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<div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Long_Range_Aviation" title="Ukrainian Long Range Aviation">Ukrainian Long Range Aviation</a>.</div> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" 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decoding="async" width="42" height="34" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg/63px-Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg/84px-Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="360" data-file-height="290" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article's <b><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Accuracy_dispute" title="Wikipedia:Accuracy dispute">factual accuracy</a> may be compromised due to out-of-date information</b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">April 2017</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%95%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%86%D1%96%D1%8F_%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%96%D0%B2_%D0%94%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D1%8C%D0%BE%D1%97_%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%96%D1%97_%D1%83_%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%96.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/%D0%95%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%86%D1%96%D1%8F_%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%96%D0%B2_%D0%94%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D1%8C%D0%BE%D1%97_%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%96%D1%97_%D1%83_%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%96.png/350px-%D0%95%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%86%D1%96%D1%8F_%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%96%D0%B2_%D0%94%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D1%8C%D0%BE%D1%97_%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%96%D1%97_%D1%83_%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%96.png" decoding="async" width="350" height="127" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/%D0%95%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%86%D1%96%D1%8F_%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%96%D0%B2_%D0%94%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D1%8C%D0%BE%D1%97_%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%96%D1%97_%D1%83_%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%96.png/525px-%D0%95%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%86%D1%96%D1%8F_%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%96%D0%B2_%D0%94%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D1%8C%D0%BE%D1%97_%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%96%D1%97_%D1%83_%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%96.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/%D0%95%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%86%D1%96%D1%8F_%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%96%D0%B2_%D0%94%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D1%8C%D0%BE%D1%97_%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%96%D1%97_%D1%83_%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%96.png/700px-%D0%95%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%86%D1%96%D1%8F_%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%96%D0%B2_%D0%94%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D1%8C%D0%BE%D1%97_%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%96%D1%97_%D1%83_%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%96.png 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="580" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Tu-95" class="mw-redirect" title="Tu-95">Tu-95</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tu-22" class="mw-redirect" title="Tu-22">Tu-22</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tu-22M" class="mw-redirect" title="Tu-22M">Tu-22M</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tu-160" class="mw-redirect" title="Tu-160">Tu-160</a> Long-Range Aviation aircraft</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Long-Range Aviation</b> (Russian: <span title="Russian-language text"><span lang="ru">Авиация Дальнего Действия</span></span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Russian" title="Romanization of Russian">romanized</a>:</small> <span title="Russian-language romanization"><i lang="ru-Latn">Aviatsiya dal'nego deystviya</i></span>, literally <i>Aviation of Distant Action</i> and abbreviated <b>DA,</b>) is a sub-branch of the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Aerospace_Forces" title="Russian Aerospace Forces">Russian Aerospace Forces</a> responsible for delivering long-range nuclear or conventional strikes by aircraft (rather than missiles). The Russian Long Range Aviation and its now-dissolved <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Long_Range_Aviation" title="Ukrainian Long Range Aviation">Ukrainian counterpart</a> were both previously part of the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Air_Forces" title="Soviet Air Forces">Soviet Air Forces</a>, before it was split into the Air Forces of its many successor states, most notably the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Air_Force" title="Russian Air Force">Russian Air Force</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Air_Force" title="Ukrainian Air Force">Ukrainian Air Force</a>. Those branches were tasked with <a href="/wiki/Strategic_bombing" title="Strategic bombing">long-range bombardment of strategic targets</a> with <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_weapon" title="Nuclear weapon">nuclear weapons</a>. </p><p>During the <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a>, the Long-Range Aviation of the Air Forces (DA VS) was the rough Soviet equivalent to the <a href="/wiki/French_Air_Force" class="mw-redirect" title="French Air Force">French Air Force</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Forces_a%C3%A9riennes_strat%C3%A9giques" class="mw-redirect" title="Forces aériennes stratégiques">Forces aériennes stratégiques</a> (1964-present); the British <a href="/wiki/RAF_Bomber_Command" title="RAF Bomber Command">RAF Bomber Command</a> (1936-68); and the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Air_Force" title="United States Air Force">United States Air Force</a> (USAF) <a href="/wiki/Strategic_Air_Command" title="Strategic Air Command">Strategic Air Command</a> (1946-1992). In the early 2020s there are roughly-equivalent structures within the <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Liberation_Army_Air_Force" title="People's Liberation Army Air Force">People's Liberation Army Air Force</a> and in the USAF <a href="/wiki/Air_Force_Global_Strike_Command" title="Air Force Global Strike Command">Air Force Global Strike Command</a>. </p><p>Long-Range Aviation traces its history to the Aviation of Distant Action, AДД, or <b>ADD,</b> <i>Авиация дальнего действия,</i> and the 18th Air Army of the <a href="/wiki/Second_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second World War">Second World War</a> and beforehand. This article sketches the development of Soviet and Russian long-range bomber forces from their origins in the mid-1930s. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Origins,_1936-1940"><span id="Origins.2C_1936-1940"></span>Origins, 1936-1940</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Long-Range_Aviation&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Origins, 1936-1940"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The first three Air Armies, designated <a href="/wiki/Air_army_(Soviet_Union)" title="Air army (Soviet Union)">Air Armies</a> of Specific Purpose (or Particular Purpose) were created between 1936 and 1938. </p><p>In accordance with the predominant <a href="/wiki/Deep_operation" title="Deep operation">Deep operations</a> doctrine, the <a href="/wiki/Red_Army" title="Red Army">Red Army</a> was reorganized into six echelons, of which the long-range aviation was the 1st echelon. The 2nd echelon consisted of: heavy tanks; the 3rd echelon: medium and light tanks; the 4th echelon: the motorised infantry; the 5th echelon: heavy artillery; and the 6th echelon comprised the Main Force: the rifle troops, with their own integral tank support.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The 1st Specific Purpose Air Army was formed on 8 January 1936 as 1st Air Army of the General Reserve Command (Specific Purpose Army - 1) (<i>1-я авиационная армия резерва главного командования (РГК)</i> (<i>АОН – 1</i>)) headquartered at <a href="/wiki/Monino_Airfield" class="mw-redirect" title="Monino Airfield">Monino Airfield</a>. The initial <a href="/wiki/TO%26E" class="mw-redirect" title="TO&E">TO&E</a> established by the General Staff included two heavy-bomber air brigades (of <a href="/wiki/Tupolev_TB-3" title="Tupolev TB-3">Tupolev TB-3</a>), one fast-bomber air brigade (of <a href="/wiki/Tupolev_SB" title="Tupolev SB">Tupolev SB</a>) and one fighter air brigade. As the <a href="/wiki/Ilyushin_DB-3" title="Ilyushin DB-3">Ilyushin DB-3</a> entered service, they formed long-range bomber squadrons. </p><p>The 2nd Air Army was created on 15 March 1937 in the Far East, headquartered in <a href="/wiki/Khabarovsk" title="Khabarovsk">Khabarovsk</a>. The 3rd Air Army was created on 21 May 1938 in the <a href="/wiki/North_Caucasus_Military_District" title="North Caucasus Military District">North Caucasus Military District</a>, headquartered in <a href="/wiki/Rostov-on-Don" title="Rostov-on-Don">Rostov-on-Don</a>. </p><p>On 20 October 1939 the three air armies' order of battle included: </p> <ul><li>1st Specific Purpose Army (<a href="/wiki/Monino_Airfield" class="mw-redirect" title="Monino Airfield">Monino</a>) <ul><li>27th Aviation Brigade at <a href="/wiki/Monino_Airfield" class="mw-redirect" title="Monino Airfield">Monino</a> (9th Air Base) <ul><li>21st and the 53rd Long Range Bomber Air Regiments</li></ul></li> <li>13th Aviation Brigade at <a href="/wiki/Migalovo_(air_base)" class="mw-redirect" title="Migalovo (air base)">Migalovo</a> (24th Air Base) <ul><li>41st Fast Bomber Air Regiment and</li> <li>6th Long Range Bomber Air Regiment at <a href="/wiki/Ivanovo" title="Ivanovo">Ivanovo</a> (12th Air Base)</li></ul></li></ul></li> <li>2nd Specific Purpose Army (<a href="/wiki/Voronezh" title="Voronezh">Voronezh</a>) <ul><li>64th Aviation Brigade at <a href="/wiki/Voronezh" title="Voronezh">Voronezh</a> (112th Air Base) <ul><li>7th and the 42nd Long Range Bomber Air Regiments</li></ul></li> <li>30th Aviation Brigade at <a href="/wiki/Kursk" title="Kursk">Kursk</a> (115th Air Base) <ul><li>51st Fast Bomber Air Regiment and</li> <li>45th Long Range Bomber Air Regiment at <a href="/wiki/Oryol" title="Oryol">Oryol</a> (141st Air Base)</li></ul></li></ul></li> <li>3rd Specific Purpose Army (<a href="/wiki/Rostov-on-Don" title="Rostov-on-Don">Rostov-on-Don</a>) <ul><li>3rd Aviation Brigade at <a href="/wiki/Rostov-on-Don" title="Rostov-on-Don">Rostov-on-Don</a> (12th Air Base) <ul><li>1st Heavy Bomber Air Regiment and</li> <li>12th Long Range Bomber Air Regiment at <a href="/wiki/Novocherkassk" title="Novocherkassk">Novocherkassk</a> (7th Air Base)</li></ul></li> <li>7th Aviation Brigade at <a href="/wiki/Zaporizhia" class="mw-redirect" title="Zaporizhia">Zaporizhia</a> (16th Air Base) <ul><li>8th and 11th Long Range Bomber Air Regiments</li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> <p>On 5 November 1940 the three Specific Purpose Air Armies were disbanded, due to their poor combat performance during the <a href="/wiki/Winter_War" title="Winter War">Winter War</a> with Finland.