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<span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Origins" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Origins"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Origins</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Origins-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Interwar_period" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Interwar_period"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Interwar period</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Interwar_period-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Invasion_of_Poland_and_the_Soviet_occupation_zone" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Invasion_of_Poland_and_the_Soviet_occupation_zone"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Invasion of Poland and the Soviet occupation zone</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Invasion_of_Poland_and_the_Soviet_occupation_zone-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Communist_takeover_of_Poland_in_the_aftermath_of_World_War_II" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Communist_takeover_of_Poland_in_the_aftermath_of_World_War_II"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Communist takeover of Poland in the aftermath of World War II</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Communist_takeover_of_Poland_in_the_aftermath_of_World_War_II-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Stalinist_abuses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Stalinist_abuses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Stalinist abuses</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Stalinist_abuses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1968_expulsions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1968_expulsions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>1968 expulsions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1968_expulsions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Relation_with_other_antisemitic_beliefs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Relation_with_other_antisemitic_beliefs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Relation with other antisemitic beliefs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Relation_with_other_antisemitic_beliefs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Explanatory_notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Explanatory_notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Explanatory notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Explanatory_notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> 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a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Antisemitism" title="Category:Antisemitism">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism" title="Antisemitism">Antisemitism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Yellow_badge" title="Yellow badge"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Yellowbadge_logo.svg/100px-Yellowbadge_logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="115" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Yellowbadge_logo.svg/150px-Yellowbadge_logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Yellowbadge_logo.svg/200px-Yellowbadge_logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="436" data-file-height="503" /></a></span><div class="sidebar-caption"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li>Part of <a href="/wiki/Jewish_history" title="Jewish history">Jewish history</a> and <a href="/wiki/Discrimination" title="Discrimination">discrimination</a></li></ul> </div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_antisemitism" title="History of antisemitism">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_antisemitism" title="Timeline of antisemitism">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_writers_on_antisemitism" title="List of writers on antisemitism">Reference</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base);border-top:none;">Definitions</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Working_definition_of_antisemitism" title="Working definition of antisemitism">IHRA definition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerusalem_Declaration_on_Antisemitism" title="Jerusalem Declaration on Antisemitism">Jerusalem Declaration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nexus_Task_Force" class="mw-redirect" title="Nexus Task Force">Nexus Document</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_Ds_of_antisemitism" title="Three Ds of antisemitism">Three Ds</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base);border-top:none;"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_antisemitism" class="mw-redirect" title="Geography of antisemitism">Geography</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_Argentina" title="Antisemitism in Argentina">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_Australia" title="Antisemitism in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_contemporary_Austria" title="Antisemitism in contemporary Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_Belarus" class="mw-redirect" title="Antisemitism in Belarus">Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_contemporary_Belgium" title="Antisemitism in contemporary Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_Canada" title="Antisemitism in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_China" title="Antisemitism in China">Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_Chile" title="Antisemitism in Chile">Chilean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_Costa_Rica" title="Antisemitism in Costa Rica">Costa Rican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_Europe" title="Antisemitism in Europe">Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_France" title="Antisemitism in France">France</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dreyfus_affair" title="Dreyfus affair">Dreyfus affair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_21st-century_France" title="Antisemitism in 21st-century France">21st-century</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_21st-century_Germany" title="Antisemitism in 21st-century Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_Greece" title="Antisemitism in Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_contemporary_Hungary" title="Antisemitism in contemporary Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_21st-century_Italy" title="Antisemitism in 21st-century Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_Japan" title="Antisemitism in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_New_Zealand" title="Antisemitism in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_contemporary_Norway" class="mw-redirect" title="Antisemitism in contemporary Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_Pakistan" title="Antisemitism in Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_the_State_of_Palestine" title="Racism in the State of Palestine">Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_Romania" title="Antisemitism in Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_Russia" title="Antisemitism in Russia">Russia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_the_Russian_Empire" title="Antisemitism in the Russian Empire">Imperial Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Antisemitism in the Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin_and_antisemitism" title="Joseph Stalin and antisemitism">Stalinist</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Antisemitism in Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabian_textbook_controversy" title="Saudi Arabian textbook controversy">textbook controversy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_South_Africa" title="Antisemitism in South Africa">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_Spain" title="Antisemitism in Spain">Spain</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Matar_jud%C3%ADos" title="Matar judíos">Matar judíos</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_Sweden" title="Antisemitism in Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_Turkey" title="Antisemitism in Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_Ukraine" title="Antisemitism in Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Antisemitism in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_the_UK_Conservative_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Antisemitism in the UK Conservative Party">Conservative Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_the_UK_Labour_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Antisemitism in the UK Labour Party">Labour Party</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_the_United_States" title="Antisemitism in the United States">USA</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_antisemitism_in_the_United_States" title="History of antisemitism in the United States">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_the_United_States_in_the_21st_century" class="mw-redirect" title="Antisemitism in the United States in the 21st century">21st century</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_Venezuela" title="Antisemitism in Venezuela">Venezuela</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base);border-top:none;">Manifestations</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Universities_and_antisemitism" title="Universities and antisemitism">Academic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_the_Arab_world" title="Antisemitism in the Arab world">Arab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_antisemitism" title="Economic antisemitism">Economic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitic_incidents_during_the_Gaza_War_(2008%E2%80%932009)" title="Antisemitic incidents during the Gaza War (2008–2009)">Gaza War ('08-'09)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_during_the_Israel%E2%80%93Hamas_war" title="Antisemitism during the Israel–Hamas war">Israel-Hamas war ('23-'24)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holocaust_denial" title="Holocaust denial">Holocaust denial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_antisemitism" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish antisemitism">Jewish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_antisemitism" title="Medieval antisemitism">Medieval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazism" title="Nazism">Nazism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Nazism" title="Neo-Nazism">Neo-Nazi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strasserism" title="Strasserism">Strasserism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_antisemitism" title="New antisemitism">New</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_the_Olympic_Games" title="Antisemitism in the Olympic Games">Olympic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_antisemitism" title="Racial antisemitism">Racial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_antisemitism" title="Religious antisemitism">Religious</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_Christianity" title="Antisemitism in Christianity">Christian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Identity" title="Christian Identity">Christian Identity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creativity_(religion)" title="Creativity (religion)">Creativity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_Islam" title="Antisemitism in Islam">Islamic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nation_of_Islam_and_antisemitism" title="Nation of Islam and antisemitism">Nation of Islam</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secondary_antisemitism" title="Secondary antisemitism">Secondary</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Xenophobia_and_racism_related_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic" title="Xenophobia and racism related to the COVID-19 pandemic">COVID-19</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zionist_antisemitism" title="Zionist antisemitism">Zionist</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Antisemitic_trope" title="Antisemitic trope">Antisemitic tropes</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andinia_Plan" title="Andinia Plan">Andinia Plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blood_libel" title="Blood libel">Blood libel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cohen_Plan" title="Cohen Plan">Cohen Plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_Bolshevism" title="Cultural Bolshevism">Cultural Bolshevism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_Marxism_conspiracy_theory" title="Cultural Marxism conspiracy theory">Cultural Marxism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_deicide" title="Jewish deicide">Deicide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitic_canards#Controlling_the_world_financial_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Antisemitic canards">Finance control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_Prophecy" title="Franklin Prophecy">Franklin Prophecy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Host_desecration#Medieval_accusations_against_Jews" title="Host desecration">Host desecration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Jewish_conspiracy" title="International Jewish conspiracy">International<wbr /> Jewish conspiracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_lobby#Viewed_as_antisemitic_and/or_pejorative" title="Jewish lobby">Jewish lobby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_war_conspiracy_theory" title="Jewish war conspiracy theory">Jewish war conspiracy theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judensau" title="Judensau">Judensau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Bolshevism" title="Jewish Bolshevism">Judeo-Bolshevism</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Żydokomuna</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Masonic_conspiracy_theory" title="Judeo-Masonic conspiracy theory">Judeo-Masonism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosher_tax_conspiracy_theory" title="Kosher tax conspiracy theory">Kosher tax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitic_canards#Controlling_the_media" class="mw-redirect" title="Antisemitic canards">Media control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/QAnon#Antisemitism" title="QAnon">QAnon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rootless_cosmopolitan" title="Rootless cosmopolitan">Rootless cosmopolitan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Doctors%27_plot" title="Doctors' plot">Doctors' plot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sl%C3%A1nsk%C3%BD_trial" title="Slánský trial">Slánský trial</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-hating_Jew" title="Self-hating Jew">Self-hating Jew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stab-in-the-back_myth" title="Stab-in-the-back myth">Stab-in-the-back myth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Well_poisoning#History_of_well_poisoning_as_libel" title="Well poisoning">Well poisoning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_genocide_conspiracy_theory#Neo-Nazis'_accusations_against_Jews" title="White genocide conspiracy theory">White genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zionist_Occupation_Government_conspiracy_theory" title="Zionist Occupation Government conspiracy theory">ZOG conspiracy</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Category:Antisemitic_publications" title="Category:Antisemitic publications">Antisemitic publications</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="font-style:italic;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Barnes_Review" title="The Barnes Review">The Barnes Review</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Culture_of_Critique_series" title="The Culture of Critique series">Culture of Critique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Currency_Wars" title="Currency Wars">Currency Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Dearborn_Independent" title="The Dearborn Independent">The Dearborn Independent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_Cleansing_(video_game)" title="Ethnic Cleansing (video game)">Ethnic Cleansing <i>(video game)</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_France_juive" title="La France juive">La France juive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hitlers_Zweites_Buch" title="Hitlers Zweites Buch">Hitlers Zweites Buch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunter_(Pierce_novel)" title="Hunter (Pierce novel)">Hunter (William Luther Pierce)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1988_Hamas_charter" title="1988 Hamas charter">1988 Hamas Charter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_International_Jew" title="The International Jew">The International Jew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Libre_Parole" title="La Libre Parole">La Libre Parole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Light_(newspaper)" title="The Light (newspaper)">The Light</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mein_Kampf" title="Mein Kampf">Mein Kampf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/On_the_Jews_and_Their_Lies" title="On the Jews and Their Lies">On the Jews and Their Lies</a></li> <li><div style="display:inline-block; padding:0.2em 0.4em; line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Our_Race_Will_Rule_Undisputed_Over_The_World" title="Our Race Will Rule Undisputed Over The World">Our Race Will Rule<br />Undisputed Over The World</a></div></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Protocols_of_the_Elders_of_Zion" title="The Protocols of the Elders of Zion">Protocols of the Elders of Zion</a></li> <li><div style="display:inline-block; padding:0.2em 0.4em; line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/The_Secret_Relationship_Between_Blacks_and_Jews" title="The Secret Relationship Between Blacks and Jews">The Secret Relationship<br />Between Blacks and Jews</a></div></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_(Mason_book)" title="Siege (Mason book)">Siege</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Turner_Diaries" title="The Turner Diaries">The Turner Diaries</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Antisemitism on the Internet</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki//pol/" title="/pol/">4chan (/pol/)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/8chan" title="8chan">8chan</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Daily_Stormer" title="The Daily Stormer">The Daily Stormer</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disclose.tv" title="Disclose.tv">Disclose.tv</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Europa:_The_Last_Battle" title="Europa: The Last Battle">Europa: The Last Battle</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gab_(social_network)" title="Gab (social network)">Gab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goebbels_Gap" class="mw-redirect" title="Goebbels Gap">Goebbels Gap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GoyimTV" class="mw-redirect" title="GoyimTV">GoyimTV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Groypers" title="Groypers">Groypers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jew_Watch" title="Jew Watch">Jew Watch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metapedia" title="Metapedia">Metapedia</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Occidental_Observer" title="Occidental Observer">The Occidental Observer</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Ice" title="Red Ice">Red Ice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renegade_Tribune" class="mw-redirect" title="Renegade Tribune">Renegade Tribune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Right_Stuff_(blog)" title="The 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title="Rhineland massacres">Rhineland massacres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Jews_during_the_Black_Death" title="Persecution of Jews during the Black Death">Black Death persecutions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Jewish_boycotts" title="Anti-Jewish boycotts">Boycotts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expulsions_and_exoduses_of_Jews" title="Expulsions and exoduses of Jews">Expulsions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_quarter_(diaspora)" title="Jewish quarter (diaspora)">Jewish quarter</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_ghettos_in_Europe" title="Jewish ghettos in Europe">Ghettos in Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mellah" title="Mellah">Mellah</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust" title="The Holocaust">The Holocaust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_hat" title="Jewish hat">Jewish hat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_quota" title="Jewish quota">Jewish quota</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Judensau" title="Judensau">Judensau</a></i></li> <li><a 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mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Anti-antisemitism" title="Anti-antisemitism">Opposition</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Defamation_League" title="Anti-Defamation League">Anti-Defamation League</a></li> <li><div style="display:inline-block; padding:0.2em 0.4em; line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Campaign_Against_Antisemitism" title="Campaign Against Antisemitism">Campaign Against Antisemitism</a></div></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Community_Security_Trust" title="Community Security Trust">Community Security Trust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fundamental_Rights_Agency" title="Fundamental Rights Agency">Fundamental Rights Agency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosemitism" title="Philosemitism">Philosemitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon_Wiesenthal_Center" title="Simon Wiesenthal Center">Simon Wiesenthal Center</a></li> <li><a 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antisemitism</a> (IHRA) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jerusalem_Declaration_on_Antisemitism" title="Jerusalem Declaration on Antisemitism">Jerusalem Declaration on Antisemitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_Ds_of_antisemitism" title="Three Ds of antisemitism">Three Ds of antisemitism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yad_Vashem" title="Yad Vashem">Yad Vashem</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="padding-top:0.15em;"> <span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" 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.navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Antisemitism_sidebar" title="Template:Antisemitism sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Antisemitism_sidebar" title="Template talk:Antisemitism sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Antisemitism_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Antisemitism sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><i><b><span title="Polish-language text"><i lang="pl">Żydokomuna</i></span></b></i> (<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="pl-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Polish" title="Help:IPA/Polish">[ʐɨdɔkɔˈmuna]</a></span>, <a href="/wiki/Polish_language" title="Polish language">Polish</a> for "Judeo-Communism")<sup id="cite_ref-encyclopedia_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-encyclopedia-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is an <a href="/wiki/Anti-communist" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-communist">anti-communist</a><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Antisemitic_canard" class="mw-redirect" title="Antisemitic canard">antisemitic canard</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-stone_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-stone-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or a <a href="/wiki/Pejorative" title="Pejorative">pejorative</a> <a href="/wiki/Stereotype" title="Stereotype">stereotype</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Belavusau_2013_151_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Belavusau_2013_151-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-generation_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-generation-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> suggesting that most <a href="/wiki/Jews" title="Jews">Jews</a> collaborated with the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> in importing <a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">communism</a> into <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a>, or that there was an exclusively Jewish conspiracy to do so.<sup id="cite_ref-Polonsky_&_Michlic_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Polonsky_&_Michlic-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Belavusau_2013_151_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Belavusau_2013_151-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A <a href="/wiki/Polish_language" title="Polish language">Polish language</a> term for "<a href="/wiki/Jewish_Bolshevism" title="Jewish Bolshevism">Jewish Bolshevism</a>", or more literally "Jewish communism",<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Żydokomuna</i> is related to the "<a href="/wiki/Jewish_world_conspiracy" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish world conspiracy">Jewish world conspiracy</a>" myth.<sup id="cite_ref-Gerrits_1995_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gerrits_1995-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-stone_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-stone-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The idea originated as anti-communist propaganda at the time of the <a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Soviet_War" title="Polish–Soviet War">Polish–Soviet War</a> (1919–1920),<sup id="cite_ref-Mendes_2014_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mendes_2014-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap">: <span title="Pages: 227–228
Quotation: "The Jew-equals-communist stereotype (Zydokomuna) was particularly virulent in Poland. The early years of the independent Polish state, including the unsuccessful Soviet invasion (1918–20), were marred by extensive pogroms conducted by Polish soldiers against the Jewish population. These actions were justified on the grounds that a small number of Jewish communists had collaborated with the Soviet Army, even though most Jews were not pro-communist."" class="tooltip tooltip-dashed" style="border-bottom: 1px dashed;">227–228</span> </sup><sup id="cite_ref-Michlic_2006_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Michlic_2006-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap">: <span title="Page: 90
Quotation: "In the 1920s and 1930s ethno-nationalist writers interwove contemporary events with the theme of Judeo-Communism. This was the case with the Polish-Soviet War of 1920. Although this war ended in a Polish victory, the 'Miracle on the Vistula,' this historical event was used to reinforce the credibility of Judeo-Bolshevism. Ethno-nationalist writers insisted that the Polish-Soviet War of 1920 exposed the Jews as harmful aliens within the Polish state."" class="tooltip tooltip-dashed" style="border-bottom: 1px dashed;">90</span> </sup> and continued through the interwar period.<sup id="cite_ref-Gerrits_1995_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gerrits_1995-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap">: <span title="Page: 69
Quotation: "The country had a strong (recent) tradition of antisemitism; the idea of 'Judeo-Communism' played a noticeable role in anti-Communist propaganda during the interwar years and in the first postwar decade; and no public trials or extensive purges of an antisemitic nature were held by the Stalinist regime."" class="tooltip tooltip-dashed" style="border-bottom: 1px dashed;">69</span> </sup><sup id="cite_ref-Michlic_2006_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Michlic_2006-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap">: <span title="Page: 89
Quotation: ""Judeo-Bolshevism (żydo-bolszewizm) and Judeo-Communism (żydokomuna) were the most frequently propagated themes of the Jew as the threatening other in the interwar period."" class="tooltip tooltip-dashed" style="border-bottom: 1px dashed;">89</span> </sup><sup id="cite_ref-Schatz_2005_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schatz_2005-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap">: <span title="Pages: 19–20
