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<span>Flight</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Flight-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Flight subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Flight-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-The_expedition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_expedition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>The expedition</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_expedition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Castaño_arrest_at_Santo_Domingo_Pueblo" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Castaño_arrest_at_Santo_Domingo_Pueblo"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Castaño arrest at Santo Domingo Pueblo</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Castaño_arrest_at_Santo_Domingo_Pueblo-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Castaño's_trial_and_sentencing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Castaño's_trial_and_sentencing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Castaño's trial and sentencing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Castaño's_trial_and_sentencing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div 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href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaspar_Casta%C3%B1o_de_Sosa" title="Gaspar Castaño de Sosa – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Gaspar Castaño de Sosa" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaspar_Casta%C3%B1o_de_Sosa" title="Gaspar Castaño de Sosa – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Gaspar Castaño de Sosa" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaspar_Castanho_de_Sousa" title="Gaspar Castanho de Sousa – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Gaspar Castanho de Sousa" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" 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<div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Portuguese colonial settler (c. 1550–c. 1595)</div> <p><b>Gaspar Castaño de Sosa </b> (ca. 1550, Portugal – ca. 1595, Molucca) was a <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Portugal" title="Kingdom of Portugal">Portuguese</a> settler, colonist, explorer, and reputed <a href="/wiki/Slavery" title="Slavery">slaver</a> who was among the founders of the towns of <a href="/wiki/Saltillo" title="Saltillo">Saltillo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Monclova" title="Monclova">Monclova</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Coahuila" title="Coahuila">Coahuila</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He led an expedition, deemed illegal by Spanish authorities, and attempted unsuccessfully to establish a colony in <a href="/wiki/New_Mexico" title="New Mexico">New Mexico</a> in 1590 and 1591.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life">Early life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gaspar_Casta%C3%B1o_de_Sosa&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Castaño de Sosa was born around 1550 in <a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a>. He is believed by many authorities to have been a <i><a href="/wiki/Converso" title="Converso">converso</a></i> or <a href="/wiki/Crypto-Judaism" title="Crypto-Judaism">"Crypto-Jew"</a> – an ostensible Christian who continued to practice <a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Judaism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Castaño appears in the history of northern <a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a> about 1579 when along with <a href="/wiki/Luis_de_Carabajal_y_Cueva" class="mw-redirect" title="Luis de Carabajal y Cueva">Luis de Carabajal y Cueva</a> he was one of the early settlers in what became the Mexican state of <a href="/wiki/Nuevo_Le%C3%B3n" title="Nuevo León">Nuevo León</a>. Carbajal was governor of the province and Castaño became lieutenant governor. The two men and their group of more than sixty soldiers appear to have supported their colony by enslaving <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous peoples of the Americas">Native Americans</a>. They raided north along the <a href="/wiki/Rio_Grande" title="Rio Grande">Rio Grande</a>, capturing hundreds of Native Americans they sold into slavery.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Flight">Flight</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gaspar_Casta%C3%B1o_de_Sosa&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Flight"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1589, Carbajal was arrested for "<a href="/wiki/Judaizing" class="mw-redirect" title="Judaizing">Judaizing</a>" by the Viceroy of <a href="/wiki/New_Spain" title="New Spain">New Spain</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Castaño, fearing he would also be arrested, left the colony of <a href="/wiki/Nuevo_Le%C3%B3n" title="Nuevo León">Nuevo León</a> and intended to settle in <a href="/wiki/New_Mexico" title="New Mexico">New Mexico</a>, which would also put additional distance between himself and the authorities in Mexico.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Unable to obtain official permission for the expedition, he departed without permission from Almaden (now <a href="/wiki/Monclova" title="Monclova">Monclova</a>, <a href="/wiki/Coahuila" title="Coahuila">Coahuila</a>) on July 27, 1590.