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.wst-header-mainblock{flex-wrap:wrap}.mw-parser-output .wst-header-central-cell{flex:0 0 100%;order:-2;width:auto}.mw-parser-output .wst-header-back,.mw-parser-output .wst-header-forward{width:auto}}.mw-parser-output .wst-header-notes{display:inline-block;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0;empty-cells:hide;font-size:.9em;line-height:1.4;margin:0 auto 4px auto;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .wst-header-left{float:left}</style><div class="ws-header wst-header-structure wst-unknown wst-header ws-header ws-noexport noprint dynlayout-exempt"><div class="wst-header-mainblock wst-unknown-mainblock headertemplate"><div class="wst-header-back searchaux wst-unknown-back"><div class="wst-header-back-arrow">←</div><div class="wst-header-back-link"><a href="/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Garland,_John" title="1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Garland, John">Garland, John</a></div></div><div class="wst-header-central-cell wst-unknown-central-cell"><span class="wst-header-title 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href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garlic" class="extiw" title="w:Garlic">Wikipedia article</a>, <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/garlic" class="extiw" title="wikt:garlic">definition</a>, <a href="https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Allium_sativum" class="extiw" title="wikispecies:Allium sativum">taxonomy</a>, <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q84671122" class="extiw" title="d:Q84671122">Wikidata item</a></li></ul><div class="wst-header-content header_notes_content wst-header-notes-content wst-unknown-notes-content"> <p><b>See also</b> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garlic" class="extiw" title="w:Garlic">Garlic</a> on <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Main_Page" class="extiw" title="w:Main Page">Wikipedia</a>; and our <a href="/wiki/Wikisource:WikiProject_1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Project_Disclaimer" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikisource:WikiProject 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Project Disclaimer">1911 Encyclopædia Britannica disclaimer</a>. </p> </div></div><div class="ws-noexport" id="ws-data" style="speak:none"><span id="ws-article-id">2016861</span><span id="ws-title"><a href="/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="1911 Encyclopædia Britannica">1911 <i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Volume_11" class="mw-redirect" title="1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Volume 11">Volume 11</a> — Garlic</span></div></div> <div class="prp-pages-output" lang="en"> <p><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r14921828/mw-parser-output/.prp-pages-output">.mw-parser-output .prp-pages-output ._tablegridhdborder,.mw-parser-output .prp-pages-output ._tablecolhdborder{border-collapse:collapse;border:1px solid;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}.mw-parser-output .prp-pages-output ._tablecolhdborder th{border-bottom:1px solid;border-left:1px solid;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .prp-pages-output ._tablegridhdborder th{border:1px solid;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .prp-pages-output ._tablegridhdborder th{border-left:1px solid;border-right:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid}.mw-parser-output .prp-pages-output ._tablecolhdborder td{border-left:1px solid;padding-left:5px}.mw-parser-output .prp-pages-output ._tablegridhdborder td{border-left:1px solid;border-right:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;padding-left:5px}.mw-parser-output .prp-pages-output ._colcenternotfirst tr>td{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .prp-pages-output ._colcenternotfirst tr>td:first-child{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .prp-pages-output .__cellpadding3 td{padding:3px}.mw-parser-output .prp-pages-output .wst-smallrefs{font-size:90%}</style><span><span class="pagenum ws-pagenum" id="468" data-page-number="468" data-page-name="Page:EB1911 - Volume 11.djvu/486" data-page-index="486" data-page-quality="3" title="Page:EB1911_-_Volume_11.djvu/486"><span id="pageindex_486" class="pagenum-inner ws-noexport"></span></span></span><b>GARLIC</b> (O. Eng. <i>gárleác</i>, <i>i.e.</i> “spear-leek”; Gr. <span title="skórodon"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r13213921">.mw-parser-output .wst-lang-grc{font-family:GentiumPlus;font-feature-settings:"cv78"on,"cv83"on}</style><span class="wst-lang wst-lang-grc" lang="grc" dir="ltr">σκόροδον</span></span>; Lat. <i>allium</i>; Ital. <i>aglio</i>; Fr. <i>ail</i>; Ger. <i>Knoblauch</i>), <i>Allium</i> <i>sativum</i>, a bulbous perennial plant of the natural order Liliaceae, indigenous apparently to south-west Siberia. It has long, narrow, flat, obscurely keeled leaves, a deciduous spathe, and a globose umbel of whitish flowers, among which are small bulbils. The bulb, which is the only part eaten, has membranous scales, in the axils of which are 10 or 12 cloves, or smaller bulbs. From these new bulbs can be procured by planting out in February or March. The bulbs are best preserved hung in a dry place. If of fair size, twenty of them weigh about 1 ℔. To prevent the plant from running to leaf, Pliny (<i>Nat. Hist.</i> xix. 34) advises to bend the stalk downward and cover with earth; seeding, he observes, may be prevented by twisting the stalk. </p><p>Garlic is cultivated in the same manner as the <a href="/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Shallot" title="1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Shallot">shallot</a> (<i>q.v.</i>). It is stated to have been grown in England before the year 1548. The percentage composition of the bulbs is given by E. Solly (<i>Trans. Hort. Soc. Lond.</i>, new ser., iii. p. 60) as water 84.09, organic matter 13.38, and inorganic matter 1.53—that of the leaves being water 87.14, organic matter 11.27 and inorganic matter 1.59. The bulb has a strong and characteristic odour and an acrid taste, and yields an offensively smelling oil, essence of garlic, identical with allyl sulphide (C<sub>3</sub>H<sub>5</sub>)<sub>2</sub>S (see Hofmann and Cahours, <i>Journ. Chem. Soc.