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Modified Electrodes Used for Electrochemical Detection of Metal Ions in Environmental Analysis
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Many efforts have been made to develop sensors for monitoring heavy metals in the environment. This review aims at presenting the" /> <meta name="twitter:image" content="https://0.academia-photos.com/32678725/9751658/10863431/s200_benoit.piro.jpg" /> <meta property="fb:app_id" content="2369844204" /> <meta property="og:type" content="article" /> <meta property="og:url" content="https://www.academia.edu/58212445/Modified_Electrodes_Used_for_Electrochemical_Detection_of_Metal_Ions_in_Environmental_Analysis" /> <meta property="og:title" content="Modified Electrodes Used for Electrochemical Detection of Metal Ions in Environmental Analysis" /> <meta property="og:image" content="http://a.academia-assets.com/images/open-graph-icons/fb-paper.gif" /> <meta property="og:description" content="Heavy metal pollution is one of the most serious environmental problems, and regulations are becoming stricter. Many efforts have been made to develop sensors for monitoring heavy metals in the environment. This review aims at presenting the" /> <meta property="article:author" content="https://univ-paris-diderot.academia.edu/BenoitPIRO" /> <meta name="description" content="Heavy metal pollution is one of the most serious environmental problems, and regulations are becoming stricter. Many efforts have been made to develop sensors for monitoring heavy metals in the environment. This review aims at presenting the" /> <title>Modified Electrodes Used for Electrochemical Detection of Metal Ions in Environmental Analysis</title> <link rel="canonical" href="https://www.academia.edu/25186891/MODIFIED_ELECTRODES_USED_FOR_ELECTROCHEMICAL_DETECTION_OF_METAL_IONS_MAINLY_HEAVY_METALS" /> <script async src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtag/js?id=G-5VKX33P2DS"></script> <script> window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; function gtag(){dataLayer.push(arguments);} gtag('js', new Date()); gtag('config', 'G-5VKX33P2DS', { cookie_domain: 'academia.edu', send_page_view: false, }); gtag('event', 'page_view', { 'controller': "single_work", 'action': "show", 'controller_action': 'single_work#show', 'logged_in': 'false', 'edge': 'unknown', // Send nil if there is no A/B test bucket, in case some records get logged // with missing data - that way we can distinguish between the two cases. // ab_test_bucket should be of the form <ab_test_name>:<bucket> 'ab_test_bucket': null, }) </script> <script> var $controller_name = 'single_work'; var $action_name = "show"; var $rails_env = 'production'; var $app_rev = '5e761fc7f2723937bfa23c00d57d97019322a224'; var $domain = 'academia.edu'; var $app_host = "academia.edu"; var $asset_host = "academia-assets.com"; var $start_time = new Date().getTime(); var $recaptcha_key = "6LdxlRMTAAAAADnu_zyLhLg0YF9uACwz78shpjJB"; var $recaptcha_invisible_key = "6Lf3KHUUAAAAACggoMpmGJdQDtiyrjVlvGJ6BbAj"; var $disableClientRecordHit = false; </script> <script> window.require = { config: function() { return function() {} } } </script> <script> window.Aedu = window.Aedu || {}; window.Aedu.hit_data = null; window.Aedu.serverRenderTime = new Date(1740643089000); window.Aedu.timeDifference = new Date().getTime() - 1740643089000; </script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"ScholarlyArticle","abstract":"Heavy metal pollution is one of the most serious environmental problems, and regulations are becoming stricter. Many efforts have been made to develop sensors for monitoring heavy metals in the environment. This review aims at presenting the different label-free strategies used to develop electrochemical sensors for the detection of heavy metals such as lead, cadmium, mercury, arsenic etc. The first part of this review will be dedicated to stripping voltammetry techniques, on unmodified electrodes (mercury, bismuth or noble metals in the bulk form), or electrodes modified at their surface by nanoparticles, nanostructures (CNT, graphene) or other innovative materials such as boron-doped diamond. The second part will be dedicated to chemically modified electrodes especially those with conducting polymers. The last part of this review will focus on bio-modified electrodes. 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[{"id":72732937,"identifier":"Attachment_72732937","shouldShowBulkDownload":false}]; window.loswp.shouldDetectTimezone = true; window.loswp.shouldShowBulkDownload = true; window.loswp.showSignupCaptcha = false window.loswp.willEdgeCache = false; window.loswp.work = {"work":{"id":58212445,"created_at":"2021-10-15T13:19:33.062-07:00","from_world_paper_id":179502430,"updated_at":"2022-01-07T22:46:33.230-08:00","_data":{"abstract":"Heavy metal pollution is one of the most serious environmental problems, and regulations are becoming stricter. Many efforts have been made to develop sensors for monitoring heavy metals in the environment. This review aims at presenting the different label-free strategies used to develop electrochemical sensors for the detection of heavy metals such as