CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="zh" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>语法 - 维基百科，自由的百科全书</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )zhwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"zh", "wgMonthNames":["","1月","2月","3月","4月","5月","6月","7月","8月","9月","10月","11月","12月"],"wgRequestId":"4d00a034-43f7-4aca-89d9-fcd950588136","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"语法","wgTitle":"语法","wgCurRevisionId":84129555,"wgRevisionId":84129555,"wgArticleId":79691,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["含有英語的條目","含有古希臘語的條目","有蓝链却未移除内部链接助手模板的页面","含有阿拉伯語的條目","含有希伯來語的條目","含有冰島語的條目","含有義大利語的條目","含有斯洛維尼亞語的條目","含有西班牙語的條目","含有德語的條目","包含BNF标识符的维基百科条目","包含BNFdata标识符的维基百科条目","包含GND标识符的维基百科条目","包含J9U标识符的维基百科条目","包含LCCN标识符的维基百科条目" ,"包含LNB标识符的维基百科条目","包含NDL标识符的维基百科条目","包含NKC标识符的维基百科条目","包含AAT标识符的维基百科条目","语法","语言学"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"zh","wgPageContentLanguage":"zh","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"语法","wgRelevantArticleId":79691,"wgUserVariant":"zh","wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgRedirectedFrom":"文法","wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":true,"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"zh","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":["zh-hans","zh-hant","zh-cn","zh-tw","zh-hk","zh-sg","zh-mo","zh-my"]},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":true,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":20000, "wgInternalRedirectTargetUrl":"/wiki/%E8%AF%AD%E6%B3%95","wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q8091","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.gadget.large-font":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles": "ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["mediawiki.action.view.redirect","ext.cite.ux-enhancements","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.edit0","ext.gadget.WikiMiniAtlas","ext.gadget.UnihanTooltips","ext.gadget.Difflink","ext.gadget.pseudonamespace-UI","ext.gadget.SpecialWikitext","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.gadget.VariantAlly","ext.gadget.AdvancedSiteNotices","ext.gadget.hideConversionTab","ext.gadget.internalLinkHelper-altcolor","ext.gadget.noteTA","ext.gadget.NavFrame","ext.gadget.collapsibleTables","ext.gadget.scrollUpButton","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging", "ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.quicksurveys.init","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=zh&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=zh&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=zh&modules=ext.gadget.large-font&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=zh&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.5"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="语法 - 维基百科，自由的百科全书"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//zh.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%AF%AD%E6%B3%95"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="编辑本页" href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%AF%AD%E6%B3%95&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (zh)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//zh.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%AF%AD%E6%B3%95"> <link rel="alternate" hreflang="zh" href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%AF%AD%E6%B3%95"> <link rel="alternate" hreflang="zh-Hans" href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-hans/%E8%AF%AD%E6%B3%95"> <link rel="alternate" hreflang="zh-Hans-CN" href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-cn/%E8%AF%AD%E6%B3%95"> <link rel="alternate" hreflang="zh-Hans-MY" href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-my/%E8%AF%AD%E6%B3%95"> <link rel="alternate" hreflang="zh-Hans-SG" href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-sg/%E8%AF%AD%E6%B3%95"> <link rel="alternate" hreflang="zh-Hant" href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-hant/%E8%AF%AD%E6%B3%95"> <link rel="alternate" hreflang="zh-Hant-HK" href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-hk/%E8%AF%AD%E6%B3%95"> <link rel="alternate" hreflang="zh-Hant-MO" href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-mo/%E8%AF%AD%E6%B3%95"> <link rel="alternate" hreflang="zh-Hant-TW" href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E8%AF%AD%E6%B3%95"> <link rel="alternate" hreflang="x-default" href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%AF%AD%E6%B3%95"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.zh"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia的Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:%E6%9C%80%E8%BF%91%E6%9B%B4%E6%94%B9&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-语法 rootpage-语法 skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">跳转到内容</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="站点"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="主菜单" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">主菜单</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">主菜单</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">移至侧栏</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">隐藏</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 导航 </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E9%A6%96%E9%A1%B5" title="访问首页[z]" accesskey="z"><span>首页</span></a></li><li id="n-indexpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E5%88%86%E7%B1%BB%E7%B4%A2%E5%BC%95" title="以分类索引搜寻中文维基百科"><span>分类索引</span></a></li><li id="n-Featured_content" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:%E7%89%B9%E8%89%B2%E5%85%A7%E5%AE%B9" title="查看中文维基百科的特色内容"><span>特色内容</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:%E6%96%B0%E8%81%9E%E5%8B%95%E6%85%8B" title="提供当前新闻事件的背景资料"><span>新闻动态</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E6%9C%80%E8%BF%91%E6%9B%B4%E6%94%B9" title="列出维基百科中的最近修改[r]" accesskey="r"><span>最近更改</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E9%9A%8F%E6%9C%BA%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2" title="随机载入一个页面[x]" accesskey="x"><span>随机条目</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-help" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-help" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 帮助 </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:%E7%9B%AE%E5%BD%95" title="寻求帮助"><span>帮助</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E7%A4%BE%E7%BE%A4%E9%A6%96%E9%A1%B5" title="关于本计划、你可以做什么、应该如何做"><span>维基社群</span></a></li><li id="n-policy" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E6%96%B9%E9%87%9D%E8%88%87%E6%8C%87%E5%BC%95" title="查看维基百科的方针和指引"><span>方针与指引</span></a></li><li id="n-villagepump" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E4%BA%92%E5%8A%A9%E5%AE%A2%E6%A0%88" title="参与维基百科社群的讨论"><span>互助客栈</span></a></li><li id="n-Information_desk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E7%9F%A5%E8%AF%86%E9%97%AE%E7%AD%94" title="解答任何与维基百科无关的问题的地方"><span>知识问答</span></a></li><li id="n-conversion" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E5%AD%97%E8%AF%8D%E8%BD%AC%E6%8D%A2" title="提出字词转换请求"><span>字词转换</span></a></li><li id="n-IRC" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:IRC%E8%81%8A%E5%A4%A9%E9%A2%91%E9%81%93"><span>IRC即时聊天</span></a></li><li id="n-contact" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E8%81%94%E7%BB%9C%E6%88%91%E4%BB%AC" title="如何联络维基百科"><span>联络我们</span></a></li><li id="n-about" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E5%85%B3%E4%BA%8E" title="查看维基百科的简介"><span>关于维基百科</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E9%A6%96%E9%A1%B5" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="维基百科" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-zh.svg" style="width: 6.5625em; height: 1.375em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="自由的百科全书" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-zh.svg" width="103" height="14" style="width: 6.4375em; height: 0.875em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:%E6%90%9C%E7%B4%A2" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="搜索维基百科[f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>搜索</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="搜索维基百科" aria-label="搜索维基百科" autocapitalize="sentences" title="搜索维基百科[f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:搜索"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">搜索</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="个人工具"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="外观"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="更改页面字体大小、宽度和颜色的外观" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="外观" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">外观</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=zh.wikipedia.org&uselang=zh" class=""><span>资助维基百科</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:%E5%88%9B%E5%BB%BA%E8%B4%A6%E6%88%B7&returnto=%E8%AF%AD%E6%B3%95" title="我们推荐您创建账号并登录，但这不是强制性的" class=""><span>创建账号</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:%E7%94%A8%E6%88%B7%E7%99%BB%E5%BD%95&returnto=%E8%AF%AD%E6%B3%95" title="建议你登录，尽管并非必须。[o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>登录</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="更多选项" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="个人工具" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">个人工具</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="用户菜单" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=zh.wikipedia.org&uselang=zh"><span>资助维基百科</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:%E5%88%9B%E5%BB%BA%E8%B4%A6%E6%88%B7&returnto=%E8%AF%AD%E6%B3%95" title="我们推荐您创建账号并登录，但这不是强制性的"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>创建账号</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:%E7%94%A8%E6%88%B7%E7%99%BB%E5%BD%95&returnto=%E8%AF%AD%E6%B3%95" title="建议你登录，尽管并非必须。[o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>登录</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 未登录编辑者的页面 <a href="/wiki/Help:%E6%96%B0%E6%89%8B%E5%85%A5%E9%97%A8" aria-label="了解有关编辑的更多信息"><span>了解详情</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E6%88%91%E7%9A%84%E8%B4%A1%E7%8C%AE" title="来自此IP地址的编辑列表[y]" accesskey="y"><span>贡献</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E6%88%91%E7%9A%84%E8%AE%A8%E8%AE%BA%E9%A1%B5" title="对于来自此IP地址编辑的讨论[n]" accesskey="n"><span>讨论</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="站点"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="目录" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">目录</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">移至侧栏</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">隐藏</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">序言</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-词源" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#词源"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>词源</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-词源-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-定义" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#定义"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>定义</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-定义-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>开关定义子章节</span> </button> <ul id="toc-定义-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-语法与句法" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#语法与句法"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>语法与句法</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-语法与句法-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-语法与语法规范" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#语法与语法规范"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>语法与语法规范</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-语法与语法规范-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-个别语法" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#个别语法"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>个别语法</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-个别语法-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-历史" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#历史"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>历史</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-历史-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-汉语语法" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#汉语语法"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>汉语语法</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-汉语语法-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>开关汉语语法子章节</span> </button> <ul id="toc-汉语语法-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-句子組成的規律" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#句子組成的規律"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>句子組成的規律</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-句子組成的規律-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-電腦語-{}-法" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#電腦語-{}-法"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>電腦語法</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-電腦語-{}-法-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-语法学" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#语法学"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>语法学</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-语法学-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-教育" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#教育"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>教育</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-教育-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-分類" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#分類"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>分類</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-分類-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-参阅" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#参阅"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>参阅</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-参阅-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-参考文献" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#参考文献"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>参考文献</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-参考文献-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="目录" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="开关目录" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">开关目录</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">语法</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="前往另一种语言写成的文章。171种语言可用" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-171" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">171种语言</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammatika" title="Grammatika – 南非荷兰语" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Grammatika" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="南非荷兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammatik" title="Grammatik – 瑞士德语" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Grammatik" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="瑞士德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%88%B0%E1%8B%8B%E1%88%B5%E1%8B%8D" title="ሰዋስው – 阿姆哈拉语" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ሰዋስው" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="阿姆哈拉语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gramatica" title="Gramatica – 阿拉贡语" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Gramatica" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="阿拉贡语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B9%D8%AF_%D9%84%D8%BA%D8%A9" title="قواعد لغة – 阿拉伯语" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="قواعد لغة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="阿拉伯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc mw-list-item"><a href="https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%A9%DC%A2%DC%98%DC%A2%DC%90_%DC%95%DC%A0%DC%A5%DC%99%DC%90" title="ܩܢܘܢܐ ܕܠܥܙܐ – 阿拉米语" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" data-title="ܩܢܘܢܐ ܕܠܥܙܐ" data-language-autonym="ܐܪܡܝܐ" data-language-local-name="阿拉米语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ܐܪܡܝܐ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B9%D8%AF_%D9%84%D8%BA%D8%A9" title="قواعد لغة – 摩洛哥阿拉伯文" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="قواعد لغة" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="摩洛哥阿拉伯文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%B0%E0%A6%A3" title="ব্যাকৰণ – 阿萨姆语" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="ব্যাকৰণ" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="阿萨姆语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gram%C3%A1tica" title="Gramática – 阿斯图里亚斯语" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Gramática" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="阿斯图里亚斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-av mw-list-item"><a href="https://av.