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thus, his journey had characteristics of both a flight from prosecution and an exploration. Accompanying Castaño were the 170 Spanish inhabitants of the town, presumably including most or all of the converso settlers. The prospective settlers took with them a large number of livestock and carried their possessions in a slow-moving wagon train. Unlike most expeditions, no <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic</a> priests accompanied Castaño.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_expedition">The expedition</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gaspar_Casta%C3%B1o_de_Sosa&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: The expedition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Castaño and his group traveled north from Almaden, crossing the <a href="/wiki/Rio_Grande" title="Rio Grande">Rio Grande</a> near present-day <a href="/wiki/Del_Rio,_Texas" title="Del Rio, Texas">Del Rio, Texas</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ciudad_Acu%C3%B1a" title="Ciudad Acuña">Ciudad Acuña</a>. At the <a href="/wiki/Pecos_River" title="Pecos River">Pecos River</a>, near what is now <a href="/wiki/Sheffield,_Texas" title="Sheffield, Texas">Sheffield, Texas</a>, he chose to follow the river northward. This is the first known Spanish expedition to find its way to the Pecos via this route. Through the Pecos River valley the Spanish encountered <a href="/wiki/Jumano_Indians" class="mw-redirect" title="Jumano Indians">Jumano</a> Indian settlements that had been recently abandoned. It is postulated that these communities had anticipated Castaño's arrival and fled. The few Jumanos they met were hostile, and Castano's men had several skirmishes with them.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p> The expedition followed the Pecos River about 400 miles (640 km) northward to <a href="/wiki/Pecos_National_Historical_Park" title="Pecos National Historical Park">Pecos Pueblo</a>. </p><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pecosmap.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Pecosmap.png/220px-Pecosmap.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="226" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Pecosmap.png/330px-Pecosmap.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Pecosmap.png/440px-Pecosmap.png 2x" data-file-width="864" data-file-height="888" /></a><figcaption>Pecos River watershed</figcaption></figure><p> Pecos Pueblo is estimated to have had at the time a population of about 2,000 people. Castaño sent an advance party ahead to the Pueblo and soon they encountered trouble. As Castaño's men recounted the story, the Indians greeted them in a friendly manner, escorted them into town, and then attacked them. Three Spaniards were wounded in the exchange and much of the forward party's equipment and firearms were captured.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In retaliation, Castaño led 40 men and two cannon to Pecos. The inhabitants of Pecos continued to be intransigent, so Castaño shelled the town, killing several and forcing most of the remaining inhabitants to flee. Castano then collected supplies from the Pueblo and proceeded westward toward the Rio Grande.<sup id="cite_ref-Flint_and_Flint_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Flint_and_Flint-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the bitter cold January 1591, Castaño and his men prospected the area unsuccessfully for deposits of precious minerals. They encountered several Pueblo communities in the <a href="/wiki/Galisteo_Basin" title="Galisteo Basin">Galisteo Basin</a> (near present-day <a href="/wiki/Santa_Fe,_New_Mexico" title="Santa Fe, New Mexico">Santa Fe</a>). According to Castaño, they formally took possession of these pueblos by erecting crosses and reading the <i><a href="/wiki/Requerimiento" class="mw-redirect" title="Requerimiento">requerimiento</a></i> to the inhabitants.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Members of the expedition then visited various towns up and down the Rio Grande river valley and explored the nearby mountains for silver. The pueblos had been visited by two expeditions during the preceding decade, <a href="/wiki/Chamuscado_and_Rodriguez_Expedition" class="mw-redirect" title="Chamuscado and Rodriguez Expedition">Chamuscado and Rodriguez</a> and <a href="/wiki/Antonio_de_Espejo" title="Antonio de Espejo">Antonio de Espejo</a>, so they were familiar with Spaniards. Castaño's expedition was much larger than the previous two, however, and probably more threatening. </p><p>Castaño is considered the first to attribute the name "Rio Grande" to the river running through the river valley of the <a href="/wiki/Pueblo_Indians" class="mw-redirect" title="Pueblo Indians">Pueblo Indians</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Flint_and_Flint_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Flint_and_Flint-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The harsh winter of 1590 to 1591 led to a revolt against Castaño. A group of men sought to return to Mexico and another group threatened his life. The rigors of the journey and the cold winter discouraged many of the aspiring colonists and fortune seekers.