lead, cadmium, mercury, arsenic etc. The first part of this review will be dedicated to stripping voltammetry techniques, on unmodified electrodes (mercury, bismuth or noble metals in the bulk form), or electrodes modified at their surface by nanoparticles, nanostructures (CNT, graphene) or other innovative materials such as boron-doped diamond. The second part will be dedicated to chemically modified electrodes especially those with conducting polymers. The last part of this review will focus on bio-modified electrodes. Special attention will be paid to strategies using biomolecules (DNA, peptide or proteins), enzymes or whole cells.","publication_date":"2015,1,29","publication_name":"Biosensors"},"document_type":"paper","pre_hit_view_count_baseline":null,"quality":"high","language":"en","title":"Modified Electrodes Used for Electrochemical Detection of Metal Ions in Environmental Analysis","broadcastable":true,"draft":null,"has_indexable_attachment":true,"indexable":true}}["work"]; window.loswp.workCoauthors = [32678725]; window.loswp.locale = "en"; window.loswp.countryCode = "SG"; window.loswp.cwvAbTestBucket = ""; window.loswp.designVariant = "ds_vanilla"; window.loswp.fullPageMobileSutdModalVariant = "control"; window.loswp.useOptimizedScribd4genScript = false; window.loginModal = {}; window.loginModal.appleClientId = 'edu.academia.applesignon'; window.userInChina = "false";</script><script defer="" src="https://accounts.google.com/gsi/client"></script><div class="ds-loswp-container"><div class="ds-work-card--grid-container"><div class="ds-work-card--container js-loswp-work-card"><div class="ds-work-card--cover"><div class="ds-work-cover--wrapper"><div class="ds-work-cover--container"><button class="ds-work-cover--clickable js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"swp-splash-paper-cover","attachmentId":72732937,"attachmentType":"pdf"}"><img alt="First page of “Modified Electrodes Used for Electrochemical Detection of Metal Ions in Environmental Analysis”" class="ds-work-cover--cover-thumbnail" src="https://0.academia-photos.com/attachment_thumbnails/72732937/mini_magick20211015-31848-lc1xh8.png?1634330653" /><img alt="PDF Icon" class="ds-work-cover--file-icon" src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/single_work_splash/adobe_icon.svg" /><div class="ds-work-cover--hover-container"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span><p>Download Free PDF</p></div><div class="ds-work-cover--ribbon-container">Download Free PDF</div><div class="ds-work-cover--ribbon-triangle"></div></button></div></div></div><div class="ds-work-card--work-information"><h1 class="ds-work-card--work-title">Modified Electrodes Used for Electrochemical Detection of Metal Ions in Environmental Analysis</h1><div class="ds-work-card--work-authors ds-work-card--detail"><a class="ds-work-card--author js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="32678725" href="https://univ-paris-diderot.academia.edu/BenoitPIRO"><img alt="Profile image of Benoit PIRO" class="ds-work-card--author-avatar" src="https://0.academia-photos.com/32678725/9751658/10863431/s65_benoit.piro.jpg" />Benoit PIRO</a></div><div class="ds-work-card--detail"><p class="ds-work-card--detail ds2-5-body-sm">2015, Biosensors</p><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata"><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata__stat"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">visibility</span><p class="ds2-5-body-sm" id="work-metadata-view-count">…</p></div><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata__stat"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">description</span><p class="ds2-5-body-sm">35 pages</p></div><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata__stat"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">link</span><p class="ds2-5-body-sm">1 file</p></div></div><script>(async () => { const workId = 58212445; 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if (!viewCountBody) { throw new Error('Failed to find work views element'); } viewCountBody.textContent = `${commaizedViewCount} views`; } catch (error) { // Remove the whole views element if there was some issue parsing. document.getElementById('work-metadata-view-count')?.parentNode?.remove(); throw new Error(`Failed to parse view count: ${viewCount}`, error); } }; // If the DOM is still loading, wait for it to be ready before updating the view count. if (document.readyState === "loading") { document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', () => { updateViewCount(viewCount); }); // Otherwise, just update it immediately. } else { updateViewCount(viewCount); } })();</script></div><p class="ds-work-card--work-abstract ds-work-card--detail ds2-5-body-md">Heavy metal pollution is one of the most serious environmental problems, and regulations are becoming stricter. Many efforts have been made to develop sensors for monitoring heavy metals in the environment. This review aims at presenting the different label-free strategies used to develop electrochemical sensors for the detection of heavy metals such as lead, cadmium, mercury, arsenic etc. The first part of this review will be dedicated to stripping voltammetry techniques, on unmodified electrodes (mercury, bismuth or noble metals in the bulk form), or electrodes modified at their surface by nanoparticles, nanostructures (CNT, graphene) or other innovative materials such as boron-doped diamond. The second part will be dedicated to chemically modified electrodes especially those with conducting polymers. The last part of this review will focus on bio-modified electrodes. Special attention will be paid to strategies using biomolecules (DNA, peptide or proteins), enzymes or whole cells.