Quotation: "As noted, the participation of Jews in the Polish Communist movement has given rise to many stereotypes, the most persistent of which is summed up in the term żydokomuna. This allegation of a Communist-Jewish conspiracy was particularly powerful in interwar Poland, especially following Piłsudski’s death. Żydokomuna effectively conflated the general Polish fear of Russia with anti-Communist and anti-Jewish attitudes—overlooking the fact that antisemitism not only predated the Jewish involvement in the Communist movement, but was a major cause of such involvement."" class="tooltip tooltip-dashed" style="border-bottom: 1px dashed;">19–20</span> </sup> It was based on <a href="/wiki/History_of_Jews_in_Poland" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Jews in Poland">longstanding antisemitic attitudes</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Gerrits_1995_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gerrits_1995-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Magdalena_Opalski_1992._P29-30_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Magdalena_Opalski_1992._P29-30-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Michlic_2006_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Michlic_2006-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Polonsky_seminar_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Polonsky_seminar-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Mendelsohn_2004_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mendelsohn_2004-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> coupled with a historical fear of Russia.<sup id="cite_ref-Gerrits_1995_10-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gerrits_1995-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap">: <span title="Page: 63
Quotation: "The popularity of the 'Judeo-Communism' image in Poland, Romania and Hungary was based on a combination of factors absent elsewhere in the region—large Jewish communities, virulent and widespread political antisemitism, a traditional and largely credible fear of Russia and, at least in Hungary and Poland, real experience of Communism and 'Jewish' participation in it. Nowhere in East-Central Europe could the equation Jews=Communism=Russia be more forcefully propagated, and nowhere did the idea of 'Judeo-Communism' mobilize as much support, as in these three countries. If one separates the two elements of 'Judeo-Communism'—anti-Communism and antisemitism —it is clear that 'Judeo-Communism' must be considered a variation of antisemitism."" class="tooltip tooltip-dashed" style="border-bottom: 1px dashed;">63</span> </sup><sup id="cite_ref-Polonsky_seminar_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Polonsky_seminar-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap">: <span title="Pages: 140–141
Quotation: "The stereotype, embodied in the Polish concept of 'Żydokomuna' (Judeo-communism) had a long history in the Polish lands, going back to Julian Ursyn Niemcewicz’s 1817 dystopia, The Year 3333, which described a Warsaw of the future renamed Moszkopolis, after its Jewish ruler, which had been taken over by a mafia of superficially Europeanised Jews. It was given a new lease of life by the Bolshevik revolution. Many Poles felt directly threatened both by the prospect of revolution and by Russian imperialism in a new guise, which they saw embodied in the Soviet regime. The fact that Jews played a significant part both in the government of the USSR and in the illegal Polish Communist Party further strengthened the hold of this form of political paranoia, which was clearly apparent during the Polish-Soviet War of 1919–20 and became a basic feature of the political discourse of the radical right in the nineteen thirties."" class="tooltip tooltip-dashed" style="border-bottom: 1px dashed;">140–141</span> </sup><sup id="cite_ref-generation_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-generation-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap">: <span title="Page: 95
Quotation: "The participation of Jews in the Polish Communist movement has given rise to many stereotypes, the most persistent of which is that of Zydokomuna (Jewish Communist conspiracy). This stereotype was very powerful in Poland between the wars, especially after Marshal Pilsudzki's death: its psychological strength lay in combining a general Polish fear of Russia with anti-Communist sentiments and anti-Jewish attitudes. In turn, because anti-Semitism was one of the main forces that drew Jews to the Communist movement, Zydokomuna meant turning the effects of anti-Semitism into a cause of its further increase."" class="tooltip tooltip-dashed" style="border-bottom: 1px dashed;">95</span> </sup> Most of Poland's Jews supported <a href="/wiki/J%C3%B3zef_Pi%C5%82sudski" title="Józef Piłsudski">Józef Piłsudski</a>'s controlled government;<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> after his death in 1935, rising levels of popular and state <a href="/wiki/Antisemitism" title="Antisemitism">antisemitism</a> pushed a small minority, several thousand at most,<sup id="cite_ref-Mendes_2014_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mendes_2014-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> into participating in, or supporting, communist politics, which were relatively more welcoming to Jews.<sup id="cite_ref-ferguson_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ferguson-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was seized upon and inflated by antisemites.<sup id="cite_ref-Polonsky_&_Michlic_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Polonsky_&_Michlic-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ferguson_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ferguson-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Wyman_&_Rosenzveig_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wyman_&_Rosenzveig-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Gerrits_1995_10-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gerrits_1995-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>With the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_invasion_of_Poland" title="Soviet invasion of Poland">Soviet invasion of Poland</a> and Stalin's 1939 occupation in eastern Poland, the Soviets used privileges and punishments to <a href="/wiki/Divide_and_rule" title="Divide and rule">encourage ethnic and religious differences</a> between Jews and Poles, characterized by <a href="/wiki/Jan_Gross" class="mw-redirect" title="Jan Gross">Jan Gross</a> as "the institutionalization of resentment".<sup id="cite_ref-Gross20022_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gross20022-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The stereotype was also reinforced because, as noted by <a href="/wiki/Jaff_Schatz" class="mw-redirect" title="Jaff Schatz">Jaff Schatz</a>, "people of Jewish origin constituted a substantial part of the <a href="/wiki/Communism_in_Poland" title="Communism in Poland">Polish communist</a> movement", even though "Communist ideals and the movement itself enjoyed only very limited support" among Polish Jews.<sup id="cite_ref-generation_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-generation-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There was an upsurge in the anti-Semitic stereotype of Jews as Communist traitors; it erupted into mass murder when <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a> invaded Soviet eastern Poland in the summer of 1941.<sup id="cite_ref-google18_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-google18-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The stereotype endured into postwar Poland because <a href="/wiki/Anti-communist_resistance_in_Poland_(1944%E2%80%931946)" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-communist resistance in Poland (1944–1946)">Polish anti-communists</a> saw Poland's Soviet-controlled Communist government as the fruition of prewar communist anti-Polish agitation and associated it with the Soviets' appointment of Jews to positions of responsibility in the Polish government.<sup id="cite_ref-IPN-UB_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IPN-UB-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-google_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-google-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-google1_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-google1-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was also reinforced by the prominent role of a small number of Jews in Poland's Stalinist regime (in particular, <a href="/wiki/Jakub_Berman" title="Jakub Berman">Jakub Berman</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hilary_Minc" title="Hilary Minc">Hilary Minc</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-IPN-UB_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IPN-UB-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Michael_C._Steinlauf" title="Michael C. Steinlauf">Michael C. Steinlauf</a> noted that Jewish communists, despite their small number, have gained a notorious reputation in Poland, "believed to have masterminded the enslavement [of that country]" and became "demonized" as part of the <i>Żydokomuna</i> canard.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lapy_zydowskie.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Lapy_zydowskie.jpeg/220px-Lapy_zydowskie.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="320" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Lapy_zydowskie.jpeg/330px-Lapy_zydowskie.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Lapy_zydowskie.jpeg/440px-Lapy_zydowskie.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="1308" /></a><figcaption>Antisemitic Polish poster from the <a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Soviet_War" title="Polish–Soviet War">Polish–Soviet War</a> (1919–1920): "Jewish paws again? No, never!"<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure><p> The concept of a Jewish conspiracy threatening Polish social order may be found in the pamphlet <span title="Polish-language text"><i lang="pl">Rok 3333 czyli sen niesłychany</i></span> (The Year 3333, or the Incredible Dream) by <a href="/wiki/Enlightenment_in_Poland" class="mw-redirect" title="Enlightenment in Poland">Polish Enlightenment</a> author and political activist <a href="/wiki/Julian_Ursyn_Niemcewicz" title="Julian Ursyn Niemcewicz">Julian Ursyn Niemcewicz</a>; it was written in 1817 and published posthumously in 1858. Called "the first Polish work to develop on a large scale the concept of an organized <a href="/wiki/Jewish_conspiracy" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish conspiracy">Jewish conspiracy</a> directly threatening the existing social structure,"<sup id="cite_ref-Magdalena_Opalski_1992._P29-30_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Magdalena_Opalski_1992._P29-30-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Michlic_2006_12-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Michlic_2006-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Polonsky_seminar_15-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Polonsky_seminar-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> it describes a <a href="/wiki/Warsaw" title="Warsaw">Warsaw</a> of the future renamed Moszkopolis after its Jewish ruler.<sup id="cite_ref-Polonsky_seminar_15-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Polonsky_seminar-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style></p><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information on Judeopolonia: <a href="/wiki/Judeopolonia" title="Judeopolonia">Judeopolonia</a></div> <p>At the end of the 19th century, <a href="/wiki/Roman_Dmowski" title="Roman Dmowski">Roman Dmowski</a>'s <a href="/wiki/National_Democracy_(Poland)" title="National Democracy (Poland)">National Democratic</a> party characterized Poland's Jews and other opponents of his party as internal enemies who were behind international conspiracies <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/inimical" class="extiw" title="wikt:inimical">inimical</a> to Poland and who were agents of disorder, disruption and socialism.<sup id="cite_ref-BPorter_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BPorter-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-assimilation_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-assimilation-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Historian <a href="/wiki/Antony_Polonsky" title="Antony Polonsky">Antony Polonsky</a> writes that before World War I, "The National Democrats brought to Poland a new and dangerous ideological fanaticism, dividing society into 'friends' and 'enemies' and resorting constantly to conspiratorial theories ("Jewish-Masonic plot"; "<i>Żydokomuna</i>"—"Jew-communism") to explain Poland's difficulties."<sup id="cite_ref-interaction_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-interaction-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Meanwhile, some Jews played into National Democratic rhetoric by their participation in exclusively Jewish organizations, such as the <a href="/wiki/General_Jewish_Labour_Bund" title="General Jewish Labour Bund">Bund</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Zionism" title="Zionism">Zionist movement</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-BPorter_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BPorter-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> even as other Jews zealously participated in national institutions such as the <a href="/wiki/Polish_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Polish Army">Polish Army</a> and <a href="/wiki/J%C3%B3zef_Pi%C5%82sudski" title="Józef Piłsudski">Józef Piłsudski</a>'s ideologically <a href="/wiki/Multicultural" class="mw-redirect" title="Multicultural">multicultural</a> <a href="/wiki/Sanation" title="Sanation">Sanation</a> regime. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Origins">Origins</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Plakat_antybolszewicki_1920.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Plakat_antybolszewicki_1920.jpg/170px-Plakat_antybolszewicki_1920.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="234" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Plakat_antybolszewicki_1920.jpg/255px-Plakat_antybolszewicki_1920.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Plakat_antybolszewicki_1920.jpg/340px-Plakat_antybolszewicki_1920.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2942" data-file-height="4044" /></a><figcaption>1920 Polish propaganda poster: "The Bolsheviks Are Coming!"</figcaption></figure> <p>According to <a href="/wiki/Joanna_Michlic" title="Joanna Michlic">Joanna Michlic</a>, "the image of the secularized and radically left-wing Jew who aims to take over [the country] and undermine the foundations of the Christian world" dates to the first half of the 19th century, to the writings of <a href="/wiki/Julian_Ursyn_Niemcewicz" title="Julian Ursyn Niemcewicz">Julian Ursyn Niemcewicz</a> and <a href="/wiki/Zygmunt_Krasinski" class="mw-redirect" title="Zygmunt Krasinski">Zygmunt Krasinski</a>; by the end of the 19th century it had become part of the political discourse in Poland.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The phenomenon, described with the term <i>Żydokomuna</i>, originated in connection with the Russian <a href="/wiki/October_Revolution" title="October Revolution">Bolshevik Revolution</a> and targeted Jewish Communists during the <a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Soviet_War" title="Polish–Soviet War">Polish–Soviet War</a>. The emergence of the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic" title="Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic">Soviet state</a> was seen by many Poles as Russian <a href="/wiki/Imperialism" title="Imperialism">imperialism</a> in a new guise.<sup id="cite_ref-Polonsky_seminar_15-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Polonsky_seminar-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The visibility of Jews in both the Soviet leadership and in the <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Poland" title="Communist Party of Poland">Communist Party of Poland</a> further heightened such fears.<sup id="cite_ref-Polonsky_seminar_15-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Polonsky_seminar-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In some circles, <i>Żydokomuna</i> came to be seen as a prominent antisemitic stereotype<sup id="cite_ref-antisemitism_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-antisemitism-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> expressing political paranoia.<sup id="cite_ref-Polonsky_seminar_15-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Polonsky_seminar-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Accusations of <i>Żydokomuna</i> accompanied the incidents of anti-Jewish violence in Poland during <a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Soviet_War" title="Polish–Soviet War">Polish–Soviet War</a> of 1920, legitimized as self-defense against a people who were oppressors of the Polish nation. Some soldiers and officers in the Polish eastern territories shared the conviction that Jews were enemies of the Polish nation-state and were collaborators with Poland's enemies. Some of these troops treated all Jews as Bolsheviks. According to some sources, the anti-Communist sentiment was implicated in anti-Jewish violence and killings in a number of towns, including the <a href="/wiki/Pinsk_massacre" title="Pinsk massacre">Pinsk massacre</a>, in which 35 Jews, taken as hostages, were murdered. During the <a href="/wiki/Lw%C3%B3w_pogrom_(1918)" title="Lwów pogrom (1918)">Lwów pogrom</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Ukrainian_War" title="Polish–Ukrainian War">Polish–Ukrainian War</a>, 72 Jews were killed. Occasional instances of Jewish support for Bolshevism during the <a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Soviet_War" title="Polish–Soviet War">Polish–Soviet War</a> served to heighten anti-Jewish sentiment.<sup id="cite_ref-Piotrowski-41-42_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Piotrowski-41-42-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-google4_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-google4-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The concept of <i>Żydokomuna</i> was widely illustrated in <a href="/wiki/History_of_Poland_(1918%E2%80%9339)#From_democracy_to_authoritarian_government" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Poland (1918–39)">Polish interwar politics</a>, including publications by the <a href="/wiki/National_Democracy_(Poland)" title="National Democracy (Poland)">National Democrats</a><sup id="cite_ref-liberation_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-liberation-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Poland" title="Catholic Church in Poland">Catholic Church</a> that expressed anti-Jewish views.<sup id="cite_ref-liberation5_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-liberation5-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-lekket.com_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lekket.com-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-google6_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-google6-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, the term <i>Żydokomuna</i> was made to resemble the <i><a href="/wiki/Judeo-bolshevism" class="mw-redirect" title="Judeo-bolshevism">Jewish-Bolshevism</a></i> rhetoric of <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a>, wartime <a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a><sup id="cite_ref-Hebraica_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hebraica-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and other war-torn countries of <a href="/wiki/Central_Europe" title="Central Europe">Central</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Europe" title="Eastern Europe">Eastern Europe</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Gerrits_EU_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gerrits_EU-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Interwar_period">Interwar period</h3></div> <p>During the period between the two world wars, the myth of <i>Żydokomuna</i> became intertwined with that of the "criminal Jew".<sup id="cite_ref-RB_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RB-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Statistics from the 1920s had indicated a low Jewish crime rate. In 1924, 72 percent of those convicted of crimes were ethnic Poles, 21 percent "Ruthenians/Ukrainians", and 3.4 percent Jews.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlobaum200594_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlobaum200594-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A reclassification of how crime was recorded, which now included minor offenses, reversed the trend. By the 1930s, Jewish criminal statistics showed an increase relative to the Jewish population. Some Poles, particularly as reported within the right-wing press, believed these statistics confirmed the image of the "criminal Jew"; additionally, political crimes by Jews were more closely scrutinized, enhancing fears of a criminal <i>Żydokomuna</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlobaum200596–97_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlobaum200596–97-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Another important factor was the dominance of Jews in the leadership of the <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Poland" title="Communist Party of Poland">Communist Party of Poland</a> (KPP). According to multiple sources, Jews were well represented in the KPP.<sup id="cite_ref-lekket.com_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lekket.com-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-multifaceted_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-multifaceted-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Notably, the party had strong Jewish representation at higher levels. In January 1936 the national composition of the central party authorities were as follows: out of the 19 KC (central committee) KPP members 11 were Polish, 6 were Jewish (31,6%), 1 was Belarusian and 1 Ukrainian.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Jews made up 28 out of the 52 individuals of the "district activists" of the KPP (53.8%), 75% of its "publication apparatus", 90% of the "international department for help to revolutionaries", and 100% of the "technical apparatus" of the Home Secretariat. In Polish court proceedings against communists between 1927 and 1936, 90% of the accused were Jews. In terms of membership, before its dissolution in 1938, 25% of KPP members were Jews; most urban KPP members were Jews, which was a substantial number, given an 8.7% Jewish minority in <a href="/wiki/Second_Polish_Republic" title="Second Polish Republic">prewar Poland</a>. Some historians, including Joseph Marcus, qualify these statistics, alleging that the KPP should not be considered a "Jewish party", as it was in fact opposed to traditional Jewish economic and national interests. The Jews supporting the KPP identified as international Communists and rejected much of the Jewish culture and tradition. However, KPP, along with the <a href="/wiki/Polish_Socialist_Party" title="Polish Socialist Party">Polish Socialist Party</a>, was notable for its decisive stand against antisemitism. According to <a href="/wiki/Jaff_Schatz" class="mw-redirect" title="Jaff Schatz">Jaff Schatz</a>'s summary of Jewish participation in the prewar Polish Communist movement, "[t]hroughout the whole interwar period, Jews constituted a very important segment of the Communist movement. According to Polish sources and Western estimates, the proportion of Jews in the KPP [the Communist Party of Poland] was never lower than 22 percent. In the larger cities, the percentage of Jews in the KPP often exceeded 50 percent and in smaller cities, frequently over 60 percent. Given this background, a respondent's statement that 'in small cities like ours, almost all Communists were Jews,' does not appear to be a gross exaggeration."<sup id="cite_ref-JS_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JS-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was the disproportionately large representation of Jews in the communist leadership that led to <i>Żydokomuna</i> sentiment being widely expressed in contemporary Polish politics.<sup id="cite_ref-Marcus_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Marcus-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the total number of Jewish Communists was low at 5,000–10,000 members or less than 1% of the Polish-Jewish population.<sup id="cite_ref-Mendes_2014_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mendes_2014-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable floatright" style="text-align:center;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="7">Share of Communist vote by religion and ethnicity (1928)<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th></tr> <tr> <th>Group</th> <th>% voted Communist</th> <th>% of Communist vote</th> <th>% of population (1921 census) </th></tr> <tr> <td>East Orthodox Christians</td> <td>44%<br /><small>Ukrainian: 25%</small></td> <td></td> <td>10% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Uniate Ukrainians</td> <td>12%</td> <td></td> <td>12% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Jews</td> <td>7%</td> <td>14%</td> <td>11% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Catholics</td> <td>4%</td> <td>16%</td> <td>64% </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>According to some bodies of research, voting patterns in Poland's parliamentary elections in the 1920s revealed that Jewish support for the Communists was proportionally less than their representation in the total population.<sup id="cite_ref-Blobaum_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Blobaum-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In this view, most support for Poland's Communist and pro-Soviet parties came not from Jews, but rather from Ukrainian and <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Christian" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Orthodox Christian">Eastern Orthodox Christian</a> Belarusian voters.<sup id="cite_ref-Blobaum_49-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Blobaum-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Schatz notes that even if post-war claims by Jewish communists that 40% of the 266,528 Communist votes on several lists of front organizations at the <a href="/wiki/1928_Polish_legislative_election" class="mw-redirect" title="1928 Polish legislative election">1928 Sejm election</a> came from the Jewish community were true (a claim that one source describes as "almost certainly an exaggeration"),<sup id="cite_ref-google12_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-google12-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> this would amount to no more than 5% of Jewish votes for the communists, indicating the Jewish population at large was "far from sympathetic to communism".<sup id="cite_ref-Piotrowski-36-37_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Piotrowski-36-37-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Schatz_2005_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schatz_2005-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to <a href="/wiki/Jeffrey_Kopstein" title="Jeffrey Kopstein">Jeffrey Kopstein</a>, who analyzed the communist vote in interwar Poland, "[e]ven if Jews were prominent in the Communist Party leadership, this prominence did not translate into support at the mass level." Only 7% of Jewish voters supported Communists at the polls in 1928, while 93% of them supported non-communists (with 49% voting for Piłsudski). The pro-Soviet Communist party received most of its support from Belarusians whose separatism was backed by the Soviet Union and had been radicalized between 1922 and 1928 by a combination of Polish discrimination against them and Soviet interference in Polish politics; whereas 7% of Jewish voters supported Communists in 1928, 44% of Eastern Orthodox voters did, including around 25% of Orthodox Ukrainians and a figure likely rather higher than 44% among Belarusians.<sup id="cite_ref-JK-JW_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JK-JW-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Lwów, the CPP received 4% of the vote (of which 35% was Jewish), in Warsaw 14% (33% Jewish), and in <a href="/wiki/Vilnius" title="Vilnius">Wilno</a> 0.02% (36% Jewish).<sup id="cite_ref-JK-JW_52-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JK-JW-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Among communist voters, Jews were not particularly prominent either, as only 14% of the communist vote came from Jews, less than the 16% which came from Catholics,<sup id="cite_ref-JK-JW_52-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JK-JW-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and most of the rest coming from Orthodox Christians. While one viewpoint explains the high level of Jewish support for Pilsudski, higher than any other group, as Jews turning to him as a protector, another view holds that when faced with threats of a "nationalizing" ethnic Polish state, whereas Belarusians tended to turn to pro-Soviet "exit" strategies and Uniate Ukrainians threw their weight behind ethnic interest parties, Jews instead took a different strategy of showing their loyalty to Poland. Kopstein concluded: "Even in the face of both public and private prejudice, ... [m]ost Jews were thus politically neither "internationalist" nor ethnically exclusionary, as a large vote for the minority parties in 1928 would have indicated. Rather they were casting their lot with the Polish state. ... Our data do not speak to whether Jews were disproportionately represented among the leadership of interwar Poland's communist parties. Yet even if this were true, ... it means the Jews did not vote communist even when their co-ethnics were leading the communist parties."