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Грамматика – 阿瓦尔语" lang="av" hreflang="av" data-title="Грамматика" data-language-autonym="Авар" data-language-local-name="阿瓦尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Авар</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qrammatika" title="Qrammatika – 阿塞拜疆语" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Qrammatika" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="阿塞拜疆语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%B1" title="قرامر – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="قرامر" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Грамматика – 巴什基尔语" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Грамматика" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="巴什基尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammatik" title="Grammatik – 巴伐利亞文" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Grammatik" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="巴伐利亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gramat%C4%97ka" title="Gramatėka – 薩莫吉希亞文" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Gramatėka" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="薩莫吉希亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balanghayan" title="Balanghayan – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Balanghayan" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Граматыка – 白俄罗斯语" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Граматыка" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="白俄罗斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Граматыка – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Граматыка" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Граматика – 保加利亚语" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Граматика" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="保加利亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A3" title="व्याकरण – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="व्याकरण" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%A3" title="ব্যাকরণ – 孟加拉语" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ব্যাকরণ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="孟加拉语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%96%E0%BD%A2%E0%BE%A1%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A6%E0%BE%A4%E0%BE%B2%E0%BD%BC%E0%BD%91%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%80%E0%BE%B1%E0%BD%B2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%82%E0%BD%9E%E0%BD%B4%E0%BD%84%E0%BC%8B%E0%BC%8D" title="བརྡ་སྤྲོད་ཀྱི་གཞུང་། – 藏语" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="བརྡ་སྤྲོད་ཀྱི་གཞུང་།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="藏语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>བོད་ཡིག</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yezhadur" title="Yezhadur – 布列塔尼语" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Yezhadur" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="布列塔尼语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gramatika" title="Gramatika – 波斯尼亚语" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Gramatika" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="波斯尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gram%C3%A0tica" title="Gramàtica – 加泰罗尼亚语" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Gramàtica" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="加泰罗尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ng%E1%B9%B3%CC%84-hu%C3%A1k" title="Ngṳ̄-huák – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Ngṳ̄-huák" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Грамматика – 车臣语" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Грамматика" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="车臣语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%95%DB%8E%D8%B2%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86" title="ڕێزمان – 中库尔德语" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ڕێزمان" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="中库尔德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarf" title="Sarf – 克里米亚鞑靼语" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Sarf" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="克里米亚鞑靼语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qırımtatarca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gramatika" title="Gramatika – 捷克语" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Gramatika" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="捷克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Грамматика – 楚瓦什语" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Грамматика" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="楚瓦什语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gramadeg" title="Gramadeg – 威尔士语" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Gramadeg" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="威尔士语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammatik" title="Grammatik – 丹麦语" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Grammatik" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="丹麦语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammatik" title="Grammatik – 德语" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Grammatik" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gramer" title="Gramer – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Gramer" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%93%CF%81%CE%B1%CE%BC%CE%BC%CE%B1%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE" title="Γραμματική – 希腊语" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Γραμματική" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="希腊语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammar" title="Grammar – 英语" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Grammar" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="英语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gramatiko" title="Gramatiko – 世界语" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Gramatiko" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="世界语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gram%C3%A1tica" title="Gramática – 西班牙语" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Gramática" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="西班牙语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammatika" title="Grammatika – 爱沙尼亚语" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Grammatika" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="爱沙尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gramatika" title="Gramatika – 巴斯克语" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Gramatika" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="巴斯克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gram%C3%A1tica" title="Gramática – 埃斯特雷馬杜拉文" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Gramática" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="埃斯特雷馬杜拉文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Estremeñu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1_%D8%B2%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86" title="دستور زبان – 波斯语" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="دستور زبان" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="波斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kielioppi" title="Kielioppi – 芬兰语" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Kielioppi" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="芬兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A1ll%C3%A6ra" title="Mállæra – 法罗语" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Mállæra" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="法罗语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammaire" title="Grammaire – 法语" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Grammaire" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="法语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gramatik" title="Gramatik – 北弗里西亚语" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Gramatik" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="北弗里西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammatika" title="Grammatika – 西弗里西亚语" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Grammatika" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="西弗里西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%96%87%E6%B3%95" title="文法 – 赣语" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="文法" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="赣语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>贛語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gram%C3%A8r" title="Gramèr – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Gramèr" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kriyòl gwiyannen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gr%C3%A0mar" title="Gràmar – 苏格兰盖尔语" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Gràmar" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="苏格兰盖尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gram%C3%A1tica" title="Gramática – 加利西亚语" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Gramática" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="加利西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%91e%27%E1%BA%BDtekuaa" title="Ñe'ẽtekuaa – 瓜拉尼语" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Ñe'ẽtekuaa" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="瓜拉尼语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gom mw-list-item"><a href="https://gom.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A3" title="व्याकरण – 孔卡尼文" lang="gom" hreflang="gom" data-title="व्याकरण" data-language-autonym="गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni" data-language-local-name="孔卡尼文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-got mw-list-item"><a href="https://got.wikipedia.org/wiki/%F0%90%8D%82%F0%90%8C%B0%F0%90%8C%B6%F0%90%8C%B3%F0%90%8C%B0%F0%90%8C%BB%F0%90%8C%B4%F0%90%8C%B9%F0%90%8D%83%F0%90%8C%B4%F0%90%8C%B9" title="𐍂𐌰𐌶𐌳𐌰𐌻𐌴𐌹𐍃𐌴𐌹 – 哥特语" lang="got" hreflang="got" data-title="𐍂𐌰𐌶𐌳𐌰𐌻𐌴𐌹𐍃𐌴𐌹" data-language-autonym="𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺" data-language-local-name="哥特语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammeydys" title="Grammeydys – 马恩语" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Grammeydys" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="马恩语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nahawu" title="Nahawu – 豪萨语" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Nahawu" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="豪萨语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%93%D7%A7%D7%93%D7%95%D7%A7" title="דקדוק – 希伯来语" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="דקדוק" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="希伯来语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A3" title="व्याकरण – 印地语" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="व्याकरण" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="印地语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vyakaran" title="Vyakaran – 斐濟印地文" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Vyakaran" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="斐濟印地文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gramatika" title="Gramatika – 克罗地亚语" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Gramatika" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="克罗地亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gram%C3%A8" title="Gramè – 海地克里奥尔语" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Gramè" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="海地克里奥尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nyelvtan" title="Nyelvtan – 匈牙利语" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Nyelvtan" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="匈牙利语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%94%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Քերականություն – 亚美尼亚语" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Քերականություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="亚美尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammatica" title="Grammatica – 国际语" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Grammatica" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="国际语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tata_bahasa" title="Tata bahasa – 印度尼西亚语" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Tata bahasa" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="印度尼西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammatica" title="Grammatica – 国际文字（E）" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Grammatica" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="国际文字（E）" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingue</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gramatika" title="Gramatika – 伊洛卡诺语" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Gramatika" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="伊洛卡诺语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gramatiko" title="Gramatiko – 伊多语" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Gramatiko" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="伊多语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A1lfr%C3%A6%C3%B0i" title="Málfræði – 冰岛语" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Málfræði" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="冰岛语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammatica" title="Grammatica – 意大利语" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Grammatica" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="意大利语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%96%87%E6%B3%95" title="文法 – 日语" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="文法" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="日语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grama" title="Grama – 牙買加克里奧爾英文" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Grama" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="牙買加克里奧爾英文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Patois</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/gerna" title="gerna – 逻辑语" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="gerna" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="逻辑语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>La .lojban.</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%92%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98%E1%83%99%E1%83%90" title="გრამატიკა – 格鲁吉亚语" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="გრამატიკა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="格鲁吉亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammatika" title="Grammatika – 卡拉卡尔帕克语" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Grammatika" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="卡拉卡尔帕克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qaraqalpaqsha</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Грамматика – 哈萨克语" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Грамматика" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="哈萨克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%9C%E1%9F%81%E1%9E%99%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%99%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%80%E1%9E%9A%E1%9E%8E%E1%9F%8D" title="វេយ្យាករណ៍ – 高棉语" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="វេយ្យាករណ៍" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="高棉语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ភាសាខ្មែរ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B5%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AF%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%95%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%A3" title="ವ್ಯಾಕರಣ – 卡纳达语" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ವ್ಯಾಕರಣ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="卡纳达语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%AC%B8%EB%B2%95" title="문법 – 韩语" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="문법" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="韩语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-koi mw-list-item"><a href="https://koi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Грамматика – 科米-彼尔米亚克语" lang="koi" hreflang="koi" data-title="Грамматика" data-language-autonym="Перем коми" data-language-local-name="科米-彼尔米亚克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Перем коми</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-krc mw-list-item"><a href="https://krc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Грамматика – 卡拉恰伊巴尔卡尔语" lang="krc" hreflang="krc" data-title="Грамматика" data-language-autonym="Къарачай-малкъар" data-language-local-name="卡拉恰伊巴尔卡尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Къарачай-малкъар</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%AAziman" title="Rêziman – 库尔德语" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Rêziman" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="库尔德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yethador" title="Yethador – 康沃尔语" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Yethador" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="康沃尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Грамматика – 柯尔克孜语" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Грамматика" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="柯尔克孜语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammatica" title="Grammatica – 拉丁语" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Grammatica" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="拉丁语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gramatika" title="Gramatika – 拉迪诺语" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Gramatika" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="拉迪诺语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladino</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gramatica" title="Gramatica – 新共同語言" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Gramatica" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="新共同語言" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammair" title="Grammair – 林堡语" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Grammair" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="林堡语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gramatica" title="Gramatica – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Gramatica" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammatica" title="Grammatica – 倫巴底文" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Grammatica" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="倫巴底文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BB%84%E0%BA%A7%E0%BA%8D%E0%BA%B0%E0%BA%81%E0%BA%AD%E0%BA%99" title="ໄວຍະກອນ – 老挝语" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ໄວຍະກອນ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="老挝语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ລາວ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gramatika" title="Gramatika – 立陶宛语" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Gramatika" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="立陶宛语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gramatika" title="Gramatika – 拉脱维亚语" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Gramatika" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="拉脱维亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fitsipi-pitenenana" title="Fitsipi-pitenenana – 马拉加斯语" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Fitsipi-pitenenana" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="马拉加斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%99%D1%8B%D0%BB%D0%BC%D1%8B%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%87%D1%8B%D1%88" title="Йылмылончыш – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Йылмылончыш" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Олык марий</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Граматика – 马其顿语" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Граматика" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="马其顿语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B5%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%A3%E0%B4%82" title="വ്യാകരണം – 马拉雅拉姆语" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="വ്യാകരണം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="马拉雅拉姆语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mni mw-list-item"><a href="https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%AF%82%EA%AF%A3%EA%AF%9F%EA%AF%86%EA%AF%A0_%EA%AF%84%EA%AF%8A%EA%AF%A5%EA%AF%9E" title="ꯂꯣꯟꯆꯠ ꯄꯊꯥꯞ – 曼尼普尔语" lang="mni" hreflang="mni" data-title="ꯂꯣꯟꯆꯠ ꯄꯊꯥꯞ" data-language-autonym="ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-local-name="曼尼普尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mnw mw-list-item"><a href="https://mnw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9E%E1%80%92%E1%80%B9%E1%80%92%E1%80%AB%E1%80%99%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA" title="သဒ္ဒါမန် – Mon" lang="mnw" hreflang="mnw" data-title="သဒ္ဒါမန်" data-language-autonym="ဘာသာမန်" data-language-local-name="Mon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ဘာသာမန်</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A3" title="व्याकरण – 马拉地语" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="व्याकरण" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="马拉地语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tatabahasa" title="Tatabahasa – 马来语" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Tatabahasa" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="马来语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gram%C3%A1tica" title="Gramática – 米兰德斯语" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Gramática" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="米兰德斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Mirandés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9E%E1%80%92%E1%80%B9%E1%80%92%E1%80%AB" title="သဒ္ဒါ – 缅甸语" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="သဒ္ဒါ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="缅甸语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Грамматика – 厄尔兹亚语" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="Грамматика" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="厄尔兹亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Эрзянь</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammatik" title="Grammatik – 低地德语" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Grammatik" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="低地德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A3" title="व्याकरण – 尼泊尔语" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="व्याकरण" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="尼泊尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%8D%E2%80%8C%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%82" title="भाय्‌लचं – 尼瓦尔语" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="भाय्‌लचं" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="尼瓦尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammatica" title="Grammatica – 荷兰语" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Grammatica" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="荷兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammatikk" title="Grammatikk – 挪威尼诺斯克语" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Grammatikk" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="挪威尼诺斯克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammatikk" title="Grammatikk – 书面挪威语" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Grammatikk" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="书面挪威语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nov mw-list-item"><a href="https://nov.