</p><div class="ds-work-card--button-container"><button class="ds2-5-button js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"continue-reading-button--work-card","attachmentId":72732937,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":"https://www.academia.edu/58212445/Modified_Electrodes_Used_for_Electrochemical_Detection_of_Metal_Ions_in_Environmental_Analysis"}">See full PDF</button><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--secondary js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"download-pdf-button--work-card","attachmentId":72732937,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":"https://www.academia.edu/58212445/Modified_Electrodes_Used_for_Electrochemical_Detection_of_Metal_Ions_in_Environmental_Analysis"}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span>Download PDF</button></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-trigger-container"><div class="ds-signup-banner-trigger ds-signup-banner-trigger-control"></div></div><div class="ds-signup-banner ds-signup-banner-control"><div id="ds-signup-banner-close-button"><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--secondary ds2-5-button--inverse"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">close</span></button></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-ctas" data-impression-entity-id="58212445" data-impression-entity-type="2" data-impression-source="signup-banner"><img src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/academia-logo-capital-white.svg" /><h4 class="ds2-5-heading-serif-sm">Sign up for access to the world's latest research</h4><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--inverse ds2-5-button--full-width js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"signup-banner"}">Sign up for free<span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">arrow_forward</span></button></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-divider"></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-reasons"><div class="ds-signup-banner-reasons-item"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 24px" translate="no">check</span><span>Get notified about relevant papers</span></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-reasons-item"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 24px" translate="no">check</span><span>Save papers to use in your research</span></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-reasons-item"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 24px" translate="no">check</span><span>Join the discussion with peers</span></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-reasons-item"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 24px" translate="no">check</span><span>Track your impact</span></div></div></div><script>(() => { // Set up signup banner show/hide behavior: // 1. 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Heavy metals in environment and in different solutions can be detected electrochemically using modified electrodes at their surface by nanoparticles, nanostructures (CNT, grapheme), and modified electrodes conducting polymers(such as chemically modify the surface, doping and copolymerization of conducting polymers).Electrochemical detection of heavy metals such as Lead(Pb +2), Cadmium(Cd +2), Mercury(Hg +2), .etc is required so they are toxic (1, †, 2, & † and Benoit Piro 3, 2015,).Electrochemical detection of Copper(Cu +2) and Lead(Pb +2) is also developed using modified carbon paste electrodes. Electrochemical detection has several advantages over these methods in their simplicity, fast response, and suitability for the preparation of inexpensive and portable instrumentations (Xia, Zhang, Zhou, Sun, Dong, & Liu, 2010). Among various modification approaches, conducting polymers (CPs) have received considerable attention due to their superior electrical conductivities, good adhesion properties and easy preparation.