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The three armies were restructured as an integrated: Long-Range Bomber Aviation of the <a href="/wiki/Stavka" title="Stavka">Stavka</a>, the Red Army supreme command (<i>Дальнебомбардировочная авиация Главного командования Красной Армии</i> (<i><b>ДБА ГК</b></i>)). The structure now comprised: five air corps, three separate air divisions and one separate air regiment. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Second_World_War">Second World War</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Long-Range_Aviation&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Second World War"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The crews of the DBA GK performed their first combat sorties on June 22, 1941, bombing enemy troop concentrations in the <a href="/wiki/Suwa%C5%82ki" title="Suwałki">Suwałki</a> and <a href="/wiki/Przemy%C5%9Bl" title="Przemyśl">Przemyśl</a> areas. On June 23, long-range bombers together with Soviet <a href="/wiki/Naval_aviation" title="Naval aviation">naval aviation</a> bombed <a href="/wiki/Danzig" class="mw-redirect" title="Danzig">Danzig</a>, <a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6nigsberg" title="Königsberg">Königsberg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Warsaw" title="Warsaw">Warsaw</a>, <a href="/wiki/Krak%C3%B3w" title="Kraków">Kraków</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Bucharest" title="Bucharest">Bucharest</a>. On the night of August 10–11 of the same year, naval aviation bombers of the <a href="/wiki/Baltic_Fleet" title="Baltic Fleet">Baltic Fleet</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=81st_Heavy_Bomber_Aviation_Division&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="81st Heavy Bomber Aviation Division (page does not exist)">81st Heavy Bomber Aviation Division</a> <i>DBA GK</i> launched an air strike on the capital of the Reich, the city of <a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a>. </p><p>In the difficult initial period of the war, the centralized control principal of the DBA GK was violated, large losses of aircraft and crews, and formations were constantly reorganised. The forces of the DBA of the Red Army Civil Code were divided into small groups, as a result, 74% of all <a href="/w/index.php?title=Aircraft_sorties&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aircraft sorties (page does not exist)">aircraft sorties</a> were <i>lone rangers</i>, for 1941, were produced with the aim of directly supporting the troops on the battlefield, which was not the force's main purpose. </p><p>In August 1941, the Supreme High Command had to abolish the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Corps_link&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Corps link (page does not exist)">corps link</a> command and control from the DBA GK, since the loss of forces reached 65% of the original composition in June of the same year, and in the Active Army only seven air divisions remained. The state of affairs in the DBA GK, by the beginning of 1942, left much to be desired, therefore, in order to preserve the forces of the DBA GK, centralize their control, and ensure their massive use by the VGK, they decided and created Long-Range Aviation (ADD), as a separate branch of the Air Force, by the decree of the <a href="/wiki/State_Defence_Committee" class="mw-redirect" title="State Defence Committee">State Defence Committee</a>, dated March 5, 1942<sup id="cite_ref-KPRF_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KPRF-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in order to carry out strategically important tasks: </p> <ul><li>bombing strikes on administrative-political and military targets deep behind enemy lines;</li> <li>Violations of enemy transport communications;</li> <li>destruction of <a href="/wiki/Warehouse" title="Warehouse">warehouses</a> in the near rear;</li> <li>Bombardment of the enemy on the <a href="/wiki/Front_line" title="Front line">front line</a> to support strategic operations.