<sup id="cite_ref-JK-JW_52-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JK-JW-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Invasion_of_Poland_and_the_Soviet_occupation_zone">Invasion of Poland and the Soviet occupation zone</h3></div> <p>Following the 1939 <a href="/wiki/Soviet_invasion_of_Poland_(1939)" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet invasion of Poland (1939)">Soviet invasion of Poland</a>, resulting in the <a href="/wiki/Molotov%E2%80%93Ribbentrop_Pact" title="Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact">partition of Polish territory</a> between Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union (USSR), Jewish communities in <a href="/wiki/Kresy" title="Kresy">eastern Poland</a> welcomed with some relief the Soviet occupation, which they saw as a "lesser of two evils" than openly antisemitic <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-philadelphia_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-philadelphia-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Comm_syph_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Comm_syph-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Gross2002_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gross2002-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The image of Jews among the Belarusian and Ukrainian minorities waving red flags to welcome <a href="/wiki/Red_army" class="mw-redirect" title="Red army">Soviet troops</a> had great symbolic meaning in Polish memory of the period.<sup id="cite_ref-BCP_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BCP-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Jan_T._Gross" title="Jan T. Gross">Jan T. Gross</a> noted that "there were proportionately more communist sympathizers among Jews than among any other nationality in the local population".<sup id="cite_ref-Gross2002_55-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gross2002-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the days and weeks following the events of September 1939, the Soviets engaged in a harsh policy of <a href="/wiki/Sovietization" title="Sovietization">Sovietization</a>. Polish schools and other institutions were closed, Poles were dismissed from jobs of authority, often arrested and deported, and replaced with non-Polish personnel.<sup id="cite_ref-HDoP_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HDoP-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Piotrowski_11_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Piotrowski_11-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Dav_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dav-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Lowe_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lowe-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the same time, 100,000 Jewish Poles fought to defend Poland against the Nazi-Soviet invasion, while at least 434 Polish Jews who had been awarded officer rank by the Polish Army were murdered by the Soviets in the <a href="/wiki/Katyn_Massacre" class="mw-redirect" title="Katyn Massacre">Katyn Massacre</a> because of their loyalty to Poland.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Many Poles resented their change of fortunes because, before the war, Poles had a privileged position compared to other ethnic groups of the Second Republic. Then, in the space of a few days, Jews and other minorities from within Poland (mainly Ukrainians and Belarusians) occupied newly vacant positions in the Soviet occupation government and administration—such as teachers, civil servants and engineers—positions that some claimed they had trouble achieving under the Polish government.<sup id="cite_ref-google14_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-google14-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Piotrowski-49-65_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Piotrowski-49-65-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> What to the majority of Poles was occupation and betrayal was, to some Jews—especially Polish Communists of Jewish descent who emerged from the underground—an opportunity for revolution and retribution.<sup id="cite_ref-Piotrowski-49-65_63-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Piotrowski-49-65-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-philadelphia15_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-philadelphia15-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Such events further strengthened <i>Żydokomuna</i> sentiment that held Jews responsible for collaboration with the Soviet authorities in importing communism into divided Poland.<sup id="cite_ref-Piotrowski-49-65_63-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Piotrowski-49-65-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-google17_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-google17-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-google16_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-google16-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the <a href="/wiki/German_invasion_of_the_Soviet_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="German invasion of the Soviet Union">German invasion of the Soviet Union</a> in 1941, widespread notion of Judeo-Communism, combined with the German Nazi encouragement for expression of antisemitic attitudes, may have been a principal cause of massacres of Jews by gentile Poles in Poland's northeastern <a href="/wiki/%C5%81om%C5%BCa" title="Łomża">Łomża</a> province in the summer of 1941, including according to <a href="/wiki/Joanna_B._Michlic" class="mw-redirect" title="Joanna B. Michlic">Joanna B. Michlic</a> the massacre at <a href="/wiki/Jedwabne_pogrom" title="Jedwabne pogrom">Jedwabne</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-google18_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-google18-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Doris_Bergen" title="Doris Bergen">Doris Bergen</a> writes that "it was often precisely those Polish gentiles most deeply implicated in Soviet crimes who were quicket to take the lead in attacks on Jews—attacks that would serve both to deflect the anger of their neighbors and to curry favor with the new Germans occupiers."<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Though some Jews had initially benefited from the effects of the Soviet invasion, this occupation soon began to strike at the Jewish population as well; independent Jewish organizations were abolished and Jewish activists were arrested. Hundreds of thousands of Jews who had fled to the Soviet sector were given a choice of Soviet citizenship or returning to the German-occupied zone. The majority chose the latter, and instead found themselves deported to the Soviet Union, where, ironically, 300,000 would escape the <a href="/wiki/Holocaust" class="mw-redirect" title="Holocaust">Holocaust</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Piotrowski-49-65_63-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Piotrowski-49-65-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-google20_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-google20-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While there was Polish Jewish representation in the London-based <a href="/wiki/Polish_government_in_exile" class="mw-redirect" title="Polish government in exile">Polish government in exile</a>, relations between the Jews in Poland and Polish resistance in <a href="/wiki/Occupied_Poland" class="mw-redirect" title="Occupied Poland">occupied Poland</a> were strained, and armed Jewish groups had difficulty joining the official Polish resistance umbrella organization, the <a href="/wiki/Home_Army" title="Home Army">Home Army</a> (in <a href="/wiki/Polish_language" title="Polish language">Polish</a>, Armia Krajowa or AK),<sup id="cite_ref-google21_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-google21-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-google22_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-google22-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the heads of which often referred to them as "bandits".<sup id="cite_ref-Zimmerman2015_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zimmerman2015-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> More acceptance was found within the smaller <a href="/wiki/Armia_Ludowa" class="mw-redirect" title="Armia Ludowa">Armia Ludowa</a>, the armed branch of the <a href="/wiki/Polish_Workers%27_Party" title="Polish Workers' Party">Polish Workers' Party</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-sk1001003_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sk1001003-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-google23_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-google23-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> leading to some Jewish groups operating under their (and other <a href="/wiki/Soviet_partisans" title="Soviet partisans">Soviet partisan groups</a>') auspices or protection, further strengthening the perception of Jews working with Soviets against the Poles.<sup id="cite_ref-Piotrowski-49-65_63-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Piotrowski-49-65-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Communist_takeover_of_Poland_in_the_aftermath_of_World_War_II">Communist takeover of Poland in the aftermath of World War II</h3></div> <p>The Soviet-backed Communist government was as harsh towards non-Communist Jewish cultural, political and social institutions as they were towards Polish, banning all alternative parties.<sup id="cite_ref-Piotrowski-61_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Piotrowski-61-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-S-K_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-S-K-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thousands of Jews returned from exile in the Soviet Union, but as their number decreased with legalized <a href="/wiki/Aliyah" title="Aliyah">aliyah</a> to Israel, the PZPR members formed a much larger percentage of the remaining Jewish population. Among them were a number of Jewish communists who played a highly visible role in the unpopular Communist government and its security apparatus.<sup id="cite_ref-Piotrowski-58-64_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Piotrowski-58-64-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Hilary_Minc" title="Hilary Minc">Hilary Minc</a>, the third in command in <a href="/wiki/Boles%C5%82aw_Bierut" title="Bolesław Bierut">Bolesław Bierut</a>'s political triumvirate of Stalinist leaders,<sup id="cite_ref-hoover_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hoover-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> became the Deputy Prime Minister, Minister of Industry, Industry and Commerce, and the Economic Affairs. He was personally assigned by Stalin first to Industry and then to Transportation ministries of Poland.<sup id="cite_ref-W-C_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-W-C-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His wife, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Julia_Minc&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Julia Minc (page does not exist)">Julia Minc</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julia_Minc" class="extiw" title="pl:Julia Minc">pl</a>]</span>, became the Editor-in-Chief of the monopolized <a href="/wiki/Polish_Press_Agency" title="Polish Press Agency">Polish Press Agency</a>. Minister <a href="/wiki/Jakub_Berman" title="Jakub Berman">Jakub Berman</a>—Stalin's right hand in Poland until 1953—held the Political propaganda and Ideology portfolios. He was responsible for the largest and most notorious secret police in the history of the People's Republic of Poland, the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Public_Security_(Poland)" title="Ministry of Public Security (Poland)">Ministry of Public Security</a> (UB), employing 33,200 permanent security officers, one for every 800 Polish citizens.<sup id="cite_ref-hoover_77-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hoover-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The new government's hostility to the wartime <a href="/wiki/Polish_government-in-exile" title="Polish government-in-exile">Polish Government in Exile</a> and its World War II underground resistance—accused by the media of being nationalist, reactionary and antisemitic, and persecuted by Berman—further strengthened <i>Żydokomuna</i> sentiment to the point where in the popular consciousness Jewish Bolshevism was seen as having conquered Poland.<sup id="cite_ref-Piotrowski-58-64_76-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Piotrowski-58-64-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was in this context, reinforced by the immediate post-war lawlessness, that Poland experienced an unprecedented wave of <a href="/wiki/Anti-Jewish_violence_in_Poland,_1944%E2%80%931946" title="Anti-Jewish violence in Poland, 1944–1946">anti-Jewish violence</a> (of which most notable was the <a href="/wiki/Kielce_pogrom" title="Kielce pogrom">Kielce pogrom</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-google24_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-google24-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to <a href="/wiki/Michael_C._Steinlauf" title="Michael C. Steinlauf">Michael C. Steinlauf</a>, the Polish communists who took power in Poland were mainly KPP members who sheltered in Moscow during the war, and included many Jews who thus survived the Holocaust. In addition, since Jews were excluded from the government of the Second Polish Republic, other Jews were attracted by the openness of the Communist government to accept them. Some Jews changed their names to Polish sounding names, fueling speculation of "hidden Jews" in subsequent decades; however, Steinlauf says that the reality of Jewish representation in government was "nowhere near" the <i>Żydokomuna</i> stereotype. In parallel, Steinlauf writes that 1,500 to 2,000 Jews were murdered between 1944 and 1947 in the worse spate of anti-Jewish violence in the history of Polish-Jewish relations. These attacks were accompanied by classic <a href="/wiki/Blood_libel" title="Blood libel">blood libel</a>, brought international notoriety to Poland, and reinforced the notion that the Communist government was the sole force that could protect the Jews. However, most Jews were convinced by the widespread pogroms that Poland held no future for them. By 1951, when the government banned immigration to Israel, only 80,000 Jews remained in Poland and many of them did so since they believed in the Communist government.<sup id="cite_ref-DW-CR_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DW-CR-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The combination of the effects of the Holocaust and postwar antisemitism led to a dramatic mass emigration of Polish Jewry in the immediate postwar years. Of the estimated 240,000 Jews in Poland in 1946 (of whom 136,000 were refugees from the Soviet Union, most on their way to the West), only 90,000 remained a year later.<sup id="cite_ref-N-A_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-N-A-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Lukas_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lukas-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Regarding this period, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Andre_Gerrits&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Andre Gerrits (page does not exist)">Andre Gerrits</a> wrote in his study of <i>Żydokomuna</i>, that even though for the first time in history they had entered the top echelons of power in considerable numbers, "The first post-war decade was a mixed experience for the Jews of East Central Europe. The new Communist order offered unprecedented opportunities as well as unforeseen dangers."<sup id="cite_ref-Gerrits_1995.25_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gerrits_1995.25-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Stalinist_abuses">Stalinist abuses</h3></div><p> During <a href="/wiki/Stalinism" title="Stalinism">Stalinism</a>, the preferred Soviet policy was to keep sensitive posts in the hands of non-Poles. As a result, "all or nearly all of the directors (of the widely despised <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Public_Security_of_Poland" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of Public Security of Poland">Ministry of Public Security of Poland</a>) were Jewish" as claimed by Polish journalist <a href="/wiki/Teresa_Tora%C5%84ska" title="Teresa Torańska">Teresa Torańska</a> among others.<sup id="cite_ref-TT_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TT-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-web_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-web-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A recent study by the Polish <a href="/wiki/Institute_of_National_Remembrance" title="Institute of National Remembrance">Institute of National Remembrance</a> showed that out of 450 people in director positions in the Ministry between 1944 and 1954, 167 (37.1%) were of Jewish ethnicity, while Jews made up only 1% of the post-war Polish population.<sup id="cite_ref-IPN-UB_23-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IPN-UB-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While Jews were overrepresented in various Polish Communist organizations, including the security apparatus, relative to their percentage of the general population, the vast majority of Jews did not participate in the Stalinist apparatus, and indeed most were not supportive of Communism.<sup id="cite_ref-Piotrowski-49-65_63-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Piotrowski-49-65-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Krzysztof_Szwagrzyk" title="Krzysztof Szwagrzyk">Krzysztof Szwagrzyk</a> has quoted <a href="/wiki/Jan_T._Gross" title="Jan T. Gross">Jan T. Gross</a>, who argued that many Jews who worked for the Communist party cut their ties with their culture (Jewish, Polish, or Russian), and tried to represent the interests of international communism only, or at least that of the local Communist government.<sup id="cite_ref-IPN-UB_23-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IPN-UB-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Leszek W. Gluchowski wrote:</p><blockquote><p>It is difficult to assess when the Polish Jews who had volunteered to serve or remain in the postwar communist security forces began to realize, however, what Soviet Jews had realized earlier, that under Stalin, as Arkady Vaksberg put it: "if someone named Rabinovich was in charge of a mass execution, he was perceived not simply as a Cheka boss but as a Jew, while if someone named Abramovich was in charge of a mass epidemic countermeasure, he was perceived not as a Jew but as a good doctor."<sup id="cite_ref-HI_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HI-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote><p>Among the notable Jewish officials of the Polish secret police and security services were Minister <a href="/wiki/Jakub_Berman" title="Jakub Berman">Jakub Berman</a>, Joseph Stalin's right hand in the <a href="/wiki/Polska_Rzeczpospolita_Ludowa" class="mw-redirect" title="Polska Rzeczpospolita Ludowa">PRL</a>; Vice-minister <a href="/wiki/Roman_Romkowski" title="Roman Romkowski">Roman Romkowski</a> (deputy head of <a href="/wiki/Ministerstwo_Bezpiecze%C5%84stwa_Publicznego" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministerstwo Bezpieczeństwa Publicznego">MBP</a>), Dir. <a href="/wiki/Julia_Brystiger" title="Julia Brystiger">Julia Brystiger</a> (5th Dept.), Dir. <a href="/wiki/Anatol_Fejgin" title="Anatol Fejgin">Anatol Fejgin</a> (10th Dept. or the notorious Special Bureau), deputy Dir. <a href="/wiki/J%C3%B3zef_%C5%9Awiat%C5%82o" title="Józef Światło">Józef Światło</a> (10th Dept.), Col. <a href="/wiki/J%C3%B3zef_R%C3%B3%C5%BCa%C5%84ski" title="Józef Różański">Józef Różański</a> among others. Światło, "a torture master", defected to the West in 1953,<sup id="cite_ref-HI_86-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HI-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while Romkowski and Różański would find themselves among the Jewish scapegoats for Polish Stalinism in the political upheavals following Stalin's death, both sentenced to 15 years in prison on 11 November 1957 for gross violations of human rights law and abuse of power, but released 1964.<sup id="cite_ref-HI_86-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HI-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-B-F_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-B-F-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1956, over 9,000 socialist and populist politicians were released from prison.<sup id="cite_ref-A-K-W_88-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-A-K-W-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A few Jewish functionaries of the security forces were brought to court in the process of de-Stalinization. According to Heather Laskey, it was not a coincidence that the high ranking Stalinist security officers put on trial by Gomułka were Jews.<sup id="cite_ref-H-L_89-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-H-L-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/W%C5%82adys%C5%82aw_Gomu%C5%82ka" title="Władysław Gomułka">Władysław Gomułka</a> was captured by Światło, imprisoned by Romkowski in 1951, and interrogated by both, him and Fejgin. Gomułka escaped physical torture only as a close associate of <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin" title="Joseph Stalin">Joseph Stalin</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-LIFE_90-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LIFE-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and was released three years later.<sup id="cite_ref-Memoirs_91-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Memoirs-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to some sources, the categorization of the security forces as a Jewish institution—as disseminated in the post-war anti-communist press at various times—was rooted in <i>Żydokomuna</i>: the belief that the secret police was predominantly Jewish became one of the factors contributing to the post-war view of Jews as agents of the security forces.<sup id="cite_ref-michlic_92-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-michlic-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <i>Żydokomuna</i> sentiment reappeared at times of severe political and socioeconomic crises in Stalinist Poland. After the death of <a href="/wiki/Polish_United_Workers%27_Party" title="Polish United Workers' Party">Polish United Workers' Party</a> leader <a href="/wiki/Boles%C5%82aw_Bierut" title="Bolesław Bierut">Bolesław Bierut</a> in 1956, a <a href="/wiki/Polish_October" title="Polish October">de-Stalinization</a> and a subsequent battle among rival factions looked to lay blame for the excesses of the Stalin era. According to Gluchowski, "Poland's Communists had grown accustomed to placing the burden of their own failures to gain sufficient legitimacy among the Polish population during the entire Communist period on the shoulders of Jews in the party."<sup id="cite_ref-HI_86-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HI-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As described in one historical account, the party hardline <a href="/wiki/Natolin_faction" class="mw-redirect" title="Natolin faction">Natolin faction</a> "used anti-Semitism as a political weapon and found an echo both in the party <a href="/wiki/Apparatchik" title="Apparatchik">apparatus</a> and in society at large, where traditional stereotypes of an insidious Jewish cobweb of political influence and economic gain resurfaced, but now in the context of 'Judeo-Communism,' the Żydokomuna."<sup id="cite_ref-F-M_93-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-F-M-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "Natolin" leader <a href="/wiki/Zenon_Nowak" title="Zenon Nowak">Zenon Nowak</a> entered the concept of "Judeo-Stalinization" and placed the blame for the party's failures, errors and repression on "the Jewish <a href="/wiki/Apparatchik" title="Apparatchik">apparatchiks</a>". Documents from this period chronicle antisemitic attitudes within Polish society, including beatings of Jews, loss of employment, and persecution. These outbursts of antisemitic sentiment from both Polish society and within the rank and file of the ruling party spurred the exodus of some 40,000 Polish Jews between 1956 and 1958.<sup id="cite_ref-google25_94-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-google25-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-google26_95-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-google26-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1968_expulsions">1968 expulsions</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/1968_Polish_political_crisis" title="1968 Polish political crisis">1968 Polish political crisis</a></div> <p><i>Żydokomuna</i> sentiment was reignited by Polish Communist state propaganda as part of the <a href="/wiki/1968_Polish_political_crisis" title="1968 Polish political crisis">1968 Polish political crisis</a>. The political turmoil of the late 1960s—exemplified in the West by increasingly violent protests against the <a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a>—was closely associated in Poland with the events of the <a href="/wiki/Prague_Spring" title="Prague Spring">Prague Spring</a> which began on 5 January 1968, raising hopes of democratic reforms among the intelligentsia. The crisis culminated in the <a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Pact_invasion_of_Czechoslovakia" title="Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia">Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia</a> on 20 August 1968.<sup id="cite_ref-RE-R_96-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RE-R-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Rv-D_97-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rv-D-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The repressive government of <a href="/wiki/W%C5%82adys%C5%82aw_Gomu%C5%82ka" title="Władysław Gomułka">Władysław Gomułka</a> responded to student protests and strike actions across Poland (Warsaw, Kraków) with mass arrests, and by launching an anti-Zionist campaign within the Communist party on the initiative of Interior Minister <a href="/wiki/Mieczys%C5%82aw_Moczar" title="Mieczysław Moczar">Mieczysław Moczar</a>, also known as Mikołaj Diomko and best known for his xenophobic and antisemitic attitude.<sup id="cite_ref-M-C_98-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-M-C-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The officials of Jewish descent were blamed "for a major part, if not all, of the crimes and horrors of the Stalinist period."<sup id="cite_ref-stola1968_99-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-stola1968-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The campaign, which began in 1967, was a well-guided response to the <a href="/wiki/Six-Day_War" title="Six-Day War">Six-Day War</a> and the subsequent break-off by the Soviets of all diplomatic relations with <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a>. Polish factory workers were forced to publicly denounce Zionism. As the interior minister <a href="/wiki/Mieczys%C5%82aw_Moczar" title="Mieczysław Moczar">Mieczysław Moczar</a>'s nationalist "Partisan" faction became increasingly influential in the Communist party, infighting within the Polish Communist party led one faction to again make scapegoats of the remaining Polish Jews, attempting to redirect public anger at them. After Israel's victory in the war, the Polish government, following the Soviet lead, launched an antisemitic campaign under the guise of "anti-Zionism", with both Moczar's and Party Secretary <a href="/wiki/W%C5%82adys%C5%82aw_Gomu%C5%82ka" title="Władysław Gomułka">Władysław Gomułka</a>'s factions playing leading roles; however, the campaign did not resonate with the general public, because most Poles saw similarities between Israel's fight for survival and Poland's past struggles for independence. Many Poles felt pride in the success of the Israeli military, which was dominated by Polish Jews. The slogan "Our Jews beat the Soviet Arabs"<sup id="cite_ref-wprost_100-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wprost-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was very popular among the Poles but contrary to the desire of the Communist government.<sup id="cite_ref-google27_101-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-google27-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The government's antisemitic policy yielded more successes the next year. In March 1968, a wave of unrest among students and intellectuals, unrelated to the Arab-Israeli War, swept Poland (the events became known as the <a href="/wiki/March_1968_events" class="mw-redirect" title="March 1968 events">March 1968 events</a>). The campaign served multiple purposes, most notably the suppression of protests, which were branded as inspired by a "fifth column" of Zionists; it was also used as a tactic in a political struggle between Gomułka and Moczar, both of whom played the Jewish card in a nationalist appeal.<sup id="cite_ref-stola1968_99-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-stola1968-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-google29_102-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-google29-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-google30_103-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-google30-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The campaign resulted in an actual expulsion from Poland in two years, of thousands of Jewish professionals, party officials and state security functionaries. Ironically, the Moczar's faction failed to topple Gomułka with its propaganda efforts.