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"MODIFIED ELECTRODES USED FOR ELECTROCHEMICAL DETECTION OF METAL IONS (MAINLY HEAVY METALS","attachmentId":45501812,"attachmentType":"docx","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/25186891/MODIFIED_ELECTRODES_USED_FOR_ELECTROCHEMICAL_DETECTION_OF_METAL_IONS_MAINLY_HEAVY_METALS","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/25186891/MODIFIED_ELECTRODES_USED_FOR_ELECTROCHEMICAL_DETECTION_OF_METAL_IONS_MAINLY_HEAVY_METALS"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="1" data-entity-id="102687097" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/102687097/Development_fo_electrochemical_sensors_for_heavy_metal_ions_detection_in_environmental_samples">Development fo electrochemical sensors for heavy metal ions detection in environmental samples</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="16784105" href="https://mmu.academia.edu/rashidkadara">rashid kadara</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">2004</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">The work presented in this thesis was concerned with the development of single-use drop-on sensors incorporating a three-electrode configuration (graphite carbonworking electrode, carbon-counter electrode and silver/silver chloride -reference electrode) for on-site detection of toxic heavy metals in various environmental matrices. The fabricated three-electrode configuration system was coupled with square-wave anodic stripping voltammetry (SWASV) or constant current stripping chronopotentiometry (CCSCP) in order to provide a means of a relatively inexpensive on-site detector for trace levels of lead (II), copper (II) and cadmium (II). Detections and determinations of these metals were carried out on bare screen-printed carbon electrodes (SPCEs), mercury film SPCE, bismuth film SPCE and SPCEs modified with Nafion, 2,5-Dimercapto-1, 3, 4-thiadiazole (DMTD), bismuth oxide (E^Os) and polyethyleneimine (PEI) using the optimised procedures developed for measurements. With the optimised working conditions, the results obtained indicate that the screen-printed electrochemical sensors are sensitive and reproducible enough for the CCSCP and SWASV determination of lead, copper and cadmium in the microgram per litre -milligram per litre range. Limits of detection below 20 jag I"1 were estimated for the trace metal detection of lead, copper and cadmium on both the bismuth and mercury film electrodes. For the bare SPCE, detection limits of 35, 45 and 59 pig I'1 were obtained for lead, cadmium and copper detection using CCSCP. The reproducibility of the measurements, which also contributed to the interest in developing the electrochemical sensing devices for metal ions, was below 15 % for the bare SPCE, bismuth film SPCE, and mercury film SPCE. Modifications of SPCEs with an ion-exchanger (Nafion) and a complexing agent (DMTD) provided means of increasing the sensitivity of stripping response obtained at the bare SPCE. Detection limits of 20 and 22 pg I"1 were estimated for lead (II) measurements at the Nafion modified SPCE and at the screen-printed DMTD modified electrode, respectively. • Dr. D. W.M. Anigan for his continued scientific support. • Prof. M. Valiente (UAB, Barcelona, Spain) and Tecnicas de Protection Ambiental S.A. (TPA, Madrid, Spain) for providing the samples and analytical data used as part of the studies. • My colleagues (Greg, Belen, Nizal) at the Cranfield Biotechnology Centre as well as others at IB ST, Silsoe. • The European Union for funding the DIMDESMOTOM project on the development of improved sensitive and robust sensing devices capable of real time and on-site detection analysis of toxic heavy metal in various environmental matrices. • Family and friends for their patience and understanding. • To almighty God for his mercy, protection and guidance.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Development fo electrochemical sensors for heavy metal ions detection in environmental samples","attachmentId":102891023,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/102687097/Development_fo_electrochemical_sensors_for_heavy_metal_ions_detection_in_environmental_samples","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/102687097/Development_fo_electrochemical_sensors_for_heavy_metal_ions_detection_in_environmental_samples"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="2" data-entity-id="21492930" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/21492930/Electrochemical_sensors_and_devices_for_heavy_metals_assay_in_water_the_French_groups_contribution">Electrochemical sensors and devices for heavy metals assay in water: the French groups' contribution</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="47533570" href="https://independent.academia.edu/LucaPujol">Luca Pujol</a><span>, </span><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="42580723" href="https://bip31.academia.edu/PierreGros">Pierre Gros</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Frontiers in Chemistry, 2014</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">A great challenge in the area of heavy metal trace detection is the development of electrochemical techniques and devices which are user-friendly, robust, selective, with low detection limits and allowing fast analyses. This review presents the major contribution of the French scientific academic community in the field of electrochemical sensors and electroanalytical methods within the last 20 years. From the well-known polarography to the up-to-date generation of functionalized interfaces, the different strategies dedicated to analytical performances improvement are exposed: stripping voltammetry, solid mercury-free electrode, ion selective sensor, carbon based materials, chemically modified electrodes, nano-structured surfaces. The paper particularly emphasizes their advantages and limits face to the last Water Frame Directive devoted to the Environmental Quality Standards for heavy metals. Recent trends on trace metal speciation as well as on automatic "on line" monitoring devices are also evoked.