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gramatike" title="Gramatike – 諾維亞文" lang="nov" hreflang="nov" data-title="Gramatike" data-language-autonym="Novial" data-language-local-name="諾維亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Novial</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nqo mw-list-item"><a href="https://nqo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DF%9E%DF%8A%DF%B2%DF%9C%DF%8D" title="ߞߊ߲ߜߍ – 西非书面文字" lang="nqo" hreflang="nqo" data-title="ߞߊ߲ߜߍ" data-language-autonym="ߒߞߏ" data-language-local-name="西非书面文字" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ߒߞߏ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gramatica" title="Gramatica – 奥克语" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Gramatica" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="奥克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seerluga" title="Seerluga – 奥罗莫语" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Seerluga" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="奥罗莫语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oromoo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%C3%A6" title="Грамматикæ – 奥塞梯语" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Грамматикæ" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="奥塞梯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%86%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%A8" title="ਵਿਆਕਰਨ – 旁遮普语" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਵਿਆਕਰਨ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="旁遮普语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pag mw-list-item"><a href="https://pag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammar" title="Grammar – 邦阿西南语" lang="pag" hreflang="pag" data-title="Grammar" data-language-autonym="Pangasinan" data-language-local-name="邦阿西南语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Pangasinan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garalita" title="Garalita – 邦板牙语" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Garalita" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="邦板牙语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kapampangan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Granmo%C3%A8re" title="Granmoère – 庇卡底文" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Granmoère" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="庇卡底文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Picard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gramatyka" title="Gramatyka – 波兰语" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Gramatyka" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="波兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gram%C3%A0tica" title="Gramàtica – 皮埃蒙特文" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Gramàtica" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="皮埃蒙特文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%85%D8%B1" title="گریمر – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="گریمر" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%93%CF%81%CE%B1%CE%BC%CE%BC%CE%B1%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE" title="Γραμματική – 旁狄希臘文" lang="pnt" hreflang="pnt" data-title="Γραμματική" data-language-autonym="Ποντιακά" data-language-local-name="旁狄希臘文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ποντιακά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gram%C3%A1tica" title="Gramática – 葡萄牙语" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Gramática" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="葡萄牙语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simi_kamachiy" title="Simi kamachiy – 克丘亚语" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Simi kamachiy" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="克丘亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gramatic%C4%83" title="Gramatică – 罗马尼亚语" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Gramatică" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="罗马尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Грамматика – 俄语" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Грамматика" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="俄语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%90%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Ґраматіка – 盧森尼亞文" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Ґраматіка" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="盧森尼亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rw mw-list-item"><a href="https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ikibonezamvugo" title="Ikibonezamvugo – 卢旺达语" lang="rw" hreflang="rw" data-title="Ikibonezamvugo" data-language-autonym="Ikinyarwanda" data-language-local-name="卢旺达语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ikinyarwanda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D" title="व्याकरणम् – 梵语" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="व्याकरणम्" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="梵语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Грамматика – 萨哈语" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Грамматика" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="萨哈语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%9A%E1%B1%B1%E1%B1%9A%E1%B1%B2" title="ᱨᱚᱱᱚᱲ – 桑塔利语" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱨᱚᱱᱚᱲ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="桑塔利语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gramm%C3%A0tica" title="Grammàtica – 西西里语" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Grammàtica" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="西西里语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammar" title="Grammar – 苏格兰语" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Grammar" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="苏格兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%B1" title="گرامر – 信德语" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="گرامر" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="信德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gramatika" title="Gramatika – 塞尔维亚-克罗地亚语" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Gramatika" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="塞尔维亚-克罗地亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%9A%E0%B6%BB%E0%B6%AB" title="ව්‍යාකරණ – 僧伽罗语" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="ව්‍යාකරණ" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="僧伽罗语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammar" title="Grammar – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Grammar" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gramatika_(jazykoveda)" title="Gramatika (jazykoveda) – 斯洛伐克语" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Gramatika (jazykoveda)" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="斯洛伐克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovnica" title="Slovnica – 斯洛文尼亚语" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Slovnica" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="斯洛文尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-smn mw-list-item"><a href="https://smn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiel%C3%A2opp%C3%A2" title="Kielâoppâ – 伊纳里萨米语" lang="smn" hreflang="smn" data-title="Kielâoppâ" data-language-autonym="Anarâškielâ" data-language-local-name="伊纳里萨米语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Anarâškielâ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gramatika" title="Gramatika – 阿尔巴尼亚语" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Gramatika" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="阿尔巴尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Граматика – 塞尔维亚语" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Граматика" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="塞尔维亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammatik" title="Grammatik – 瑞典语" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Grammatik" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="瑞典语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarufi" title="Sarufi – 斯瓦希里语" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Sarufi" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="斯瓦希里语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%87%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%A3%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D_(%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%B4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D)" title="இலக்கணம் (மொழியியல்) – 泰米尔语" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="இலக்கணம் (மொழியியல்)" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="泰米尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%B5%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%AF%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%95%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%A3%E0%B0%82_(%E0%B0%85%E0%B0%AF%E0%B1%8B%E0%B0%AE%E0%B0%AF%E0%B0%A8%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%B5%E0%B1%83%E0%B0%A4%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%A4%E0%B0%BF)" title="వ్యాకరణం (అయోమయనివృత్తి) – 泰卢固语" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="వ్యాకరణం (అయోమయనివృత్తి)" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="泰卢固语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B8_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Дастури забон – 塔吉克语" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Дастури забон" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="塔吉克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%93%E0%B9%8C" title="ไวยากรณ์ – 泰语" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ไวยากรณ์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="泰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balarila" title="Balarila – 他加禄语" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Balarila" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="他加禄语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tpi mw-list-item"><a href="https://tpi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grama" title="Grama – 托克皮辛语" lang="tpi" hreflang="tpi" data-title="Grama" data-language-autonym="Tok Pisin" data-language-local-name="托克皮辛语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tok Pisin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dilbilgisi" title="Dilbilgisi – 土耳其语" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Dilbilgisi" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="土耳其语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Грамматика – 鞑靼语" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Грамматика" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="鞑靼语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%D9%89%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%89%D9%83%D8%A7" title="گىرامماتىكا – 维吾尔语" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="گىرامماتىكا" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="维吾尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Граматика – 乌克兰语" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Граматика" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="乌克兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B9%D8%AF%D9%90_%D8%B2%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86" title="قواعدِ زبان – 乌尔都语" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="قواعدِ زبان" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="乌尔都语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammatika" title="Grammatika – 乌兹别克语" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Grammatika" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="乌兹别克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gramadega" title="Gramadega – 威尼斯语" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Gramadega" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="威尼斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ng%E1%BB%AF_ph%C3%A1p" title="Ngữ pháp – 越南语" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Ngữ pháp" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="越南语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gramat" title="Gramat – 沃拉普克语" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Gramat" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="沃拉普克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Volapük</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Croejhete_(linwince)" title="Croejhete (linwince) – 瓦隆语" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Croejhete (linwince)" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="瓦隆语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gramatika" title="Gramatika – 瓦瑞语" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Gramatika" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="瓦瑞语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%AA%9E%E6%B3%95" title="語法 – 吴语" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="語法" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="吴语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xh mw-list-item"><a href="https://xh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Igramma" title="Igramma – 科萨语" lang="xh" hreflang="xh" data-title="Igramma" data-language-autonym="IsiXhosa" data-language-local-name="科萨语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiXhosa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%92%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98%E1%83%99%E1%83%90" title="გრამატიკა – 明格列爾文" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="გრამატიკა" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="明格列爾文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%92%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%9E%D7%90%D7%98%D7%99%D7%A7" title="גראמאטיק – 意第绪语" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="גראמאטיק" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="意第绪语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zea mw-list-item"><a href="https://zea.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammaotica" title="Grammaotica – 西蘭文" lang="zea" hreflang="zea" data-title="Grammaotica" data-language-autonym="Zeêuws" data-language-local-name="西蘭文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zeêuws</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%AA%9E%E6%B3%95" title="語法 – 文言文" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="語法" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="文言文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%BBn-hoat" title="Bûn-hoat – 闽南语" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Bûn-hoat" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="闽南语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%96%87%E6%B3%95" title="文法 – 粤语" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="文法" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="粤语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q8091#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="编辑跨语言链接" class="wbc-editpage">编辑链接</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="命名空间"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E8%AF%AD%E6%B3%95" title="浏览条目正文[c]" accesskey="c"><span>条目</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:%E8%AF%AD%E6%B3%95" rel="discussion" title="关于此页面的讨论[t]" accesskey="t"><span>讨论</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="更改语言变体" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">不转换</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-varlang-0" class="selected ca-variants-zh mw-list-item"><a href="/zh/%E8%AF%AD%E6%B3%95" lang="zh" hreflang="zh"><span>不转换</span></a></li><li id="ca-varlang-1" class="ca-variants-zh-Hans mw-list-item"><a href="/zh-hans/%E8%AF%AD%E6%B3%95" lang="zh-Hans" hreflang="zh-Hans"><span>简体</span></a></li><li id="ca-varlang-2" class="ca-variants-zh-Hant mw-list-item"><a href="/zh-hant/%E8%AF%AD%E6%B3%95" lang="zh-Hant" hreflang="zh-Hant"><span>繁體</span></a></li><li id="ca-varlang-3" class="ca-variants-zh-Hans-CN mw-list-item"><a href="/zh-cn/%E8%AF%AD%E6%B3%95" lang="zh-Hans-CN" hreflang="zh-Hans-CN"><span>大陆简体</span></a></li><li id="ca-varlang-4" class="ca-variants-zh-Hant-HK mw-list-item"><a href="/zh-hk/%E8%AF%AD%E6%B3%95" lang="zh-Hant-HK" hreflang="zh-Hant-HK"><span>香港繁體</span></a></li><li id="ca-varlang-5" class="ca-variants-zh-Hant-MO mw-list-item"><a href="/zh-mo/%E8%AF%AD%E6%B3%95" lang="zh-Hant-MO" hreflang="zh-Hant-MO"><span>澳門繁體</span></a></li><li id="ca-varlang-6" class="ca-variants-zh-Hans-MY mw-list-item"><a href="/zh-my/%E8%AF%AD%E6%B3%95" lang="zh-Hans-MY" hreflang="zh-Hans-MY"><span>大马简体</span></a></li><li id="ca-varlang-7" class="ca-variants-zh-Hans-SG mw-list-item"><a href="/zh-sg/%E8%AF%AD%E6%B3%95" lang="zh-Hans-SG" hreflang="zh-Hans-SG"><span>新加坡简体</span></a></li><li id="ca-varlang-8" class="ca-variants-zh-Hant-TW mw-list-item"><a href="/zh-tw/%E8%AF%AD%E6%B3%95" lang="zh-Hant-TW" hreflang="zh-Hant-TW"><span>臺灣正體</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="查看"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E8%AF%AD%E6%B3%95"><span>阅读</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%AF%AD%E6%B3%95&action=edit" title="编辑该页面[e]" accesskey="e"><span>编辑</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%AF%AD%E6%B3%95&action=history" title="本页面的早前版本。