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Along this retreat, two of Castaño's captured Keresan interpreters, Tomas and Cristobal, were abandoned at Santo Domingo pueblo; they were later re-encountered by <a href="/wiki/Juan_de_O%C3%B1ate" title="Juan de Oñate">Juan de Oñate</a>'s official expedition in the summer of 1598. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Castaño_arrest_at_Santo_Domingo_Pueblo"><span id="Casta.C3.B1o_arrest_at_Santo_Domingo_Pueblo"></span>Castaño arrest at Santo Domingo Pueblo</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gaspar_Casta%C3%B1o_de_Sosa&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Castaño arrest at Santo Domingo Pueblo"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Viceroy" title="Viceroy">Viceroy</a> in Mexico City ordered Captain Juan Morlette to gather 40 soldiers and a priest and go in pursuit of Castaño to arrest him, by force if necessary. Morlette was also instructed to effect the release of any Native American slaves he encountered.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The details of Morlette's expedition to New Mexico are mostly unknown. Rather than taking the Pecos River route followed by Castaño, Morlette apparently followed the previous route of Chamuscado/Rodriguez and Espejo down the <a href="/wiki/Conchos_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Conchos River">Conchos River</a> to its junction with the Rio Grande at La Junta and then up the Rio Grande to the Pueblo Indian villages. In late March 1591, Morlete arrived at <a href="/wiki/Santo_Domingo_Pueblo" class="mw-redirect" title="Santo Domingo Pueblo">Santo Domingo Pueblo</a>. He arrested Castaño, who submitted to the arrest without incident. Although Morlete shackled Castaño, he apparently treated him with respect and, after 40 days in which Morlete explored the Pueblo region for himself, he escorted Castaño and his followers back to Mexico.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Castaño's_trial_and_sentencing"><span id="Casta.C3.B1o.27s_trial_and_sentencing"></span>Castaño's trial and sentencing</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gaspar_Casta%C3%B1o_de_Sosa&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Castaño's trial and sentencing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On March 5, 1593, Castaño de Sosa was convicted of invasion of lands inhabited by peaceful Natives, raising troops, and entry into the province of New Mexico. He was sentenced to six years of exile in the <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a> and performing such duties as might be required by the Governor there under penalty of death if he defaulted from his service. Castaño's sentence was appealed to the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_the_Indies" title="Council of the Indies">Council of the Indies</a> and eventually reversed.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The order of the reversal arrived too late for him, however, as he had been killed in the <a href="/wiki/Molucca_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Molucca Islands">Molucca Islands</a> when Chinese slaves aboard his ship mutinied.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gaspar_Casta%C3%B1o_de_Sosa&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-:0-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFGojman_Goldberg1988" class="citation book cs1">Gojman Goldberg, Alicia (1988). <i>Los conversos en la Nueva España</i>. Mexico City, Mexico: Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/968-837-397-4" title="Special:BookSources/968-837-397-4"><bdi>968-837-397-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Los+conversos+en+la+Nueva+Espa%C3%B1a&rft.place=Mexico+City%2C+Mexico&rft.pub=Universidad+Nacional+Aut%C3%B3noma+de+M%C3%A9xico&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=968-837-397-4&rft.aulast=Gojman+Goldberg&rft.aufirst=Alicia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGaspar+Casta%C3%B1o+de+Sosa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_2-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCavazos_Garza1995" class="citation book cs1">Cavazos Garza, Israel (1995). <i>Breve Historia de Nuevo León</i>. Colegio de México. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789681645410" title="Special:BookSources/9789681645410"><bdi>9789681645410</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Breve+Historia+de+Nuevo+Le%C3%B3n&rft.pub=Colegio+de+M%C3%A9xico&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=9789681645410&rft.aulast=Cavazos+Garza&rft.aufirst=Israel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGaspar+Casta%C3%B1o+de+Sosa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hordes, Stanley M., <i>To the End of the Earth: A History of the Crypto-Jews of New Mexico</i>. New York: Columbia University Press, 2005</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hammond, George P. and Rey, Apapito, <i>The Rediscovery of New Mexico, 1580–1594</i>, Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 1966, 297</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Flint, Richard and Flint, Shirley Cushing, "Castano de