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Electrochemical sensors and devices for heavy metals assay in water: the French groups' contribution","attachmentId":41924658,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/21492930/Electrochemical_sensors_and_devices_for_heavy_metals_assay_in_water_the_French_groups_contribution","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/21492930/Electrochemical_sensors_and_devices_for_heavy_metals_assay_in_water_the_French_groups_contribution"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="3" data-entity-id="120685419" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/120685419/Recent_Advances_and_Perspective_on_Design_and_Synthesis_of_Electrode_Materials_for_Electrochemical_Sensing_of_Heavy_Metals">Recent Advances and Perspective on Design and Synthesis of Electrode Materials for Electrochemical Sensing of Heavy Metals</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="10581039" href="https://hust-cn.academia.edu/kemalzeinu">kemal zeinu</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">ENERGY &amp; ENVIRONMENTAL MATERIALS, 2018</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">The increase in release of toxic heavy metals into natural water attracts much attention due to its devastating effect on ecology and human health. The design and implementation of green electrode materials is pivotal for improving the electrochemical performance of in situ heavy metal monitoring. This work reviews various novel electrode materials and hybrid materials that improve electrochemical detection. Modified green and novel electrode materials offer better performance due to their improved deposition with wide linear and enhanced response under optimized sensing parameters. In particular, recent works related to gold, carbon materials, bismuth, and metal oxide‐based electrodes are reviewed. The environmentally friendly (“green”) characteristics, as well as their versatility and flexibility, are especially emphasized. In addition, synthesis methods and novel designs of electrode integration are highlighted. Most of the substantial achievements as well as breakthroughs in rec...</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Recent Advances and Perspective on Design and Synthesis of Electrode Materials for Electrochemical Sensing of Heavy Metals","attachmentId":115757051,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/120685419/Recent_Advances_and_Perspective_on_Design_and_Synthesis_of_Electrode_Materials_for_Electrochemical_Sensing_of_Heavy_Metals","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/120685419/Recent_Advances_and_Perspective_on_Design_and_Synthesis_of_Electrode_Materials_for_Electrochemical_Sensing_of_Heavy_Metals"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="4" data-entity-id="7522448" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/7522448/Electrochemical_Sensors_for_the_Detection_of_Lead_and_Other_Toxic_Heavy_Metals_The_Next_Generation_of_Personal_Exposure_Biomonitors">Electrochemical Sensors for the Detection of Lead and Other Toxic Heavy Metals: The Next Generation of Personal Exposure Biomonitors</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="13476839" href="https://independent.academia.edu/KitiyaHongsirikarn">Kitiya Hongsirikarn</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Environmental Health Perspectives, 2007</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">To support the development and implementation of biological monitoring programs, we need quantitative technologies for measuring xenobiotic exposure. Microanalytical based sensors that work with complex biomatrices such as blood, urine, or saliva are being developed and validated and will improve our ability to make definitive associations between chemical exposures and disease. Among toxic metals, lead continues to be one of the most problematic. Despite considerable efforts to identify and eliminate Pb exposure sources, this metal remains a significant health concern, particularly for young children. Ongoing research focuses on the development of portable metal analyzers that have many advantages over current available technologies, thus potentially representing the next generation of toxic metal analyzers. In this article, we highlight the development and validation of two classes of metal analyzers for the voltammetric detection of Pb, including: a) an analyzer based on flow injection analysis and anodic stripping voltammetry at a mercuryfilm electrode, and b) Hg-free metal analyzers employing adsorptive stripping voltammetry and novel nanostructure materials that include the self-assembled monolayers on mesoporous supports and carbon nanotubes. These sensors have been optimized to detect Pb in urine, blood, and saliva as accurately as the state-of-the-art inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry with high reproducibility, and sensitivity allows. These improved and portable analytical sensor platforms will facilitate our ability to conduct biological monitoring programs to understand the relationship between chemical exposure assessment and disease outcomes.