[h]" accesskey="h"><span>查看历史</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="页面工具"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="工具" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">工具</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">工具</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">移至侧栏</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">隐藏</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="更多选项" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 操作 </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E8%AF%AD%E6%B3%95"><span>阅读</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%AF%AD%E6%B3%95&action=edit" title="编辑该页面[e]" accesskey="e"><span>编辑</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%AF%AD%E6%B3%95&action=history"><span>查看历史</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 常规 </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E9%93%BE%E5%85%A5%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2/%E8%AF%AD%E6%B3%95" title="列出所有与本页相链的页面[j]" accesskey="j"><span>链入页面</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E9%93%BE%E5%87%BA%E6%9B%B4%E6%94%B9/%E8%AF%AD%E6%B3%95" rel="nofollow" title="页面链出所有页面的更改[k]" accesskey="k"><span>相关更改</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Project:%E4%B8%8A%E4%BC%A0" title="上传图像或多媒体文件[u]" accesskey="u"><span>上传文件</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%89%B9%E6%AE%8A%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2" title="全部特殊页面的列表[q]" accesskey="q"><span>特殊页面</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%AF%AD%E6%B3%95&oldid=84129555" title="此页面该修订版本的固定链接"><span>固定链接</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%AF%AD%E6%B3%95&action=info" title="关于此页面的更多信息"><span>页面信息</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:%E5%BC%95%E7%94%A8%E6%AD%A4%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2&page=%E8%AF%AD%E6%B3%95&id=84129555&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="有关如何引用此页面的信息"><span>引用此页</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:URL%E7%BC%A9%E7%9F%AD%E7%A8%8B%E5%BA%8F&url=https%3A%2F%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2F%25E8%25AF%25AD%25E6%25B3%2595"><span>获取短链接</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2F%25E8%25AF%25AD%25E6%25B3%2595"><span>下载二维码</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-electronpdfservice-sidebar-portlet-heading" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-electronpdfservice-sidebar-portlet-heading" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 打印/导出 </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="electron-print_pdf" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=%E8%AF%AD%E6%B3%95&action=show-download-screen"><span>下载为PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="javascript:print();" rel="alternate" title="本页面的可打印版本[p]" accesskey="p"><span>打印页面</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 在其他项目中 </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Grammar" hreflang="en"><span>维基共享资源</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q8091" title="链接到连接的数据仓库项目[g]" accesskey="g"><span>维基数据项目</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="页面工具"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="外观"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">外观</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">移至侧栏</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">隐藏</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> <div id="mw-indicator-noteTA-8773743a" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><span title="本页使用了标题或全文手工转换"><img alt="本页使用了标题或全文手工转换" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Zh_conversion_icon_m.svg/35px-Zh_conversion_icon_m.svg.png" decoding="async" width="35" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Zh_conversion_icon_m.svg/53px-Zh_conversion_icon_m.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Zh_conversion_icon_m.svg/70px-Zh_conversion_icon_m.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="32" data-file-height="20" /></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">维基百科，自由的百科全书</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">（重定向自<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%96%87%E6%B3%95&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="文法">文法</a>）</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="zh" dir="ltr"><div id="noteTA-8773743a" class="noteTA"><div class="noteTA-title" data-noteta-code="zh-cn:语法;zh-hk:文法;zh-tw:文法;"></div><div class="noteTA-local"><div data-noteta-code="zh-cn:语法;zh-hk:文法;zh-tw:文法;語法=>zh-tw:文法;"></div><div data-noteta-code="zh-cn:单词;zh-hk:單詞;zh-tw:單字;單詞=>zh-tw:單字;"></div><div data-noteta-code="zh-hans:短语; zh-hant:片語;"></div></div></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r85100532">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-size:small}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:2em;margin-bottom:0.8em;margin-top:0.8em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img::after{content:"\202f \202f \202f \202f "}.mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img-small::after{content:"\202f \202f "}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img-small{display:none}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"><span class="noviewer hatnote-notice-img" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E6%B6%88%E6%AD%A7%E4%B9%89" title="Wikipedia:消歧义"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Disambig_gray.svg/25px-Disambig_gray.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Disambig_gray.svg/38px-Disambig_gray.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Disambig_gray.svg/50px-Disambig_gray.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="220" data-file-height="168" /></a></span>关于句法规则，请见「<b><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A5%E6%B3%95" title="句法">句法</a></b>」。关于数学、逻辑学以及计算机科学理论中的概念，请见「<b><a href="/wiki/%E5%BD%A2%E5%BC%8F%E6%96%87%E6%B3%95" title="形式文法">形式文法</a></b>」。</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r84265675">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:" :"}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist-pipe dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist-pipe li::after{content:" | ";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist-hyphen dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist-hyphen li::after{content:" - ";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist-comma dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist-comma li::after{content:"、";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:"（"counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output ul.cslist,.mw-parser-output ul.sslist{margin:0;padding:0;display:inline-block;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .cslist li,.mw-parser-output .sslist li{margin:0;display:inline-block}.mw-parser-output .cslist li::after{content:"，"}.mw-parser-output .sslist li::after{content:"；"}.mw-parser-output .cslist li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .sslist li:last-child::after{content:none}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r84913072">.mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.2em;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border-collapse:collapse;display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:table!important;float:right!important;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em!important}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-subgroup{width:100%;margin:0;border-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-none{float:none;clear:both;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-outer-title{padding:0 0.4em 0.2em;font-size:125%;line-height:1.2em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-image{padding:0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-caption,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle-with-top-image,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-caption{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle{padding:0.4em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.2em 0.8em;font-size:145%;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-image{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-heading{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content{padding:0 0.5em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content-with-subgroup{padding:0.1em 0.4em 0.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-below{padding:0.3em 0.8em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:100%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-subgroup,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-pretitle,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-heading,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-above,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-below{background:inherit!important;color:inherit!important;border-color:#54595d!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar a:not(.new):not(.mw-selflink):link{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-subgroup,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-pretitle,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-heading,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-above,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-below{background:inherit!important;color:inherit!important;border-color:#54595d!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar a:not(.new):not(.mw-selflink):link{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r85147301">.mw-parser-output .linguistics-body{max-width:20em}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks linguistics-body"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Category:%E8%AF%AD%E8%A8%80%E5%AD%A6" title="Category:语言学">系列</a>部分之</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/%E8%AF%AD%E8%A8%80%E5%AD%A6" title="语言学">语言学</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above"> <div class="hlist"><ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="语言学概论" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Outline of linguistics"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%AF%AD%E8%A8%80%E5%AD%A6%E6%A6%82%E8%AE%BA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="语言学概论（页面不存在）">概论</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_linguistics" class="extiw" title="en:Outline of linguistics"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Outline of linguistics</span></a></span>）</span></span></li><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80%E5%AD%B8%E5%8F%B2" title="語言學史">历史</a></li><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="语言学条目索引" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Index of linguistics articles"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%AF%AD%E8%A8%80%E5%AD%A6%E6%9D%A1%E7%9B%AE%E7%B4%A2%E5%BC%95&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="语言学条目索引（页面不存在）">索引</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_of_linguistics_articles" class="extiw" title="en:Index of linguistics articles"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Index of linguistics articles</span></a></span>）</span></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title">理论语言学</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%AD%B7%E5%8F%B2%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80%E5%AD%B8" title="歷史語言學">歷史語言學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%BE%AD%E6%9B%B8%E5%AD%B8" title="辭書學">辭書學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%AF%8D%E6%B3%95%E5%AD%A6" title="词法学">词法学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%9F%B3%E7%B3%BB%E5%AD%B8" title="音系學">音系學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%AF%AD%E7%94%A8%E5%AD%A6" title="语用学">语用学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%AF%AD%E4%B9%89%E5%AD%A6" title="语义学">语义学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A5%E6%B3%95" title="句法">句法学</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="句法-语义界面" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Syntax–semantics interface"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%A5%E6%B3%95-%E8%AF%AD%E4%B9%89%E7%95%8C%E9%9D%A2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="句法-语义界面（页面不存在）">句法-语义界面</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syntax%E2%80%93semantics_interface" class="extiw" title="en:Syntax–semantics interface"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Syntax–semantics interface</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%AF%AD%E8%A8%80%E7%B1%BB%E5%9E%8B%E5%AD%A6" title="语言类型学">语言类型学</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title">应用语言学</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%AF%AD%E8%A8%80%E4%B9%A0%E5%BE%97" title="语言习得">语言习得</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E7%B1%BB%E8%AF%AD%E8%A8%80%E5%AD%A6" title="人类语言学">人类语言学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BA%94%E7%94%A8%E8%AF%AD%E8%A8%80%E5%AD%A6" title="应用语言学">应用语言学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%AE%A1%E7%AE%97%E8%AF%AD%E8%A8%80%E5%AD%A6" title="计算语言学">计算语言学</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="会话分析" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Conversation analysis"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BC%9A%E8%AF%9D%E5%88%86%E6%9E%90&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="会话分析（页面不存在）">会话分析</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conversation_analysis" class="extiw" title="en:Conversation analysis"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Conversation analysis</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%AF%AD%E6%96%99%E5%BA%93%E8%AF%AD%E8%A8%80%E5%AD%A6" title="语料库语言学">语料库语言学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%AB%96%E8%BF%B0%E5%88%86%E6%9E%90" title="論述分析">論述分析</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B1%BA%E5%AE%9A%E8%AB%96" title="決定論">決定論</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="语言学距离" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Linguistic distance"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%AF%AD%E8%A8%80%E5%AD%A6%E8%B7%9D%E7%A6%BB&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="语言学距离（页面不存在）">语言学距离</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguistic_distance" class="extiw" title="en:Linguistic distance"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Linguistic distance</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80%E6%AA%94%E6%A1%88%E7%B7%A8%E5%88%B6" title="語言檔案編制">語言檔案編制</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="交际民族志学" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Ethnography of communication"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BA%A4%E9%99%85%E6%B0%91%E6%97%8F%E5%BF%97%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="交际民族志学（页面不存在）">交际民族志学</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnography_of_communication" class="extiw" title="en:Ethnography of communication"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Ethnography of communication</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E6%97%8F%E5%AD%A6%E6%96%B9%E6%B3%95%E8%AE%BA" title="民族学方法论">民族学方法论</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%B8%E6%B3%95%E8%AF%AD%E8%A8%80%E5%AD%A6" title="司法语言学">司法语言学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80%E5%AD%B8%E5%8F%B2" title="語言學史">語言學史</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%9E%E9%9A%9B%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80%E5%AD%B8" title="語際語言學">語際語言學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A5%9E%E7%BB%8F%E8%AF%AD%E8%A8%80%E5%AD%A6" title="神经语言学">神经语言学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%AF%AD%E6%96%87%E5%AD%A6" title="语文学">语文学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%AF%AD%E8%A8%80%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6" title="语言哲学">语言哲学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%AF%AD%E9%9F%B3%E5%AD%A6" title="语音学">语音学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E8%AF%AD%E8%A8%80%E5%AD%A6" title="心理语言学">心理语言学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E8%AF%AD%E8%A8%80%E5%AD%A6" title="社会语言学">社会语言学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%96%87%E6%9C%AC%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80%E5%AD%B8" title="文本語言學">文本語言學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BF%BB%E8%AD%AF%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6" title="翻譯研究">笔译</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A3%E8%AD%AF" title="口譯">口譯</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%96%87%E5%AD%97" title="文字">书写体系</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title">理论框架</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="形式主义 (语言学)" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Formalism (linguistics)"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BD%A2%E5%BC%8F%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89_(%E8%AF%AD%E8%A8%80%E5%AD%A6)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="形式主义 (语言学)（页面不存在）">形式主义</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formalism_(linguistics)" class="extiw" title="en:Formalism (linguistics)"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Formalism (linguistics)</span></a></span>）</span></span> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="短语结构语法" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Phrase structure grammar"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%9F%AD%E8%AF%AD%E7%BB%93%E6%9E%84%E8%AF%AD%E6%B3%95&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="短语结构语法（页面不存在）">短语结构语法</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phrase_structure_grammar" class="extiw" title="en:Phrase structure grammar"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Phrase structure grammar</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="依存语法" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Dependency grammar"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BE%9D%E5%AD%98%E8%AF%AD%E6%B3%95&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="依存语法（页面不存在）">依存语法</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dependency_grammar" class="extiw" title="en:Dependency grammar"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Dependency grammar</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="分配主义" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Distributionalism"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%88%86%E9%85%8D%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="分配主义（页面不存在）">分配主义</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distributionalism" class="extiw" title="en:Distributionalism"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Distributionalism</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E6%88%90%E6%96%87%E6%B3%95" title="生成文法">生成文法</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="语符学" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Glossematics"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%AF%AD%E7%AC%A6%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="语符学（页面不存在）">语符学</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossematics" class="extiw" title="en:Glossematics"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Glossematics</span></a></span>）</span></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8A%9F%E8%83%BD%E8%AF%AD%E8%A8%80%E5%AD%A6" title="功能语言学">功能语言学</a> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="认知语法" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Cognitive grammar"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%AE%A4%E7%9F%A5%E8%AF%AD%E6%B3%95&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="认知语法（页面不存在）">认知语法</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cognitive_grammar" class="extiw" title="en:Cognitive grammar"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Cognitive grammar</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%B5%90%E6%A7%8B%E8%AA%9E%E6%B3%95" title="結構語法">結構語法</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="功能话语语法" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Functional discourse grammar"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8A%9F%E8%83%BD%E8%AF%9D%E8%AF%AD%E8%AF%AD%E6%B3%95&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="功能话语语法（页面不存在）">功能话语语法</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Functional_discourse_grammar" class="extiw" title="en:Functional discourse grammar"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Functional discourse grammar</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%AF%AD%E6%B3%95%E5%8C%96" title="语法化">语法化</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="互动语言学" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Interactional linguistics"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BA%92%E5%8A%A8%E8%AF%AD%E8%A8%80%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="互动语言学（页面不存在）">互动语言学</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interactional_linguistics" class="extiw" title="en:Interactional