Sosa, Gaspar" <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120309230254/http://www.newmexicohistory.org/filedetails_docs.php?fileID=463">"New Mexico Office of the State Historian : Castaņo de Sosa, Gaspar"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newmexicohistory.org/filedetails_docs.php?fileID=463">the original</a> on 2012-03-09<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-01-26</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=New+Mexico+Office+of+the+State+Historian+%3A+Casta%C5%86o+de+Sosa%2C+Gaspar&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newmexicohistory.org%2Ffiledetails_docs.php%3FfileID%3D463&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGaspar+Casta%C3%B1o+de+Sosa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAdlerKohut" class="citation web cs1">Adler, Cyrus; Kohut, George Alexander. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/4015-carabajal">"Carbajal"</a>. <i>Jewish Encyclopedia</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Jewish+Encyclopedia&rft.atitle=Carbajal&rft.aulast=Adler&rft.aufirst=Cyrus&rft.au=Kohut%2C+George+Alexander&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jewishencyclopedia.com%2Farticles%2F4015-carabajal&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGaspar+Casta%C3%B1o+de+Sosa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hammond and Rey, 28–30, 245</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hammond and Rey, 258–259</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hammond and Rey, 267</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Flint_and_Flint-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Flint_and_Flint_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Flint_and_Flint_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Flint and Flint</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hammond and Rey, 283–285</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hammond and Rey, 288–291</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hammond and Rey, 298–301</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hammond and Rey, 45, 294, 308</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hammond and Rey, 48</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gaspar_Casta%C3%B1o_de_Sosa&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChipman" class="citation web cs1">Chipman, Donald E. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/fca87">"Castaño de Sosa, Gaspar"</a>. <i>TSHA Handbook of Texas Online</i>. Texas State Historical Association.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=TSHA+Handbook+of+Texas+Online&rft.atitle=Casta%C3%B1o+de+Sosa%2C+Gaspar&rft.aulast=Chipman&rft.aufirst=Donald+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftshaonline.org%2Fhandbook%2Fonline%2Farticles%2Ffca87&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGaspar+Casta%C3%B1o+de+Sosa" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSamuel2010" class="citation book cs1">Samuel, Temkin (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.redalyc.org/pdf/384/38421211014.pdf"><i>Gaspar Castaño de Sosa: El Primer Fundador de Monterrey</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a href="/wiki/Tecnol%C3%B3gico_de_Monterrey" class="mw-redirect" title="Tecnológico de Monterrey">Tecnológico de Monterrey</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240305080344/https://www.redalyc.org/pdf/384/38421211014.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on March 5, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gaspar+Casta%C3%B1o+de+Sosa%3A+El+Primer+Fundador+de+Monterrey&rft.pub=Tecnol%C3%B3gico+de+Monterrey&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Samuel&rft.aufirst=Temkin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.redalyc.org%2Fpdf%2F384%2F38421211014.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGaspar+Casta%C3%B1o+de+Sosa" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output 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ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Portuguese_explorers" title="Template:Portuguese explorers"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Portuguese_explorers" title="Template talk:Portuguese explorers"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Portuguese_explorers" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Portuguese explorers"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Portuguese_explorers" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Portuguese explorers</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Maritime</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="In_service_of_Prince_Henry" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span class="wrap">In service of <a href="/wiki/Prince_Henry_the_Navigator" title="Prince Henry the Navigator">Prince Henry</a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afonso_Gon%C3%A7alves_Baldaia" title="Afonso Gonçalves Baldaia">Afonso Gonçalves Baldaia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%81lvaro_Fernandes" title="Álvaro Fernandes">Álvaro Fernandes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alvise_Cadamosto" title="Alvise Cadamosto">Alvise Cadamosto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ant%C3%A3o_Gon%C3%A7alves" title="Antão Gonçalves">Antão