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Electrochemical Sensors for the Detection of Lead and Other Toxic Heavy Metals: The Next Generation of Personal Exposure Biomonitors","attachmentId":48437217,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/7522448/Electrochemical_Sensors_for_the_Detection_of_Lead_and_Other_Toxic_Heavy_Metals_The_Next_Generation_of_Personal_Exposure_Biomonitors","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/7522448/Electrochemical_Sensors_for_the_Detection_of_Lead_and_Other_Toxic_Heavy_Metals_The_Next_Generation_of_Personal_Exposure_Biomonitors"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="5" data-entity-id="118679236" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/118679236/An_Electrochemical_Sensor_for_Determination_of_Ultratrace_Cd_Cu_and_Hg_in_Water_Samples_by_Modified_Carbon_Paste_Electrode_Base_on_a_New_Schiff_Base_Ligand">An Electrochemical Sensor for Determination of Ultratrace Cd, Cu and Hg in Water Samples by Modified Carbon Paste Electrode Base on a New Schiff Base Ligand</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="228545498" href="https://independent.academia.edu/MahmoodPayehghadr">Mahmood Payehghadr</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Electroanalysis, 2015</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"An Electrochemical Sensor for Determination of Ultratrace Cd, Cu and Hg in Water Samples by Modified Carbon Paste Electrode Base on a New Schiff Base Ligand","attachmentId":114248289,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/118679236/An_Electrochemical_Sensor_for_Determination_of_Ultratrace_Cd_Cu_and_Hg_in_Water_Samples_by_Modified_Carbon_Paste_Electrode_Base_on_a_New_Schiff_Base_Ligand","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/118679236/An_Electrochemical_Sensor_for_Determination_of_Ultratrace_Cd_Cu_and_Hg_in_Water_Samples_by_Modified_Carbon_Paste_Electrode_Base_on_a_New_Schiff_Base_Ligand"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="6" data-entity-id="35886807" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/35886807/Highly_sensitive_and_selective_electrochemical_sensor_for_the_trace_level_detection_of_mercury_and_cadmium">Highly sensitive and selective electrochemical sensor for the trace level detection of mercury and cadmium</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="49108601" href="https://independent.academia.edu/anumzahid4">anum zahid</a><span>, </span><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="76303040" href="https://independent.academia.edu/AftabSaima">Saima Aftab</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">In the present work we report the development of a novel electrochemical sensor associated with high sensitivity, selectivity, cost affordability and fast sensing ability. We used 1-phenyl-N-(pyridin-2-ylmethyl)ethanamine (PPE) as a recognition layer over the surface of glassy carbon electrode for the trace level detection of mercuric (Hg 2þ) and cadmium (Cd 2þ) ions. The effects of pH, temperature, concentration of the modifier, accumulation time, deposition potential and supporting electrolytes were examined to optimize conditions for achieving the best sensing response of the analytes. The designed sensors demonstrated good percentage recovery, remarkable electrocatalytic activity and excellent discrimination ability for the target analytes in the presence of interfering metal ions. The wide linearity range and quite lower detection limits of 0.1 nM and 0.8 nM for Hg þ2 and Cd þ2 ions suggested the promising candidature of the designed sensor for monitoring heavy metal ions in aqueous systems.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Highly sensitive and selective electrochemical sensor for the trace level detection of mercury and cadmium","attachmentId":55766892,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/35886807/Highly_sensitive_and_selective_electrochemical_sensor_for_the_trace_level_detection_of_mercury_and_cadmium","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/35886807/Highly_sensitive_and_selective_electrochemical_sensor_for_the_trace_level_detection_of_mercury_and_cadmium"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="7" data-entity-id="111602308" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/111602308/Metallic_Nanoparticles_for_Modification_of_Electrodes_for_Heavy_Metals_Detection">Metallic Nanoparticles for Modification of Electrodes for Heavy Metals Detection</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="9861690" href="https://independent.academia.edu/SalamatuUpm">Salamatu A L I Y U Hayatu</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Asian Journal of Chemistry, 2015</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Nanoparticles are normally found in the range of 1-100 nm in size, nanoparticles possess unique chemical, physical and electronic properties that are different from those of the bulk materials 1-3 and thus can be used to construct novel and improved sensing devices, in particular, electrochemical sensors and biosensors 