pre-Columbian_Mexico" title="Pre-Columbian Mexico">Pre-Columbian era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Spain" title="New Spain">Colonial era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican_War_of_Independence" title="Mexican War of Independence">War of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Mexican_Empire" title="First Mexican Empire">First Mexican Empire</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_America_under_Mexican_rule" title="Central America under Mexican rule">Control of Central America</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Executive_Power" class="mw-redirect" title="Supreme Executive Power">Supreme Executive Power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Mexican_Republic" title="First Mexican Republic">First Mexican Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_attempts_to_reconquer_Mexico" title="Spanish attempts to reconquer Mexico">Spanish reconquest attempts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centralist_Republic_of_Mexico" title="Centralist Republic of Mexico">Centralist Republic of Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Texas_Revolution" title="Texas Revolution">Texas Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pastry_War" title="Pastry War">Pastry War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican%E2%80%93American_War" title="Mexican–American War">Mexican–American War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Federal_Republic_of_Mexico" title="Second Federal Republic of Mexico">Second Mexican Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Reforma" title="La Reforma">La Reforma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_French_intervention_in_Mexico" title="Second French intervention in Mexico">Second French intervention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Mexican_Empire" title="Second Mexican Empire">Second Mexican Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Restored_Republic_(Mexico)" class="mw-redirect" title="Restored Republic (Mexico)">Restored Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caste_War_of_Yucat%C3%A1n" title="Caste War of Yucatán">Caste War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yaqui_Wars" title="Yaqui Wars">Yaqui Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porfiriato" title="Porfiriato">Porfiriato</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican_Revolution" title="Mexican Revolution">Mexican Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_involvement_in_the_Mexican_Revolution" title="United States involvement in the Mexican Revolution">Second American intervention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cristero_War" title="Cristero War">Cristero War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maximato" title="Maximato">Maximato</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institutional_Revolutionary_Party" title="Institutional Revolutionary Party">Institutional Revolutionary Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexico_during_World_War_II" title="Mexico during World War II">World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican_miracle" title="Mexican miracle">Mexican miracle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_D%C3%A9cada_Perdida" class="mw-redirect" title="La Década Perdida">Lost Decade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican_peso_crisis" title="Mexican peso crisis">Peso crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chiapas_conflict" title="Chiapas conflict">Chiapas conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican_drug_war" title="Mexican drug war">War on drugs</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Borders_of_Mexico" title="Borders of Mexico">Borders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Mexico" title="List of cities in Mexico">Cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Mexico" title="Climate of Mexico">Climate</a> (<a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Mexico" title="Climate change in Mexico">Climate change</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_earthquakes_in_Mexico" title="List of earthquakes in Mexico">Earthquakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_Mexico" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental issues in Mexico">Environmental issues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_extreme_points_of_Mexico" class="mw-redirect" title="List of extreme points of Mexico">Extreme points</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forests_of_Mexico" title="Forests of Mexico">Forests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Mexico" title="List of islands of Mexico">Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lakes_of_Mexico" title="List of lakes of Mexico">Lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_areas_of_Mexico" title="Metropolitan areas of Mexico">Metropolitan areas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mountain_peaks_of_Mexico" title="List of mountain peaks of Mexico">Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protected_natural_areas_of_Mexico" title="Protected natural areas of Mexico">Protected natural areas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Mexico" title="List of rivers of Mexico">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_states_of_Mexico" title="List of states of Mexico">States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Municipalities_of_Mexico" title="Municipalities of Mexico">Municipalities</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Territories_of_Mexico" title="Territories of Mexico">Territories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Territorial_evolution_of_Mexico" title="Territorial evolution of Mexico">Territorial evolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time_in_Mexico" title="Time in Mexico">Time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexico_tropical_cyclone_rainfall_climatology" title="Mexico tropical cyclone rainfall climatology">Tropical cyclone rainfall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_volcanoes_in_Mexico" title="List of volcanoes in Mexico">Volcanos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_resources_in_Mexico" class="mw-redirect" title="Water resources in Mexico">Water resources</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_of_Mexico" title="Wildlife of Mexico">Wildlife</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Mexico" title="Politics of Mexico">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_Mexico" title="Administrative divisions of Mexico">Administrative divisions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congress_of_the_Union" title="Congress of the Union">Congress</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Senate_of_the_Republic_(Mexico)" title="Senate of the Republic (Mexico)">Senate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chamber_of_Deputies_(Mexico)" title="Chamber of Deputies (Mexico)">Chamber of Deputies</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Mexico" title="Constitution of Mexico">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Mexico" title="Elections in Mexico">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_government_of_Mexico" title="Federal government of Mexico">Federal government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Mexico" title="Foreign relations of Mexico">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican_Armed_Forces" title="Mexican Armed Forces">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Mexico" title="List of political parties in Mexico">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Mexico" title="President of Mexico">President</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_Mexico" title="Cabinet of Mexico">Cabinet</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Mexican_state_legislatures" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Mexican