<sup id="cite_ref-DW-CR-120_104-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DW-CR-120-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As historian Dariusz Stola notes, the anti-Jewish campaign combined century-old conspiracy theories, recycled antisemitic claims and classic communist propaganda. Regarding the tailoring of the <i>Żydokomuna</i> sentiment to Communist Poland, Stola suggested: "Paradoxically, probably the most powerful slogan of the communist propaganda in March was the accusation that the Jews were zealous communists. They were blamed for a major part, if not all, of the crimes and horrors of the Stalinist period. The myth of Judeo-Bolshevism had been well known in Poland since the Russian revolution and the Polish-Bolshevik war of 1920, yet its 1968 model deserves interest as a tool of communist propaganda. This accusation exploited and developed the popular stereotype of Jewish communism to purify communism: the Jews were the dark side of communism; what was wrong in communism was due to them."<sup id="cite_ref-stola1968_99-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-stola1968-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Communist elites used the "Jews as Zionists" allegations to push for a purge of Jews from scientific and cultural institutions, publishing houses, and national television and radio stations.<sup id="cite_ref-google31_105-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-google31-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ultimately, the Communist government sponsored an antisemitic campaign that resulted in most remaining Jews being forced to leave Poland.<sup id="cite_ref-communists_106-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-communists-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Moczar's "Partisan" faction promulgated an ideology that has been described as an "eerie reincarnation" of the views of the pre-World War II <a href="/wiki/National_Democracy_(Poland)" title="National Democracy (Poland)">National Democracy</a> Party, and even at times exploiting <i>Żydokomuna</i> sentiment.<sup id="cite_ref-google32_107-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-google32-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Stola also says that one of the effects of the 1968 antisemitic campaign was to thoroughly discredit the Communist government in the eyes of the public. When the concept of the Jew as a "threatening other" was employed in the 1970s and 1980s in Poland by the Communist government in its attacks on the political opposition, including the <a href="/wiki/Solidarity_(Polish_trade_union)" title="Solidarity (Polish trade union)">Solidarity</a> trade-union movement and the <a href="/wiki/Workers%27_Defence_Committee" title="Workers' Defence Committee">Workers' Defence Committee</a> (<i>Komitet Obrony Robotników</i>, or <i>KOR</i>), it was completely unsuccessful.<sup id="cite_ref-stola1968_99-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-stola1968-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Relation_with_other_antisemitic_beliefs">Relation with other antisemitic beliefs</h2></div> <p>According to <a href="/wiki/Niall_Ferguson" title="Niall Ferguson">Niall Ferguson</a>, Jews were in some ways treated better under Soviet rule than under Polish rule, leading to better integration in civil society.<sup id="cite_ref-ferguson_18-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ferguson-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was quickly seized on and exaggerated<sup id="cite_ref-Polonsky_&_Michlic_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Polonsky_&_Michlic-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> by Poles as proof of the "alleged affinity between Judaism and Bolshevism."<sup id="cite_ref-ferguson_18-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ferguson-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Age-old fear of Russia coupled with anti-communist and antisemitic attitudes supported this belief,<sup id="cite_ref-Gerrits_1995_10-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gerrits_1995-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Magdalena_Opalski_1992._P29-30_14-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Magdalena_Opalski_1992._P29-30-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Michlic_2006_12-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Michlic_2006-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Polonsky_seminar_15-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Polonsky_seminar-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Mendelsohn_2004_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mendelsohn_2004-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and in turn amplified ideas of an alleged <a href="/wiki/List_of_conspiracy_theories#Jewish_world_domination" title="List of conspiracy theories">Jewish "conspiracy" for world domination</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Gerrits_1995_10-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gerrits_1995-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to David Wyman and Charles Rosenzveig, to those who believed in Żydokomuna, Bolshevism and communism were "the modern means to the long-attempted Jewish political conquest of Poland; the Żydokomuna conspirators would finally succeed in establishing a '<a href="/wiki/Judeopolonia" title="Judeopolonia">Judeo-Polonia</a>.<span style="padding-right:.15em;">'</span>"<sup id="cite_ref-Wyman_&_Rosenzveig_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wyman_&_Rosenzveig-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Jaff Schatz, this had <a href="/wiki/Unintended_consequences" title="Unintended consequences">perverse results</a> "because antisemitism was one of the main forces that drew Jews to the Communist movement, Żydokomuna meant turning the effects of antisemitism into a cause of its further increase."<sup id="cite_ref-generation_6-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-generation-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-google2_108-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-google2-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Discussion of the Żydokomuna myth and its relation to the broader subject of Polish-Jewish relations remains a sensitive subject in Polish society.<sup id="cite_ref-jhu_109-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jhu-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Omer_Bartov" title="Omer Bartov">Omer Bartov</a> writes that "recent writings and pronouncements seem to indicate that the myth of the Żydokomuna ... has not gone away", as evidenced by the writings of scholars like <a href="/wiki/Marek_Chodakiewicz" class="mw-redirect" title="Marek Chodakiewicz">Marek Chodakiewicz</a>, who contend there was Jewish disloyalty to Poland during the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_invasion_of_Poland" title="Soviet invasion of Poland">Soviet occupation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBartov2007206_110-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBartov2007206-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Joanna_B._Michlic" class="mw-redirect" title="Joanna B. Michlic">Joanna B. Michlic</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Laurence_Weinbaum&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Laurence Weinbaum (page does not exist)">Laurence Weinbaum</a> charge that post-1989 Polish historiography has seen a revival of an "ethnonationalist historical approach".<sup id="cite_ref-jbmsov_112-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jbmsov-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Michlic, among some Polish historians, "[the myth of żydokomuna] served the purpose of rationalizing and explaining the participation of ethnic Poles in killing their Jewish neighbors and, thus, in minimizing the criminal nature of the murder."<sup id="cite_ref-jbmsov_112-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jbmsov-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-google35_113-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-google35-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Poland" title="History of the Jews in Poland">History of the Jews in Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Russia#Jews_in_the_revolutionary_movement" title="History of the Jews in Russia">History of the Jews in Russia: Jews in the revolutionary movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Bolshevism" title="Jewish Bolshevism">Jewish Bolshevism</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFBartov2007" class="citation book cs1">Bartov, Omer (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=CbofiWD2hL0C&pg=PA206"><i>Erased: Vanishing Traces of Jewish Galicia in Present-day Ukraine</i></a>. Princeton University Press. p. 206. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780691131214" title="Special:BookSources/9780691131214"><bdi>9780691131214</bdi></a>. <q>Some younger Polish scholars claim again that the nation's Jewish citizens were disloyal to it during the Soviet occupation and therefore had to be suppressed by the forces of the state.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Erased%3A+Vanishing+Traces+of+Jewish+Galicia+in+Present-day+Ukraine&rft.pages=206&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=9780691131214&rft.aulast=Bartov&rft.aufirst=Omer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DCbofiWD2hL0C%26pg%3DPA206&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%C5%BBydokomuna" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Explanatory_notes">Explanatory notes</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-111"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bartov refers to Chodakiewicz's book <i>After the Holocaust</i>, written about the postwar violence in Poland after the Soviet takeover. Amid a raging Polish anti-Communist insurgency, the Polish Jewish Communists returning from the Soviet Union fought to establish a revolutionary Marxist–Leninist regime, thus adding to the stereotype of Żydokomuna among some Poles. According to him, some younger academics in Poland have questioned the loyalty of Jews during the Soviet occupation, reflecting a "right-wing turn" in Polish politics. Bartov refers in particular to <a href="/wiki/Marek_Jan_Chodakiewicz" title="Marek Jan Chodakiewicz">Marek Jan Chodakiewicz</a> and <a href="/wiki/Marek_Wierzbicki" title="Marek Wierzbicki">Marek Wierzbicki</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBartov2007206_110-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBartov2007206-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 26em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-encyclopedia-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-encyclopedia_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Gershon_David_Hundert" class="mw-redirect" title="Gershon David Hundert">Gershon David Hundert</a>, YIVO Institute for Jewish Research. <i>The YIVO Encyclopedia of Jews in Eastern Europe: 2 Volumes</i>. Yale University Press, 2008.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith2014" class="citation book cs1">Smith, S. A., ed. (2014). <i>The Oxford Handbook of the History of Communism</i>. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 206. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780191667510" title="Special:BookSources/9780191667510"><bdi>9780191667510</bdi></a>. <q>Here anti-communism merged with antisemitism as concepts such as Polish <i>żydokomuna</i> (Judaeo-Communism) suggest.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Handbook+of+the+History+of+Communism&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=206&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=9780191667510&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%C5%BBydokomuna" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-stone-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-stone_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-stone_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStone2014" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Dan_Stone_(historian)" title="Dan Stone (historian)">Stone, Dan</a> (2014). <i>Goodbye to All That?: The Story of Europe Since 1945</i>. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 265. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-969771-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-969771-7"><bdi>978-0-19-969771-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Goodbye+to+All+That%3F%3A+The+Story+of+Europe+Since+1945&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=265&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0-19-969771-7&rft.aulast=Stone&rft.aufirst=Dan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%C5%BBydokomuna" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMichnikMarczyk2018" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Adam_Michnik" title="Adam Michnik">Michnik, Adam</a>; Marczyk, Agnieszka (2018). "Introduction: Poland and Antisemitism". In Michnik, Adam; Marczyk, Agnieszka (eds.). <i>Against Anti-Semitism: An Anthology of Twentieth-century Polish Writings</i>. New York: Oxford University Press. p. xvii (xi–2). <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-1-90624514" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-1-90624514"><bdi>978-0-1-90624514</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Introduction%3A+Poland+and+Antisemitism&rft.btitle=Against+Anti-Semitism%3A+An+Anthology+of+Twentieth-century+Polish+Writings&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=xvii+%28xi-2%29&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-0-1-90624514&rft.aulast=Michnik&rft.aufirst=Adam&rft.au=Marczyk%2C+Agnieszka&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%C5%BBydokomuna" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Belavusau_2013_151-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Belavusau_2013_151_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Belavusau_2013_151_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBelavusau2013" class="citation book cs1">Belavusau, Uladzislau (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=acVEAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA151"><i>Freedom of Speech: Importing European and US Constitutional Models in Transitional Democracies</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. p. 151. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-135-07198-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-135-07198-1"><bdi>978-1-135-07198-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Freedom+of+Speech%3A+Importing+European+and+US+Constitutional+Models+in+Transitional+Democracies&rft.pages=151&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-135-07198-1&rft.aulast=Belavusau&rft.aufirst=Uladzislau&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DacVEAQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA151&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%C5%BBydokomuna" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-generation-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-generation_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-generation_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-generation_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-generation_6-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJaff_Schatz1991" class="citation book cs1">Jaff Schatz (1 January 1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=r4_R17Qmv7wC&pg=PA95"><i>The Generation: The Rise and Fall of the Jewish Communists of Poland</i></a>. University of California Press. p. 95. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-07136-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-07136-0"><bdi>978-0-520-07136-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Generation%3A+The+Rise+and+Fall+of+the+Jewish+Communists+of+Poland&rft.pages=95&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1991-01-01&rft.isbn=978-0-520-07136-0&rft.au=Jaff+Schatz&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dr4_R17Qmv7wC%26pg%3DPA95&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%C5%BBydokomuna" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Polonsky_&_Michlic-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Polonsky_&_Michlic_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Polonsky_&_Michlic_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Polonsky_&_Michlic_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPolonksyMichlic2003" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Antony_Polonsky" title="Antony Polonsky">Polonksy, Antony</a>; <a href="/wiki/Joanna_Michlic" title="Joanna Michlic">Michlic, Joanna B.</a>, eds. (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=a_49GjK8ovMC&q=zydokomuna&pg=PA469">"Explanatory notes"</a>. <i>The Neighbors Respond: The Controversy over the Jedwabne Massacre in Poland</i>. Princeton University Press. p. 469. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-11306-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-11306-7"><bdi>978-0-691-11306-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Explanatory+notes&rft.btitle=The+Neighbors+Respond%3A+The+Controversy+over+the+Jedwabne+Massacre+in+Poland&rft.pages=469&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-691-11306-7&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Da_49GjK8ovMC%26q%3Dzydokomuna%26pg%3DPA469&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%C5%BBydokomuna" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Stanis%C5%82aw_Krajewski" title="Stanisław Krajewski">Krajewski, Stanislaw</a> (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://web.ceu.hu/jewishstudies/pdf/01_krajewski.pdf">"Jews, Communism, and the Jewish Communists"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181030035635/http://web.ceu.hu/jewishstudies/pdf/01_krajewski.pdf">Archived</a> 30 October 2018 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. In András Kovács (ed.). <i>Jewish Studies at the CEU: Yearbook 1996–1999. Central European University.</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFS._A._Smith2014" class="citation book cs1">S. A. Smith (9 January 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZMd7AgAAQBAJ&pg=PT245"><i>The Oxford Handbook of the History of Communism</i></a>. OUP Oxford. pp. 245–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-166752-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-166752-7"><bdi>978-0-19-166752-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Handbook+of+the+History+of+Communism&rft.pages=245-&rft.pub=OUP+Oxford&rft.date=2014-01-09&rft.isbn=978-0-19-166752-7&rft.au=S.+A.+Smith&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZMd7AgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT245&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%C5%BBydokomuna" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gerrits_1995-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Gerrits_1995_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gerrits_1995_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gerrits_1995_10-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gerrits_1995_10-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gerrits_1995_10-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gerrits_1995_10-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gerrits_1995_10-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Gerrits, André (1995). "Antisemitism and Anti-Communism: The Myth of 'Judeo-Communism' in Eastern Europe". <i>East European Jewish Affairs</i>. 25(1), 71 (49–72). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F13501679508577796">10.1080/13501679508577796</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mendes_2014-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Mendes_2014_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mendes_2014_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mendes_2014_11-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMendes2014" class="citation book cs1">Mendes, Philip (2014). <i>Jews and the left : the rise and fall of a political alliance</i>. New York: Springer. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-137-00829-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-137-00829-9"><bdi>978-1-137-00829-9</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/865063358">865063358</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jews+and+the+left+%3A+the+rise+and+fall+of+a+political+alliance&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2014&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F865063358&rft.isbn=978-1-137-00829-9&rft.aulast=Mendes&rft.aufirst=Philip&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%C5%BBydokomuna" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Michlic_2006-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Michlic_2006_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Michlic_2006_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Michlic_2006_12-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Michlic_2006_12-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Michlic_2006_12-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Joanna B. Michlic. <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=t6h2pI7o_zQC&dq=Niemcewicz+3333&pg=PA48">Poland's Threatening Other: The Image of the Jew from 1880 to the Present.</a></i> University of Nebraska Press, 2006. Pages 47–48.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Schatz_2005-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Schatz_2005_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Schatz_2005_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Jaff Schatz. "Jews and the communist movement in interwar Poland". In: Jonathan Frankel. <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=POkxdm6DoAsC&dq=jaff+schatz+jews+communism&pg=PA13">Dark Times, Dire Decisions: Jews and Communism. Studies in Contemporary Jewry.</a></i> Oxford University Press US, 2005, p. 211.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Magdalena_Opalski_1992._P29-30-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Magdalena_Opalski_1992._P29-30_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Magdalena_Opalski_1992._P29-30_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Magdalena_Opalski_1992._P29-30_14-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Magdalena Opalski, <a href="/wiki/Israel_Bartal" title="Israel Bartal">Israel Bartal</a>. <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VQqO8LBNBbsC&q=3333&pg=PA29">Poles and Jews: A Failed Brotherhood.</a></i> University Press of New England, 1992. P29-30</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Polonsky_seminar-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Polonsky_seminar_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Polonsky_seminar_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Polonsky_seminar_15-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Polonsky_seminar_15-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Polonsky_seminar_15-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Polonsky_seminar_15-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Polonsky_seminar_15-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Polonsky_seminar_15-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Antony Polonsky, <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.yale.edu/isps/seminars/antisemitism/seminar_papers/Polonsky_seminar.pdf">Poles, Jews and the Problems of a Divided Memory</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Brandeis_University" title="Brandeis University">Brandeis University</a>, <a href="/wiki/Waltham,_Massachusetts" title="Waltham, Massachusetts">Waltham</a>, <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts" title="Massachusetts">Massachusetts</a>, page: 20 (PDF file: 208 KB)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mendelsohn_2004-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Mendelsohn_2004_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mendelsohn_2004_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Ezra Mendelsohn, <i>Studies in Contemporary Jewry</i>, Oxford University Press US, 2004, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-517087-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-517087-3">0-19-517087-3</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NfD3lk_KhI0C&dq=%22Jewish+historiography%22+Jan+Gross&pg=PA279">Google Print, p.279</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kopstein, Jeffrey S., and Jason Wittenberg. "Who voted communist? Reconsidering the social bases of radicalism in interwar Poland." Slavic Review 62.1 (2003): 87–109.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ferguson-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ferguson_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ferguson_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ferguson_18-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ferguson_18-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Niall Ferguson, <i>The War of the World</i>, The Penguin Press, New York 2006, page 422</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.yivoencyclopedia.org/article.aspx/Communism#id0etaai">"YIVO | Communism"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=YIVO+%26%23124%3B+Communism&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.yivoencyclopedia.org%2Farticle.aspx%2FCommunism%23id0etaai&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%C5%BBydokomuna" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wyman_&_Rosenzveig-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Wyman_&_Rosenzveig_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wyman_&_Rosenzveig_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">David S. Wyman, Charles H. Rosenzveig. <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=U6KVOsjpP0MC&dq=1919+zydokomuna&pg=PA103">The World Reacts to the Holocaust.</a></i> The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1996.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gross20022-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Gross20022_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJan_Tomasz_Gross2002" class="citation book cs1">Jan Tomasz Gross (29 October 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=r9IMAQAAMAAJ"><i>Neighbors: the destruction of the Jewish community in Jedwabne, Poland</i></a>. Penguin Books. p. xv. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-200240-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-14-200240-7"><bdi>978-0-14-200240-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Neighbors%3A+the+destruction+of+the+Jewish+community+in+Jedwabne%2C+Poland&rft.pages=xv&rft.pub=Penguin+Books&rft.date=2002-10-29&rft.isbn=978-0-14-200240-7&rft.au=Jan+Tomasz+Gross&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dr9IMAQAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%C5%BBydokomuna" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-google18-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-google18_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-google18_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Joanna B. Michlic. <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=t6h2pI7o_zQC&dq=judeo-communism&pg=PA90">Poland's Threatening Other: The Image of the Jew from 1880 to the Present.</a></i> University of Nebraska Press, 2006. Pages 170–180.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-IPN-UB-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-IPN-UB_23-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-IPN-UB_23-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-IPN-UB_23-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-IPN-UB_23-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSzwagrzyk2005" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Krzysztof_Szwagrzyk" title="Krzysztof Szwagrzyk">Szwagrzyk, Krzysztof Szwagrzyk</a> (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://polska1918-89.pl/pdf/zydzi-w-kierownictwie-ub.-stereotyp-czy-rzeczywistosc,6146.pdf">"Żydzi w kierownictwie UB. Stereotyp czy rzeczywistość?"</a> [Jews in the authorities of the Polish Secret Security. Stereotype or Reality?] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Bulletin of the Institute of National Remembrance</i> (in Polish). <b>11</b>: 37–42.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bulletin+of+the+Institute+of+National+Remembrance&rft.atitle=%C5%BBydzi+w+kierownictwie+UB.+Stereotyp+czy+rzeczywisto%C5%9B%C4%87%3F&rft.volume=11&rft.pages=37-42&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Szwagrzyk&rft.aufirst=Krzysztof+Szwagrzyk&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpolska1918-89.pl%2Fpdf%2Fzydzi-w-kierownictwie-ub.-stereotyp-czy-rzeczywistosc%2C6146.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%C5%BBydokomuna" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-google-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-google_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobert_Blobaum2005" class="citation book cs1">Robert Blobaum (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rT6qx6hi8C4C&pg=PA13"><i>Antisemitism and Its Opponents in Modern Poland</i></a>. Cornell University Press. p. 13. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8014-4347-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-8014-4347-4"><bdi>0-8014-4347-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Antisemitism+and+Its+Opponents+in+Modern+Poland&rft.pages=13&rft.pub=Cornell+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0-8014-4347-4&rft.au=Robert+Blobaum&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DrT6qx6hi8C4C%26pg%3DPA13&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%C5%BBydokomuna" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-google1-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-google1_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Natalia Aleksiun. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4Iiw0KB31rgC&dq=zydokomuna+communist&pg=PA248">Jewish Responses to Antisemitism in Poland, 1944–1947.</a>" In: Joshua D. Zimmerman, ed. <i>Contested Memories: Poles and Jews During the Holocaust and Its Aftermath</i>. Rutgers University Press, 2003.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:0_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSteinlauf1995" class="citation journal cs1">Steinlauf, Michael (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S0037677900073587/type/journal_article">"The Generation: The Rise and Fall of the Jewish Communists of Poland. By Jaff Schatz. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1991. x, 408 pp. Bibliography. Index. Hard bound"</a>. <i>Slavic Review</i>. <b>54</b> (2): 537–538. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2501713">10.2307/2501713</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0037-6779">0037-6779</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2501713">2501713</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:164606859">164606859</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Slavic+Review&rft.atitle=The+Generation%3A+The+Rise+and+Fall+of+the+Jewish+Communists+of+Poland.+By+Jaff+Schatz.+Berkeley%3A+University+of+California+Press%2C+1991.+x%2C+408+pp.+Bibliography.+Index.+Hard+bound&rft.volume=54&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=537-538&rft.date=1995&rft.issn=0037-6779&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A164606859%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2501713%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2501713&rft.aulast=Steinlauf&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cambridge.org%2Fcore%2Fproduct%2Fidentifier%2FS0037677900073587%2Ftype%2Fjournal_article&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%C5%BBydokomuna" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDymarczyk2014" class="citation journal cs1">Dymarczyk, Waldemar (31 October 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.qualitativesociologyreview.org/ENG/Volume31/QSR_10_4.pdf">"The War on the Wall. Polish and Soviet War Posters Analysis"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Qualitative Sociology Review</i>. <b>X</b> (4): 22 (6–30).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Qualitative+Sociology+Review&rft.atitle=The+War+on+the+Wall.+Polish+and+Soviet+War+Posters+Analysis&rft.volume=X&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=22+%286-30%29&rft.date=2014-10-31&rft.aulast=Dymarczyk&rft.aufirst=Waldemar&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.qualitativesociologyreview.org%2FENG%2FVolume31%2FQSR_10_4.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%C5%BBydokomuna" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BPorter-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-BPorter_28-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BPorter_28-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Brian Porter. <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5yQXYJdcJNgC&dq=From+Assimilation+to+Antisemitism:+The+%22Jewish+Question%22+in+Poland+weeks&pg=PA162">When Nationalism Began to Hate: Imagining Modern Politics in Nineteenth-Century Poland.</a></i> Oxford University Press US, 2002. Pages 230ff.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-assimilation-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-assimilation_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See also Theodore R. Weeks. <i>From Assimilation to Antisemitism: The "Jewish Question" in Poland, 1850–1914</i>. De-Kalb: Northern Illinois University Press. 2006.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-interaction-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-interaction_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Antony Polonsky. "The Dreyfus Affair and Polish-Jewish Interaction, 1890–1914". <i>Jewish History</i>, volume 11, no. 2: 21–40. Page 40.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMichlic2007" class="citation journal cs1">Michlic, Joanna (2007). "The Soviet Occupation of Poland, 1939–41, and the Stereotype of the Anti-Polish and Pro-Soviet Jew". <i>Jewish Social Studies</i>. <b>13</b> (3): 135–176. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/4467778">4467778</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Jewish+Social+Studies&rft.atitle=The+Soviet+Occupation+of+Poland%2C+1939%E2%80%9341%2C+and+the+Stereotype+of+the+Anti-Polish+and+Pro-Soviet+Jew&rft.volume=13&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=135-176&rft.date=2007&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F4467778%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Michlic&rft.aufirst=Joanna&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%C5%BBydokomuna" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-antisemitism-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-antisemitism_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Robert Blobaum. <i>Antisemitism and Its Opponents in Modern Poland</i> Cornell University Press, 2005, pp. 81–82.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Piotrowski-41-42-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Piotrowski-41-42_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="languageicon">(in English)</span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTadeusz_Piotrowski1997" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Tadeusz_Piotrowski_(sociologist)" title="Tadeusz Piotrowski (sociologist)">Tadeusz Piotrowski</a> (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/polandsholocaust00piot/page/41"><i>Poland's Holocaust: Ethnic Strife, Collaboration with Occupying Forces and Genocide...</i></a> McFarland & Company. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/polandsholocaust00piot/page/41">41–42</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-0371-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-0371-4"><bdi>978-0-7864-0371-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Poland%27s+Holocaust%3A+Ethnic+Strife%2C+Collaboration+with+Occupying+Forces+and+Genocide...&rft.pages=41-42&rft.pub=McFarland+%26+Company&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-7864-0371-4&rft.au=Tadeusz+Piotrowski&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpolandsholocaust00piot%2Fpage%2F41&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%C5%BBydokomuna" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-google4-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-google4_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Joanna B. Michlic. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=t6h2pI7o_zQC&q=bolsheviks&pg=PA111"><i>Poland's Threatening Other. The Myth and Anti-Jewish Violence between 1919 and 1939: Investigation, rationalization and justification of violence</i>.</a> University of Nebraska Press, 2006. P117ff.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-liberation-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-liberation_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Blatman" title="Daniel Blatman">Daniel Blatman</a>, "The Encounter between Jews and Poles in Lublin District after Liberation, 1944–1945," <i>East European Politics & Societies</i>, 2006, vol. 20, no. 4 (598–621), page 601.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-liberation5-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-liberation5_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Daniel Blatman. "The Encounter between Jews and Poles in Lublin District after Liberation, 1944–1945". <i>East European Politics & Societies</i>, 2006, Vol. 20, No. 4, 598–621.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-lekket.com-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-lekket.com_37-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-lekket.com_37-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Dariusz Libionka. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lekket.com/Site_ViewDocument.asp?id=808&idPage=1">Alien, Hostile, Dangerous: The Image of the Jews and the "Jewish Question" in the Polish-Catholic Press in the 1930s.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110519235513/http://www.lekket.com/Site_ViewDocument.asp?id=808&idPage=1">Archived</a> 19 May 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>" <i>Yad Vashem Studies.</i> 32 (2004): 248–252.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-google6-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-google6_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Robert Blobaum. <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HeUvRvZY0dEC&dq=zydokomuna+catholic+violent&pg=PA13">Antisemitism and Its Opponents in Modern Poland</a></i> Cornell University Press, 2005, p. 110.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hebraica-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hebraica_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGeorge_Voicu2004" class="citation book cs1">George Voicu (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ceeol.com/aspx/issuedetails.aspx?issueid=d8285fe3-e7f2-45a7-9c77-1c653030889b&articleId=8736b9e8-77a0-4af5-a31d-b1aae70ce3fa"><i>The Notion of "Judeo-Bolshevism" in Romanian Wartime Press</i></a>. Studia Hebraica.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Notion+of+%22Judeo-Bolshevism%22+in+Romanian+Wartime+Press&rft.pub=Studia+Hebraica&rft.date=2004&rft.au=George+Voicu&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ceeol.com%2Faspx%2Fissuedetails.aspx%3Fissueid%3Dd8285fe3-e7f2-45a7-9c77-1c653030889b%26articleId%3D8736b9e8-77a0-4af5-a31d-b1aae70ce3fa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%C5%BBydokomuna" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged August 2024">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup> p.55-68</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gerrits_EU-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Gerrits_EU_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFA._Gerrits1995" class="citation book cs1">A. Gerrits (1995). <i>Anti-Semitism and Anti-Communism: The Myth of 'Judeo-Communism' in Eastern Europe</i>. East European Jewish Affairs.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Anti-Semitism+and+Anti-Communism%3A+The+Myth+of+%27Judeo-Communism%27+in+Eastern+Europe&rft.pub=East+European+Jewish+Affairs&rft.date=1995&rft.au=A.+Gerrits&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%C5%BBydokomuna" class="Z3988"></span> 25,1,49–72</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-RB-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-RB_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlobaum2005" class="citation book cs1">Blobaum, Robert (2005). "Criminalizing the 'Other': Crime, Ethnicity, and Antisemitism in Early Twentieth-Century Poland". In Blobaum, Robert (ed.). <i>Antisemitism and its opponents in modern Poland</i>. Ithaca: Cornell University Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HeUvRvZY0dEC&pg=PA82">82</a> (83–97).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Criminalizing+the+%27Other%27%3A+Crime%2C+Ethnicity%2C+and+Antisemitism+in+Early+Twentieth-Century+Poland&rft.btitle=Antisemitism+and+its+opponents+in+modern+Poland&rft.place=Ithaca&rft.pages=82+%2883-97%29&rft.pub=Cornell+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Blobaum&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%C5%BBydokomuna" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlobaum200594-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlobaum200594_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBlobaum2005">Blobaum 2005</a>, p. 94.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlobaum200596–97-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlobaum200596–97_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBlobaum2005">Blobaum 2005</a>, pp. 96–97.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-multifaceted-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-multifaceted_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Daniel Blatman, "The Encounter between Jews and Poles in Lublin District after Liberation, 1944–1945," <i>East European Politics & Societies</i>, 2006, vol. 20, no. 4, 598–621: "However, interwar Polish–Jewish relations were much more complex and multifaceted; one cannot deem the Jews’ role in the Polish or global Communist movement to have been a principal factor in shaping relations between the two national groups. Although numerically they were rather well represented in the Polish Communist Party and its counterparts in Ukraine or Lithuania, the Jewish Communists were a small political and social group, isolated and practically devoid of influence in the Jewish street, let alone the Polish."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>Henryk Cimek Jews In The Polish Communist Movement (1918–1937)</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Henryk+Cimek+Jews+In+The+Polish+Communist+Movement+%281918%E2%80%931937%29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%C5%BBydokomuna" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-JS-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-JS_46-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPiotrowski1998" class="citation book cs1">Piotrowski, Tadeusz (27 January 1998). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/polandsholocaust00piot"><i>Poland's Holocaust: Ethnic Strife, Collaboration with Occupying Forces and Genocide in the Second Republic, 1918–1947</i></a></span>. McFarland. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/polandsholocaust00piot/page/37">37</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780786403714" title="Special:BookSources/9780786403714"><bdi>9780786403714</bdi></a> – via Internet Archive.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Poland%27s+Holocaust%3A+Ethnic+Strife%2C+Collaboration+with+Occupying+Forces+and+Genocide+in+the+Second+Republic%2C+1918%E2%80%931947&rft.pages=37&rft.pub=McFarland&rft.date=1998-01-27&rft.isbn=9780786403714&rft.aulast=Piotrowski&rft.aufirst=Tadeusz&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpolandsholocaust00piot&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%C5%BBydokomuna" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Marcus-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Marcus_47-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJoseph_Marcus2003" class="citation book cs1">Joseph Marcus (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=82ncGA4GuN4C&q=zydokomuna+endeks&pg=PA362"><i>The Social and Political History of the Jews in Poland, 1919–1939</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Walter_de_Gruyter" class="mw-redirect" title="Walter de Gruyter">Walter de Gruyter</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-279-3239-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-279-3239-6"><bdi>978-90-279-3239-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Social+and+Political+History+of+the+Jews+in+Poland%2C+1919%E2%80%931939&rft.pub=Walter+de+Gruyter&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-90-279-3239-6&rft.au=Joseph+Marcus&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D82ncGA4GuN4C%26q%3Dzydokomuna%2Bendeks%26pg%3DPA362&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%C5%BBydokomuna" class="Z3988"></span> p. 362.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kopstein, Jeffrey S., and Jason Wittenberg. "Who voted communist? Reconsidering the social bases of radicalism in interwar Poland." Slavic Review 62.1 (2003): 87–109. Pages 102, 108.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Blobaum-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Blobaum_49-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Blobaum_49-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobert_Blobaum1983" class="citation book cs1">Robert Blobaum (1983). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gXisr7fgDjwC&q=zydokomuna&pg=PA97"><i>Antisemitism and Its Opponents In Modern Poland</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Cornell_University_Press" title="Cornell University Press">Cornell University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-11306-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-11306-7"><bdi>978-0-691-11306-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Antisemitism+and+Its+Opponents+In+Modern+Poland&rft.pub=Cornell+University+Press&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=978-0-691-11306-7&rft.au=Robert+Blobaum&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DgXisr7fgDjwC%26q%3Dzydokomuna%26pg%3DPA97&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%C5%BBydokomuna" class="Z3988"></span> p. 97.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-google12-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-google12_50-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Joseph Marcus. <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=82ncGA4GuN4C&dq=%22in+fact+it+was+strongly+anti-Jewish%22&pg=PA290">The Social and Political History of the Jews in Poland, 1919–1939.</a></i> Walter de Gruyter, 1983. P. 291</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Piotrowski-36-37-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Piotrowski-36-37_51-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="languageicon">(in English)</span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTadeusz_Piotrowski1997" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Tadeusz_Piotrowski_(sociologist)" title="Tadeusz Piotrowski (sociologist)">Tadeusz Piotrowski</a> (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/polandsholocaust00piot/page/36"><i>Poland's Holocaust: Ethnic Strife, Collaboration with Occupying Forces and Genocide...</i></a> McFarland & Company. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/polandsholocaust00piot/page/36">36–37</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-0371-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-0371-4"><bdi>978-0-7864-0371-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Poland%27s+Holocaust%3A+Ethnic+Strife%2C+Collaboration+with+Occupying+Forces+and+Genocide...&rft.pages=36-37&rft.pub=McFarland+%26+Company&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-7864-0371-4&rft.au=Tadeusz+Piotrowski&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpolandsholocaust00piot%2Fpage%2F36&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%C5%BBydokomuna" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-JK-JW-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-JK-JW_52-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-JK-JW_52-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-JK-JW_52-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-JK-JW_52-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Jeffrey S. Kopstein and Jason Wittenberg. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.yale.edu/macmillan/ocvprogram/licep/5/wittenberg/wittenberg.pdf">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"Who Voted Communist? Reconsidering the Social Bases of Radicalism in Interwar Poland"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%22Who+Voted+Communist%3F+Reconsidering+the+Social+Bases+of+Radicalism+in+Interwar+Poland%22.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.yale.edu%2Fmacmillan%2Focvprogram%2Flicep%2F5%2Fwittenberg%2Fwittenberg.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%C5%BBydokomuna" class="Z3988"></span> 31 pages including "Notes". Laboratory in Comparative Ethnic Processes 5 research group, Encina Hall, Palo Alto 2002. Sponsored by Stanford University.  </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-philadelphia-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-philadelphia_53-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dov Levin. <i>The Lesser of Two Evils: Eastern European Jewry Under Soviet Rule</i>, 1939–1941. Philadelphia, 1995.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Comm_syph-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Comm_syph_54-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jewishgen.org/yizkor/rogatin/roh032e.html">The Death of Chaimke</a> Yizkor Book Project, JewishGen: The Home of Jewish Genealogy</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gross2002-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Gross2002_55-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gross2002_55-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJan_Tomasz_Gross2002" class="citation book cs1">Jan Tomasz Gross (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XKtOr4EXOWwC&pg=PA32"><i>Revolution from Abroad: The Soviet Conquest of Poland's Western Ukraine and Western Belorussia</i></a>. Princeton University Press. p. 32. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-09603-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-09603-2"><bdi>978-0-691-09603-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Revolution+from+Abroad%3A+The+Soviet+Conquest+of+Poland%27s+Western+Ukraine+and+Western+Belorussia&rft.pages=32&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-691-09603-2&rft.au=Jan+Tomasz+Gross&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXKtOr4EXOWwC%26pg%3DPA32&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%C5%BBydokomuna" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BCP-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-BCP_56-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ben Cion Pinchuk. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4Iiw0KB31rgC&dq=%C5%BBbikowski+jews&pg=PA54"><i>Facing Hitler and Stalin: On the Subject of Jewish "Collaboration" in Soviet-Occupied Eastern Poland, 1939–1941</i></a>, p.63, and Andrzej Zbikowski. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4Iiw0KB31rgC&dq=Andrzej+Zbikowski+jews+specific&pg=PA54"><i>Polish Jews Under Soviet Occupation, 1939–1941: Specific Strategies of Survival</i>.</a> In: Joshua D. Zimmerman, ed. <i>Contested Memories: Poles and Jews during the Holocaust and its Aftermath</i>. Rutgers University Press, 2003.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-HDoP-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-HDoP_57-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jerzy Jan Lerski, Piotr Wróbel, Richard J. Kozicki, <i>Historical Dictionary of Poland, 966–1945</i>, Greenwood Publishing Group, 1996, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-313-26007-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-313-26007-9">0-313-26007-9</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FPxhOu_n1VYC&dq=Jan+Czerski&pg=PA538">Google Print, 538</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Piotrowski_11-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Piotrowski_11_58-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPiotrowski2007" class="citation book cs1">Piotrowski, Tadeusz (9 January 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NBbnrEMswbUC&q=%22The+educational+system+became+a+monstrous+tool+for+Soviet+indoctrination%22&pg=PA10"><i>Poland's Holocaust: Ethnic Strife, Collaboration with Occupying Forces and Genocide in the Second Republic, 1918–1947</i></a>. McFarland. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780786429134" title="Special:BookSources/9780786429134"><bdi>9780786429134</bdi></a> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Poland%27s+Holocaust%3A+Ethnic+Strife%2C+Collaboration+with+Occupying+Forces+and+Genocide+in+the+Second+Republic%2C+1918%E2%80%931947&rft.pub=McFarland&rft.date=2007-01-09&rft.isbn=9780786429134&rft.aulast=Piotrowski&rft.aufirst=Tadeusz&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNBbnrEMswbUC%26q%3D%2522The%2Beducational%2Bsystem%2Bbecame%2Ba%2Bmonstrous%2Btool%2Bfor%2BSoviet%2Bindoctrination%2522%26pg%3DPA10&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%C5%BBydokomuna" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dav-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Dav_59-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Davies, <i>Europe: A History</i>, pp. 1001–1003.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lowe-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Lowe_60-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Josef Krauski, "Education as Resistance: The Polish Experience of Schooling During the War", in Roy Lowe, <i>Education and the Second World War : studies in schooling and social change</i>, Falmer Press, 1992, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7507-0054-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-7507-0054-8">0-7507-0054-8</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vf7A7yiSqe8C&dq=schools+%22occupied+Poland%22&pg=PA132">Google Print, p.128-138</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sztetl.org.pl/en/news/polish-jews-victims-of-katyn-massacre">"Polish Jews – Victims of Katyn Massacre | Virtual Shtetl"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Polish+Jews+%E2%80%93+Victims+of+Katyn+Massacre+%26%23124%3B+Virtual+Shtetl&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsztetl.org.pl%2Fen%2Fnews%2Fpolish-jews-victims-of-katyn-massacre&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%C5%BBydokomuna" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-google14-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-google14_62-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">István Deák, Jan Tomasz Gross, Tony Judt. <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=s82F2H0FEHQC&dq=zydokomuna+deak&pg=PA98">The Politics of Retribution in Europe.</a></i> Princeton University Press, 2000.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Piotrowski-49-65-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Piotrowski-49-65_63-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Piotrowski-49-65_63-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Piotrowski-49-65_63-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Piotrowski-49-65_63-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Piotrowski-49-65_63-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Piotrowski-49-65_63-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="languageicon">(in English)</span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTadeusz_Piotrowski1997" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Tadeusz_Piotrowski_(sociologist)" title="Tadeusz Piotrowski (sociologist)">Tadeusz Piotrowski</a> (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/polandsholocaust00piot/page/49"><i>Poland's Holocaust: Ethnic Strife, Collaboration with Occupying Forces and Genocide...</i></a> McFarland & Company. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/polandsholocaust00piot/page/49">49–65</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-0371-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-0371-4"><bdi>978-0-7864-0371-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Poland%27s+Holocaust%3A+Ethnic+Strife%2C+Collaboration+with+Occupying+Forces+and+Genocide...&rft.pages=49-65&rft.pub=McFarland+%26+Company&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-7864-0371-4&rft.au=Tadeusz+Piotrowski&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpolandsholocaust00piot%2Fpage%2F49&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%C5%BBydokomuna" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-philadelphia15-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-philadelphia15_64-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dov Levin. <i>The Lesser of Two Evils: Eastern European Jewry Under Soviet Rule, 1939–1941.</i> Philadelphia, 1995.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-google17-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-google17_65-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Robert Blobaum. <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HeUvRvZY0dEC&dq=zydokomuna+catholic+violent&pg=PA13">Antisemitism And Its Opponents In Modern Poland.</a></i> Introduction. Cornell University Press, 2005. p.13.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-google16-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-google16_66-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Robert Blobaum. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HeUvRvZY0dEC&dq=zydokomuna+this+powerful+myth,+born+in+the+interwar+period&pg=PA13"><i>Antisemitism and Its Opponents in Modern Poland.</i></a> Cornell University Press, 2005.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBergen2009" class="citation book cs1">Bergen, Doris L. (2009). <i>War & genocide: a concise history of the Holocaust</i> (2nd ed.). Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. p. 121. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7425-5715-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7425-5715-4"><bdi>978-0-7425-5715-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/236117389">236117389</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=War+%26+genocide%3A+a+concise+history+of+the+Holocaust&rft.place=Lanham%2C+MD&rft.pages=121&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield+Publishers&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F236117389&rft.isbn=978-0-7425-5715-4&rft.aulast=Bergen&rft.aufirst=Doris+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%C5%BBydokomuna" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-google20-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-google20_68-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">David Wyman. <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=U6KVOsjpP0MC&dq=partisans+zydokomuna&pg=PA103">The World Reacts to the Holocaust.