4-9. In present years, the study of nanoparticle materials is gaining more attention particularly with respect to metallic nanoparticles. Subsequently, it has become an active area of research in environmental analysis, owning to their unique properties such as high active surface area, increased mass transport, lower detection limit and better signal-to-voice ratio. Nanoparticles are mostly applied on electrode surface by chemical synthesis using different methods that include; reduction 10 , UV light or electron-beam irradiation 11 and electrochemical techniques 12-14 , where the latter provides an easy and rapid alternative for the preparation of metallic nanoparticle electrodes in short period of time. Table-1 provides a list of various nanoparticles applied for heavy metals determination. Gold nanoparticle (AuNPs): Much interest was focused on gold nanoparticles due to its electronic, thermal and optical properties, high catalytic properties, good biocompatibility, excellent conducting capability and high surface-to-volume ratio. Unfortunately the major drawback of gold based electrode is the well-known phenomenon of structural changes on the surface caused by amalgam formation in mercury detection.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Metallic Nanoparticles for Modification of Electrodes for Heavy Metals Detection","attachmentId":109093053,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/111602308/Metallic_Nanoparticles_for_Modification_of_Electrodes_for_Heavy_Metals_Detection","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/111602308/Metallic_Nanoparticles_for_Modification_of_Electrodes_for_Heavy_Metals_Detection"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="8" data-entity-id="104296842" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/104296842/Electrochemical_sensors_for_heavy_metals_detection_in_liquid_media">Electrochemical sensors for heavy metals detection in liquid media</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="204693482" href="https://independent.academia.edu/IrinaKleps">Irina Kleps</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">International Journal of Environmental Analytical Chemistry, 2005</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">⎯Electrochemical methods for heavy metals detection have attracted considerable attention due to their simplicity, rapidity and high sensitivity. Voltammetric methods are a valid and very effective alternative for the simultaneous determination of heavy metals. An independent atomic absorption spectroscopic analysis of the seaweed sample was carried out and the results were compared with the World Health Organization permissible limits. The sample was clearly observed in the atomic force microscopic images, characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction analysis. The electrochemical behavior of heavy metals on a bare glassy carbon electrode and a multiwalled carbon nanotubes modified glassy carbon electrode was studied by cyclic voltammetry, linear sweep anodic voltammetry, square wave anodic voltammetry and differential pulse anodic voltammetry. Very good responses were observed for all the metals when the modified electrode was employed.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Electrochemical sensors for heavy metals detection in liquid media","attachmentId":104065017,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/104296842/Electrochemical_sensors_for_heavy_metals_detection_in_liquid_media","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/104296842/Electrochemical_sensors_for_heavy_metals_detection_in_liquid_media"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="9" data-entity-id="29732801" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/29732801/Phytochelatin_Modified_Electrode_Surface_as_a_Sensitive_Heavy_Metal_Ion_Biosensor">Phytochelatin Modified Electrode Surface as a Sensitive Heavy- Metal Ion Biosensor</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="56323193" href="https://independent.academia.edu/FrantisekJelen">Frantisek Jelen</a><span>, </span><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="39050930" href="https://independent.academia.edu/JPetrlov%C3%A1">J. Petrlová</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Sensors, 2005</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Electrochemical biosensors have superior properties over other existing measurement systems because they can provide rapid, simple and low-cost on-field determination of many biological active species and a number of dangerous pollutants. In our work, we suggested a new heavy metal biosensor based on interaction of heavy metal ions (Cd 2+ and Zn 2+ ) with phytochelatin, which was adsorbed on the surface of the hanging mercury drop electrode, using adsorptive transfer stripping differential pulse voltammetry. In addition, we applied the suggested technique for the determination of heavy metals in a biological sample -human urine and platinum in a pharmaceutical drug. The detection limits (3 S/N) of Cd(II), Zn(II) and cis-platin were about 1.0, 13.3 and 1.9 pmole in 5 µl, respectively. On the basis of the obtained results, we propose that the suggested technique offers simple, rapid, and low-cost detection of heavy metals in environmental, biological and medical samples.