state legislatures">State legislatures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Justice_of_the_Nation" title="Supreme Court of Justice of the Nation">Supreme Court</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Law_of_Mexico" title="Law of Mexico">Law</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Mexico" title="Abortion in Mexico">Abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Age_of_consent_in_Mexico" title="Age of consent in Mexico">Age of consent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Mexico" title="Human rights in Mexico">Human rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intersex_rights_in_Mexico" title="Intersex rights in Mexico">Intersex rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Mexico" title="Law enforcement in Mexico">Law enforcement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Mexico" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Mexico">LGBT rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Same-sex_marriage_in_Mexico" title="Same-sex marriage in Mexico">Same-sex marriage</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Mexico" title="Economy of Mexico">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Mexico" title="Agriculture in Mexico">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_Mexico" title="Automotive industry in Mexico">Automotive industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bank_of_Mexico" title="Bank of Mexico">Central bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_companies_of_Mexico" title="List of companies of Mexico">Companies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Mexico" title="Economic history of Mexico">Economic history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Mexico" title="Energy in Mexico">Energy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Mexico" title="Renewable energy in Mexico">Renewable energy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolsa_Institucional_de_Valores" title="Bolsa Institucional de Valores">Institutional stock exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irrigation_in_Mexico" title="Irrigation in Mexico">Irrigation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican_labor_law" title="Mexican labor law">Labor law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_reform_in_Mexico" title="Land reform in Mexico">Land reform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manufacturing_in_Mexico" title="Manufacturing in Mexico">Manufacturing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican_Stock_Exchange" title="Mexican Stock Exchange">National stock exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_Free_Trade_Agreement" title="North American Free Trade Agreement">North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oil_reserves_in_Mexico" title="Oil reserves in Mexico">Oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexico_Pension_Plan" class="mw-redirect" title="Mexico Pension Plan">Pension system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican_peso" title="Mexican peso">Peso <span style="font-size:85%;">(currency)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petroleum_industry_in_Mexico" title="Petroleum industry in Mexico">Petroleum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_science_and_technology_in_Mexico" title="History of science and technology in Mexico">Science and technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Mexican_states_by_GDP" title="List of Mexican states by GDP">States by GDP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Mexican_states_by_unemployment" title="List of Mexican states by unemployment">States by unemployment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Mexico" class="mw-redirect" title="Telecommunications in Mexico">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Mexico" title="Tourism in Mexico">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transportation_in_Mexico" title="Transportation in Mexico">Transportation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_scarcity_in_Mexico" title="Water scarcity in Mexico">Water scarcity</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_Mexico" title="Category:Society of Mexico">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Mexico" title="Corruption in Mexico">Corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_Mexico" title="Censorship in Mexico">Censorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_Mexico" title="Crime in Mexico">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Mexico" title="Demographics of Mexico">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Mexico" title="Education in Mexico">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Mexican_flags" title="List of Mexican flags">Flags</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_Mexico" title="Healthcare in Mexico">Healthcare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_Mexico" title="Immigration to Mexico">Immigration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Mexican_states_by_life_expectancy" title="List of Mexican states by life expectancy">Life expectancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican_nationality_law" title="Mexican nationality law">Nationality law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexicans" title="Mexicans">People</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_Mexico" title="Indigenous peoples of Mexico">Indigenous peoples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Mexico" title="Women in Mexico">Women</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_Mexico" title="Poverty in Mexico">Poverty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Mexico" title="Public holidays in Mexico">Public holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Mexican_states_by_Human_Development_Index" title="List of Mexican states by Human Development Index">States by HDI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smoking_in_Mexico" title="Smoking in Mexico"> Smoking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_Mexico" title="Water supply and sanitation in Mexico">Water supply and sanitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oportunidades" title="Oportunidades">Welfare</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Mexico" title="Culture of Mexico">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Mexico" title="Architecture of Mexico">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican_art" title="Mexican art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Mexico" title="Cinema of Mexico">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican_cuisine" title="Mexican cuisine">Cuisine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mexican_wine" title="Mexican wine">Wine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folktales_of_Mexico" title="Folktales of Mexico">Folklore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican_handcrafts_and_folk_art" title="Mexican handcrafts and folk art">Handcrafts and folk art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Mexico" title="Languages of Mexico">Languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican_literature" title="Mexican literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Monuments_of_Mexico" title="National Monuments of Mexico">Monuments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Mexico" title="Music of Mexico">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_symbols_of_Mexico" title="National symbols of Mexico">National symbols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_in_Mexico" title="Radio in Mexico">Radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Mexico" title="Religion in Mexico">Religion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Our_Lady_of_Guadalupe" title="Our Lady of Guadalupe">Our Lady of Guadalupe</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Mexico" title="Sport in