linguistics"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Interactional linguistics</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%83%E6%8B%89%E6%A0%BC%E5%AD%A6%E6%B4%BE" title="布拉格学派">布拉格学派</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%B3%BB%E7%B5%B1%E5%8A%9F%E8%83%BD%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80%E5%AD%B8" title="系統功能語言學">系統功能語言學</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="基于使用的语言模型" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Usage-based models of language"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%9F%BA%E4%BA%8E%E4%BD%BF%E7%94%A8%E7%9A%84%E8%AF%AD%E8%A8%80%E6%A8%A1%E5%9E%8B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="基于使用的语言模型（页面不存在）">基于使用的语言模型</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Usage-based_models_of_language" class="extiw" title="en:Usage-based models of language"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Usage-based models of language</span></a></span>）</span></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="结构语言学" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Structural linguistics"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/wiki/%E7%B5%90%E6%A7%8B%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80%E5%AD%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="結構語言學">结构主义</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Structural_linguistics" class="extiw" title="en:Structural linguistics"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Structural linguistics</span></a></span>）</span></span></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title">话题</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="句法自主性" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Autonomy of syntax"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%A5%E6%B3%95%E8%87%AA%E4%B8%BB%E6%80%A7&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="句法自主性（页面不存在）">句法自主性</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autonomy_of_syntax" class="extiw" title="en:Autonomy of syntax"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Autonomy of syntax</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%8D%E5%90%88%E6%80%A7%E5%8E%9F%E7%90%86" title="复合性原理">复合性原理</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="保守与创新语言" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Conservative and innovative language"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BF%9D%E5%AE%88%E4%B8%8E%E5%88%9B%E6%96%B0%E8%AF%AD%E8%A8%80&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="保守与创新语言（页面不存在）">保守与创新语言</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservative_and_innovative_language" class="extiw" title="en:Conservative and innovative language"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Conservative and innovative language</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%8F%8F%E5%86%99%E8%AF%AD%E8%A8%80%E5%AD%A6" title="描写语言学">描写语言学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%AF%AD%E6%BA%90%E5%AD%A6" title="语源学">语源学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%B1%A1%E4%BC%BC%E6%80%A7" title="象似性">象似性</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="国际主义 (语言学)" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Internationalism (linguistics)"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%9B%BD%E9%99%85%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89_(%E8%AF%AD%E8%A8%80%E5%AD%A6)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="国际主义 (语言学)（页面不存在）">国际主义</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internationalism_(linguistics)" class="extiw" title="en:Internationalism (linguistics)"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Internationalism (linguistics)</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E8%AF%AD%E8%A8%80%E5%AD%A6" title="互联网语言学">互联网语言学</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="LGBTQ语言学" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="LGBTQ linguistics"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=LGBTQ%E8%AF%AD%E8%A8%80%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="LGBTQ语言学（页面不存在）">LGBTQ语言学</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LGBTQ_linguistics" class="extiw" title="en:LGBTQ linguistics"><span lang="en" dir="auto">LGBTQ linguistics</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%AF%AD%E8%A8%80%E7%9A%84%E8%B5%B7%E6%BA%90" title="语言的起源">语言的起源</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%AF%E8%AF%AD%E5%AD%A6" title="术语学">术语学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%AD%A3%E5%AF%AB%E6%B3%95" title="正寫法">正寫法</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="语言学哲学" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Philosophy of linguistics"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%AF%AD%E8%A8%80%E5%AD%A6%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="语言学哲学（页面不存在）">语言学哲学</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophy_of_linguistics" class="extiw" title="en:Philosophy of linguistics"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Philosophy of linguistics</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="语言学规定" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Linguistic prescription"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%AF%AD%E8%A8%80%E5%AD%A6%E8%A7%84%E5%AE%9A&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="语言学规定（页面不存在）">规定主义</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguistic_prescription" class="extiw" title="en:Linguistic prescription"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Linguistic prescription</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%AC%E4%BA%8C%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80%E7%BF%92%E5%BE%97" title="第二語言習得">第二語言習得</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="语言理论" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Theory of language"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%AF%AD%E8%A8%80%E7%90%86%E8%AE%BA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="语言理论（页面不存在）">语言理论</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theory_of_language" class="extiw" title="en:Theory of language"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Theory of language</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%AF%E8%AF%AD%E5%AD%A6" title="术语学">术语学</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <span typeof="mw:File"><span title="主题"><img alt="主题" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:%E8%AF%AD%E8%A8%80%E5%AD%A6" title="Portal:语言学">主题</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar" style="line-height:1.6"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r84244141">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:110%;margin:0 8em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:110%;margin:0 5em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Linguistics" title="Template:Linguistics"><abbr title="查看该模板">查</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Linguistics" title="Template talk:Linguistics"><abbr title="讨论该模板">论</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BC%96%E8%BE%91%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2/Template:Linguistics" title="Special:编辑页面/Template:Linguistics"><abbr title="编辑该模板">编</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>语法</b>（<span lang="en">grammar</span>，<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r79005747">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="香港、台湾">港台</span>称<b>文法</b>）是任意<a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E7%84%B6%E8%AF%AD%E8%A8%80" title="自然语言">自然语言</a>中<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A5%E5%AD%90" title="句子">句子</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%9F%AD%E8%AF%AD" title="短语">短语</a>以及<a href="/wiki/%E8%A9%9E_(%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80)" title="詞 (語言)">词</a>等<a href="/wiki/%E8%AF%AD%E6%B3%95%E5%8D%95%E4%BD%8D" title="语法单位">语法单位</a>的语法结构与语法意义的规律<sup id="cite_ref-崔04_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-崔04-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-胡62_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-胡62-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-胡廖91_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-胡廖91-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>，本质上即音义结合体之间的结合规律<sup id="cite_ref-:0_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。对语法的研究称<b>语法学</b>。语法也用来指研究这些规则的学科，例如<a href="/wiki/%E8%AF%8D%E6%B3%95%E5%AD%A6" title="词法学">词法学</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A5%E6%B3%95%E5%AD%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="句法学">句法学</a>或<a href="/wiki/%E9%9F%B3%E9%9F%B5%E5%AD%A6" class="mw-disambig" title="音韵学">音韵学</a>等，并和其他学科，如<a href="/wiki/%E8%AF%AD%E9%9F%B3%E5%AD%A6" title="语音学">语音学</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%AF%AD%E4%B9%89%E5%AD%A6" title="语义学">语义学</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%AF%AD%E7%94%A8%E5%AD%A6" title="语用学">语用学</a>互相补充。 </p><p>语言学家在很多文献中通常不用“语法”来指<a href="/wiki/%E6%AD%A3%E5%AF%AB%E6%B3%95" title="正寫法">正寫法</a>。 </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="词源"><span id=".E8.AF.8D.E6.BA.90"></span>词源</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%AF%AD%E6%B3%95&action=edit&section=1" title="编辑章节：词源"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>“语法”一词的英文“Grammar”来自<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E5%B8%8C%E8%85%8A%E8%AF%AD" title="古希腊语">古希腊语</a><span lang="grc">γραμματικὴ τέχνη</span>（<i>grammatikē technē</i>），意思是“字母的艺术”，其来自于<span lang="grc">γράμμα</span> （<i>gramma</i>），意思为“字母”，而<span lang="grc">γράμμα</span>本身又是源于<span lang="grc">γράφειν</span>（<i>graphein</i>）一词，其意思为“画、书写”<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="定义"><span id=".E5.AE.9A.E4.B9.89"></span>定义</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%AF%AD%E6%B3%95&action=edit&section=2" title="编辑章节：定义"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>“语法”一词对于非语言学家的人而言有着广泛的含义<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>，但对于语言学家这个术语有着更为准确的定义。一般而言语法是指语言使用者在使用一种语言时所使用的规则，并且至少对于<a href="/wiki/%E6%AF%8D%E8%AF%AD" class="mw-redirect" title="母语">母语</a>而言，语法的大部分内容都是下意识的过程中所<a href="/wiki/%E8%AF%AD%E8%A8%80%E4%B9%A0%E5%BE%97" title="语言习得">习得</a>的，而不是通过特殊的学习或观察其他语言使用者而获得的。大部分的语言习得过程在婴儿时期就已完成。在此之后的语言学习大多都需要投入更多的精力以及外界的指引<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>在<a href="/wiki/%E8%AF%AD%E8%A8%80%E5%AD%A6" title="语言学">语言学</a>上，<a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E7%84%B6%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80" class="mw-redirect" title="自然語言">自然語言</a>的語法是指該語言中的<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A5%E5%AD%90" title="句子">句子</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%9F%AD%E8%AF%AD" title="短语">短语</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%A9%9E_(%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80)" title="詞 (語言)">词</a>等语言单位的语法结构与语法意义的规律<sup id="cite_ref-崔04_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-崔04-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-胡62_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-胡62-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-胡廖91_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-胡廖91-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>，，本质上就是音义结合体之间的结合规律<sup id="cite_ref-:0_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>，这种规律往往作用于<a href="/wiki/%E8%AF%AD%E7%94%A8%E5%AD%A6" title="语用学">语用</a><a href="/wiki/%E5%B1%82%E9%9D%A2_(%E8%AF%AD%E8%A8%80%E5%AD%A6)" title="层面 (语言学)">层面</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A5%E6%B3%95%E5%AD%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="句法学">句法</a><a href="/wiki/%E5%B1%82%E9%9D%A2_(%E8%AF%AD%E8%A8%80%E5%AD%A6)" title="层面 (语言学)">层面</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%AF%8D%E6%B3%95%E5%AD%A6" title="词法学">形态</a><a href="/wiki/%E5%B1%82%E9%9D%A2_(%E8%AF%AD%E8%A8%80%E5%AD%A6)" title="层面 (语言学)">层面</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%AF%AD%E4%B9%89%E5%AD%A6" title="语义学">语义</a><a href="/wiki/%E5%B1%82%E9%9D%A2_(%E8%AF%AD%E8%A8%80%E5%AD%A6)" title="层面 (语言学)">层面</a>等不同的<a href="/wiki/%E5%B1%82%E9%9D%A2_(%E8%AF%AD%E8%A8%80%E5%AD%A6)" title="层面 (语言学)">语言学层面</a>。而研究語法規律的各種理論，則為語法理論，屬於<a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80%E5%AD%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="語言學">語言學</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E7%AF%84%E7%96%87" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="範疇">範疇</a>。具體一種自然語言的語法見特定語言的語法；<a href="/wiki/%E5%BD%A2%E5%BC%8F%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80" class="mw-redirect" title="形式語言">形式語言</a>的語法見<a href="/wiki/%E5%BD%A2%E5%BC%8F%E8%AA%9E%E6%B3%95" class="mw-redirect" title="形式語法">形式語法</a>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="语法与句法"><span id=".E8.AF.AD.E6.B3.95.E4.B8.8E.E5.8F.A5.E6.B3.95"></span>语法与句法</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%AF%AD%E6%B3%95&action=edit&section=3" title="编辑章节：语法与句法"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r85100532"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">参见：<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A5%E6%B3%95" title="句法">句法</a></div> <p>狭义的语法仅仅关心<a href="/wiki/%E8%A9%9E_(%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80)" title="詞 (語言)">词</a>如何组成<a href="/wiki/%E7%9F%AD%E8%AF%AD" title="短语">短语</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A5%E5%AD%90" title="句子">句子</a>等，即语法结构，而不关心其语法意义，这种一部分语法严格上称为<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A5%E6%B3%95" title="句法">句法</a>（Syntax）。 </p><p>早期的现代语言学对于语法的定义基本上等同于句法，如以<a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%97%E8%BF%AA%E5%8D%97%C2%B7%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E7%B4%A2%E7%B7%92%E7%88%BE" class="mw-redirect" title="弗迪南·德·索緒爾">索绪尔</a>为首的<a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%A6%E5%8F%B7%E5%AD%A6#瑞士结构主义符号学（1907年）" class="mw-redirect" title="符号学">结构主义语言学</a>区分了<a href="/wiki/%E6%89%80%E6%8C%87" title="所指">所指</a>（概念）和<a href="/wiki/%E8%83%BD%E6%8C%87" title="能指">能指</a>（音响形象），认定语言是一种符号系统。<sup id="cite_ref-崔04_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-崔04-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Saussure1_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Saussure1-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Saussure2_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Saussure2-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>美国描写语言学派更将语言和意识完全分割开来，其集大成者<a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%A6%E7%BA%B3%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E5%B8%83%E9%BE%99%E8%8F%B2%E5%B0%94%E5%BE%B7" title="伦纳德·布龙菲尔德">布隆菲尔德</a>的语法理论称为“机械论”或“物理论”，只侧重形式、层次和结构上的分析。<sup id="cite_ref-崔04_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-崔04-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>这一倾向影响甚广，一直到乔姆斯基刚提出<a href="/wiki/%E8%BD%AC%E6%8D%A2-%E7%94%9F%E6%88%90%E6%96%87%E6%B3%95" title="转换-生成文法">转换-生成语法</a>的时候，仍认为下面这样的句子在语法上是对的，因为两个名词短语都在句法结构上合法，即便句子本身很明显在自然语言中不可能出现。<sup id="cite_ref-崔04_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-崔04-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="infobox" style="float: none; clear: none;"> <tbody><tr> <td>a. </td> <td>*Sincerity may frighten the boy. </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td>（*真诚可能吓着了男孩。） </td></tr> <tr> <td>b. </td> <td>*Colorless green ideas sleep furiously. </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td>（*无色的绿色想法猛烈地睡。） </td></tr> <tr> <td>c. </td> <td>*我喝饭。 </td></tr> <tr> <td>d. </td> <td>*月亮吃苹果。 </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>1960年代以后，乔姆斯基提出了选择限制和<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%AC%A1%E8%8C%83%E7%95%B4%E5%8C%96&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="次范畴化（页面不存在）">次范畴</a>（又称语义语法范畴）的概念<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>，即除了短语的语法范畴要符合句法，其下位层次的词义选择组合特征也要吻合。比如例 a. 中，谓语中心词“吓”的受事论元可以是有生命的，也可以是没有生命的，即符合 [±生命] 特征；施事论元必须要符合 [＋生命] 的特征，而“真诚”恰恰拥有 [-生命] 特征，故句子虽然在句法上合法，但在语法上不合法。虽然研究者仍就次范畴的定位争论不休，但可以看出语法一定程度上是句法规则和语义特征的综合，“注定要兼管两头，不能孤立地表现为其中一项。”<sup id="cite_ref-崔04_1-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-崔04-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="语法与语法规范"><span id=".E8.AF.AD.E6.B3.95.E4.B8.8E.E8.AF.AD.E6.B3.95.E8.A7.84.E8.8C.83"></span>语法与语法规范</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%AF%AD%E6%B3%95&action=edit&section=4" title="编辑章节：语法与语法规范"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>广义的語法则还包括對語法規律進行的總結描述或對語言使用的規範或限定，在不同的語境中，這種規律或規則也稱作語法規範、語法規則等，它陳述一套語法規則，用於規範人們所使用的語言，使之「符合語法規範」；虽然这种规范有时并不能全部覆盖到语言实际的语法，故很多不符合语法规范的用法，实际上都有其未被认知语法内涵，不断成为语言学的课题。這裡需要作一個概念上的區分：这种广义的语法属于<a href="/wiki/%E8%AF%AD%E6%B3%95%E8%A7%84%E8%8C%83" class="mw-redirect" title="语法规范">規範性語法</a>（prescriptive grammar）或規定語法。與之相對的是<span class="ilh-all ilh-blue" data-orig-title="描写语言学" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="descriptive linguistics"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/wiki/%E6%8F%8F%E5%86%99%E8%AF%AD%E8%A8%80%E5%AD%A6" title="描写语言学">描写性语法</a></span></span>（descriptive grammar），它要求尽可能详尽、完整地描述語法結構的规律；结构主义语言学即采用这一相反的概念。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="个别语法"><span id=".E4.B8.AA.E5.88.AB.E8.AF.AD.E6.B3.95"></span>个别语法</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%AF%AD%E6%B3%95&action=edit&section=5" title="编辑章节：个别语法"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>每種語言都有它獨特的語法規律。比如<a href="/wiki/%E8%92%99%E5%8F%A4%E8%AA%9E#語法" class="mw-redirect" title="蒙古語">蒙古語語法</a>就是在<a href="/wiki/%E8%92%99%E5%8F%A4%E8%AA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="蒙古語">蒙古語</a>之內適用的一套規律，而一套蒙古語語法學則僅僅是對該語法所進行的一個具體分析。又如在<a href="/wiki/%E8%A8%88%E7%AE%97%E6%A9%9F%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="計算機科學">計算機科學</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%82%8F%E8%BC%AF%E5%AD%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="邏輯學">邏輯學</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E6%95%B8%E5%AD%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="數學">數學</a>等學科中使用的<a href="/wiki/%E5%BD%A2%E5%BC%8F%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80" class="mw-redirect" title="形式語言">形式語言</a>，也有其<a href="/wiki/%E5%BD%A2%E5%BC%8F%E8%AA%9E%E6%B3%95" class="mw-redirect" title="形式語法">形式語法</a>。形式語言的語法一定是描寫性語法，而自然語言的情況比較複雜，通常是描述性和規範性皆有；見<a href="/wiki/%E6%8F%8F%E5%86%99%E8%AF%AD%E8%A8%80%E5%AD%A6%E6%B4%BE" class="mw-redirect" title="描写语言学派">描寫語言學派</a>和<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80%E8%A6%8F%E7%AF%84&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="語言規範（页面不存在）">語言規範</a>。 </p><p>“语法”也可以用于形容控制一群语言使用者语言行为的规则。例如“中文语法”这样的属于会有多种意义，它既可以表示<a href="/wiki/%E6%B1%89%E8%AF%AD" title="汉语">汉语</a>语法的整体概念，也就是所有汉语使用者所使用的语法规则，这时“语法”这个词更关注于大量的变化形式<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>；它也可以指大量或所有中文使用者所使用的共有的规则（比如<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%BB%E8%B0%93%E5%AE%BE%E7%BB%93%E6%9E%84" class="mw-redirect" title="主谓宾结构">主谓宾结构</a>等），此外它还可以指某一语言的一种特定的种类（如<a href="/wiki/%E7%8E%B0%E4%BB%A3%E6%A0%87%E5%87%86%E6%B1%89%E8%AF%AD" class="mw-redirect" title="现代标准汉语">现代标准汉语</a>等）。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="历史"><span id=".E5.8E.86.E5.8F.B2"></span>历史</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%AF%AD%E6%B3%95&action=edit&section=6" title="编辑章节：历史"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r85100532"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">更多信息：<a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80%E5%AD%B8%E5%8F%B2" title="語言學史">语言学史</a></div> <p>第一本系统性的语法著作起源于<a href="/wiki/%E9%93%81%E5%99%A8%E6%97%B6%E4%BB%A3" title="铁器时代">铁器时代</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6" title="印度">印度</a>，由<a href="/wiki/%E8%80%B6%E6%96%AF%E8%BF%A6" title="耶斯迦">耶斯迦</a>（公元前6世纪）、<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%A2%E4%BD%A0%E5%B0%BC" title="波你尼">波你尼</a>（公元前4世纪）以及著作的注释者<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%BE%E4%BC%BD%E7%BD%97" title="宾伽罗">宾伽罗</a>（公元前200年）、<a href="/wiki/%E8%BF%A6%E6%97%83%E5%BB%B6" title="迦旃延">迦旃延</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%A2%E9%A2%A0%E9%98%87%E5%88%A9" title="波颠阇利">波颠阇利</a>（公元前2世纪）创作。