Gonçalves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ant%C3%B3nio_de_Noli" title="António de Noli">António de Noli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antoniotto_Usodimare" title="Antoniotto Usodimare">Antoniotto Usodimare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bartolomeu_Perestrelo" class="mw-redirect" title="Bartolomeu Perestrelo">Bartolomeu Perestrelo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dinis_Dias" title="Dinis Dias">Dinis Dias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diogo_Afonso" title="Diogo Afonso">Diogo Afonso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diogo_de_Melo_Coutinho_(15th_century)" title="Diogo de Melo Coutinho (15th century)">Diogo de Melo Coutinho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diogo_de_Silves" title="Diogo de Silves">Diogo de Silves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diogo_de_Teive" title="Diogo de Teive">Diogo de Teive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diogo_Gomes" title="Diogo Gomes">Diogo Gomes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fernando_de_Castro" title="Fernando de Castro">Fernando de Castro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gil_Eanes" title="Gil Eanes">Gil Eanes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gon%C3%A7alo_de_Sintra" title="Gonçalo de Sintra">Gonçalo de Sintra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gon%C3%A7alo_Velho_Cabral" title="Gonçalo Velho Cabral">Gonçalo Velho Cabral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jo%C3%A3o_de_Trasto" title="João de Trasto">João de Trasto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jo%C3%A3o_Fernandes_(explorer)" title="João Fernandes (explorer)">João Fernandes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jo%C3%A3o_Gon%C3%A7alves_Zarco" title="João Gonçalves Zarco">João Gonçalves Zarco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lan%C3%A7arote_de_Freitas" title="Lançarote de Freitas">Lançarote de Freitas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuno_Trist%C3%A3o" title="Nuno Tristão">Nuno Tristão</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedro_de_Sintra" title="Pedro de Sintra">Pedro de Sintra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trist%C3%A3o_Vaz_Teixeira" title="Tristão Vaz Teixeira">Tristão Vaz Teixeira</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afonso_de_Albuquerque" title="Afonso de Albuquerque">Afonso de Albuquerque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%81lvaro_Martins" title="Álvaro Martins">Álvaro Martins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Gon%C3%A7alves_(explorer)" title="André Gonçalves (explorer)">André Gonçalves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ant%C3%B3nio_de_Abreu" title="António de Abreu">António de Abreu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ant%C3%B3nio_de_Faria" title="António de Faria">António de Faria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ant%C3%B3nio_de_Saldanha" title="António de Saldanha">António de Saldanha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ant%C3%B3nio_Galv%C3%A3o" title="António Galvão">António Galvão</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ant%C3%B3nio_Mota" title="António Mota">António Mota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bartolomeu_Dias" title="Bartolomeu Dias">Bartolomeu Dias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crist%C3%B3v%C3%A3o_de_Mendon%C3%A7a" title="Cristóvão de Mendonça">Cristóvão de Mendonça</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crist%C3%B3v%C3%A3o_Jacques" title="Cristóvão Jacques">Cristóvão Jacques</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diogo_C%C3%A3o" title="Diogo Cão">Diogo Cão</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diogo_da_Rocha" title="Diogo da Rocha">Diogo da Rocha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diogo_de_Azambuja" title="Diogo de Azambuja">Diogo de Azambuja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diogo_Dias" title="Diogo Dias">Diogo Dias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diogo_Fernandes_Pereira" title="Diogo Fernandes Pereira">Diogo Fernandes Pereira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diogo_Lopes_de_Sequeira" title="Diogo Lopes de Sequeira">Diogo Lopes de Sequeira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diogo_Rodrigues" title="Diogo Rodrigues">Diogo Rodrigues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diogo_Soares" title="Diogo Soares">Diogo Soares</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duarte_Fernandes" title="Duarte Fernandes">Duarte Fernandes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duarte_Pacheco_Pereira" title="Duarte Pacheco Pereira">Duarte Pacheco Pereira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Est%C3%AAv%C3%A3o_da_Gama_(c._1470)" title="Estêvão da Gama (c. 1470)">Estêvão da Gama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fern%C3%A3o_de_Loronha" title="Fernão de Loronha">Fernão de Loronha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fern%C3%A3o_do_P%C3%B3" title="Fernão do Pó">Fernão do Pó</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fern%C3%A3o_Gomes" title="Fernão Gomes">Fernão Gomes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fern%C3%A3o_Mendes_Pinto" title="Fernão