</a></i> Johns Hopkins university Press, 1996.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-google21-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-google21_69-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Israel Gutman. <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?lr=&ei=_BrnSJjmK4PWsgObmIWYBw&q=%22no+less+citizens+of+poland%22&btnG=Search+Books">The Jews of Warsaw, 1939–1943: Ghetto, Underground, Revolt.</a></i> Indiana University Press, 1982.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-google22-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-google22_70-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Joanna B. Michlic. <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=t6h2pI7o_zQC&dq=delegate%27s+bureau+and+the+myth&pg=PA153">Poland's Threatening Other: The Image of the Jew from 1880 to the Present.</a></i> University of Nebraska Press, 2006. Pages 153–156.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Zimmerman2015-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Zimmerman2015_71-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJoshua_D._Zimmerman2015" class="citation book cs1">Joshua D. Zimmerman (5 June 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=w4dsCQAAQBAJ&pg=PA266"><i>The Polish Underground and the Jews, 1939–1945</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. pp. 188, 262, 266. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-107-01426-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-107-01426-8"><bdi>978-1-107-01426-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Polish+Underground+and+the+Jews%2C+1939%E2%80%931945&rft.pages=188%2C+262%2C+266&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2015-06-05&rft.isbn=978-1-107-01426-8&rft.au=Joshua+D.+Zimmerman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dw4dsCQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA266&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%C5%BBydokomuna" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-sk1001003-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-sk1001003_72-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Shmuel Krakowski. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4Iiw0KB31rgC&dq=armia+poland+jews&pg=PA88">"The Attitude of the Polish Underground to the Jewish Question during the Second World War".</a> In: Joshua D. Zimmerman, ed. <i>Contested Memories: Poles and Jews during the Holocaust and its Aftermath</i>. Rutgers University Press, 2003. Pages 100–103.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-google23-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-google23_73-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Yehuda Bauer. <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WhvShlTeqesC&dq=armia+poland+jews&pg=PA138">Rethinking the Holocaust.</a></i> Yale University Press, 2001.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Piotrowski-61-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Piotrowski-61_74-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="languageicon">(in English)</span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTadeusz_Piotrowski1997" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Tadeusz_Piotrowski_(sociologist)" title="Tadeusz Piotrowski (sociologist)">Tadeusz Piotrowski</a> (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hC0-dk7vpM8C&q=after+war+communists+supported+Jews+1945+Poland&pg=PA61"><i>Poland's Holocaust: Ethnic Strife, Collaboration with Occupying Forces and Genocide...</i></a> McFarland & Company. pp. 59–61. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-0371-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-0371-4"><bdi>978-0-7864-0371-4</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 November</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Poland%27s+Holocaust%3A+Ethnic+Strife%2C+Collaboration+with+Occupying+Forces+and+Genocide...&rft.pages=59-61&rft.pub=McFarland+%26+Company&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-7864-0371-4&rft.au=Tadeusz+Piotrowski&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DhC0-dk7vpM8C%26q%3Dafter%2Bwar%2Bcommunists%2Bsupported%2BJews%2B1945%2BPoland%26pg%3DPA61&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%C5%BBydokomuna" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-S-K-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-S-K_75-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Stanisław Krajewski. "The Impact of Shoah on the Thinking of Contemporary Polish Jewry. A Personal Account." In: Joshua D. Zimmerman, ed. <i>Contested Memories: Poles and Jews During the Holocaust and Its Aftermath</i>. Rutgers University Press, 2003. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=uHJyoGiep2gC&dq=after+war+communists+supported+Jews+1945+Poland&pg=PA293">p. 61</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Piotrowski-58-64-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Piotrowski-58-64_76-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Piotrowski-58-64_76-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="languageicon">(in English)</span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTadeusz_Piotrowski1997" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Tadeusz_Piotrowski_(sociologist)" title="Tadeusz Piotrowski (sociologist)">Tadeusz Piotrowski</a> (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hC0-dk7vpM8C&q=after+war+communists+supported+Jews+1945+Poland&pg=PA58"><i>Poland's Holocaust: Ethnic Strife, Collaboration with Occupying Forces and Genocide...</i></a> McFarland & Company. pp. 58–64. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-0371-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-0371-4"><bdi>978-0-7864-0371-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Poland%27s+Holocaust%3A+Ethnic+Strife%2C+Collaboration+with+Occupying+Forces+and+Genocide...&rft.pages=58-64&rft.pub=McFarland+%26+Company&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-7864-0371-4&rft.au=Tadeusz+Piotrowski&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DhC0-dk7vpM8C%26q%3Dafter%2Bwar%2Bcommunists%2Bsupported%2BJews%2B1945%2BPoland%26pg%3DPA58&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%C5%BBydokomuna" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hoover-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-hoover_77-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-hoover_77-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hoover.org/library-and-archives/acquisitions/28981">"Jakub Berman’s Papers Received at the Hoover Institution Archives"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101130192558/http://www.hoover.org/library-and-archives/acquisitions/28981">Archived</a> 30 November 2010 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stanford_University" title="Stanford University">Stanford University</a> <a href="/wiki/Hoover_Institution" title="Hoover Institution">Hoover Institution</a>, 11 August 2008 by the Board of Trustees of <a href="/wiki/Leland_Stanford_Junior_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Leland Stanford Junior University">Leland Stanford Junior University</a> Library and Archives Recent Acquisitions</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-W-C-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-W-C_78-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wilsoncenter.org/topics/pubs/ACFC45.pdf">"Wilson Center, "New Evidence on Poland in the Early Cold War" By Andrzej Werblan"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Wilson+Center%2C+%22New+Evidence+on+Poland+in+the+Early+Cold+War%22+By+Andrzej+Werblan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wilsoncenter.org%2Ftopics%2Fpubs%2FACFC45.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%C5%BBydokomuna" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-google24-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-google24_79-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">David S. Wyman, Charles H. Rosenzveig. <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=U6KVOsjpP0MC&dq=nationalist,+reactionary++poland+zydokomuna&pg=PA111">The World Reacts to the Holocaust.</a></i> Johns Hopkins University Press. 1996. pp. 102–113.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-DW-CR-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-DW-CR_80-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Michael C. Steinlauf, in David S. Wyman, Charles H. Rosenzveig, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=U6KVOsjpP0MC&dq=%22Many+Jews%22+%22at+the+urging+of+their+superiors%22&pg=PA112"><i>The world reacts to the Holocaust</i>. Pages 112–113</a> JHU Press, 1996. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8018-4969-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-8018-4969-1">0-8018-4969-1</a>. 981 pages.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-N-A-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-N-A_81-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Natalia Aleksiun. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4Iiw0KB31rgC&dq=poland+jews+kielce&pg=PA248">Jewish Responses to Antisemitism in Poland, 1944–1947.</a>" In: Joshua D. Zimmerman, ed. <i>Contested Memories: Poles and Jews During the Holocaust and Its Aftermath</i>. Rutgers University Press, 2003. Pages 249; 256.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lukas-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Lukas_82-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Richard_C._Lukas" title="Richard C. Lukas">Richard C. Lukas</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lz9obsxmuW4C&dq=%22&pg=PA13"><i>Out of the Inferno: Poles Remember the Holocaust</i></a> University Press of Kentucky 1989 – 201 pages. Page 13; also in Richard C. Lukas, <i>The Forgotten Holocaust: The Poles Under German Occupation, 1939–1944</i>, University Press of Kentucky 1986 – 300 pages.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gerrits_1995.25-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Gerrits_1995.25_83-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">André Gerrits. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=i6JDLkExAWsC&dq=%22The+first+post-war+decade+was+a+mixed+experience%22&pg=PA197"><i>The myth of Jewish communism: a historical interpretation</i>.</a> Peter Lang, 2009, 220 pages. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-5201-465-5" title="Special:BookSources/90-5201-465-5">90-5201-465-5</a>. Listed in Bibliography: "Antisemitism and Anti-Communism: The Myth of 'Judeo-Communism' in Eastern Europe". <i>East European Jewish Affairs</i>. 1995, vol. 25, no. 1:49–72. Page 61.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-TT-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-TT_84-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Teresa_Tora%C5%84ska" title="Teresa Torańska">Teresa Torańska</a>, <i>Them: Stalin's Polish Puppets</i>, Harper & Row, New York 1987, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-06-015657-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-06-015657-0">0-06-015657-0</a>. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (September 2010)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-web-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-web_85-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Stanisław Krajewski, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://web.ceu.hu/jewishstudies/pdf/01_krajewski.pdf"><i>Jews, Communism, and the Jewish Communists</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181030035635/http://web.ceu.hu/jewishstudies/pdf/01_krajewski.pdf">Archived</a> 30 October 2018 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-HI-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-HI_86-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-HI_86-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-HI_86-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-HI_86-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201105121401/http://www.columbia.edu/cu/ece/research/intermarium/vol3no2/gluchowski.pdf">"L.W. Gluchowski, The defection of Jozef Swiatlo and the Search for Jewish Scapegoats in the Polish United Workers' Party, 1953–1954"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>An earlier draft, presented at the Fourth Convention of the Association for the Study of Nationalities</i>. Paper presented by Gluchowski at the Harriman Institute, <a href="/wiki/Columbia_University" title="Columbia University">Columbia University</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a>. 17 April 1999. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.columbia.edu/cu/ece/research/intermarium/vol3no2/gluchowski.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 5 November 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 November</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=An+earlier+draft%2C+presented+at+the+Fourth+Convention+of+the+Association+for+the+Study+of+Nationalities&rft.atitle=L.W.+Gluchowski%2C+The+defection+of+Jozef+Swiatlo+and+the+Search+for+Jewish+Scapegoats+in+the+Polish+United+Workers%27+Party%2C+1953%E2%80%931954&rft.date=1999-04-17&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.columbia.edu%2Fcu%2Fece%2Fresearch%2Fintermarium%2Fvol3no2%2Fgluchowski.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%C5%BBydokomuna" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-B-F-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-B-F_87-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Barbara Fijałkowska, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.abcnet.com.pl/node/2338">RÓŻAŃSKI "LIBERAŁEM"</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged January 2018">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup>, 15 December 2002, Fundacja Orientacja <i>abcnet</i>; see also: B. Fijałkowska, <i>Borejsza i Różański. Przyczynek do dziejów stalinizmu w Polsce</i>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/83-85513-49-3" title="Special:BookSources/83-85513-49-3">83-85513-49-3</a>. <span class="languageicon">(in Polish)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-A-K-W-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-A-K-W_88-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">A. Kemp-Welch, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=CIJlVVlJ1C8C&dq=%22Roman+Romkowski%22&pg=PA84"><i>Poland under Communism: a Cold War history</i>. Pages 83–85.</a> <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>, 2008. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-71117-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-71117-7">0-521-71117-7</a>. 444 pages.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-H-L-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-H-L_89-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Heather Laskey, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=auEDcXd2mrsC&dq=%22Roman+Romkowski%22&pg=PA193"><i>Night voices: heard in the shadow of Hitler and Stalin</i>. Pages 191–194</a>, McGill-Queen's Press MQUP, 2003. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7735-2606-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-7735-2606-4">0-7735-2606-4</a>. 254 pages.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-LIFE-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-LIFE_90-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wkEEAAAAMBAJ&dq=%22Roman+Romkowski%22&pg=PA172">"Poland's New Chief", LIFE Magazine, 26 November 1956. Pages: 173–182</a>, <a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Memoirs-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Memoirs_91-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Nikita Sergeevich Khrushchev, Sergeĭ Khrushchev, George Shriver, Stephen Shenfield, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nR0f25dmbn0C&dq=Gomu%C5%82ka+1951%2B1954&pg=PT653"><i>Memoirs of Nikita Khrushchev: Statesman, 1953–1964.</i> Page 643.</a> Penn State Press, 2007. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-271-02935-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-271-02935-8">0-271-02935-8</a>. 1126 pages.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-michlic-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-michlic_92-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Joanna B. Michlic. <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=t6h2pI7o_zQC&dq=%22secret+police%22+poland+jews&pg=PA202">Poland's Threatening Other: The Image of the Jew from 1880 to the Present.</a></i> University of Nebraska Press, 2006. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8032-3240-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-8032-3240-3">0-8032-3240-3</a>. Page 205.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-F-M-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-F-M_93-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Frances Millard. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=M3IX8lydeCEC&dq=%C5%BBydokomuna+poland+1956&pg=PA208">The Failure of Nationalism in Post-Communist Poland 1989–95: An Historical Perspective.</a>" In: Brian Jenkins, Spyros A. Sofos, eds. <i>Nation and Identity in Contemporary Europe</i>. Routledge, 1996. Page 208</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-google25-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-google25_94-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Joanna B. Michlic. <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=t6h2pI7o_zQC&dq=Poland%27s+Threatening+Other:+The+Image+of+the+Jew+from+1880+to+the+Present+prelude&pg=PA232">Poland's Threatening Other: The Image of the Jew from 1880 to the Present.</a></i> University of Nebraska Press, 2006, pp 232 ff.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-google26-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-google26_95-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bożena Szaynok. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rT6qx6hi8C4C&dq=szaynok+role+of+antisemitism&pg=PA265">The Role of Antisemitism in Postwar Polish-Jewish Relations.</a>" In: Robert Blobaum, ed. <i>Antisemitism and Its Opponents in Modern Poland</i>. Cornell University Press, 2005, p. 265.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-RE-R-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-RE-R_96-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRinger2006" class="citation book cs1">Ringer, Ronald E. (27 January 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=u75GldeYqUIC&q=%22By+1968%22+%22protests+were+becoming+increasingly+violent%22&pg=PA384"><i>Excel HSC Modern History</i></a>. Pascal Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781741252460" title="Special:BookSources/9781741252460"><bdi>9781741252460</bdi></a> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Excel+HSC+Modern+History&rft.pub=Pascal+Press&rft.date=2006-01-27&rft.isbn=9781741252460&rft.aulast=Ringer&rft.aufirst=Ronald+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Du75GldeYqUIC%26q%3D%2522By%2B1968%2522%2B%2522protests%2Bwere%2Bbecoming%2Bincreasingly%2Bviolent%2522%26pg%3DPA384&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%C5%BBydokomuna" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rv-D-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Rv-D_97-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rUdmyzkw9q4C&dq=%22raising+hopes+of+reform+inside+Poland.%22&pg=PA374"><i>Encyclopedia of the Cold War</i>, Volume 1 By Ruud van Dijk. Page 374.</a> Taylor & Francis, 2008. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-97515-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-97515-8">0-415-97515-8</a>. 987 pages.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-M-C-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-M-C_98-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Michael Costello, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.osaarchivum.org/catalog/osa:7f6de75e-15e1-47d1-bb5e-961d5d7f3d1d">The Political Fortunes of Mieczysław Moczar</a>, report for <a href="/wiki/Radio_Free_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="Radio Free Europe">Radio Free Europe</a>, 2 June 1971. <a href="/wiki/Blinken_Open_Society_Archives" title="Blinken Open Society Archives">Blinken Open Society Archives</a>. Scanned original in <a href="/wiki/PDF" title="PDF">PDF</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-stola1968-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-stola1968_99-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-stola1968_99-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-stola1968_99-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-stola1968_99-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Dariusz Stola. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://web.ceu.hu/jewishstudies/pdf/02_stola.pdf">"The Anti-Zionist Campaign in Poland of 1967–1968."</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200607110657/http://web.ceu.hu/jewishstudies/pdf/02_stola.pdf">Archived</a> 7 June 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> The American Jewish Committee research grant. See: D. Stola, Fighting against the Shadows (reprint), in Robert Blobaum, ed.; <i>Antisemitism and Its Opponents in Modern Poland</i>. Cornell University Press, 2005.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-wprost-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-wprost_100-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.wprost.pl/ar/13189/Wojna-zastepcza/?O=13189&pg=1">http://www.wprost.pl/ar/13189/Wojna-zastepcza/?O=13189&pg=1</a> Nasi Żydzi biją sowieckich Arabów</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-google27-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-google27_101-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Iwona Irwin-Zarecka. <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=X2lRVxpul9AC&dq=polish+jews+soviet+arabs+six+days+war&pg=PA60">Neutralizing Memory</a></i> Transaction Publishers, 1988. Page 60.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-google29-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-google29_102-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">David S. Wyman, Charles H. Rosenzveig. <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=U6KVOsjpP0MC&dq=%22efforts+to+appropriate+the+memory%22&pg=PA120">World Reacts to the Holocaust.</a></i> Johns Hopkins University Press, 1996, pp 120ff.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-google30-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-google30_103-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Joanna B. Michlic. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=t6h2pI7o_zQC&dq=%22the+rise+of+the+partisans%22&pg=PA240"><i>Poland's Threatening Other. The Myth and Anti-Jewish Violence between 1919 and 1939: Investigation, rationalization and justification of violence</i>.</a> University of Nebraska Press, 2006. pp. 240–248.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-DW-CR-120-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-DW-CR-120_104-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWymanRosenzveig1996" class="citation book cs1">Wyman, David S.; Rosenzveig, Charles H. (24 September 1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=U6KVOsjpP0MC&q=%22the+government+attacked+striking+Warsaw+University+students%22&pg=PA120"><i>The World Reacts to the Holocaust</i></a>. JHU Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780801849695" title="Special:BookSources/9780801849695"><bdi>9780801849695</bdi></a> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+World+Reacts+to+the+Holocaust&rft.pub=JHU+Press&rft.date=1996-09-24&rft.isbn=9780801849695&rft.aulast=Wyman&rft.aufirst=David+S.&rft.au=Rosenzveig%2C+Charles+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DU6KVOsjpP0MC%26q%3D%2522the%2Bgovernment%2Battacked%2Bstriking%2BWarsaw%2BUniversity%2Bstudents%2522%26pg%3DPA120&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%C5%BBydokomuna" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-google31-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-google31_105-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Joanna B. Michlic. <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=t6h2pI7o_zQC&dq=%22scientific+and+cultural+institutions%22+jews&pg=PA256">Poland's Threatening Other: The Image of the Jew from 1880 to the Present.</a></i> University of Nebraska Press, 2006, p. 256.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-communists-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-communists_106-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mikolaj Kunicki. "The Red and the Brown: Boleslaw Piasecki, the Polish Communists, and the Anti-Zionist Campaign in Poland, 1967–68". <i>East European Politics & Societies</i>, 2005, Vol. 19, No. 2, 185–225.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-google32-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-google32_107-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Antony Polonsky, Joanna B. Michlic. <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=a_49GjK8ovMC&dq=%C5%BBydokomuna+1956&pg=PA8">The Neighbors Respond: The Controversy Over the Jedwabne Massacre in Poland.</a></i> Princeton University Press, 2004. Page 8.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-google2-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-google2_108-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jaff Schatz, "Jews and the Communist Movement in Interwar Poland," in Jonathan Frankel, <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=POkxdm6DoAsC&dq=jaff+schatz+jews+communism&pg=PA13"></a></i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=POkxdm6DoAsC&dq=jaff+schatz+jews+communism&pg=PA13">Dark Times, Dire Decisions: Jews and Communism: Studies in Contemporary Jewry<i></i></a>, Oxford University Press US, 2005, p. 30.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-jhu-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-jhu_109-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Marci Shore. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://muse.jhu.edu/login?uri=/journals/kritika/v006/6.2shore.html">Conversing with Ghosts: Jedwabne, Zydokomuna, and Totalitarianism.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304081807/http://muse.jhu.edu/login?uri=%2Fjournals%2Fkritika%2Fv006%2F6.2shore.html">Archived</a> 2016-03-04 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>" <i>Kritika: Explorations in Russian and Eurasian History</i>, Volume 6, Number 2, Spring 2005:345–374</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBartov2007206-110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBartov2007206_110-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBartov2007206_110-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBartov2007">Bartov 2007</a>, p. 206.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-jbmsov-112"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-jbmsov_112-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-jbmsov_112-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Joanna B. Michlic. "The Soviet Occupation of Poland, 1939–41, and the Stereotype of the Anti-Polish and Pro-Soviet Jew." <i>Jewish Social Studies</i>. 13, no. 3 (Spring/Summer 2007): 135–176. Page 137</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-google35-113"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-google35_113-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Joanna B. Michlic. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vkLTSB7NHwgC&dq=Chodakiewicz+ethnonationalist&pg=PA163">Antisemitism in Contemporary Poland: Does It Matter? And For Whom Does It Matter?</a>" In: Robert D. Cherry, Annamaria Orla-Bukowska, eds. <i>Rethinking Poles and Jews: Troubled Past, Brighter Future</i>. Rowman & Littlefield, 2007. Page 163.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li>August Grabski, <i>Działalność komunistów wśród Żydów w Polsce (1944–1949)</i> (Communist Activity among the Jews in Poland, 1944–1949), Warsaw, Trio, 2004, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/83-88542-87-7" title="Special:BookSources/83-88542-87-7">83-88542-87-7</a>. <span class="languageicon">(in Polish)</span></li> <li>Krystyna Kersten, <i>Polacy, Żydzi, Komunizm: Anatomia półprawd 1939–68</i> (Poles, Jews, Communism: An Anatomy of Half-truths, 1939–68), Warsaw, Niezależna Oficyna Wydawnicza, 1992, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/83-7054-026-0" title="Special:BookSources/83-7054-026-0">83-7054-026-0</a>. <span class="languageicon">(in Polish)</span></li> <li>Scott Ury, <i>Barricades and Banners: The Revolution of 1905 and the Transformation of Warsaw Jewry</i>, Stanford University Press, Stanford, 2012. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-804763-83-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-804763-83-7">978-0-804763-83-7</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.yivoencyclopedia.org/article.aspx/Communism#id0etaai">"Communism", <i>The YIVO Encyclopedia of Jews in Eastern Europe</i></a> (see particularly the section on <i>Żydokomuna</i>).</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFŻebrowski" class="citation web cs1">Żebrowski, Rafał. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jhi.pl/psj/zydokomuna">"żydokomuna"</a>. Jewish Historical Society.