</li></ul> <p>In addition, the ADD (including the Civil Air Fleet, GVF, which is part of it) was widely used to provide <a href="/w/index.php?title=Partisan_war&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Partisan war (page does not exist)">partisan movement</a> both on <a href="/w/index.php?title=Occupation_of_the_territory_of_the_USSR_by_the_troops_of_Nazi_Germany_and_its_allies&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Occupation of the territory of the USSR by the troops of Nazi Germany and its allies (page does not exist)">occupied territory of the USSR</a>, and in <a href="/wiki/Yugoslavia" title="Yugoslavia">Yugoslavia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Czechoslovakia" title="Czechoslovakia">Czechoslovakia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-KPRF_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KPRF-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and performing special tasks, such as delivery of <a href="/wiki/Intelligence" title="Intelligence">intelligences</a>, reconnaissance and <a href="/wiki/Sabotage_and_reconnaissance_group" class="mw-redirect" title="Sabotage and reconnaissance group">reconnaissance and sabotage groups</a>, providing assistance to the <a href="/wiki/Resistance_in_Axis-occupied_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="Resistance in Axis-occupied Europe">Resistance in Axis-occupied Europe</a> and many others. </p><p>Formations of the ADD were allocated from the <a href="/wiki/Red_Army_Air_Force" class="mw-redirect" title="Red Army Air Force">Red Army Air Force</a> directly subordinate to <a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Headquarters_of_the_Supreme_Commander-in-Chief&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The Headquarters of the Supreme Commander-in-Chief (page does not exist)">The Headquarters of the Supreme Commander-in-Chief</a> (SVGK). Eight long-range bomber <a href="/wiki/Aviation_Division" title="Aviation Division">Aviation Division</a>, several <a href="/wiki/Airfield" class="mw-redirect" title="Airfield">airfields</a> with a hard surface were transferred to long-range aviation, and a control, recruitment, logistics and repair system independent of the Red Army Air Force was created. </p><p>Long-range aviation at that time consisted of more than 1300 <a href="/wiki/TB-3" class="mw-redirect" title="TB-3">TB-3</a>, <a href="/wiki/Petlyakov_Pe-8" title="Petlyakov Pe-8">TB-7</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ilyushin_Il-4" title="Ilyushin Il-4">IL-4</a> bombers. </p><p>In 1941, LRA headquarters moved into the <a href="/wiki/Petrovsky_Palace" title="Petrovsky Palace">Petrovsky Palace</a> in Moscow. </p><p>On 5 March 1942, <a href="/wiki/Stavka" title="Stavka">Stavka</a> reorganized the Long-Range Bomber Aviation as an autonomous force: the Long-Range Aviation (<i>Авиация дальнего действия</i> (<i><b>АДД</b></i>)), under the command of <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Golovanov" title="Alexander Golovanov">Alexander Golovanov</a>. The force remained directly subordinate to Stavka and independent of the mainstream VVS-PVO. Its focus was strategic: bombing missions on administrative, political and military targets deep in the enemy's <a href="/wiki/Rear_(military)" title="Rear (military)">rear</a>; disruption of enemy transport networks; destruction of enemy logistics hubs, beyond the tactical <a href="/wiki/Front_(military)" title="Front (military)">front</a>; and specialist strategic missions. The core of this specialist bomber-force was the long-range <a href="/wiki/Ilyushin_Il-4" title="Ilyushin Il-4">Ilyushin Il-4</a> <a href="/wiki/Bomber" title="Bomber">bomber</a>, though <a href="/wiki/Petlyakov_Pe-8" title="Petlyakov Pe-8">Petlyakov Pe-8s</a> and other aircraft were also used. </p><p>Later, the mobilized <a href="/wiki/Civil_Air_Fleet" class="mw-redirect" title="Civil Air Fleet">Civil Air Fleet</a> was added to the ADD. This large and experienced transport force was widely used to support <a href="/wiki/Guerrilla_warfare" title="Guerrilla warfare">guerrillas</a> deep in the <a href="/wiki/Military_occupation" title="Military occupation">occupied</a> territory of the <a href="/wiki/USSR" class="mw-redirect" title="USSR">USSR</a>. Some missions later extended the support to include the partizans of <a href="/wiki/Yugoslavia" title="Yugoslavia">Yugoslavia</a>. </p><p>Throughout its existence, the ADD was part of the <a href="/wiki/Reserve_of_the_Supreme_High_Command" title="Reserve of the Supreme High Command">Reserve of the Supreme High Command</a> (RVGK) and took its orders from the <a href="/wiki/Commander-in-Chief" class="mw-redirect" title="Commander-in-Chief">Supreme Commander</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iosef_Stalin" class="mw-redirect" title="Iosef Stalin">Iosef Stalin</a>. </p><p>During the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Stalingrad" title="Battle of Stalingrad">Battle of Stalingrad</a>, the ADD, having taken crippling losses over the past 18 months, was restricted to flying at night. The Soviets flew 11,317 night sorties over Stalingrad and the <a href="/wiki/Don_River_(Russia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Don River (Russia)">Don</a> bend sector between 17 July and 19 November 1942. These raids caused little damage and were of nuisance value only.<sup id="cite_ref-Bergstrom2007_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bergstrom2007-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 82">: 82 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The five long-range bomber corps had, at various times, nearly 3000 aircraft, of which 1800 were combat aircraft.