Mendes Pinto">Fernão Mendes Pinto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fern%C3%A3o_Pires_de_Andrade" title="Fernão Pires de Andrade">Fernão Pires de Andrade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Serr%C3%A3o" title="Francisco Serrão">Francisco Serrão</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaspar_Corte-Real" title="Gaspar Corte-Real">Gaspar Corte-Real</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaspar_de_Lemos" title="Gaspar de Lemos">Gaspar de Lemos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gomes_de_Sequeira" title="Gomes de Sequeira">Gomes de Sequeira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gon%C3%A7alo_%C3%81lvares" title="Gonçalo Álvares">Gonçalo Álvares</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gon%C3%A7alo_Coelho" title="Gonçalo Coelho">Gonçalo Coelho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jo%C3%A3o_Afonso_do_Estreito" title="João Afonso do Estreito">João Afonso do Estreito</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jo%C3%A3o_%C3%81lvares_Fagundes" title="João Álvares Fagundes">João Álvares Fagundes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jo%C3%A3o_da_Gama" title="João da Gama">João da Gama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jo%C3%A3o_da_Nova" title="João da Nova">João da Nova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jo%C3%A3o_de_Santar%C3%A9m" title="João de Santarém">João de Santarém</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jo%C3%A3o_Fernandes_Lavrador" title="João Fernandes Lavrador">João Fernandes Lavrador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jo%C3%A3o_Grego" title="João Grego">João Grego</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jo%C3%A3o_Infante" title="João Infante">João Infante</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jo%C3%A3o_Serr%C3%A3o" title="João Serrão">João Serrão</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jo%C3%A3o_Vaz_Corte-Real" title="João Vaz Corte-Real">João Vaz Corte-Real</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jorge_%C3%81lvares" title="Jorge Álvares">Jorge Álvares</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jorge_de_Menezes" title="Jorge de Menezes">Jorge de Menezes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lopes_Gon%C3%A7alves" title="Lopes Gonçalves">Lopes Gonçalves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louren%C3%A7o_de_Almeida" title="Lourenço de Almeida">Lourenço de Almeida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miguel_Corte-Real" title="Miguel Corte-Real">Miguel Corte-Real</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicolau_Coelho" title="Nicolau Coelho">Nicolau Coelho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paulo_da_Gama" title="Paulo da Gama">Paulo da Gama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedro_%C3%81lvares_Cabral" title="Pedro Álvares Cabral">Pedro Álvares Cabral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedro_Mascarenhas" title="Pedro Mascarenhas">Pedro Mascarenhas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pero_Dias" title="Pero Dias">Pero Dias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pero_Escobar" title="Pero Escobar">Pero Escobar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasco_da_Gama" title="Vasco da Gama">Vasco da Gama</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Overland</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afonso_de_Paiva" title="Afonso de Paiva">Afonso de Paiva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexandre_de_Serpa_Pinto" title="Alexandre de Serpa Pinto">Alexandre de Serpa Pinto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_%C3%81lvares_de_Almada" title="André Álvares de Almada">André Álvares de Almada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_%C3%81lvares" title="Francisco Álvares">Francisco Álvares</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Barreto" title="Francisco Barreto">Francisco Barreto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_de_Lacerda" title="Francisco de Lacerda">Francisco de Lacerda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gon%C3%A7alo_da_Silveira" title="Gonçalo da Silveira">Gonçalo da Silveira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermenegildo_Capelo" title="Hermenegildo Capelo">Hermenegildo Capelo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jer%C3%B3nimo_Lobo" title="Jerónimo Lobo">Jerónimo Lobo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Alberto_de_Oliveira_Anchieta" title="José Alberto de Oliveira Anchieta">José Alberto de Oliveira Anchieta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Sapateiro" title="José Sapateiro">José Sapateiro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louren%C3%A7o_Marques_(explorer)" title="Lourenço Marques (explorer)">Lourenço Marques</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paulo_Dias_de_Novais" title="Paulo Dias de Novais">Paulo Dias de Novais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pero_da_Covilh%C3%A3" class="mw-redirect" title="Pero da Covilhã">Pero da Covilhã</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roberto_Ivens" title="Roberto Ivens">Roberto Ivens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sancho_de_Tovar" title="Sancho