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%C5%BCydokomuna&rft.pub=Jewish+Historical+Society&rft.aulast=%C5%BBebrowski&rft.aufirst=Rafa%C5%82&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jhi.pl%2Fpsj%2Fzydokomuna&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%C5%BBydokomuna" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Antisemitism_footer" title="Template:Antisemitism footer"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Antisemitism_footer" title="Template talk:Antisemitism footer"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Antisemitism_footer" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Antisemitism footer"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Antisemitism" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism" title="Antisemitism">Antisemitism</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Core topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitic_trope" title="Antisemitic trope">Canards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_antisemitism" title="Economic antisemitism">Economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_antisemitism" class="mw-redirect" title="Geography of antisemitism">Geography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_antisemitism" title="History of antisemitism">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_antisemitism" title="Religious antisemitism">Religious antisemitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Jews" title="Persecution of Jews">Persecution of Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_studies" title="Antisemitism studies">Antisemitism studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazism" title="Nazism">Nazism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Adolf Hitler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazism_in_the_Americas" title="Nazism in the Americas">Americas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propaganda_in_Nazi_Germany" title="Propaganda in Nazi Germany">Propaganda</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_antisemitism" title="New antisemitism">New antisemitism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Three_Ds_of_antisemitism" title="Three Ds of antisemitism">Three Ds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Working_definition_of_antisemitism" title="Working definition of antisemitism">Working definition</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_antisemitism" title="Racial antisemitism">Racial antisemitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rootless_cosmopolitan" title="Rootless cosmopolitan">Rootless cosmopolitan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secondary_antisemitism" title="Secondary antisemitism">Secondary antisemitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stereotypes_of_Jews" title="Stereotypes of Jews">Stereotypes of Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_antisemitism" title="Timeline of antisemitism">Timeline</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_antisemitism_in_the_19th_century" title="Timeline of antisemitism in the 19th century">19th <abbr title="Century">C.</abbr></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_antisemitism_in_the_20th_century" title="Timeline of antisemitism in the 20th century">20th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_antisemitism_in_the_21st_century" title="Timeline of antisemitism in the 21st century">21st</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Antisemitism and</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_Christianity" title="Antisemitism in Christianity">Christianity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_and_the_New_Testament" title="Antisemitism and the New Testament">New Testament</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_Islam" title="Antisemitism in Islam">Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_antisemitism" title="Medieval antisemitism">Middle Ages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nation_of_Islam_and_antisemitism" title="Nation of Islam and antisemitism">Nation of Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_the_Olympic_Games" title="Antisemitism in the Olympic Games">Olympic Games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_Soviet_mathematics" title="Antisemitism in Soviet mathematics">Soviet mathematics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universities_and_antisemitism" title="Universities and antisemitism">Universities</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Zionism" title="Anti-Zionism">Anti-Zionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Identity" title="Christian Identity">Christian Identity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_Marxism_conspiracy_theory" title="Cultural Marxism conspiracy theory">Cultural Marxism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Double_genocide_theory" title="Double genocide theory">Double genocide theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Jewish_conspiracy" title="International Jewish conspiracy">International Jewish conspiracy</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_International_Jew" title="The International Jew">The International Jew</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Bolshevism" title="Jewish Bolshevism">Jewish Bolshevism</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Żydokomuna</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khazar_hypothesis_of_Ashkenazi_ancestry" title="Khazar hypothesis of Ashkenazi ancestry">Khazar theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ku_Klux_Klan" title="Ku Klux Klan">Ku Klux Klan</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mein_Kampf" title="Mein Kampf">Mein Kampf</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mein_Kampf_in_Arabic" title="Mein Kampf in Arabic">in Arabic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mein_Kampf_in_English" title="Mein Kampf in English">in English</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Jews_during_the_Black_Death" title="Persecution of Jews during the Black Death">Persecution of Jews during the Black Death</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/On_the_Jews_and_Their_Lies" title="On the Jews and Their Lies">On the Jews and Their Lies</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosemitism" title="Philosemitism">Philosemitism</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Protocols_of_the_Elders_of_Zion" title="The Protocols of the Elders of Zion">The Protocols of the Elders of Zion</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Contemporary_imprints_of_The_Protocols_of_the_Elders_of_Zion" title="Contemporary imprints of The Protocols of the Elders of Zion">Contemporary imprints</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Secret_Relationship_Between_Blacks_and_Jews" title="The Secret Relationship Between Blacks and Jews">The Secret Relationship Between Blacks and Jews</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-hating_Jew" title="Self-hating Jew">Self-hating Jew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xenophobia" title="Xenophobia">Xenophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weaponization_of_antisemitism" title="Weaponization of antisemitism">Weaponization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_genocide_conspiracy_theory" title="White genocide conspiracy theory">White genocide conspiracy theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zionist_antisemitism" title="Zionist antisemitism">Zionist antisemitism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Religious_antisemitism" title="Religious antisemitism">Religious antisemitism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Judaism" title="Anti-Judaism">Anti-Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_deicide" title="Jewish deicide">Jewish deicide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inquisition" title="Inquisition">Catholic Inquisition</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Inquisition" title="Portuguese Inquisition">Portuguese Inquisition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Inquisition" title="Roman Inquisition">Roman Inquisition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Inquisition" title="Spanish Inquisition">Spanish Inquisition</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhineland_massacres" title="Rhineland massacres">Rhineland massacres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther_and_antisemitism" title="Martin Luther and antisemitism">Martin Luther</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blood_curse" title="Blood curse">Blood curse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blood_libel" title="Blood libel">Blood libel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Host_desecration" title="Host desecration">Host desecration</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Judensau" title="Judensau">Judensau</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pogrom" title="Pogrom">Pogrom</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Antisemitic laws, policies<br />and government actions</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ghetto_benches" title="Ghetto benches">Ghetto benches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hep-Hep_riots" title="Hep-Hep riots">Hep-Hep riots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pogroms_in_the_Russian_Empire" title="Pogroms in the Russian Empire">Pogroms in the Russian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_Laws" title="May Laws">May Laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1968_Polish_political_crisis" title="1968 Polish political crisis">1968 Polish political crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Anti-Zionist_League" title="Jewish Anti-Zionist League">Jewish Anti-Zionist League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leo_Frank" title="Leo Frank">Leo Frank trial (US)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dreyfus_affair" title="Dreyfus affair">Dreyfus Affair (France)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menahem_Mendel_Beilis" title="Menahem Mendel Beilis">Beilis trial (Russian Empire)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farhud" title="Farhud">Farhud (Iraq)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Zionist_League_in_Iraq" title="Anti-Zionist League in Iraq">Anti-Zionist League (Iraq)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_Order_No._11_(1862)" title="General Order No. 11 (1862)">General Order No. 11 (US, 1862)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_policy_of_Nazi_Germany" title="Racial policy of Nazi Germany">Racial policy of Nazi Germany</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Final_Solution" title="Final Solution">Final Solution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust" title="The Holocaust">The Holocaust</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-cosmopolitan_campaign" title="Anti-cosmopolitan campaign">Anti-cosmopolitan campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Night_of_the_Murdered_Poets" title="Night of the Murdered Poets">Night of the Murdered Poets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sl%C3%A1nsk%C3%BD_trial" title="Slánský trial">Slánský trial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doctors%27_plot" title="Doctors' plot">Doctors' plot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holocaust_denial" title="Holocaust denial">Holocaust denial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yellow_badge" title="Yellow badge">Yellow badge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zionist_Occupation_Government_conspiracy_theory" title="Zionist Occupation Government conspiracy theory">ZOG conspiracy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Antisemitism on the internet</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bible_Believers" title="Bible Believers">Bible Believers</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Daily_Stormer" title="The Daily Stormer">The Daily Stormer</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institute_for_Historical_Review" title="Institute for Historical Review">Institute for Historical Review</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jew_Watch" title="Jew Watch">Jew Watch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metapedia" title="Metapedia">Metapedia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Craig_Cobb" title="Craig Cobb">Podblanc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_Islam" title="Radio Islam">Radio Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redwatch" title="Redwatch">Redwatch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Right_Stuff_(blog)" title="The Right Stuff (blog)"><i>The Right Stuff</i> (blog)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stormfront_(website)" title="Stormfront (website)">Stormfront</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia_and_antisemitism" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia and antisemitism">Wikipedia and antisemitism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Jews" title="Persecution of Jews">Persecution</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rhineland_massacres" title="Rhineland massacres">Rhineland massacres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Jews_during_the_Black_Death" title="Persecution of Jews during the Black Death">Black Death persecutions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Jewish_boycotts" title="Anti-Jewish boycotts">Boycotts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expulsions_and_exoduses_of_Jews" title="Expulsions and exoduses of Jews">Expulsions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_quarter_(diaspora)" title="Jewish quarter (diaspora)">Jewish quarter</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_ghettos_in_Europe" title="Jewish ghettos in Europe">Ghettos in Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mellah" title="Mellah">Mellah</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust" title="The Holocaust">The Holocaust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_hat" title="Jewish hat">Jewish hat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_quota" title="Jewish quota">Jewish quota</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Judensau" title="Judensau">Judensau</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martyrdom_in_Judaism" title="Martyrdom in Judaism">Martyrdom in Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuremberg_Laws" title="Nuremberg Laws">Nuremberg Laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pale_of_Settlement" title="Pale of Settlement">Pale of Settlement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pogrom" title="Pogrom">Pogroms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refusenik" title="Refusenik">Refuseniks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_segregation" title="Religious segregation">Segregation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Inquisition" title="Spanish Inquisition">Spanish Inquisition</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Expulsion_of_Jews_from_Spain" title="Expulsion of Jews from Spain">Expulsion</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yellow_badge" title="Yellow badge">Yellow badge</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Organizations working<br />against antisemitism</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Defamation_League" title="Anti-Defamation League">Anti-Defamation League (ADL)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bay_Area_Holocaust_Oral_History_Project" title="Bay Area Holocaust Oral History Project">Bay Area Holocaust Oral History Project (BAHOHP)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Community_Security_Trust" title="Community Security Trust">Community Security Trust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_East_Media_Research_Institute" title="Middle East Media Research Institute">Middle East Media Research Institute (MEMRI)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon_Wiesenthal_Center" title="Simon Wiesenthal Center">Simon Wiesenthal Center (SWC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Poverty_Law_Center" title="Southern Poverty Law Center">Southern Poverty Law Center (SPLC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Roth_Institute" title="Stephen Roth Institute">Stephen Roth Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yad_Vashem" title="Yad Vashem">Yad Vashem</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By region</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_the_Arab_world" title="Antisemitism in the Arab world">Arab world</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Antisemitism in Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_Argentina" title="Antisemitism in Argentina">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_Australia" title="Antisemitism in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_Canada" title="Antisemitism in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_China" title="Antisemitism in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_Chile" title="Antisemitism in Chile">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_Costa_Rica" title="Antisemitism in Costa Rica">Costa Rica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_Europe" title="Antisemitism in Europe">Europe</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_contemporary_Austria" title="Antisemitism in contemporary Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_contemporary_Belgium" title="Antisemitism in contemporary Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_France" title="Antisemitism in France">France</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_21st-century_France" title="Antisemitism in 21st-century France">21st century</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_21st-century_Germany" title="Antisemitism in 21st-century Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_Greece" title="Antisemitism in Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_contemporary_Hungary" title="Antisemitism in contemporary Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_21st-century_Italy" title="Antisemitism in 21st-century Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_contemporary_Norway" class="mw-redirect" title="Antisemitism in contemporary Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_Romania" title="Antisemitism in Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_Russia" title="Antisemitism in Russia">Russia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_the_Russian_Empire" title="Antisemitism in the Russian Empire">Imperial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Antisemitism in the Soviet Union">Soviet</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_Spain" title="Antisemitism in Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_Sweden" title="Antisemitism in Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_Ukraine" title="Antisemitism in Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Antisemitism in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_the_UK_Conservative_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Antisemitism in the UK Conservative Party">Conservative Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_the_British_Labour_Party" title="Antisemitism in the British Labour Party">Labour Party</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_Japan" title="Antisemitism in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_Mexico" title="Antisemitism in Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_New_Zealand" title="Antisemitism in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_the_State_of_Palestine" title="Racism in the State of Palestine">Palestinian Territories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_Pakistan" title="Antisemitism in Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_South_Africa" title="Antisemitism in South Africa">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_Turkey" title="Antisemitism in Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_the_United_States" title="Antisemitism in the United States">United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_antisemitism_in_the_United_States" title="History of antisemitism in the United States">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_the_United_States_in_the_21st_century" class="mw-redirect" title="Antisemitism in the United States in the 21st century">21st century</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_Venezuela" title="Antisemitism in Venezuela">Venezuela</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Ethnic_slurs" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Ethnic_slurs" title="Template:Ethnic slurs"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Ethnic_slurs" title="Template talk:Ethnic slurs"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ethnic_slurs" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Ethnic slurs"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Ethnic_slurs" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_ethnic_slurs" title="List of ethnic slurs">Ethnic slurs</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/List_of_ethnic_slurs_by_ethnicity" class="mw-redirect" title="List of ethnic slurs by ethnicity">by ethnicity</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Africans</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Abeed" title="Abeed">Abeed</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Black_Diamond_(racial_term)" title="Black Diamond (racial term)">Black Diamond</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Boerehaat" title="Boerehaat">Boerehaat</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Choc_ice" title="Choc ice">Choc ice</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Cushi" title="Cushi">Cushi</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Golliwog" title="Golliwog">Golliwog</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Kaffir_(racial_term)" title="Kaffir (racial term)">Kaffir</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Wog" title="Wog">Wog</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_Europe" title="Ethnic groups in Europe">Europeans</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ang_mo" title="Ang mo">Ang mo</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bule_(term)" title="Bule (term)">Bule</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Cracker_(term)" title="Cracker (term)">Cracker</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Farang" title="Farang">Farang</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Guiri" title="Guiri">Guiri</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Guizi" title="Guizi">Guizi</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Gweilo" title="Gweilo">Gweilo</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Honky" title="Honky">Honky</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Mat_Salleh" title="Mat Salleh">Mat Salleh</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Redleg" title="Redleg">Redleg</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Wasi%27chu" title="Wasi'chu">Wasi'chu</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Wigger" title="Wigger">Wigger</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Wog" title="Wog">Wog</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Anti-Albanian_sentiment#Derogatory_terms" title="Anti-Albanian sentiment">Albanians</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Shqiptar#Use_in_South_Slavic_languages" title="Shqiptar">Šiptar</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Turco-Albanian" title="Turco-Albanian">Turco-Albanian</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Anti-British_sentiment#Derogatory_terms" title="Anti-British sentiment">British</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Limey" class="mw-redirect" title="Limey">Limey</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_names_for_the_British#Pommy_or_Pom" title="Glossary of names for the British">Pom</a></span></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Scots</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Teuchter" title="Teuchter">Teuchter</a><span style="font-size:85%;"> (<i><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Highlands" title="Scottish Highlands">Scottish Highlanders</a></i>)</span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Welsh</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Crachach" title="Crachach">Crachach</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<i>Welsh-speaking elite</i>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Dic_Si%C3%B4n_Dafydd" title="Dic Siôn Dafydd">Dic Siôn Dafydd</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<i>Anglophile Welsh</i>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Sheep_shagger" title="Sheep shagger">Sheep shagger</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Taffy_was_a_Welshman" title="Taffy was a Welshman">Taffy</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Dutch</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Cheesehead" title="Cheesehead">Cheesehead</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Finns</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Chukhna" title="Chukhna">Chukhna</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/China_Swede" class="mw-redirect" title="China Swede">China Swede</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Finnj%C3%A4vel" class="mw-redirect" title="Finnjävel">Finnjävel</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">French</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Cheese-eating_surrender_monkeys" title="Cheese-eating surrender monkeys">Cheese-eating surrender monkeys</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Frog_(pejorative)" class="mw-redirect" title="Frog (pejorative)">Frog</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Gabacho" title="Gabacho">Gabacho</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_terms_used_for_Germans" title="List of terms used for Germans">Germans</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_terms_used_for_Germans#Hun_(pejorative)" title="List of terms used for Germans">Hun</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Kraut" title="Kraut">Kraut</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Greeks</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Grecomans" title="Grecomans">Grecomans</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Irish</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Fenian" title="Fenian">Fenian</a><span style="font-size:85%;"> (<i><a href="/wiki/Irish_republicanism" title="Irish republicanism">Republicans</a></i>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">Hun<span style="font-size:85%;"> (<i><a href="/wiki/Irish_Protestant" class="mw-redirect" title="Irish Protestant">Irish Protestant</a></i>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Knacker" title="Knacker">Knacker</a><span style="font-size:85%;"> (<i><a href="/wiki/Irish_Travellers" title="Irish Travellers">Irish Travellers</a></i>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Pikey" title="Pikey">Pikey</a><span style="font-size:85%;"> (<i>Irish Travellers</i>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Shoneenism" title="Shoneenism">Shoneen</a><span style="font-size:85%;"> (<i>Anglophile Irish</i>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Taig" title="Taig">Taig</a><span style="font-size:85%;"> (<i><a href="/wiki/Irish_Catholics" title="Irish Catholics">Irish Catholics</a></i>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/West_Brit" title="West Brit">West Brit</a><span style="font-size:85%;"> (<i>Anglophile Irish</i>)</span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Italians</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap">Dago</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Goombah" title="Goombah">Goombah</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">Greaseball</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Guido_(slang)" title="Guido (slang)">Guido</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">Guinea</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Polentone" title="Polentone">Polentone</a><span style="font-size:85%;"> (<i><a href="/wiki/Northern_Italy" title="Northern Italy">Northern Italians</a></i>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_ethnic_slurs_by_ethnicity#Sardinians" class="mw-redirect" title="List of ethnic slurs by ethnicity">Sardegnolo</a><span style="font-size:85%;"> (<i><a href="/wiki/Sardinian_people" title="Sardinian people">Sardinians</a></i>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_ethnic_slurs_by_ethnicity#Sardinians" class="mw-redirect" title="List of ethnic slurs by ethnicity">Sheep shagger</a><span style="font-size:85%;"> (<i>Sardinians</i>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Terrone" title="Terrone">Terrone</a><span style="font-size:85%;"> (<i><a href="/wiki/Southern_Italy" title="Southern Italy">South Italians</a></i>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Wop" title="Wop">Wop</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Wog" title="Wog">Wog</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Poles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Polack" title="Polack">Polack</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Pshek" class="mw-redirect" title="Pshek">Pshek</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Russians</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Moskal" title="Moskal">Moskal</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Orc_(slang)" title="Orc (slang)">Orc</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Tibla" title="Tibla">Tibla</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Anti-Serb_sentiment#Hate_speech_and_derogatory_terms" title="Anti-Serb