Mexico">Sports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_in_Mexico" title="Television in Mexico">Television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Mexico" title="List of World Heritage Sites in Mexico">World Heritage Sites</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div><div style="margin-bottom:-0.4em;"><ul><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Mexico" title="Outline of Mexico">Outline</a></span></li><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Mexico-related_articles" title="Index of Mexico-related articles">Index</a></span></li></ul></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Mexico" title="Category:Mexico">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Mexico" title="Portal:Mexico">Portal</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Geography_of_North_America" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Geography_of_North_America" title="Template:Geography of North America"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Geography_of_North_America" title="Template talk:Geography of North America"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Geography_of_North_America" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Geography of North America"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Geography_of_North_America" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_North_America" title="Geography of North America">Geography of North America </a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sovereign states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Antigua_and_Barbuda" title="Geography of Antigua and Barbuda">Antigua and Barbuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_the_Bahamas" title="Geography of the Bahamas">Bahamas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Barbados" title="Geography of Barbados">Barbados</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Belize" title="Geography of Belize">Belize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Canada" title="Geography of Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Costa_Rica" title="Geography of Costa Rica">Costa Rica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Cuba" title="Geography of Cuba">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Dominica" title="Geography of Dominica">Dominica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_the_Dominican_Republic" title="Geography of the Dominican Republic">Dominican Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_El_Salvador" title="Geography of El Salvador">El Salvador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Grenada" title="Geography of Grenada">Grenada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Guatemala" title="Geography of Guatemala">Guatemala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Haiti" title="Geography of Haiti">Haiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Honduras" title="Geography of Honduras">Honduras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Jamaica" title="Geography of Jamaica">Jamaica</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Nicaragua" title="Geography of Nicaragua">Nicaragua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Panama" title="Geography of Panama">Panama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis" title="Geography of Saint Kitts and Nevis">Saint Kitts and Nevis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Saint_Lucia" title="Geography of Saint Lucia">Saint Lucia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines" title="Geography of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines">Saint Vincent and the Grenadines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="Geography of Trinidad and Tobago">Trinidad and Tobago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_the_United_States" title="Geography of the United States">United States</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="2" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Location_North_America.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Location_North_America.svg/100px-Location_North_America.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Location_North_America.svg/150px-Location_North_America.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Location_North_America.svg/200px-Location_North_America.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="550" data-file-height="550" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Dependencies and<br />other territories</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Anguilla" title="Geography of Anguilla">Anguilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Aruba" title="Geography of Aruba">Aruba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Bermuda" title="Geography of Bermuda">Bermuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Bonaire" class="mw-redirect" title="Geography of Bonaire">Bonaire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_the_British_Virgin_Islands" title="Geography of the British Virgin Islands">British Virgin Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_the_Cayman_Islands" title="Geography of the Cayman Islands">Cayman Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Cura%C3%A7ao" title="Geography of Curaçao">Curaçao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Greenland" title="Geography of Greenland">Greenland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Guadeloupe" title="Geography of Guadeloupe">Guadeloupe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Martinique" title="Geography of Martinique">Martinique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Montserrat" title="Geography of Montserrat">Montserrat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Puerto_Rico" title="Geography of Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Saint_Barth%C3%A9lemy" class="mw-redirect" title="Geography of Saint Barthélemy">Saint Barthélemy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_the_Collectivity_of_Saint_Martin" class="mw-redirect" title="Geography of the Collectivity of Saint Martin">Saint Martin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Saint_Pierre_and_Miquelon" title="Geography of Saint Pierre and Miquelon">Saint Pierre and Miquelon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Saba_(island)" class="mw-redirect" title="Geography of Saba (island)">Saba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Sint_Eustatius" class="mw-redirect" title="Geography of Sint Eustatius">Sint Eustatius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Sint_Maarten" class="mw-redirect" title="Geography of Sint Maarten">Sint Maarten</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_the_Turks_and_Caicos_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Geography of the Turks and Caicos Islands">Turks and Caicos Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_the_United_States_Virgin_Islands" title="Geography of the United States Virgin Islands">United States Virgin Islands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Geography_of_the_Americas" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Americas_topic" title="Template:Americas topic"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Americas_topic" title="Template talk:Americas topic"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Americas_topic" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Americas topic"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Geography_of_the_Americas" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Geography of the Americas</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states_in_the_Americas" class="mw-redirect" title="List of sovereign states in the Americas">Sovereign<br />states</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Antigua_and_Barbuda" title="Geography of Antigua and Barbuda">Antigua and Barbuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Argentina" title="Geography of