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Phytochelatin Modified Electrode Surface as a Sensitive Heavy- Metal Ion Biosensor","attachmentId":50188317,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/29732801/Phytochelatin_Modified_Electrode_Surface_as_a_Sensitive_Heavy_Metal_Ion_Biosensor","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/29732801/Phytochelatin_Modified_Electrode_Surface_as_a_Sensitive_Heavy_Metal_Ion_Biosensor"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div></div></div><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--wrapper js-loswp-sticky-ctas hidden"><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--grid-container"><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--container"><button class="ds2-5-button js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"continue-reading-button--sticky-ctas","attachmentId":72732937,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":null}">See full PDF</button><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--secondary js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"download-pdf-button--sticky-ctas","attachmentId":72732937,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":null}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span>Download PDF</button></div></div></div><div class="ds-below-fold--grid-container"><div class="ds-work--container js-loswp-embedded-document"><div class="attachment_preview" data-attachment="Attachment_72732937" style="display: none"><div class="js-scribd-document-container"><div class="scribd--document-loading js-scribd-document-loader" style="display: block;"><img alt="Loading..." src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/loaders/paper-load.gif" /><p>Loading Preview</p></div></div><div style="text-align: center;"><div class="scribd--no-preview-alert js-preview-unavailable"><p>Sorry, preview is currently unavailable. You can download the paper by clicking the button above.</p></div></div></div></div><div class="ds-sidebar--container js-work-sidebar"><div class="ds-related-content--container"><h2 class="ds-related-content--heading">Related papers</h2><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card" data-collection-position="0" data-entity-id="85639208" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/85639208/A_review_on_various_electrochemical_techniques_for_heavy_metal_ions_detection_with_different_sensing_platforms">A review on various electrochemical techniques for heavy metal ions detection with different sensing platforms</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="6587504" href="https://futureimt.academia.edu/DrBabankumarBansod">Dr Babankumar Bansod</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Biosensors and Bioelectronics, 2017</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"A review on various electrochemical techniques for heavy metal ions detection with different sensing platforms","attachmentId":90275719,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/85639208/A_review_on_various_electrochemical_techniques_for_heavy_metal_ions_detection_with_different_sensing_platforms","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-related-work-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/85639208/A_review_on_various_electrochemical_techniques_for_heavy_metal_ions_detection_with_different_sensing_platforms"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card" data-collection-position="1" data-entity-id="15733355" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/15733355/Metal_ion_analysis_in_contaminated_water_samples_using_anodic_stripping_voltammetry_and_a_nanocrystalline_diamond_thin_film_electrode">Metal ion analysis in contaminated water samples using anodic stripping voltammetry and a nanocrystalline diamond thin-film electrode</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="34923542" href="https://independent.academia.edu/GregSwain2">Greg Swain</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Analytica Chimica Acta, 2004</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Metal ion analysis in contaminated water samples using anodic stripping voltammetry and a nanocrystalline diamond thin-film electrode","attachmentId":42921549,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/15733355/Metal_ion_analysis_in_contaminated_water_samples_using_anodic_stripping_voltammetry_and_a_nanocrystalline_diamond_thin_film_electrode","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-related-work-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/15733355/Metal_ion_analysis_in_contaminated_water_samples_using_anodic_stripping_voltammetry_and_a_nanocrystalline_diamond_thin_film_electrode"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card" data-collection-position="2" data-entity-id="73741347" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/73741347/Voltammetric_determination_of_metal_ions_beyond_mercury_electrodes_A_review">Voltammetric determination of metal ions beyond mercury electrodes. 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