sentiment">Serbs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Shkije" title="Shkije">Shkije</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Serbomans" title="Serbomans">Serbomans</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Spaniards</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap">Dago</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Gachup%C3%ADn" title="Gachupín">Gachupín</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Polaco_(slur)" title="Polaco (slur)">Polaco</a> <span style="font-size:85%;"><i>(<a href="/wiki/Catalan_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Catalan people">Catalans</a>)</i></span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Quinqui_jargon" title="Quinqui jargon">Quinqui</a> <span style="font-size:85%;"><i>(Mercheros)</i></span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Xarnego" title="Xarnego">Xarnego</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ukrainians</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Oseledets" title="Oseledets">Khokhol</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ukrop" title="Ukrop">Ukrop</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bulgarophiles" title="Bulgarophiles">Bulgarophiles</a><span style="font-size:85%;"> (<i><a href="/wiki/Macedonians_(ethnic_group)" title="Macedonians (ethnic group)">Macedonians</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Serbs" title="Serbs">Serbs</a></i>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Hunky_(ethnic_slur)" title="Hunky (ethnic slur)">Hunky</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<i>eastern and central europeans</i>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Yestonians" title="Yestonians">Yestonians</a><span style="font-size:85%;"> (<i><a href="/wiki/Russification" title="Russification">Russified</a> <a href="/wiki/Estonians" title="Estonians">Estonians</a></i>)</span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Asians</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/East_Asian_people" title="East Asian people">East Asians</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Banana,_Coconut,_and_Twinkie" class="mw-redirect" title="Banana, Coconut, and Twinkie">Banana</a><span style="font-size:85%;"> (<i>westernized East Asians</i>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Gook" title="Gook">Gook</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Sangokujin" title="Sangokujin">Sangokujin</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Tokutei_Asia" title="Tokutei Asia">Toku-A</a><span style="font-size:85%;"> (<i>Chinese and Korean</i>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Banana,_Coconut,_and_Twinkie" class="mw-redirect" title="Banana, Coconut, and Twinkie">Twinkie</a><span style="font-size:85%;"> (<i>westernized East Asians</i>)</span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Anti-Chinese_sentiment#Derogatory_terms" title="Anti-Chinese sentiment">Chinese</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ah_Beng" title="Ah Beng">Ah Beng</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Chinaman" title="Chinaman">Chinaman</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ching_chong" title="Ching chong">Ching chong</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Chink" title="Chink">Chink</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Chinky" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinky">Chinky</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Coolie" title="Coolie">Coolie</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Jook-sing" title="Jook-sing">Jook-sing</a><span style="font-size:85%;"> (<i><a href="/wiki/Overseas_Chinese" title="Overseas Chinese">overseas</a></i> / <i>westernized Chinese</i>)</span> </span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Locust_(ethnic_slur)" title="Locust (ethnic slur)">Locust</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Shina_(word)" title="Shina (word)">Shina</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Anti-Japanese_sentiment#Derogatory_terms" title="Anti-Japanese sentiment">Japanese</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Jap" title="Jap">Jap</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Jjokbari" title="Jjokbari">Jjokbari</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Nip" title="Nip">Nip</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Xiao_Riben" title="Xiao Riben">Xiao Riben</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Anti-Korean_sentiment#Derogatory_terms" title="Anti-Korean sentiment">Koreans</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ban-jjokbari" class="mw-redirect" title="Ban-jjokbari">Ban-jjokbari</a><span style="font-size:85%;"> (<i>Japan-affiliated Korean people</i>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Gaoli_bangzi" title="Gaoli bangzi">Gaoli bangzi</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Sangokujin" title="Sangokujin">Sangokujin</a><span style="font-size:85%;"> (<i>also Chinese</i>)</span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Taiwanese</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Tai_Ke" title="Tai Ke">Tai Ke</a> <span style="font-size:85%;"> (<i><a href="/wiki/Benshengren" title="Benshengren">Benshengren</a></i>)</span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/South_Asian_ethnic_groups" class="mw-redirect" title="South Asian ethnic groups">South Asians</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/American-Born_Confused_Desi" class="mw-redirect" title="American-Born Confused Desi">American-Born Confused Desi (ABCD)</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Coconut_(slur)" class="mw-redirect" title="Coconut (slur)">Coconut</a><span style="font-size:85%;"> (<i>westernized South Asians</i>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Coolie" title="Coolie">Coolie</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Bengali Hindus</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bong_(term)" title="Bong (term)">Bong</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bongal" title="Bongal">Bongal</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Danchi_babu" title="Danchi babu">Danchi babu</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Dkhar" title="Dkhar">Dkhar</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Malaun" title="Malaun">Malaun</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Mayang_(term)" title="Mayang (term)">Mayang</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Indians</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Chink#India" title="Chink">Chinki</a><span style="font-size:85%;"> (<i><a href="/wiki/Northeast_India" title="Northeast India">Northeast Indians</a></i>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Coolie" title="Coolie">Coolie</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Keling" title="Keling">Keling</a><span style="font-size:85%;"> (<i><a href="/wiki/Indian_diaspora#Asia" title="Indian diaspora">Maritime Southeast Asian-origin Indians</a></i>)</span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pakistanis</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Paki_(slur)" title="Paki (slur)">Paki</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Southeast Asians</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Anti-Filipino_sentiment#Derogatory_terms" title="Anti-Filipino sentiment">Filipinos</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Anti-Vietnamese_sentiment#Derogatory_terms" title="Anti-Vietnamese sentiment">Vietnamese</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Eurasians</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Arabs" title="Arabs">Arabs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Rafida" title="Rafida">Rafida</a><span style="font-size:85%;"> (<i><a href="/wiki/Shia_Islam" title="Shia Islam">Shi'ites</a></i>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Raghead" class="mw-redirect" title="Raghead">Raghead</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Wog" title="Wog">Wog</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jews" title="Jews">Jews</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_deicide" title="Jewish deicide">Christ killer</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Jewish-American_princess_stereotype" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish-American princess stereotype">Jewish-American princess (JAP)</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Kafir" title="Kafir">Kafir</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Khazar_hypothesis_of_Ashkenazi_ancestry" title="Khazar hypothesis of Ashkenazi ancestry">Khazar</a><span style="font-size:85%;"> (<i><a href="/wiki/Ashkenazi_Jews" title="Ashkenazi Jews">Ashkenazi Jews</a></i>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Kike" title="Kike">Kike</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Marrano" title="Marrano">Marrano</a><span style="font-size:85%;"> (<i><a href="/wiki/Converso" title="Converso">Conversos</a></i> / <i><a href="/wiki/Crypto-Judaism" title="Crypto-Judaism">Crypto-Jews</a></i>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Rootless_cosmopolitan" title="Rootless cosmopolitan">Rootless cosmopolitan</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Wog" title="Wog">Wog</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Yekke" title="Yekke">Yekke</a><span style="font-size:85%;"> (<i><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Germany" title="History of the Jews in Germany">German Jews</a></i>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Yid" title="Yid">Yid</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Zhyd" title="Zhyd">Zhyd / Zhydovka</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Żydokomuna</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Turkic_peoples" title="Turkic peoples">Turks</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Kebab" title="Kebab">Kebab</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Mongols" title="Mongols">Mongol</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Kanake" title="Kanake">Kanake</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Romani_people" title="Romani people">Romani</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dom_people" title="Dom people">Dom</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Lom_people" title="Lom people">Lom</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Didicoy" class="mw-redirect" title="Didicoy">Didicoy</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Gypsies" class="mw-redirect" title="Gypsies">Gypsies</a> <span style="font-size:85%;"><i>(sometimes used against other semi-nomadic groups)</i></span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Nawar_people" title="Nawar people">Nawar</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Zott" title="Zott">Zott</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Oceanians</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Blackfella" title="Blackfella">Blackfella</a><span style="font-size:85%;"> (<i><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_Australians" title="Indigenous Australians">Indigenous Australians</a></i>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Hori_(slur)" title="Hori (slur)">Hori</a><span style="font-size:85%;"> (<i><a href="/wiki/M%C4%81ori_people" title="Māori people">Māori</a></i>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Kanaka_(Pacific_Island_worker)" title="Kanaka (Pacific Island worker)">Kanaka</a><span style="font-size:85%;"> (<i><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Islander" title="Pacific Islander">Pacific Islander</a></i>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Coconut_(slur)" class="mw-redirect" title="Coconut (slur)">Coconut</a><span style="font-size:85%;"> (<i><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Islander" title="Pacific Islander">Pacific Islander</a></i>)</span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">North and South<br />Americans</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous peoples of the Americas">Indigenous</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Eskimo" title="Eskimo">Eskimo</a><span style="font-size:85%;"> (<i><a href="/wiki/Inuit" title="Inuit">Inuit</a> / <a href="/wiki/Yupik_peoples" title="Yupik peoples">Yupik</a> / <a href="/wiki/Unangan" class="mw-redirect" title="Unangan">Unangan</a></i>)</span>,</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Native_American_name_controversy#Controversial_terminology" title="Native American name controversy">Indian/Injun</a><span style="font-size:85%;"> (<i><a href="/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_United_States" title="Native Americans in the United States">Native American</a> / <a href="/wiki/First_Nations_in_Canada" title="First Nations in Canada">First Nations</a> / <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous peoples of the Americas">American Indian</a></i>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Redskin" title="Redskin">Redskin/Red Indian</a><span style="font-size:85%;"> (<i><a href="/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_United_States" title="Native Americans in the United States">Native American</a> / <a href="/wiki/First_Nations_in_Canada" title="First Nations in Canada">First Nations</a></i>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Squaw" title="Squaw">Squaw</a><span style="font-size:85%;"> (<i><a href="/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_United_States" title="Native Americans in the United States">Native American</a> women</i>)</span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/African_diaspora" title="African diaspora">Blacks</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Alligator_bait" title="Alligator bait">Alligator bait</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Black_American_princess" title="Black American princess">Black American princess</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Black_Buck" title="Black Buck">Black Buck</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Cocolo" title="Cocolo">Cocolo</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Colored" title="Colored">Colored</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/House_Negro" class="mw-redirect" title="House Negro">House Negro</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Jim_Crow_(character)" title="Jim Crow (character)">Jim Crow</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Macaca_(term)" title="Macaca (term)">Macaca</a> </span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Mammy_stereotype" title="Mammy stereotype">Mammy</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Negro" title="Negro">Negro</a> </span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Nigger" title="Nigger">Nigger</a> (<a href="/wiki/Nigga" title="Nigga">Nigga</a>)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Pickaninny" title="Pickaninny">Pickaninny</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Rastus" title="Rastus">Rastus</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Welfare_queen" title="Welfare queen">Queen / Queenie</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Sambo_(racial_term)" title="Sambo (racial term)">Sambo</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Schvartze" title="Schvartze">Schvartze</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Tar-Baby" title="Tar-Baby">Tar-Baby</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Uncle_Tom" title="Uncle Tom">Uncle Tom</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/European_diaspora" class="mw-redirect" title="European diaspora">Whites</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Becky_(slang)" title="Becky (slang)">Becky</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Buckra" title="Buckra">Buckra</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Conch_(people)" title="Conch (people)">Conch</a> <span style="font-size:85%;"><i>(<a href="/wiki/Bahamians" title="Bahamians">Bahamians</a> of European descent)</i></span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Coonass" title="Coonass">Coonass</a><span style="font-size:85%;"> (<i><a href="/wiki/Cajuns" title="Cajuns">Cajuns</a></i>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Cracker_(term)" title="Cracker (term)">Cracker</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Gringo" title="Gringo">Gringo</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Haole" title="Haole">Haole</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Hillbilly" title="Hillbilly">Hillbilly / Hilljack</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Honky" title="Honky">Honky</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Karen_(slang)" title="Karen (slang)">Karen</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Peckerwood" title="Peckerwood">Peckerwood</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Redneck" title="Redneck">Redneck</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Swamp_Yankee" title="Swamp Yankee">Swamp Yankee</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Trailer_trash" title="Trailer trash">Trailer trash</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/White_trash" title="White trash">White trash</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Whitey_(slang)" title="Whitey (slang)">Whitey</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Beaner" title="Beaner">Beaner</a><span style="font-size:85%;"> (<i>Mexicans</i>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Canuck" title="Canuck">Canuck</a><span style="font-size:85%;"> (<i>Canadians</i>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Cholo" title="Cholo">Cholo</a><span style="font-size:85%;"> (<i><a href="/wiki/Mestizo" title="Mestizo">Mestizos</a></i>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Coonass" title="Coonass">Coonass</a><span style="font-size:85%;"> (<i><a href="/wiki/Cajuns" title="Cajuns">Cajuns</a></i>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Greaser_(derogatory)" title="Greaser (derogatory)">Greaser</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Gusano_(slur)" title="Gusano (slur)">Gusano</a><span style="font-size:85%;"> (<i>Cubans</i>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Half-breed" title="Half-breed">Half-breed</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Naco_(slang)" title="Naco (slang)">Naco</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Newfie" title="Newfie">Newfie</a><span style="font-size:85%;"> (<i><a href="/wiki/Newfoundland_and_Labrador" title="Newfoundland and Labrador">Newfoundlander</a></i>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Okie" title="Okie">Okie</a><span style="font-size:85%;"> (<i>Oklahomans</i>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Anti-American_sentiment_in_Russia#Pindos" title="Anti-American sentiment in Russia">Pindos</a> <span style="font-size:85%;"> (<i>Americans</i>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Pocho" title="Pocho">Pocho</a><span style="font-size:85%;"> (<i>Mexican Americans</i>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Roto" title="Roto">Roto</a><span style="font-size:85%;"> (<i>Chileans</i>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Spic" title="Spic">Spic</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Sudaca" class="mw-redirect" title="Sudaca">Sudaca</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<i>Central and South Americans</i>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Wetback_(slur)" title="Wetback (slur)">Wetback</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Yankee" title="Yankee">Yank / Yankee</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<i>Americans</i>)</span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Xenophobia" title="Xenophobia">Outsiders</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ajam" title="Ajam">Ajam</a><span style="font-size:85%;"> (<i>non-<a href="/wiki/Arabs" title="Arabs">Arabs</a></i>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Barbarian" title="Barbarian">Barbarian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Fresh_off_the_boat" title="Fresh off the boat">Fresh off the boat / F.O.B.</a><span style="font-size:85%;"> (<i>immigrant</i>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Gadjo" title="Gadjo">Gadjo</a> <span style="font-size:85%;"> (<i>non-<a href="/wiki/Romani_people" title="Romani people">Romani</a></i>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Gaijin" title="Gaijin">Gaijin</a><span style="font-size:85%;"> (<i>non-<a href="/wiki/Japanese_people" title="Japanese people">Japanese</a></i>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Goy" title="Goy">Goy</a><span style="font-size:85%;"> (<i><a href="/wiki/Gentile" title="Gentile">non-Jew</a></i>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Kafir" title="Kafir">Kafir</a><span style="font-size:85%;"> (<i>non-believer</i>) </span>(pl. <a href="/wiki/Kafir" title="Kafir">Kuffar</a>)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Laowai" title="Laowai">Laowai</a><span style="font-size:85%;"> (<i>non-<a href="/wiki/Chinese_people" title="Chinese people">Chinese</a></i>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/New_Australians" title="New Australians">Reffo / Balt</a><span style="font-size:85%;"> (<i>Non-Anglo immigrant to Australia</i>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Savage_(pejorative_term)" title="Savage (pejorative term)">Savage</a><span style="font-size:85%;"> (<i>usually Indigenous, regarded as primitive/uncivilized</i>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Shegetz" class="mw-redirect" title="Shegetz">Shegetz</a><span style="font-size:85%;"> (<i><a href="/wiki/Gentile" title="Gentile">non-Jewish boy or man</a></i>) </span>(pl. <a href="/wiki/Shkutzim" class="mw-redirect" title="Shkutzim">Shkutzim</a>)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Shiksa" title="Shiksa">Shiksa</a><span style="font-size:85%;"> (<i><a href="/wiki/Gentile" title="Gentile">non-Jewish woman</a></i>)</span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Religious_slurs" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Religious_slurs" title="Template:Religious slurs"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Religious_slurs" title="Template talk:Religious slurs"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Religious_slurs" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Religious slurs"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Religious_slurs" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_religious_slurs" title="List of religious slurs">Religious</a> slurs</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Buddhist" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddhist">Buddhists</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Butprast</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhimmi" title="Dhimmi">Dhimmi</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(non-<a href="/wiki/Muslim" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim">Muslims</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paganism#Heathen" title="Paganism">Heathen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinayana" title="Hinayana">Hinayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jahiliyyah" title="Jahiliyyah">Jahiliyyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kafir" title="Kafir">Kafir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infidel" title="Infidel">Infidel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paganism" title="Paganism">Pagan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christians" title="Christians">Christians</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Giaour" title="Giaour">Giaour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesus_freak" title="Jesus freak">Jesus freak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicodemite" title="Nicodemite">Nicodemite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kafir" title="Kafir">Kafir</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Creeping_Jesus" title="Creeping Jesus">Creeping Jesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ethnic_slurs#D" title="List of ethnic slurs">Dogan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fenian" title="Fenian">Fenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mackerel_snapper" title="Mackerel snapper">Mackerel snapper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papist" class="mw-redirect" title="Papist">Papist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanism" title="Romanism">Romanist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taig" title="Taig">Taig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whore_of_Babylon" title="Whore of Babylon">Whore of Babylon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Protestants" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestants">Protestants</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fundie" class="mw-redirect" title="Fundie">Fundie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Roller" title="Holy Roller">Holy Roller</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Mormon" class="mw-redirect" title="Mormon">Mormon</a> <a href="/wiki/Great_and_abominable_church" title="Great and abominable church">Great and abominable church</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Latter_Day_Saint_movement" title="Latter Day Saint movement">Latter-Day Saint</a>)</span> <a href="/wiki/Quaker" class="mw-redirect" title="Quaker">Quaker</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(Society of Friends)</span> <a href="/wiki/Shakers" title="Shakers">Shakers</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(United Society of Believers)</span></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hindu" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu">Hindus</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Malaun" title="Malaun">Malaun</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Jews</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kike" title="Kike">Kike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhyd" title="Zhyd">Zhyd</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Żydokomuna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yid" title="Yid">Yid</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Reformers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Self-hating_Jew" title="Self-hating Jew">Self-hating Jew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Misnagdim" title="Misnagdim">Misnagdim</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cryptos</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marrano" title="Marrano">Marrano</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Muslim" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim">Muslims</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ahmadiyya" title="Ahmadiyya">Ahmadis</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mirzai" title="Mirzai">Mirzai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qadiani" title="Qadiani">Qadiani</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Isma%27ilism" title="Isma'ilism">Isma'ilis</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Batiniyya" title="Batiniyya">Batiniyya</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sufism" title="Sufism">Sufis</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grave_worshipper" title="Grave worshipper">Grave worshipper</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Shia_Islam" title="Shia Islam">Shias</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rafida" title="Rafida">Rafida</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sunni_Islam" title="Sunni Islam">Sunnis</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bakriyyah" title="Bakriyyah">Bakriyyah</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Salafi_movement" title="Salafi movement">Salafis</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Takfiri" title="Takfiri">Takfiri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wahabi" class="mw-redirect" title="Wahabi">Wahabi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Non-believers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pagan" class="mw-redirect" title="Pagan">Pagan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infidel" title="Infidel">Infidel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Non-<a href="/wiki/Muslims" title="Muslims">Muslims</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kafir" title="Kafir">Kafir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giaour" title="Giaour">Giaour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zind%C4%ABq" class="mw-redirect" title="Zindīq">Zindīq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhimmi" title="Dhimmi">Dhimmi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jahiliyyah" title="Jahiliyyah">Jahiliyyah</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Non-Jewish</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shegetz" class="mw-redirect" title="Shegetz">Shegetz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shiksa" title="Shiksa">Shiksa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Zoroastrian" class="mw-redirect" title="Zoroastrian">Zoroastrians</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gabr" title="Gabr">Gabr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Majus" title="Majus">Majoos/Majus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Atheist" class="mw-redirect" title="Atheist">Atheists</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fedora" title="Fedora">Fedora</a> tipper</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" 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