在西方世界，语法是公元前3世纪希腊文化的组成部分，并伴随着诸如<a href="/wiki/%E8%B5%AB%E9%87%8C%E4%BA%9A" title="赫里亚">赫里亚</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%90%A8%E8%8E%AB%E8%89%B2%E9%9B%B7%E6%96%AF%E7%9A%84%E9%98%BF%E9%87%8C%E6%96%AF%E5%A1%94%E5%BA%93%E6%96%AF" title="萨莫色雷斯的阿里斯塔库斯">萨莫色雷斯的阿里斯塔库斯</a>等作者的产生，现存最早的一部作品是《语法的艺术》（<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r84750655">.mw-parser-output span[lang="grc"],.mw-parser-output .Polytonic{font-family:"SBL BibLit","SBL Greek","New Athena Unicode","EB Garamond","EB Garamond 12","Foulis Greek","Garamond Libre","Noto Sans","Noto Serif","Cardo","Gentium Plus","Gentium Book Plus","Garamond","Palatino Linotype","DejaVu Sans","DejaVu Serif","FreeSerif","FreeSans","Arial Unicode MS","Lucida Sans Unicode","Lucida Grande","Code2000",sans-serif}</style><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E5%B8%8C%E8%87%98%E8%AA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="古希臘語">古希臘語</a>：<span lang="grc">Τέχνη Γραμματική</span>），由<a href="/wiki/%E7%8B%84%E4%BF%84%E5%B0%BC%E7%B4%A2%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E7%89%B9%E6%8B%89%E5%85%8B%E6%96%AF" title="狄俄尼索斯·特拉克斯">狄俄尼索斯·特拉克斯</a>（公元前100年）创作。<a href="/wiki/%E6%8B%89%E4%B8%81%E8%AF%AD%E8%AF%AD%E6%B3%95" title="拉丁语语法">拉丁语语法</a>是按照公元前1世纪的希腊语语法结构发展而来的，较为出名的作者包括<a href="/wiki/%E5%8B%92%E5%AF%86%E4%B9%8C%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E5%B8%95%E8%8E%B1%E8%92%99" title="勒密乌斯·帕莱蒙">勒密乌斯·帕莱蒙</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%A9%AC%E5%BA%93%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E7%93%A6%E8%8E%B1%E9%87%8C%C2%B7%E6%99%AE%E6%B4%9B%E5%B8%83%E6%96%AF" title="马库斯·瓦莱里·普洛布斯">马库斯·瓦莱里·普洛布斯</a>、<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="奧比留·普皮勒斯" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Orbilius Pupillus"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A5%A7%E6%AF%94%E7%95%99%C2%B7%E6%99%AE%E7%9A%AE%E5%8B%92%E6%96%AF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="奧比留·普皮勒斯（页面不存在）">奧比留·普皮勒斯</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orbilius_Pupillus" class="extiw" title="en:Orbilius Pupillus"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Orbilius Pupillus</span></a></span>）</span></span>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%A9%AC%E5%BA%93%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E7%93%A6%E8%8E%B1%E9%87%8C%C2%B7%E6%99%AE%E6%B4%9B%E5%B8%83%E6%96%AF" title="马库斯·瓦莱里·普洛布斯">马库斯·瓦莱里·普洛布斯</a>和<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="埃米利乌斯·阿斯佩尔" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Aemilius_Asper"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%9F%83%E7%B1%B3%E5%88%A9%E4%B9%8C%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E9%98%BF%E6%96%AF%E4%BD%A9%E5%B0%94&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="埃米利乌斯·阿斯佩尔（页面不存在）">埃米利乌斯·阿斯佩尔</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aemilius_Asper" class="extiw" title="en:Aemilius Asper"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Aemilius_Asper</span></a></span>）</span></span>等。 </p><p>Tolkāppiyam是现今最早的<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%B0%E7%B1%B3%E5%B0%94%E8%AF%AD" title="泰米尔语">泰米尔语</a>语法著作，于公元1世纪至10世纪之间完成。 </p><p><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E7%88%B1%E5%B0%94%E5%85%B0%E8%AF%AD" class="mw-redirect" title="古爱尔兰语">古爱尔兰语</a>的语法著作可以追溯至公元7世纪的Auraicept na nÉces。 </p><p><a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E6%8B%89%E4%BC%AF%E8%AF%AD%E8%AF%AD%E6%B3%95" title="阿拉伯语语法">阿拉伯语语法</a>是由Abu al-Aswad al-Du'ali（阿拉伯语：<span lang="ar" dir="rtl">أبو الأسود الدؤلي</span>‎），他师从<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E9%87%8C%C2%B7%E6%9C%AC%C2%B7%E9%98%BF%E6%AF%94%C2%B7%E5%A1%94%E5%88%A9%E5%8D%9C" title="阿里·本·阿比·塔利卜">阿里·本·阿比·塔利卜</a>（阿拉伯语：<span lang="ar" dir="rtl">عليّ بن أبي طالب</span>‎），后者是<a href="/wiki/%E9%80%8A%E5%B0%BC%E6%B4%BE" class="mw-redirect" title="逊尼派">逊尼派</a><a href="/wiki/%E7%A9%86%E6%96%AF%E6%9E%97" title="穆斯林">穆斯林</a>第四位<a href="/wiki/%E6%AD%A3%E7%BB%9F%E5%93%88%E9%87%8C%E5%8F%91" class="mw-redirect" title="正统哈里发">正统哈里发</a>，也是<a href="/wiki/%E4%BB%80%E5%8F%B6%E6%B4%BE" title="什叶派">什叶派</a>穆斯林第一代<a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E7%8E%9B%E7%9B%AE" title="伊玛目">伊玛目</a>。 </p><p>第一部<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="希伯来语语法" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Hebrew grammar"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B8%8C%E4%BC%AF%E6%9D%A5%E8%AF%AD%E8%AF%AD%E6%B3%95&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="希伯来语语法（页面不存在）">希伯来语语法</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hebrew_grammar" class="extiw" title="en:Hebrew grammar"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Hebrew grammar</span></a></span>）</span></span>著作诞生于<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E4%B8%96%E7%B4%80%E4%B8%AD%E6%9C%9F" class="mw-redirect" title="中世紀中期">中世纪中期</a>，其内容与《<a href="/wiki/%E7%B1%B3%E6%9B%B8%E6%8B%BF" title="米書拿">米书拿</a>》有关。十世纪的Diqduq是最早的一部希伯来圣经的注释<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。12世纪时Abu Ibrahim ibn Barun（<a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%8C%E4%BC%AF%E4%BE%86%E8%AA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="希伯來語">希伯來語</a>：<span lang="he" dir="rtl">יצחק בן ברון בן יוסף בנבנשת</span>‎）对<a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%8C%E4%BC%AF%E6%9D%A5%E8%AF%AD" title="希伯来语">希伯来语</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E6%8B%89%E4%BC%AF%E8%AF%AD" title="阿拉伯语">阿拉伯语</a>的语法传统与习惯进行了对比<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>由于语法是<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%89%E5%AD%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="三学">三学</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%9A%E9%9B%85%E6%95%99%E8%82%B2" title="博雅教育">博雅教育</a>的内容之一，使得语法在<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E4%B8%96%E7%BA%AA" title="中世纪">中世纪</a>时期变成了一门核心课程，当时的教学也受到了<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E5%85%B8%E6%97%B6%E4%BB%A3%E6%99%9A%E6%9C%9F" title="古典时代晚期">古典时代晚期</a>的一些作者的影响，比如<a href="/wiki/%E6%99%AE%E5%88%A9%E8%A5%BF%E5%AE%89" class="mw-redirect" title="普利西安">普利西安</a>等人。对于俗语的研究始于中世纪中期，同期的作品包括《第一语法著作》（<a href="/wiki/%E5%86%B0%E5%B3%B6%E8%AA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="冰島語">冰島語</a>：<span lang="is">Fyrsta Málfræðiritgerðin</span>）等，但这些作品在<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%87%E8%89%BA%E5%A4%8D%E5%85%B4" title="文艺复兴">文艺复兴</a>时期和<a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E6%B4%9B%E5%85%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="巴洛克">巴洛克</a>时期才开始具有影响力。1486年<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%89%E4%B8%9C%E5%B0%BC%E5%A5%A5%C2%B7%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E5%86%85%E5%A4%AB%E9%87%8C%E5%93%88" title="安东尼奥·德·内夫里哈">安东尼奥·德·内夫里哈</a>出版了《拉丁文入门》（Las introduciones Latinas contrapuesto el romance al Latin）一书，在1492年他又出版了第一本西班牙语语法著作《<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%A1%E6%96%AF%E8%92%82%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E8%AF%AD%E8%AF%AD%E6%B3%95" title="卡斯蒂利亚语语法">卡斯蒂利亚语语法</a>》。据<a href="/wiki/%E5%BD%BC%E5%BE%97%E7%BD%97%C2%B7%E6%9C%AC%E5%8D%9A" class="mw-redirect" title="彼得罗·本博">彼得罗·本博</a>1525年出版的《通俗语言的叙述》（<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%A9%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%A9%E8%AA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="義大利語">義大利語</a>：<span lang="it">Prose della volgar lingua</span>）的记载，在16世纪的<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%A9%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%A9%E6%96%87%E8%97%9D%E5%BE%A9%E8%88%88" title="義大利文藝復興">意大利文艺复兴</a>时期由<a href="/wiki/%E4%BD%86%E4%B8%81%C2%B7%E9%98%BF%E5%88%A9%E5%90%89%E8%80%B6%E9%87%8C" title="但丁·阿利吉耶里">但丁</a>的《俗语论》（<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%A9%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%A9%E8%AA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="義大利語">義大利語</a>：<span lang="it">De vulgari eloquentia</span>）引发了一场有关于“语言问题”（<span lang="it">Questione della lingua</span>）的讨论，主要探讨了<a href="/wiki/%E6%84%8F%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%A9%E8%AF%AD" title="意大利语">意大利语</a>的地位以及理想形式。第一部<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%AF%E6%B4%9B%E6%96%87%E5%B0%BC%E4%BA%9A%E8%AF%AD" title="斯洛文尼亚语">斯洛文尼亚语</a>语法著作由亚当·波赫力（<span lang="sl">Adam Bohorič</span>）于1584年完成。 </p><p>非欧洲语言的语法在16世纪开始也逐渐得到统一汇编，以便于<a href="/wiki/%E5%82%B3%E7%A6%8F%E9%9F%B3" title="傳福音">传福音</a>以及<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%A3%E7%BB%8F%E8%AF%91%E6%9C%AC" class="mw-redirect" title="圣经译本">圣经的翻译</a>。期间产生了一些语法著作，比如1560年的《秘鲁王国印第安人通用语语法与艺术》（西班牙語：<span lang="es">Grammatica o Arte de la Lengua General de los Indios de los Reynos del Perú</span>）和由<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="道明·圣托马斯" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Domingo de Santo Tomás"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%81%93%E6%98%8E%C2%B7%E5%9C%A3%E6%89%98%E9%A9%AC%E6%96%AF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="道明·圣托马斯（页面不存在）">道明·圣托马斯</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domingo_de_Santo_Tom%C3%A1s" class="extiw" title="en:Domingo de Santo Tomás"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Domingo de Santo Tomás</span></a></span>）</span></span>写成的<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%8B%E4%B8%98%E4%BA%9A%E8%AF%AD" class="mw-redirect" title="克丘亚语">克丘亚语</a>语法著作等。 </p><p>1643年Ivan Uzhevych编写出版了《斯拉夫语语法》（<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%AF%E6%B4%9B%E7%B6%AD%E5%B0%BC%E4%BA%9E%E8%AA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="斯洛維尼亞語">斯洛維尼亞語</a>：<span lang="sl">Grammatica sclavonica</span>），1762年<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BD%97%E4%BC%AF%E7%89%B9%C2%B7%E5%8A%B3%E5%BE%97&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="罗伯特·劳得（页面不存在）">罗伯特·劳得</a>出版了《英语语法简介》（英語：<span lang="en">Short Introduction to English Grammar</span>）一书。由<a href="/wiki/%E7%BA%A6%E7%BF%B0%C2%B7%E5%85%8B%E9%87%8C%E6%96%AF%E6%89%98%E5%BC%97%C2%B7%E9%98%BF%E5%BE%B7%E9%9A%86" title="约翰·克里斯托弗·阿德隆">约翰·克里斯托弗·阿德隆</a>所编写的共五卷的《高地德语方言关键语法词典》（德語：<span lang="de">Grammatisch-Kritisches Wörterbuch der hochdeutschen Mundart</span>）在1774年出版，这也是德国历史上第一部德语词典<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>18世纪后期随着现代<a href="/wiki/%E8%AF%AD%E8%A8%80%E5%AD%A6" title="语言学">语言学</a>的出现，语法变为其下的一个研究领域。1814年，<a href="/wiki/%E5%90%B4%E5%85%8B%C2%B7%E5%8F%B2%E8%92%82%E8%8A%AC%E7%BA%B3%E7%BB%B4%E5%A5%87%C2%B7%E5%8D%A1%E6%8B%89%E5%AD%A3%E5%A5%87" class="mw-redirect" title="吴克·史蒂芬纳维奇·卡拉季奇">吴克·史蒂芬纳维奇·卡拉季奇</a>编写了塞尔维亚语的语法书，之后在1814年，由<a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%BC%E6%9E%97%E5%85%84%E5%BC%9F" title="格林兄弟">格林兄弟</a>编写的《德语语法》（德語：<span lang="de">Deutsche Grammatik</span>）第一次出版发行。1833年<a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%97%E6%9C%97%E8%8C%A8%C2%B7%E5%8D%9A%E6%99%AE" title="弗朗茨·博普">弗朗茨·博普</a>编写出版了《比较语法》（英語：<span lang="en">Comparative Grammar</span>），这也被认作是现代<a href="/wiki/%E6%AF%94%E8%BE%83%E8%AF%AD%E8%A8%80%E5%AD%A6" title="比较语言学">比较语言学</a>的起点。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="汉语语法"><span id=".E6.B1.89.E8.AF.AD.E8.AF.AD.E6.B3.95"></span>汉语语法</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%AF%AD%E6%B3%95&action=edit&section=7" title="编辑章节：汉语语法"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r85100532"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目：<a href="/wiki/%E6%B1%89%E8%AF%AD%E8%AF%AD%E6%B3%95" title="汉语语法">汉语语法</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="句子組成的規律"><span id=".E5.8F.A5.E5.AD.90.E7.B5.84.E6.88.90.E7.9A.84.E8.A6.8F.E5.BE.8B"></span>句子組成的規律</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%AF%AD%E6%B3%95&action=edit&section=8" title="编辑章节：句子組成的規律"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>最簡單的句子組合 1：<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%BB%E8%AF%AD" class="mw-redirect" title="主语">主语</a>＋<a href="/wiki/%E8%B0%93%E8%AF%AD" class="mw-redirect" title="谓语">谓语</a>： <ul><li>天氣改變了</li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>最簡單的句子組合 2：<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%BB%E8%AF%AD" class="mw-redirect" title="主语">主语</a>＋<a href="/wiki/%E8%B0%93%E8%AF%AD" class="mw-redirect" title="谓语">谓语</a>＋<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%BE%E8%AF%AD" class="mw-redirect" title="宾语">宾语</a>：</li></ul> <ol><li>人之初</li> <li>我愛你</li> <li>「打羽毛球」「是」「最好的」</li> <li>大家好才是真的好</li></ol> <p>在口語中，因為說話者或受話人都知道相方的關係，所以大都省略主语或宾语。 </p><p>但在書寫文章時，必須要清楚表明主宾双方。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="電腦語-{}-法"><span id=".E9.9B.BB.E8.85.A6.E8.AA.9E-.7B.7D-.E6.B3.95"></span>電腦語法</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%AF%AD%E6%B3%95&action=edit&section=9" title="编辑章节：電腦語法"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>電腦語法又是另一種新的名詞，就是對應電腦使用的<a href="/wiki/%E7%A8%8B%E5%BC%8F%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80" class="mw-redirect" title="程式語言">程式語言</a>，程式語言大多是由英文和數字組成。利用它們可以命令電腦要呈現的現象。各程式語言有其對應的語法，程式需要符合其語法，若是程式不符合其語法，電腦就無法執行對應的程式，或者執行出錯。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="语法学"><span id=".E8.AF.AD.E6.B3.95.E5.AD.A6"></span>语法学</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%AF%AD%E6%B3%95&action=edit&section=10" title="编辑章节：语法学"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r85100532"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目：<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A5%E6%B3%95%E5%AD%A6#句法理论" class="mw-redirect" title="句法学">句法学 § 句法理论</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E5%B1%82%E9%9D%A2_(%E8%AF%AD%E8%A8%80%E5%AD%A6)" title="层面 (语言学)">层面 (语言学)</a></div> <p>语法学即对于语法的研究。语法研究的主要内容是<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A5%E6%B3%95%E5%AD%A6#句法理论" class="mw-redirect" title="句法学">句法研究</a>，通过建立语法框架来构建句法规则。比如<a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E6%88%90%E6%96%87%E6%B3%95" title="生成文法">生成文法</a>的標準框架就是由<a href="/wiki/%E8%AB%BE%E5%A7%86%C2%B7%E5%96%AC%E5%A7%86%E6%96%AF%E5%9F%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="諾姆·喬姆斯基">諾姆·喬姆斯基</a>等學者在50年代後發展出來的<a href="/wiki/%E8%BD%AC%E6%8D%A2-%E7%94%9F%E6%88%90%E6%96%87%E6%B3%95" title="转换-生成文法">转换-生成文法</a>模型。 </p><p>但是<a href="/wiki/%E5%B1%82%E9%9D%A2_(%E8%AF%AD%E8%A8%80%E5%AD%A6)" title="层面 (语言学)">其他语言学层面</a>上的研究，比如<a href="/wiki/%E8%AF%8D%E6%B3%95%E5%AD%A6" title="词法学">词法学</a>中的<a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%BC_(%E8%AF%AD%E6%B3%95)" title="格 (语法)">格</a>，也被囊括在语法研究中。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="教育"><span id=".E6.95.99.E8.82.B2"></span>教育</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%AF%AD%E6%B3%95&action=edit&section=11" title="编辑章节：教育"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r85100532"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">更多信息：<a href="/wiki/%E6%AD%A3%E5%AF%AB%E6%B3%95" title="正寫法">正寫法</a></div> <p>在中世紀歐洲早期有<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%87%E6%B3%95%E5%AD%A6%E6%A0%A1" title="文法学校">文法學校</a>，主要是對年輕人傳授<a href="/wiki/%E6%8B%89%E4%B8%81%E8%AF%AD%E8%AF%AD%E6%B3%95" title="拉丁语语法">拉丁語語法</a>。後來課程大為放寬，包括<a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%8C%E8%87%98%E8%AA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="希臘語">希臘語</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%8C%E4%BC%AF%E4%BE%86%E8%AA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="希伯來語">希伯來語</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%B1%E8%AA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="英語">英語</a>和歐洲語言，以及<a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E7%84%B6%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="自然科學">自然科學</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%95%B8%E5%AD%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="數學">數學</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%AD%B7%E5%8F%B2" class="mw-redirect" title="歷史">歷史</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%86" class="mw-redirect" title="地理">地理</a>等其他科目。 </p><p><a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%87%E5%87%86%E8%AF%AD" class="mw-redirect" title="标准语">標準語</a>是一語言中特別鼓勵在公眾場合使用的語言變體。標準語和<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E6%96%B9%E8%AF%9D" title="地方话">地方話</a>不同，後者可能有對應的<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%8F%8F%E5%AF%AB%E6%80%A7%E8%AA%9E%E6%B3%95&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="描寫性語法（页面不存在）">描寫性語法</a>，但很少用規範性語法的方式教授。在小學教授標準化的<a href="/wiki/%E6%AF%8D%E8%AA%9E" title="母語">母語</a>有些<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="語言政治學" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="language politics"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80%E6%94%BF%E6%B2%BB%E5%AD%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="語言政治學（页面不存在）">政治</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/language_politics" class="extiw" title="en:language politics"><span lang="en" dir="auto">language politics</span></a></span>）</span></span>上的爭議，因為這同時也和<a href="/wiki/%E6%97%8F%E7%BE%A4" title="族群">族群</a>的定義有關。 </p><p><a href="/wiki/%E7%8F%BE%E4%BB%A3%E6%A8%99%E6%BA%96%E6%B3%95%E8%AA%9E" title="現代標準法語">現代標準法語</a>以巴黎法語為主，由於現代法國文學的發展，巴黎法語的崇高地位沒有受到挑戰。 </p><p>由於<a href="/wiki/%E4%BD%9B%E7%BE%85%E5%80%AB%E6%96%AF" class="mw-redirect" title="佛羅倫斯">佛羅倫斯</a>在早期<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%A9%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%A9%E6%96%87%E5%AD%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="義大利文學">義大利文學</a>中的影響，標準<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%A9%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%A9%E8%AA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="義大利語">義大利語</a>不是依首都羅馬的義大利語為準，而是以佛羅倫斯的義大利語為準。 </p><p>標準西班牙語也不是依首都馬德里的西班牙語，而是<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%A1%E6%96%AF%E6%8F%90%E4%BA%9E-%E9%9B%B7%E6%98%82" class="mw-redirect" title="卡斯提亞-雷昂">卡斯提亞-雷昂</a>的西班牙語。在<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E6%A0%B9%E5%BB%B7" title="阿根廷">阿根廷</a>及<a href="/wiki/%E7%83%8F%E6%8B%89%E5%9C%AD" class="mw-redirect" title="烏拉圭">烏拉圭</a>的標準西班牙語分別是以<a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%83%E5%AE%9C%E8%AB%BE%E6%96%AF%E8%89%BE%E5%88%A9%E6%96%AF" title="布宜諾斯艾利斯">布宜諾斯艾利斯</a>及<a href="/wiki/%E8%92%99%E7%89%B9%E7%B6%AD%E5%A4%9A" class="mw-redirect" title="蒙特維多">蒙特維多</a>的西班牙文為準。 </p><p><a href="/wiki/%E8%91%A1%E8%90%84%E7%89%99%E8%AF%AD" class="mw-redirect" title="葡萄牙语">葡萄牙语</a>有兩種官方的標準語，分別是<a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E8%A5%BF%E8%91%A1%E8%90%84%E7%89%99%E8%AF%AD" title="巴西葡萄牙语">巴西葡萄牙语</a>及<a href="/wiki/%E6%AD%90%E6%B4%B2%E8%91%A1%E8%90%84%E7%89%99%E8%AA%9E" title="歐洲葡萄牙語">歐洲葡萄牙语</a>，但很快就會整合成一種語言<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p><a href="/wiki/%E5%A1%9E%E5%B0%94%E7%BB%B4%E4%BA%9A%E8%AF%AD" title="塞尔维亚语">塞尔维亚语</a>也有類似的情形，<a href="/wiki/%E5%A1%9E%E5%B0%94%E7%BB%B4%E4%BA%9A" title="塞尔维亚">塞尔维亚</a>及<a href="/wiki/%E5%A1%9E%E6%97%8F%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9C%8B" title="塞族共和國">塞族共和國</a>都有自己的標準語，學者對於第三種塞尔维亚语標準語是否存在仍有爭議，有些認為<a href="/wiki/%E8%92%99%E7%89%B9%E5%85%A7%E5%93%A5%E7%BE%85%E8%AA%9E" title="蒙特內哥羅語">蒙特內哥羅語</a>是第三種標準語，但也有些人認為蒙特內哥羅語只是塞尔维亚语中的一種方言。 </p><p><a href="/wiki/%E6%8C%AA%E5%A8%81%E8%AA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="挪威語">挪威語</a>有二種標準，<a href="/wiki/%E6%9B%B8%E9%9D%A2%E6%8C%AA%E5%A8%81%E8%AA%9E" title="書面挪威語">書面挪威語</a>及<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%B0%E6%8C%AA%E5%A8%81%E8%AA%9E" title="新挪威語">新挪威語</a>，兩者之間的選擇和<a href="/wiki/%E6%8C%AA%E5%A8%81%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80%E8%A1%9D%E7%AA%81" title="挪威語言衝突">挪威語言衝突</a>有關。所有挪威的城市都可以在二種標準選擇一種為城市的標準語，也可以宣佈城市是語言中立，允許二種標準語。只有27%的城市選擇新挪威語為標準語。小學中使用的主要語言主要依照城市選擇的標準語，但可以由當地學區內公投決定。 </p><p><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6%E6%96%AF%E5%9D%A6%E8%AF%AD" title="印度斯坦语">印度斯坦语</a>也有二種標準語，分別是<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%B0%E5%9C%B0%E8%AF%AD" title="印地语">印地语</a>及<a href="/wiki/%E4%B9%8C%E5%B0%94%E9%83%BD%E8%AF%AD" title="乌尔都语">乌尔都语</a>。 </p><p><a href="/wiki/%E7%8F%BE%E4%BB%A3%E6%A8%99%E6%BA%96%E6%BC%A2%E8%AA%9E" title="現代標準漢語">現代標準漢語</a>中的<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E8%8F%AF%E6%B0%91%E5%9C%8B%E5%9C%8B%E8%AA%9E" title="中華民國國語">中華民國國語</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%99%AE%E9%80%9A%E8%A9%B1" class="mw-redirect" title="普通話">普通話</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%B0%E5%8A%A0%E5%9D%A1%E8%8F%AF%E8%AA%9E" title="新加坡華語">新加坡華語</a>分別屬於<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E8%8F%AF%E6%B0%91%E5%9C%8B" title="中華民國">中華民國</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E8%8F%AF%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9C%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="中華人民共和國">中華人民共和國</a>与<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%B0%E5%8A%A0%E5%9D%A1" title="新加坡">新加坡</a>的官方語言。現代標準漢語的發音是依照<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%98%E8%A9%B1" class="mw-redirect" title="官話">官話</a>中的<a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%97%E4%BA%AC%E5%AE%98%E8%A9%B1" class="mw-redirect" title="北京官話">北京官話</a>，而文法及語法是以<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%98%E8%A9%B1%E7%99%BD%E8%A9%B1%E6%96%87" title="官話白話文">官話白話文</a>為準。 </p><p><a href="/wiki/%E7%8E%B0%E4%BB%A3%E6%A0%87%E5%87%86%E9%98%BF%E6%8B%89%E4%BC%AF%E8%AF%AD" title="现代标准阿拉伯语">现代标准阿拉伯语</a>是在<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E5%85%B8%E9%98%BF%E6%8B%89%E4%BC%AF%E8%AA%9E" title="古典阿拉伯語">古典阿拉伯語</a>的基礎上建立的，後者也是<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E5%85%B0%E7%BB%8F" title="古兰经">古兰经</a>使用的語言。 </p><p>美國社會為了推廣良好的語法，在2008年起宣布3月4日為全國的<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="語法節" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="National Grammar Day"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%AA%9E%E6%B3%95%E7%AF%80&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="語法節（页面不存在）">語法節</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Grammar_Day" class="extiw" title="en:National Grammar Day"><span lang="en" dir="auto">National Grammar Day</span></a></span>）</span></span><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="分類"><span id=".E5.88.86.E9.A1.9E"></span>分類</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%AF%AD%E6%B3%95&action=edit&section=12" title="编辑章节：分類"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>規範性語法</li> <li>描寫性語法</li> <li>教學用語法</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BD%A2%E5%BC%8F%E6%96%87%E6%B3%95" title="形式文法">形式文法</a></li> <li>生成語法（衍生語法）</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="参阅"><span id=".E5.8F.82.E9.98.85"></span>参阅</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%AF%AD%E6%B3%95&action=edit&section=13" title="编辑章节：参阅"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r79074265">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-count:3; column-width:auto;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%96%87%E5%AD%97" title="文字">文字</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%A9%9E%E8%AA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="詞語">詞語</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A5%E5%AD%90" title="句子">句子</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%87%E5%AD%97%E4%BD%9C%E5%93%81" class="mw-redirect" title="文字作品">文字作品</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%AF%AD%E8%A8%80" class="mw-redirect" title="语言">语言</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%AF%AD%E8%A8%80%E7%B1%BB%E5%9E%8B%E5%AD%A6" title="语言类型学">语言类型学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%AF%AD%E8%A8%80%E5%AD%A6%E5%AE%B6%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8" title="语言学家列表">语言学家列表</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A5%E6%B3%95%E5%AD%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="句法学">句法學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%99%AE%E9%81%8D%E6%96%87%E6%B3%95" title="普遍文法">普遍文法</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%9E%E7%BE%A9%E5%AD%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="語義學">語義學</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="参考文献"><span id=".E5.8F.82.E8.80.83.E6.96.87.E7.8C.AE"></span>参考文献</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%AF%AD%E6%B3%95&action=edit&section=14" title="编辑章节：参考文献"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="reflist columns references-column-width" style="-moz-column-width: 33em; -webkit-column-width: 33em; column-width: 33em; list-style-type: decimal;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-崔04-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-崔04_1-0"><sup><b>1.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-崔04_1-1"><sup><b>1.1</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-崔04_1-2"><sup><b>1.2</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-崔04_1-3"><sup><b>1.3</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-崔04_1-4"><sup><b>1.4</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-崔04_1-5"><sup><b>1.5</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">崔应贤. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220605070012/https://books.google.co.jp/books?id=wRjOfF2vi4cC&printsec=frontcover&hl=zh-CN#v=onepage&q&f=false">现代汉语语法学习与研究入门</a>. 北京: 清华大学出版社. 2004: 35 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2019-05-17</span>]</span>. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/7302084459" title="Special:网络书源/7302084459"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 7302084459</a>. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.co.jp/books?id=wRjOfF2vi4cC&printsec=frontcover&hl=zh-CN#v=onepage&q&f=false">原始内容</a>存档于2022-06-05）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%AF%AD%E6%B3%95&rft.au=%E5%B4%94%E5%BA%94%E8%B4%A4&rft.btitle=%E7%8E%B0%E4%BB%A3%E6%B1%89%E8%AF%AD%E8%AF%AD%E6%B3%95%E5%AD%A6%E4%B9%A0%E4%B8%8E%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6%E5%85%A5%E9%97%A8&rft.date=2004&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=7302084459&rft.pages=35&rft.place=%E5%8C%97%E4%BA%AC&rft.pub=%E6%B8%85%E5%8D%8E%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%A6%E5%87%BA%E7%89%88%E7%A4%BE&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.co.jp%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DwRjOfF2vi4cC%26printsec%3Dfrontcover%26hl%3Dzh-CN%23v%3Donepage%26q%26f%3Dfalse&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-胡62-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-胡62_2-0"><sup><b>2.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-胡62_2-1"><sup><b>2.1</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">胡裕树. 现代汉语. 上海: 上海教育出版社. 1962. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/9787532039906" title="Special:网络书源/9787532039906"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 9787532039906</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%AF%AD%E6%B3%95&rft.au=%E8%83%A1%E8%A3%95%E6%A0%91&rft.btitle=%E7%8E%B0%E4%BB%A3%E6%B1%89%E8%AF%AD&rft.date=1962&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=9787532039906&rft.place=%E4%B8%8A%E6%B5%B7&rft.pub=%E4%B8%8A%E6%B5%B7%E6%95%99%E8%82%B2%E5%87%BA%E7%89%88%E7%A4%BE&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-胡廖91-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-胡廖91_3-0"><sup><b>3.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-胡廖91_3-1"><sup><b>3.1</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">黄伯荣; 廖序东. 现代汉语. 高等教育出版社. 1991.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%AF%AD%E6%B3%95&rft.au=%E5%BB%96%E5%BA%8F%E4%B8%9C&rft.au=%E9%BB%84%E4%BC%AF%E8%8D%A3&rft.btitle=%E7%8E%B0%E4%BB%A3%E6%B1%89%E8%AF%AD&rft.date=1991&rft.genre=book&rft.pub=%E9%AB%98%E7%AD%89%E6%95%99%E8%82%B2%E5%87%BA%E7%89%88%E7%A4%BE&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_4-0"><sup><b>4.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_4-1"><sup><b>4.1</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">陆俭明. 现代汉语语法研究教程. 北京: 北京大学出版社. 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%AF%AD%E6%B3%95&rft.au=%E9%99%86%E4%BF%AD%E6%98%8E&rft.btitle=%E7%8E%B0%E4%BB%A3%E6%B1%89%E8%AF%AD%E8%AF%AD%E6%B3%95%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6%E6%95%99%E7%A8%8B&rft.date=2013&rft.genre=book&rft.place=%E5%8C%97%E4%BA%AC&rft.pub=%E5%8C%97%E4%BA%AC%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%A6%E5%87%BA%E7%89%88%E7%A4%BE&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Douglas_Harper" class="extiw" title="en:Douglas Harper">Harper, Douglas</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=grammar">Grammar</a>. Online Etymological Dictionary. <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">8 April</span> 2010]</span>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130309182125/http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=grammar">存档</a>于2013-03-09）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%AF%AD%E6%B3%95&rft.atitle=Grammar&rft.aufirst=Douglas&rft.aulast=Harper&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Online+Etymological+Dictionary&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.etymonline.com%2Findex.php%3Fterm%3Dgrammar&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130502061532/http://www.phon.ucl.ac.uk/home/dick/kal/what.htm">What is grammar?</a>. <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2013-03-29</span>]</span>. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.phon.ucl.ac.uk/home/dick/kal/what.htm">原始内容</a>存档于2013-05-02）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%AF%AD%E6%B3%95&rft.btitle=What+is+grammar%3F&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.phon.ucl.ac.uk%2Fhome%2Fdick%2Fkal%2Fwhat.htm&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">O'Grady, William; Dobrovolsky, Michael; Katamba, Francis. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=djhsAAAAIAAJ&q=Contemporary+Linguistics&dq=Contemporary+Linguistics">Contemporary Linguistics: An Introduction</a>. Harlow, Essex: Longman. 1996: 4–7; 464–539 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2013-03-29</span>]</span>. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/9780582246911" title="Special:网络书源/9780582246911"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 9780582246911</a>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131216122454/http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=djhsAAAAIAAJ&q=Contemporary+Linguistics&dq=Contemporary+Linguistics">存档</a>于2013-12-16）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%AF%AD%E6%B3%95&rft.au=Dobrovolsky%2C+Michael&rft.au=Katamba%2C+Francis&rft.aufirst=William&rft.aulast=O%27Grady&rft.btitle=Contemporary+Linguistics%3A+An+Introduction&rft.date=1996&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=9780582246911&rft.pages=4-7%3B+464-539&rft.place=Harlow%2C+Essex&rft.pub=Longman&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.co.uk%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DdjhsAAAAIAAJ%26q%3DContemporary%2BLinguistics%26dq%3DContemporary%2BLinguistics&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Saussure1-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Saussure1_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Saussure, Ferdinand de. Bally, Charles; Sechehaye, Albert , 编. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.royharrisonline.com/linguistic_publications/course_in_general_linguistics.html">Course in General Linguistics</a>. Trans. Roy Harris. La Salle, Illinois: Open Court. 1983 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2019-05-17</span>]</span>. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/0812690230" title="Special:网络书源/0812690230"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 0812690230</a>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181025105057/http://www.royharrisonline.com/linguistic_publications/course_in_general_linguistics.html">存档</a>于2018-10-25）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%AF%AD%E6%B3%95&rft.aufirst=Ferdinand+de&rft.aulast=Saussure&rft.btitle=Course+in+General+Linguistics&rft.date=1983&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=0812690230&rft.place=La+Salle%2C+Illinois&rft.pub=Open+Court&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.royharrisonline.com%2Flinguistic_publications%2Fcourse_in_general_linguistics.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Saussure2-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Saussure2_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">索绪尔, 费尔迪南·德. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/putongyuyanxueji0000saus">普通语言学教程 <bdi>Cours de linguistique générale (5th ed., 1949)</bdi></a>. 商务印书馆. 1980. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/9787100020862" title="Special:网络书源/9787100020862"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 9787100020862</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%AF%AD%E6%B3%95&rft.aufirst=%E8%B4%B9%E5%B0%94%E8%BF%AA%E5%8D%97%C2%B7%E5%BE%B7&rft.aulast=%E7%B4%A2%E7%BB%AA%E5%B0%94&rft.btitle=%E6%99%AE%E9%80%9A%E8%AF%AD%E8%A8%80%E5%AD%A6%E6%95%99%E7%A8%8B+Cours+de+linguistique+g%C3%A9n%C3%A9rale+%285th+ed.%2C+1949%29&rft.date=1980&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=9787100020862&rft.pub=%E5%95%86%E5%8A%A1%E5%8D%B0%E4%B9%A6%E9%A6%86&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fputongyuyanxueji0000saus&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">布龙菲尔德, 伦纳德. 语言论. 袁家骅, 赵世开, 甘世福译. 商务印书馆. 1998. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/9787100018838" title="Special:网络书源/9787100018838"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 9787100018838</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%AF%AD%E6%B3%95&rft.aufirst=%E4%BC%A6%E7%BA%B3%E5%BE%B7&rft.aulast=%E5%B8%83%E9%BE%99%E8%8F%B2%E5%B0%94%E5%BE%B7&rft.btitle=%E8%AF%AD%E8%A8%80%E8%AE%BA&rft.date=1998&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=9787100018838&rft.pub=%E5%95%86%E5%8A%A1%E5%8D%B0%E4%B9%A6%E9%A6%86&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Manfred, Jahn. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.uni-koeln.de/~ame02/jahn_2002.pdf"><span style="padding-left:0.2em;">"</span>COLORLESS GREEN IDEAS SLEEP FURIOUSLY": A LINGUISTIC TEST CASE AND ITS APPROPRIATIONS</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. Models and Applications. 2011 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2019-05-17</span>]</span>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180714071249/http://www.uni-koeln.de/~ame02/jahn_2002.pdf">存档</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>于2018-07-14）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%AF%AD%E6%B3%95&rft.atitle=%22COLORLESS+GREEN+IDEAS+SLEEP+FURIOUSLY%22%3A+A+LINGUISTIC+TEST+CASE+AND+ITS+APPROPRIATIONS&rft.au=Manfred%2C+Jahn&rft.date=2011&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Models+and+Applications&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.uni-koeln.de%2F~ame02%2Fjahn_2002.pdf&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">乔姆斯基, 诺姆. 句法结构 <bdi>Syntactic Structures</bdi>. 黄长著, 林书武, 庞秉均, 邢公畹译. 中国社会科学出版社. 1979. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://book.douban.com/subject_search?search_text=SH9190-004"><span title="统一书号">CSBN 9190·004</span></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%AF%AD%E6%B3%95&rft.aufirst=%E8%AF%BA%E5%A7%86&rft.aulast=%E4%B9%94%E5%A7%86%E6%96%AF%E5%9F%BA&rft.btitle=%E5%8F%A5%E6%B3%95%E7%BB%93%E6%9E%84+Syntactic+Structures&rft.csbn=9190-004&rft.date=1979&rft.genre=book&rft.pub=%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6%E5%87%BA%E7%89%88%E7%A4%BE&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">乔姆斯基, 诺姆. 句法理论的若干问题. 中国社会科学出版社. 1986. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://book.douban.com/subject_search?search_text=SH9190-047"><span title="统一书号">CSBN 9190·047</span></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%AF%AD%E6%B3%95&rft.aufirst=%E8%AF%BA%E5%A7%86&rft.aulast=%E4%B9%94%E5%A7%86%E6%96%AF%E5%9F%BA&rft.btitle=%E5%8F%A5%E6%B3%95%E7%90%86%E8%AE%BA%E7%9A%84%E8%8B%A5%E5%B9%B2%E9%97%AE%E9%A2%98&rft.csbn=9190-047&rft.date=1986&rft.genre=book&rft.pub=%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6%E5%87%BA%E7%89%88%E7%A4%BE&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">邢公畹. 词语搭配问题是不是语法问题. 安徽师范大学学报. 1978, (4).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%AF%AD%E6%B3%95&rft.atitle=%E8%AF%8D%E8%AF%AD%E6%90%AD%E9%85%8D%E9%97%AE%E9%A2%98%E6%98%AF%E4%B8%8D%E6%98%AF%E8%AF%AD%E6%B3%95%E9%97%AE%E9%A2%98&rft.au=%E9%82%A2%E5%85%AC%E7%95%B9&rft.date=1978&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=4&rft.jtitle=%E5%AE%89%E5%BE%BD%E5%B8%88%E8%8C%83%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%A6%E5%AD%A6%E6%8A%A5&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">胡明扬. 再论语法形式和语法意义. 中国语文. 1992, (5).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%AF%AD%E6%B3%95&rft.atitle=%E5%86%8D%E8%AE%BA%E8%AF%AD%E6%B3%95%E5%BD%A2%E5%BC%8F%E5%92%8C%E8%AF%AD%E6%B3%95%E6%84%8F%E4%B9%89&rft.au=%E8%83%A1%E6%98%8E%E6%89%AC&rft.date=1992&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=5&rft.jtitle=%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E8%AF%AD%E6%96%87&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Holmes, Janet. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=qjdqxecifHcC&printsec=frontcover&dq=Introduction+to+Sociolinguistics+Holmes">An Introduction to Sociolinguistics</a> second. Harlow, Essex: Longman. 2001: 73–94 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2013-03-29</span>]</span>. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/9780582328617" title="Special:网络书源/9780582328617"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 9780582328617</a>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131216122450/http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=qjdqxecifHcC&printsec=frontcover&dq=Introduction+to+Sociolinguistics+Holmes">存档</a>于2013-12-16）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%AF%AD%E6%B3%95&rft.aufirst=Janet&rft.aulast=Holmes&rft.btitle=An+Introduction+to+Sociolinguistics&rft.date=2001&rft.edition=second&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=9780582328617&rft.pages=73-94&rft.place=Harlow%2C+Essex&rft.pub=Longman&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.co.uk%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqjdqxecifHcC%26printsec%3Dfrontcover%26dq%3DIntroduction%2Bto%2BSociolinguistics%2BHolmes&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span>; for more discussion of sets of grammars as populations, see: <cite class="citation book"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Croft_(linguist)" class="extiw" title="en:William Croft (linguist)">Croft, William</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=5_Ka7zLl9HQC&printsec=frontcover&dq=Explaining+Language+Change+Croft">Explaining Language Change: An Evolutionary Approach</a>. Harlow, Essex: Longman. 2000: 13–20 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2013-03-29</span>]</span>. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/9780582356771" title="Special:网络书源/9780582356771"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 9780582356771</a>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131216122456/http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=5_Ka7zLl9HQC&printsec=frontcover&dq=Explaining+Language+Change+Croft">存档</a>于2013-12-16）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%AF%AD%E6%B3%95&rft.aufirst=William&rft.aulast=Croft&rft.btitle=Explaining+Language+Change%3A+An+Evolutionary+Approach&rft.date=2000&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=9780582356771&rft.pages=13-20&rft.place=Harlow%2C+Essex&rft.pub=Longman&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.co.uk%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D5_Ka7zLl9HQC%26printsec%3Dfrontcover%26dq%3DExplaining%2BLanguage%2BChange%2BCroft&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">G. Khan, J. B. Noah. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com.tw/books/about/The_Early_Karaite_Tradition_of_Hebrew_Gr.html?id=kXgYECMAVHkC&redir_esc=y">The Early Karaite Tradition of Hebrew Grammatical Thought</a>. BRILL. 2000 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2013-12-10</span>]</span>. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/9004119337" title="Special:网络书源/9004119337"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 9004119337</a>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131213141037/http://books.google.com.tw/books/about/The_Early_Karaite_Tradition_of_Hebrew_Gr.html?id=kXgYECMAVHkC&redir_esc=y">存档</a>于2013-12-13）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%AF%AD%E6%B3%95&rft.au=G.+Khan%2C+J.+B.+Noah&rft.btitle=The+Early+Karaite+Tradition+of+Hebrew+Grammatical+Thought&rft.date=2000&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=9004119337&rft.pub=BRILL&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com.tw%2Fbooks%2Fabout%2FThe_Early_Karaite_Tradition_of_Hebrew_Gr.html%3Fid%3DkXgYECMAVHkC%26redir_esc%3Dy&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Pinchas Wechter. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com.tw/books?id=OZMrAAAAMAAJ">Ibn Barūn's Arabic Works on Hebrew Grammar and Lexicography</a>. Dropsie College for Hebrew and Cognate Learning. 1964 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2013-12-10</span>]</span>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131213141035/http://books.google.com.tw/books?id=OZMrAAAAMAAJ">存档</a>于2013-12-13）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%AF%AD%E6%B3%95&rft.au=Pinchas+Wechter&rft.btitle=Ibn+Bar%C5%ABn%27s+Arabic+Works+on+Hebrew+Grammar+and+Lexicography&rft.date=1964&rft.genre=book&rft.pub=Dropsie+College+for+Hebrew+and+Cognate+Learning&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com.tw%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOZMrAAAAMAAJ&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://german2.nccu.edu.tw/db.php">國科會人文及社會科學「德語研究資源建置計畫」</a>. <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2013-03-29</span>]</span>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140415080948/http://german2.nccu.edu.tw/db.php">存档</a>于2014-04-15）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%AF%AD%E6%B3%95&rft.btitle=%E5%9C%8B%E7%A7%91%E6%9C%83%E4%BA%BA%E6%96%87%E5%8F%8A%E7%A4%BE%E6%9C%83%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8%E3%80%8C%E5%BE%B7%E8%AA%9E%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6%E8%B3%87%E6%BA%90%E5%BB%BA%E7%BD%AE%E8%A8%88%E7%95%AB%E3%80%8D&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgerman2.nccu.edu.tw%2Fdb.php&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.languagesandnumbers.com/how-to-count-in-portuguese-brazil/en/por-bra/">Counting in Portuguese (Brazil)</a>. <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2013-12-10</span>]</span>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131209222640/http://www.languagesandnumbers.com/how-to-count-in-portuguese-brazil/en/por-bra/">存档</a>于2013-12-09）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%AF%AD%E6%B3%95&rft.btitle=Counting+in+Portuguese+%28Brazil%29&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.languagesandnumbers.com%2Fhow-to-count-in-portuguese-brazil%2Fen%2Fpor-bra%2F&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170122140121/http://nationalgrammarday.com/">National Grammar Day</a>. <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2013-12-10</span>]</span>. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nationalgrammarday.com/">原始内容</a>存档于2017-01-22）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%AF%AD%E6%B3%95&rft.btitle=National+Grammar+Day&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnationalgrammarday.com%2F&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div style="clear: both; height: 1em"></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r84261037">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{text-align:center;padding-left:1em;padding-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf;position:relative}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em;width:auto;padding-left:0.2em;position:absolute;left:1em}.mw-parser-output .navbox .mw-collapsible-toggle{margin-left:0.5em;position:absolute;right:1em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="語言單位" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="collapsible-title navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84244141"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:%E8%AF%AD%E8%A8%80%E5%8D%95%E4%BD%8D" title="Template:语言单位"><abbr title="查看该模板">查</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:%E8%AF%AD%E8%A8%80%E5%8D%95%E4%BD%8D&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template talk:语言单位（页面不存在）"><abbr title="讨论该模板">论</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BC%96%E8%BE%91%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2/Template:%E8%AF%AD%E8%A8%80%E5%8D%95%E4%BD%8D" title="Special:编辑页面/Template:语言单位"><abbr title="编辑该模板">编</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="語言單位" style="font-size:110%;margin:0 5em"><a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80" title="語言">語言</a>單位</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E8%AF%AD%E9%9F%B3%E5%AD%A6" title="语音学">语音</a>单位</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%9E%E9%9F%B3" title="語音">語音</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E9%9F%B3%E8%8A%82" title="音节">音节</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%83%E9%9F%B3" title="元音">元音</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%BE%85%E9%9F%B3" title="辅音">辅音</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%9F%B3%E4%BD%8D" title="音位">音位</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E9%9F%B3%E6%AE%B5" title="音段">音段</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%9F%B5%E5%BE%8B%E5%8D%95%E4%BD%8D" title="韵律单位">韵律</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="语义单位" data-lang-code="d" data-lang-name="維基數據" data-foreign-title="Q15916540"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%AF%AD%E4%B9%89%E5%8D%95%E4%BD%8D&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="语义单位（页面不存在）">语义单位</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">維基數據所列</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q15916540" class="extiw" title="d:Q15916540"><span lang="d" dir="auto">Q15916540</span></a></span>）</span></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B9%89%E7%B4%A0" title="义素">义素</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B9%89%E4%BD%8D" title="义位">义位</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A9%9E_(%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80)" title="詞 (語言)">词</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A5%E5%AD%90" title="句子">句子</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%91%BD%E9%A2%98" title="命题">命题</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%89%8D%E6%8F%90" title="前提">前提</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%B3%A6%E5%80%BC_(%E9%82%8F%E8%BC%AF)" title="賦值 (邏輯)">赋值</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%95%B4%E6%B6%B5" title="蕴涵">蕴涵</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E8%AF%AD%E6%B3%95%E5%8D%95%E4%BD%8D" title="语法单位">语法单位</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E8%AF%8D%E6%B3%95%E5%AD%A6" title="词法学">词法</a>单位</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%9E%E7%B4%A0" title="語素">語素</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E8%AF%8D%E6%A0%B9" title="词根">词根</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A9%9E%E5%B9%B9" title="詞幹">詞幹</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A9%9E%E7%B6%B4" title="詞綴">詞綴</a>）</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A5%E6%B3%95" title="句法">句法</a>单位</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A9%9E_(%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80)" title="詞 (語言)">词</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%9F%AD%E8%AF%AD" title="短语">短语</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BB%8E%E5%8F%A5" title="从句">子句</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A5%E5%AD%90" title="句子">句子</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%AF%AD%E7%AF%87&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="语篇（页面不存在）">语篇</a>（<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8D%95%E5%8F%A5&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="单句（页面不存在）">单句</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A4%87%E5%8F%A5" title="複句">复句</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%AE%B5%E8%90%BD" title="段落">段落</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%AF%87%E7%AB%A0&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="篇章（页面不存在）">篇章</a>）</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84261037"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r79005747"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r79005747"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r79005747"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r79005747"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="-&#123;zh-cn:规范控制;zh-tw:權威控制;&#125;--&#123;zh-cn:数据库;zh-tw:資料庫&#125;-_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=編輯維基數據鏈接&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8091#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;編輯維基數據鏈接" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="collapsible-title navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="-&#123;zh-cn:规范控制;zh-tw:權威控制;&#125;--&#123;zh-cn:数据库;zh-tw:資料庫&#125;-_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=編輯維基數據鏈接&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8091#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;編輯維基數據鏈接" style="font-size:110%;margin:0 5em"><a href="/wiki/Help:%E8%A7%84%E8%8C%83%E6%8E%A7%E5%88%B6" title="Help:规范控制">规范控制数据库</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8091#identifiers" title="編輯維基數據鏈接"><img alt="編輯維基數據鏈接" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">各地</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Grammaire"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12042781h">法国</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Grammaire"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12042781h">BnF data</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4021806-5">德国</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007535902805171">以色列</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Grammar"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85056259">美国</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000051799&P_CON_LNG=ENG">拉脱维亚</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00561024">日本</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="mluvnice"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph115331&CON_LNG=ENG">捷克</a></span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">学术</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://vocab.getty.edu/page/aat/300263250">AAT</a></span> <ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://vocab.getty.edu/page/aat/300252962">2</a></span></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">检索自“<a dir="ltr" href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=语法&oldid=84129555">https://zh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=语法&oldid=84129555</a>”</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2%E5%88%86%E7%B1%BB" title="Special:页面分类">分类</a>：<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E8%AF%AD%E6%B3%95" title="Category:语法">语法</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E8%AF%AD%E8%A8%80%E5%AD%A6" title="Category:语言学">语言学</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">隐藏分类：<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%90%AB%E6%9C%89%E8%8B%B1%E8%AA%9E%E7%9A%84%E6%A2%9D%E7%9B%AE" title="Category:含有英語的條目">含有英語的條目</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%90%AB%E6%9C%89%E5%8F%A4%E5%B8%8C%E8%87%98%E8%AA%9E%E7%9A%84%E6%A2%9D%E7%9B%AE" title="Category:含有古希臘語的條目">含有古希臘語的條目</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E6%9C%89%E8%93%9D%E9%93%BE%E5%8D%B4%E6%9C%AA%E7%A7%BB%E9%99%A4%E5%86%85%E9%83%A8%E9%93%BE%E6%8E%A5%E5%8A%A9%E6%89%8B%E6%A8%A1%E6%9D%BF%E7%9A%84%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2" title="Category:有蓝链却未移除内部链接助手模板的页面">有蓝链却未移除内部链接助手模板的页面</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%90%AB%E6%9C%89%E9%98%BF%E6%8B%89%E4%BC%AF%E8%AA%9E%E7%9A%84%E6%A2%9D%E7%9B%AE" title="Category:含有阿拉伯語的條目">含有阿拉伯語的條目</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%90%AB%E6%9C%89%E5%B8%8C%E4%BC%AF%E4%BE%86%E8%AA%9E%E7%9A%84%E6%A2%9D%E7%9B%AE" title="Category:含有希伯來語的條目">含有希伯來語的條目</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%90%AB%E6%9C%89%E5%86%B0%E5%B3%B6%E8%AA%9E%E7%9A%84%E6%A2%9D%E7%9B%AE" title="Category:含有冰島語的條目">含有冰島語的條目</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%90%AB%E6%9C%89%E7%BE%A9%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%A9%E8%AA%9E%E7%9A%84%E6%A2%9D%E7%9B%AE" title="Category:含有義大利語的條目">含有義大利語的條目</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%90%AB%E6%9C%89%E6%96%AF%E6%B4%9B%E7%B6%AD%E5%B0%BC%E4%BA%9E%E8%AA%9E%E7%9A%84%E6%A2%9D%E7%9B%AE" title="Category:含有斯洛維尼亞語的條目">含有斯洛維尼亞語的條目</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%90%AB%E6%9C%89%E8%A5%BF%E7%8F%AD%E7%89%99%E8%AA%9E%E7%9A%84%E6%A2%9D%E7%9B%AE" title="Category:含有西班牙語的條目">含有西班牙語的條目</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%90%AB%E6%9C%89%E5%BE%B7%E8%AA%9E%E7%9A%84%E6%A2%9D%E7%9B%AE" title="Category:含有德語的條目">含有德語的條目</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%8C%85%E5%90%ABBNF%E6%A0%87%E8%AF%86%E7%AC%A6%E7%9A%84%E7%BB%B4%E5%9F%BA%E7%99%BE%E7%A7%91%E6%9D%A1%E7%9B%AE" title="Category:包含BNF标识符的维基百科条目">包含BNF标识符的维基百科条目</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%8C%85%E5%90%ABBNFdata%E6%A0%87%E8%AF%86%E7%AC%A6%E7%9A%84%E7%BB%B4%E5%9F%BA%E7%99%BE%E7%A7%91%E6%9D%A1%E7%9B%AE" title="Category:包含BNFdata标识符的维基百科条目">包含BNFdata标识符的维基百科条目</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%8C%85%E5%90%ABGND%E6%A0%87%E8%AF%86%E7%AC%A6%E7%9A%84%E7%BB%B4%E5%9F%BA%E7%99%BE%E7%A7%91%E6%9D%A1%E7%9B%AE" title="Category:包含GND标识符的维基百科条目">包含GND标识符的维基百科条目</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%8C%85%E5%90%ABJ9U%E6%A0%87%E8%AF%86%E7%AC%A6%E7%9A%84%E7%BB%B4%E5%9F%BA%E7%99%BE%E7%A7%91%E6%9D%A1%E7%9B%AE" title="Category:包含J9U标识符的维基百科条目">包含J9U标识符的维基百科条目</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%8C%85%E5%90%ABLCCN%E6%A0%87%E8%AF%86%E7%AC%A6%E7%9A%84%E7%BB%B4%E5%9F%BA%E7%99%BE%E7%A7%91%E6%9D%A1%E7%9B%AE" title="Category:包含LCCN标识符的维基百科条目">包含LCCN标识符的维基百科条目</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%8C%85%E5%90%ABLNB%E6%A0%87%E8%AF%86%E7%AC%A6%E7%9A%84%E7%BB%B4%E5%9F%BA%E7%99%BE%E7%A7%91%E6%9D%A1%E7%9B%AE" title="Category:包含LNB标识符的维基百科条目">包含LNB标识符的维基百科条目</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%8C%85%E5%90%ABNDL%E6%A0%87%E8%AF%86%E7%AC%A6%E7%9A%84%E7%BB%B4%E5%9F%BA%E7%99%BE%E7%A7%91%E6%9D%A1%E7%9B%AE" title="Category:包含NDL标识符的维基百科条目">包含NDL标识符的维基百科条目</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%8C%85%E5%90%ABNKC%E6%A0%87%E8%AF%86%E7%AC%A6%E7%9A%84%E7%BB%B4%E5%9F%BA%E7%99%BE%E7%A7%91%E6%9D%A1%E7%9B%AE" title="Category:包含NKC标识符的维基百科条目">包含NKC标识符的维基百科条目</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%8C%85%E5%90%ABAAT%E6%A0%87%E8%AF%86%E7%AC%A6%E7%9A%84%E7%BB%B4%E5%9F%BA%E7%99%BE%E7%A7%91%E6%9D%A1%E7%9B%AE" title="Category:包含AAT标识符的维基百科条目">包含AAT标识符的维基百科条目</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> 本页面最后修订于2024年9月7日 (星期六) 18:32。</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">本站的全部文字在<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.zh">知识共享署名-相同方式共享 4.0协议</a>之条款下提供，附加条款亦可能应用。（请参阅<a class="external text" href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use">使用条款</a>）<br /> Wikipedia®和维基百科标志是<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/zh">维基媒体基金会</a>的注册商标；维基™是维基媒体基金会的商标。<br /> 维基媒体基金会是按美国国內稅收法501(c)(3)登记的<a class="external text" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Tax_deductibility">非营利慈善机构</a>。<br /></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">隐私政策</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E5%85%B3%E4%BA%8E">关于维基百科</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E5%85%8D%E8%B4%A3%E5%A3%B0%E6%98%8E">免责声明</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">行为准则</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">开发者</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/zh.wikipedia.org">统计</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie声明</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//zh.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%E8%AF%AD%E6%B3%95&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">手机版视图</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-5c59558b9d-5lzz4","wgBackendResponseTime":199,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"0.855","walltime":"1.019","ppvisitednodes":{"value":6206,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":148083,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":4980,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":30,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":50,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":0,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":63774,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":2,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 860.626 1 -total"," 23.00% 197.948 1 Template:Linguistics"," 22.77% 195.974 1 Template:Sidebar_with_collapsible_lists"," 15.92% 137.038 1 Template:Reflist"," 12.88% 110.827 1 Template:Lang-grc"," 9.44% 81.253 14 Template:Cite_book"," 7.92% 68.182 24 Template:Tsl"," 7.73% 66.530 1 Template:NoteTA"," 7.48% 64.361 7 Template:Lang"," 7.05% 60.676 1 Template:地区用词"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.488","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":18649325,"limit":52428800}},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-api-int.codfw.main-6fdd9f9b88-nrhpw","timestamp":"20241201074930","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"\u8bed\u6cd5","url":"https:\/\/zh.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E8%AF%AD%E6%B3%95","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q8091","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q8091","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"\u7ef4\u57fa\u5a92\u4f53\u9879\u76ee\u8d21\u732e\u8005"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2005-02-26T16:17:45Z","dateModified":"2024-09-07T18:32:08Z","headline":"\u8a9e\u8a00\u7d50\u69cb\u8207\u898f\u5f8b"}</script> </body> </html>