</i> x. p. 320). This, when garlic has been eaten, is evolved by the excretory organs, the activity of which it promotes. From the earliest times garlic has been used as an article of diet. It formed part of the food of the Israelites in Egypt (Numb. xi. 5) and of the labourers employed by Cheops in the construction of his pyramid, and is still grown in Egypt, where, however, the Syrian is the kind most esteemed (see Rawlinson’s <i>Herodotus</i>, ii. 125). It was largely consumed by the ancient Greek and Roman soldiers, sailors and rural classes (cf. Virg. <i>Ecl</i>. ii. 11), and, as Pliny tells us (<i>N.H.</i> xix. 32), by the African peasantry. Galen eulogizes it as the rustic’s <i>theriac</i> (see F. Adams’s <i>Paulus Aegineta</i>, p. 99), and Alexander Neckam, a writer of the 12th century (see Wright’s edition of his works, p. 473, 1863), recommends it as a palliative of the heat of the sun in field labour. “The people in places where the simoon is frequent,” says Mountstuart Elphinstone (<i>An Account of the</i> <i>Kingdom of Caubul</i>, p. 140, 1815), “eat garlic, and rub their lips and noses with it, when they go out in the heat of the summer, to prevent their suffering by the simoon.” “O dura messorum ilia,” exclaims Horace (<i>Epod</i>. iii.), as he records his detestation of the popular esculent, to smell of which was accounted a sign of vulgarity (cf. Shakespeare, <i>Coriol</i>. iv. 6, and <i>Meas. for Meas.</i> iii. 2). In England garlic is seldom used except as a seasoning, but in the southern countries of Europe it is a common ingredient in dishes, and is largely consumed by the agricultural population. Garlic was placed by the ancient Greeks on the piles of stones at cross-roads, as a supper for Hecate (Theophrastus, <i>Characters</i>, <span title="Deisidaimonías"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r13213921" /><span class="wst-lang wst-lang-grc" lang="grc" dir="ltr">Δεισιδαιμονίας</span></span>); and according to Pliny garlic and onions were invocated as deities by the Egyptians at the taking of oaths. The inhabitants of Pelusium in lower Egypt, who worshipped the onion, are said to have held both it and garlic in aversion as food. Garlic possesses stimulant and stomachic properties, and was of old, as still sometimes now, employed as a medicinal remedy. </p><p> <span><span class="pagenum ws-pagenum" id="469" data-page-number="469" data-page-name="Page:EB1911 - Volume 11.djvu/487" data-page-index="487" data-page-quality="3" title="Page:EB1911_-_Volume_11.djvu/487"><span id="pageindex_487" class="pagenum-inner ws-noexport"></span></span></span>Pliny (<i>N.H.</i> xx. 23) gives an exceedingly long list of complaints in which it was considered beneficial. Dr T. Sydenham valued it as an application in confluent smallpox, and, says Cullen (<i>Mat. Med.</i> ii. p. 174, 1789), found some dropsies cured by it alone. In the United States the bulb is given in doses of <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r9031029">.mw-parser-output .nowrap,.mw-parser-output .nowrap a:before,.mw-parser-output .nowrap .selflink:before{white-space:nowrap}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9031029" /><span class="nowrap"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r14767260">.mw-parser-output .sfrac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .sfrac.tion,.mw-parser-output .sfrac .tion{display:inline-block;vertical-align:-0.5em;font-size:85%;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sfrac .num,.mw-parser-output .nobar .num{display:block;line-height:1em;margin:0.0em 0.1em}.mw-parser-output .sfrac:not([class*="nobar"]) .num{border-bottom:1px solid}.mw-parser-output .sfrac .den{display:block;line-height:1em;margin:0.1em 0.1em}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}</style><span class="sfrac">⁠<span class="tion" style="font-size:61%;"><span class="num">1</span><span class="sr-only">/</span><span class="den">2</span></span>⁠</span> - 2</span> drachms in cases of bronchiectasis and phthisis pulmonalis. Garlic may also be prescribed as an extract consisting of the inspissated juice, in doses of 5-10 grains, and as the <i>syrupus</i> <i>allii aceticus</i>, in doses of 1-4 drachms. This last preparation has recently been much extolled in the treatment of pulmonary tuberculosis or phthisis. </p><p>The wild “crow garlic” and “field garlic” of Britain are the species <i>Allium vineale</i> and <i>A. oleraceum</i> respectively. </p><p>  </p> </div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikisource.org/w/index.php?title=1911_Encyclopædia_Britannica/Garlic&oldid=14231946">https://en.wikisource.org/w/index.php?title=1911_Encyclopædia_Britannica/Garlic&oldid=14231946</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Special:Categories" title="Special:Categories">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:EB1911:Science:Biology:Plants" title="Category:EB1911:Science:Biology:Plants">EB1911:Science:Biology:Plants</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:EB1911:Science:Medicine" title="Category:EB1911:Science:Medicine">EB1911:Science:Medicine</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:EB1911:Culture:Food" title="Category:EB1911:Culture:Food">EB1911:Culture:Food</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Liliaceae" title="Category:Liliaceae">Liliaceae</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Subpages" title="Category:Subpages">Subpages</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Headers_applying_DefaultSort_key" title="Category:Headers applying DefaultSort key">Headers applying DefaultSort key</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:EB_1911_wiktionary_links" title="Category:EB 1911 wiktionary links">EB 1911 wiktionary links</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 28 May 2024, at 11:01.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License</a>; additional terms may apply. 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