de Tovar">Sancho de Tovar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silva_Porto_(explorer)" title="Silva Porto (explorer)">Silva Porto</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Americas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alexandre_Rodrigues_Ferreira" title="Alexandre Rodrigues Ferreira">Alexandre Rodrigues Ferreira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ant%C3%B3nio_Raposo_Tavares" title="António Raposo Tavares">António Raposo Tavares</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baltasar_Fernandes" title="Baltasar Fernandes">Baltasar Fernandes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borba_Gato" title="Borba Gato">Borba Gato</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Br%C3%A1s_Cubas" title="Brás Cubas">Brás Cubas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caramuru" title="Caramuru">Diogo Álvares Correia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domingos_Jorge_Velho" title="Domingos Jorge Velho">Domingos Jorge Velho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duarte_Coelho" title="Duarte Coelho">Duarte Coelho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martim_Soares_Moreno" title="Martim Soares Moreno">Martim Soares Moreno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedro_Teixeira" title="Pedro Teixeira">Pedro Teixeira</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ant%C3%B3nio_da_Madalena" title="António da Madalena">António da Madalena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ant%C3%B3nio_de_Andrade" title="António de Andrade">António de Andrade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bento_de_G%C3%B3is" title="Bento de Góis">Bento de Góis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diogo_Veloso" title="Diogo Veloso">Diogo Veloso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domingo_Paes" title="Domingo Paes">Domingo Paes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Est%C3%AAv%C3%A3o_Cacella" title="Estêvão Cacella">Estêvão Cacella</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fern%C3%A3o_Nunes" title="Fernão Nunes">Fernão Nunes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galeote_Pereira" title="Galeote Pereira">Galeote Pereira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jo%C3%A3o_Cabral" title="João Cabral">João Cabral</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span class="wrap">In foreign service</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alberto_del_Canto" title="Alberto del Canto">Alberto del Canto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleixo_Garcia" title="Aleixo Garcia">Aleixo Garcia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_D%C3%ADaz_de_Cardoso" title="Antonio Díaz de Cardoso">Antonio Díaz de Cardoso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Est%C3%AAv%C3%A3o_Gomes" title="Estêvão Gomes">Estêvão Gomes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_Magellan" title="Ferdinand Magellan">Ferdinand Magellan</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Gaspar Castaño de Sosa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Ura" title="George Ura">George Ura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gin%C3%A9s_de_Mafra" title="Ginés de Mafra">Ginés de Mafra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Alfonse" title="Jean Alfonse">Jean Alfonse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_D%C3%ADaz_de_Sol%C3%ADs" title="Juan Díaz de Solís">Juan Díaz de Solís</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Rodr%C3%ADguez_Cabrillo" title="Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo">Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luis_de_Carvajal_y_de_la_Cueva" title="Luis de Carvajal y de la Cueva">Luis de Carvajal y de la Cueva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lu%C3%ADs_Vaz_de_Torres" title="Luís Vaz de Torres">Luís Vaz de Torres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manuel_de_Mederos" title="Manuel de Mederos">Manuel de Mederos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%91u%C3%B1o_Fern%C3%A1ndez_Lobo" title="Ñuño Fernández Lobo">Ñuño Fernández Lobo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedro_Fernandes_de_Queir%C3%B3s" title="Pedro Fernandes de Queirós">Pedro Fernandes de Queirós</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sebasti%C3%A3o_Rodrigues_Soromenho" title="Sebastião Rodrigues Soromenho">Sebastião Rodrigues Soromenho</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_discoveries" class="mw-redirect" title="Portuguese discoveries">Portuguese discoveries</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3449009#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3449009#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3449009#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000033840584">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/55897396">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1811718/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJkMKGm6McpJt8xrhDv8md">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n97048799">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p21242128X">Netherlands</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" 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