<sup id="cite_ref-ДальняяБомбардировочная_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ДальняяБомбардировочная-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The heavy bombers struck the cities of <a href="/wiki/Danzig" class="mw-redirect" title="Danzig">Danzig</a>, <a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6nigsberg" title="Königsberg">Königsberg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Krak%C3%B3w" title="Kraków">Kraków</a>, <a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Helsinki" title="Helsinki">Helsinki</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tallinn" title="Tallinn">Tallinn</a> and others. </p><p>The ADD took an active part in the operations in the <a href="/wiki/Baltic_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Baltic States">Baltic States</a>. On 9 March 1944 between 1500 and 2000 explosive incendiary bombs were dropped on residential areas of Tallinn. Results of two Soviet air raids: 40% of the buildings in the city destroyed, 463 dead, 649 injured and about 20,000 left without shelter. Harju Street was especially hard hit, along with the theater "Estonia", where a concert had just started. From 6 to 8 March 1944 the historical part of <a href="/wiki/Narva" title="Narva">Narva</a> was virtually wiped out; in the same month <a href="/wiki/Tartu" title="Tartu">Tartu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tapa,_Estonia" title="Tapa, Estonia">Tapa</a> and <a href="/wiki/J%C3%B5hvi" title="Jõhvi">Jõhvi</a> were also bombed.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the period July–December 1944, the ADD made more than 7,200 sorties, dropping about 62,000 <a href="/wiki/Bomb" title="Bomb">bombs</a> with a total weight of 7,600 tons.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="18th_Air_Army">18th Air Army</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Long-Range_Aviation&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: 18th Air Army"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On 6 December 1944, the ADD was disbanded as an autonomous force and integrated into the <a href="/wiki/Red_Army_Air_Force" class="mw-redirect" title="Red Army Air Force">Red Army Air Force</a>. However, it retained its identity and role as the <a href="/wiki/18th_Air_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="18th Air Army">18th Air Army</a> (Vozdushnaya Armiya VA).<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The composition of <a href="/wiki/18th_Air_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="18th Air Army">18th Air Army</a> included: </p> <ul><li>Headquarters</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1st_Guards_Smolensk_Long-Range_Bomber_Air_Corps&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1st Guards Smolensk Long-Range Bomber Air Corps (page does not exist)">1st Guards Smolensk Long-Range Bomber Air Corps</a><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=2nd_Guards_Bryansk_Long-Range_Bomber_Aviation_Corps&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2nd Guards Bryansk Long-Range Bomber Aviation Corps (page does not exist)">2nd Guards Bryansk Long-Range Bomber Aviation Corps</a><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=3rd_Guards_Stalingrad_Long-Range_Bomber_Aviation_Corps&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="3rd Guards Stalingrad Long-Range Bomber Aviation Corps (page does not exist)">3rd Guards Stalingrad Long-Range Bomber Aviation Corps</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=4th_Guards_Gomel_Long-Range_Bomber_Aviation_Corps&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="4th Guards Gomel Long-Range Bomber Aviation Corps (page does not exist)">4th Guards Gomel Long-Range Bomber Aviation Corps</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=6th_Long-Range_Aviation_Corps&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="6th Long-Range Aviation Corps (page does not exist)">6th Long-Range Aviation Corps</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=19th_Long-Range_Bomber_Aviation_Corps&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="19th Long-Range Bomber Aviation Corps (page does not exist)">19th Long-Range Bomber Aviation Corps</a> (until February 1945)</li> <li>Four separate bomber aviation divisions</li> <li><a href="/wiki/22nd_Guards_Heavy_Bomber_Aviation_Division" title="22nd Guards Heavy Bomber Aviation Division">62nd Air Division Long Range</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Long-Range_Aviation_of_the_Air_Forces_from_1946">Long-Range Aviation of the Air Forces from 1946</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Long-Range_Aviation&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Long-Range Aviation of the Air Forces from 1946"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Soviet_Bomber.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Soviet_Bomber.jpg/200px-Soviet_Bomber.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="210" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Soviet_Bomber.jpg/300px-Soviet_Bomber.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/81/Soviet_Bomber.jpg 2x" data-file-width="376" data-file-height="394" /></a><figcaption>Comparison of Soviet Strategic Aviation aircraft towards the end of the <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a></figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Soviet_Bomber_Line-up_%E2%80%93_Monino_27-8-2017_(24657726467).