Argentina">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_the_Bahamas" title="Geography of the Bahamas">Bahamas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Barbados" title="Geography of Barbados">Barbados</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Belize" title="Geography of Belize">Belize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Bolivia" title="Geography of Bolivia">Bolivia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Brazil" title="Geography of Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Canada" title="Geography of Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Chile" title="Geography of Chile">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Colombia" title="Geography of Colombia">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Costa_Rica" title="Geography of Costa Rica">Costa Rica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Cuba" title="Geography of Cuba">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Dominica" title="Geography of Dominica">Dominica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_the_Dominican_Republic" title="Geography of the Dominican Republic">Dominican Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Ecuador" title="Geography of Ecuador">Ecuador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_El_Salvador" title="Geography of El Salvador">El Salvador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Grenada" title="Geography of Grenada">Grenada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Guatemala" title="Geography of Guatemala">Guatemala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Guyana" title="Geography of Guyana">Guyana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Haiti" title="Geography of Haiti">Haiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Honduras" title="Geography of Honduras">Honduras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Jamaica" title="Geography of Jamaica">Jamaica</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Nicaragua" title="Geography of Nicaragua">Nicaragua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Panama" title="Geography of Panama">Panama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Paraguay" title="Geography of Paraguay">Paraguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Peru" title="Geography of Peru">Peru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis" title="Geography of Saint Kitts and Nevis">Saint Kitts and Nevis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Saint_Lucia" title="Geography of Saint Lucia">Saint Lucia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines" title="Geography of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines">Saint Vincent and the Grenadines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Suriname" title="Geography of Suriname">Suriname</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="Geography of Trinidad and Tobago">Trinidad and Tobago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_the_United_States" title="Geography of the United States">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Uruguay" title="Geography of Uruguay">Uruguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Venezuela" title="Geography of Venezuela">Venezuela</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="2" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Americas" title="Americas"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Americas_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/100px-Americas_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Americas_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/150px-Americas_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Americas_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/200px-Americas_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="550" data-file-height="550" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dependent_territory" title="Dependent territory">Dependencies</a><br />and <a href="/wiki/Territory" title="Territory">territories</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Anguilla" title="Geography of Anguilla">Anguilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Aruba" title="Geography of Aruba">Aruba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Bermuda" title="Geography of Bermuda">Bermuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Bonaire" class="mw-redirect" title="Geography of Bonaire">Bonaire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_the_British_Virgin_Islands" title="Geography of the British Virgin Islands">British Virgin Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_the_Cayman_Islands" title="Geography of the Cayman Islands">Cayman Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Cura%C3%A7ao" title="Geography of Curaçao">Curaçao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_the_Falkland_Islands" title="Geography of the Falkland Islands">Falkland Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_French_Guiana" title="Geography of French Guiana">French Guiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Greenland" title="Geography of Greenland">Greenland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Guadeloupe" title="Geography of Guadeloupe">Guadeloupe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Martinique" title="Geography of Martinique">Martinique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Montserrat" title="Geography of Montserrat">Montserrat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Puerto_Rico" title="Geography of Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Saba_(island)" class="mw-redirect" title="Geography of Saba (island)">Saba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Saint_Barth%C3%A9lemy" class="mw-redirect" title="Geography of Saint Barthélemy">Saint Barthélemy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_the_Collectivity_of_Saint_Martin" class="mw-redirect" title="Geography of the Collectivity of Saint Martin">Saint Martin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Saint_Pierre_and_Miquelon" title="Geography of Saint Pierre and Miquelon">Saint Pierre and Miquelon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Sint_Eustatius" class="mw-redirect" title="Geography of Sint Eustatius">Sint Eustatius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Sint_Maarten" class="mw-redirect" title="Geography of Sint Maarten">Sint Maarten</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_South_Georgia_and_the_South_Sandwich_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Geography of South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands">South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_the_Turks_and_Caicos_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Geography of the Turks and Caicos Islands">Turks and Caicos Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_the_United_States_Virgin_Islands" title="Geography of the United States Virgin Islands">U.S. Virgin Islands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_North_America" title="Geography of North America">North America</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Central_America" class="mw-redirect" title="Geography of Central America">Central America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_the_Caribbean" class="mw-redirect" title="Geography of the Caribbean">Caribbean</a></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_South_America" title="Geography of South America">South America</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Geography_of_Mexico&oldid=1251677847">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Geography_of_Mexico&oldid=1251677847</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Category</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Geography_of_Mexico" title="Category:Geography of Mexico">Geography of Mexico</a></li></ul></div><div 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