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Soviet_Bomber_Line-up_%E2%80%93_Monino_27-8-2017_%2824657726467%29.jpg/200px-Soviet_Bomber_Line-up_%E2%80%93_Monino_27-8-2017_%2824657726467%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Soviet_Bomber_Line-up_%E2%80%93_Monino_27-8-2017_%2824657726467%29.jpg/300px-Soviet_Bomber_Line-up_%E2%80%93_Monino_27-8-2017_%2824657726467%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Soviet_Bomber_Line-up_%E2%80%93_Monino_27-8-2017_%2824657726467%29.jpg/400px-Soviet_Bomber_Line-up_%E2%80%93_Monino_27-8-2017_%2824657726467%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5046" data-file-height="3364" /></a><figcaption>Line-up of Soviet Cold War heavy bombers of Soviet Strategic Aviation, from Tu-4 to Tu-22M</figcaption></figure> <p>After the <a href="/wiki/Second_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second World War">Second World War</a>, strategic bombers were regrouped within the Long-Range Aviation of the Armed Forces (DA VS) in April 1946.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The 7th Air Army in the West was reorganised as a long-range air army, the 3rd Air Army DA. The DA VS (<b>D</b>al'naya <b>A</b>viatsiya <b>V</b>ozdushnikh <b>S</b>yl - Long Range Aviation of Air Forces) consisted of: </p> <ul><li>the <a href="/w/index.php?title=1st_Air_Army_DA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1st Air Army DA (page does not exist)">1st Air Army DA</a> in <a href="/wiki/Smolensk" title="Smolensk">Smolensk</a>, commanded by Colonel-General of Aviation Nikolai Papivin (<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BD,_%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B9_%D0%A4%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87" class="extiw" title="ru:Папивин, Николай Филиппович">ru:Папивин,_Николай_Филиппович</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>the <a href="/w/index.php?title=2nd_Air_Army_DA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2nd Air Army DA (page does not exist)">2nd Air Army DA</a> in <a href="/wiki/Vinnitsa" class="mw-redirect" title="Vinnitsa">Vinnitsa</a>;</li> <li>the 3rd Air Army DA in <a href="/wiki/Khabarovsk" title="Khabarovsk">Khabarovsk</a>;</li></ul> <p>The 1st, 2nd, and 3rd Air Armies had established a reputation during the Second World War, for their work of direct tactical support to the Red Army ground forces. Therefore on 15 February 1949, the 1st Air Army DA was redesignated the 50th Air Army; the 2nd Air Army DA as the <a href="/wiki/43rd_Air_Army_DA" class="mw-redirect" title="43rd Air Army DA">43rd Air Army</a>; and the 3rd Air Army DA in the Far East the <a href="/wiki/65th_Air_Army" title="65th Air Army">65th Air Army</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As the 1940s closed and the <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a> dawned, the Soviet Union scrambled to develop an instrument that could strike the United States. The only substantial aircraft that it was equipped with was the <a href="/wiki/Tupolev_Tu-4" title="Tupolev Tu-4">Tupolev Tu-4</a> (ASCC "Bull"), an exact copy of the <a href="/wiki/Boeing_B-29_Superfortress" title="Boeing B-29 Superfortress">Boeing B-29 Superfortress</a>. This was fielded in 1949, and brought the first threat of attack to the United States, as missile technology at this time was still a decade away. However, the Tu-4 was incapable of returning to the Soviet Union, and the <a href="/wiki/Aircraft_industry_of_Russia" title="Aircraft industry of Russia">Soviet aircraft industry</a> worked to develop an aircraft capable of round-trip operation. </p><p>The outcome of this competition was the highly successful <a href="/wiki/Tupolev_Tu-95" title="Tupolev Tu-95">Tupolev Tu-95</a>, which entered service in the 1955-1956 period, and remained the backbone of Soviet air power against NATO for many decades. It continues in service with the Russian Federation.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Myasischev's contribution was the <a href="/wiki/Myasishchev_M-4" title="Myasishchev M-4">Myasishchev M-4</a>, but this aircraft fell below expectations. It surprisingly went on to serve an unexpected but vital role as the <a href="/wiki/Myasishchev_M-4" title="Myasishchev M-4">3M</a> <a href="/wiki/Aerial_refueling" title="Aerial refueling">aerial refueling</a> tanker, which extended the reach of the strategic air fleet. Other aircraft in service with the DA during this period included the <a href="/wiki/Tupolev_Tu-22" title="Tupolev Tu-22">Tupolev Tu-22</a> (ASCC Blinder). </p><p>In 1954, the first Soviet long-range jet bomber <a href="/wiki/Tupolev_Tu-16" title="Tupolev Tu-16">Tupolev Tu-16</a> (ASCC Badger) entered service with Long-Range Aviation. As of January 1, 1955, Long-Range Aviation had 30 heavy bomber regiments, which were part of: </p> <ul><li>two regiments(?) on Tu-16 bombers (54 aircraft with a staff of 130 aircraft);</li> <li>ten heavy bomber aviation regiments on the Tu-4 (63-94 aircraft in the division, 100% completed).</li></ul> <p>One division on the Tu-16 (43 aircraft) and one division on the Tu-4 (63 aircraft) were considered special (that is, formations of aircraft carrying nuclear weapons) and underwent appropriate training. </p><p>In addition to bombers, Long-Range Aviation included: </p> <ul><li>five aviation regiments of long-range reconnaissance aircraft on Tu-4 aircraft (18 aircraft each with a staff of 22 Tu-4s);</li> <li>seven <a href="/wiki/Mikoyan-Gurevich_MiG-15bis" class="mw-redirect" title="Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-15bis">Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-15bis</a> fighter air regiments , consisting of two fighter air divisions (76 aircraft each with a staff of 116 aircraft) and one separate fighter air regiment (33 MiG-15bis with a staff of 36 aircraft);</li> <li>transport air division (35 <a href="/wiki/Lisunov_Li-2" title="Lisunov Li-2">Lisunov Li-2</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>As of January 1, 1958, Long-Range Aviation was equipped with 1,120 Tu-16 jet bombers and 778 Tu-4 piston-engined bombers. </p><p>Since 1958, the so-called "engineering" regiments began to form as part of Long-Range Aviation (the first two based on the 362nd and 454th Heavy Bomber Aviation Regiments), which were actually intended for the <a href="/wiki/R-12_(missile)" class="mw-redirect" title="R-12 (missile)">R-12</a> and <a href="/wiki/R-14_(missile)" class="mw-redirect" title="R-14 (missile)">R-14</a>, the first Soviet <a href="/wiki/Medium-range_ballistic_missile" title="Medium-range ballistic missile">medium-range ballistic missiles</a>. Ten such regiments were created by December 1959. From 1959, aviation regiments have been converted directly into missile regiments; in particular, the 37th, 198th, 229th, 250th, 157th Heavy Bomber Aviation Regiments. Several regiments of Tu-16 bombers were transferred to <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Naval_Aviation" title="Soviet Naval Aviation">Soviet Naval Aviation</a> (the 12th, 169th, 172nd and 240th Heavy Bomber Aviation Regiments). </p><p>In 1954-1955, as part of the Long-Range Aviation on Tu-4K aircraft, the 116th heavy aviation division was formed for the AS-1 (ASCC "Kennel") the first domestic projectile aircraft (the term " cruise missile" was introduced by order of the <a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Defence_(Soviet_Union)" title="Minister of Defence (Soviet Union)">Minister of Defence (Soviet Union)</a> instead of the term "projectile aircraft" in 1960.) </p><p>In 1957, the 65th Air Army was renamed the 5th Air Army and was relocated to <a href="/wiki/Blagoveshchensk" title="Blagoveshchensk">Blagoveshchensk</a>. As of 1 July 1960 in accordance with Soviet Air Force General Staff Order 322034, Long Range Aviation was reorganised into the 2nd, 6th, and 8th <a href="/w/index.php?title=Separate_Heavy_Bomber_Air_Corps&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Separate Heavy Bomber Air Corps (page does not exist)">Separate Heavy Bomber Air Corps</a> (OTBAK - Otdel'niy tyazhely bombandirovochniy aviatsionniy korpus) instead of Air Armies.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was due to increase in aircraft ordnance capacity, and the option of <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_weapon" title="Nuclear weapon">nuclear weapons</a> ordnance.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These three corps were formed from portions of the 43rd, 50th, and 5th Air Armies DA. At the same time, the 43rd and 50th Air Armies were transferred to the <a href="/wiki/Strategic_Rocket_Forces" title="Strategic Rocket Forces">Strategic Rocket Forces</a>, and became the <a href="/wiki/43rd_Rocket_Army" title="43rd Rocket Army">43rd Rocket Army</a> and the <a href="/wiki/50th_Rocket_Army" title="50th Rocket Army">50th Rocket Army</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A classified U.S. <a href="/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency">Central Intelligence Agency</a> report indicated that, at least during the early 1970s, there was no evidence of a quick-reaction posture; in other words, no airborne alert force and no quick-reaction crews on the ground. This stood in stark contrast to the United States Air Force, which was always at a high state of readiness. Furthermore, the 195 bombers belonging to Long Range Aviation were concentrated at only five primary airfields and spent most of their time there.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2013)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Until 1980, the DA VS existed as a separate service. In January 1980, the DA was disbanded and the heavy bomber units divided between three air armies: </p> <ul><li>the <a href="/wiki/37th_Air_Army" title="37th Air Army">37th Air Army</a> of the Supreme High Command (Strategic Purpose) (37 VA VGK (SN)), with its headquarters in <a href="/wiki/Moscow" title="Moscow">Moscow</a></li> <li>the 46 VA VGK (SN) at <a href="/wiki/Smolensk" title="Smolensk">Smolensk</a></li> <li>the <a href="/wiki/30th_Air_Army" title="30th Air Army">30th Air Army</a> (30 VA VGK (SN)) with its headquarters at <a href="/wiki/Irkutsk" title="Irkutsk">Irkutsk</a>, 1980-1994.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHolm2015_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolm2015-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>In April 1987, the <a href="/wiki/Tupolev_Tu-160" title="Tupolev Tu-160">Tupolev Tu-160</a> entered operational service with the 184th Guards Heavy Bomber Regiment located at <a href="/wiki/Pryluky_Air_Base" title="Pryluky Air Base">Pryluky Air Base</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_SSR" class="mw-redirect" title="Ukrainian SSR">Ukrainian SSR</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The regiment had previously operating <a href="/wiki/Tupolev_Tu-16" title="Tupolev Tu-16">Tu-16</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tupolev_Tu-22M" title="Tupolev Tu-22M">Tu-22M3</a> strategic bombers. Squadron deployments to Long Range Aviation began the same month, prior to the Tu-160's first public appearance in a parade in 1989. </p><p>In 1988, the three air armies were reunited once again to form the Long Range Aviation Command. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Strategic_Plan">The Strategic Plan</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Long-Range_Aviation&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: The Strategic Plan"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the event of a nuclear war with the United States, the Soviet Union would likely have committed its entire heavy bomber force to attacks against US targets. <a href="/wiki/Medium_bomber" title="Medium bomber">Medium-sized bombers</a> would have been used in a peripheral role.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>However elements of all of the Soviet Union's strategic forces would have been available to participate in <a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Pact" title="Warsaw Pact">Warsaw Pact</a> operations. The CIA in 1975 estimated that 530 intermediate-range bombers west of the <a href="/wiki/Urals" class="mw-redirect" title="Urals">Urals</a>, possibly augmented by <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Navy" title="Soviet Navy">Soviet Navy</a> aircraft, were intended for European strikes in the <a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a> rear area that required large conventional or nuclear payloads. </p><p>Though basing forces in the Arctic would have posed more of a threat to North America, the hostile climate, poor logistical network, and weak defence network precluded such a plan. Therefore, the Soviet Union created a network of standby Arctic staging bases ('Bounce airdromes'; <a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a>: <span lang="ru">Аэродром подскока</span>) under the control of OGA (Arctic Control Group), which would have been activated in wartime.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These bases were <a href="/wiki/Airfield" class="mw-redirect" title="Airfield">airfields</a> used for a short stop ("bounce") by <a href="/wiki/Airplane" title="Airplane">airplanes</a> for refueling and servicing for the purpose of extending the range of the flight, including long-range <a href="/wiki/Military_aircraft" title="Military aircraft">military</a> (their <a href="/wiki/Staging_base" class="mw-redirect" title="Staging base">Staging base</a>). </p><p>They primarily included <a href="/wiki/Olenya_(air_base)" class="mw-redirect" title="Olenya (air base)">Olenegorsk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Novaya_Zemlya" title="Novaya Zemlya">Novaya Zemlya</a> <a href="/wiki/Rogachevo_(air_base)" title="Rogachevo (air base)">Rogachevo</a> Airport, and <a href="/wiki/Vorkuta_Sovetskiy" class="mw-redirect" title="Vorkuta Sovetskiy">Vorkuta Sovetskiy</a> in the northwest; and <a href="/wiki/Tiksi_Airport" title="Tiksi Airport">Tiksi Airport</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anadyr_Ugolny_Airport" class="mw-redirect" title="Anadyr Ugolny Airport">Anadyr Ugolny Airport</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Mys_Shmidta" title="Mys Shmidta">Mys Shmidta</a> in the northeast. High-Arctic bases such as <a href="/wiki/Nagurskoye" class="mw-redirect" title="Nagurskoye">Nagurskoye</a> and <a href="/wiki/Greem-Bell" class="mw-redirect" title="Greem-Bell">Greem-Bell</a> may have been available to smaller aircraft, and the staging airfields <a href="/wiki/Sredniy_Ostrov" class="mw-redirect" title="Sredniy Ostrov">Sredniy Ostrov</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dresba" class="mw-redirect" title="Dresba">Dresba</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chekurovka_(air_base)" title="Chekurovka (air base)">Chekurovka</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Tiksi_North" class="mw-redirect" title="Tiksi North">Tiksi North</a> were probably never completed. Though the <a href="/wiki/Tu-95" class="mw-redirect" title="Tu-95">Tu-95</a> could operate without the use of staging bases, nearly all other aircraft would have required the facilities in order to reach the United States . </p><p>Bomber crews were trained to be proficient in all basic aspects of strategic operations, including navigation, inflight refueling, air-to-surface missile strike procedures, Arctic staging, penetration tactics, and electronic countermeasures. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Order_of_battle_1990–91"><span id="Order_of_battle_1990.E2.80.9391"></span>Order of battle 1990–91</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Long-Range_Aviation&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Order of battle 1990–91"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dt>30th Air Army</dt></dl> <p>Order of battle 1990 </p><p>HQ: <a href="/wiki/Blagoveshchensk" title="Blagoveshchensk">Blagoveshchensk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Amur_Oblast" title="Amur Oblast">Amur Oblast</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHolm2015_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolm2015-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>132nd independent Communications Regiment and Automated Control Battalion (Blagovechensk, Amur Oblast)</li> <li>219th Long-Range Reconnaissance Aviation Regiment (<a href="/wiki/Spassk-Dalny" title="Spassk-Dalny">Spassk-Dalny</a> (Khvalynka), Primorskiy Kray) with Tu-16</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=31st_Heavy_Bomber_Aviation_Division&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="31st Heavy Bomber Aviation Division (page does not exist)">31st Heavy Bomber Aviation Division</a> (<a href="/wiki/Belaya_(air_base)" title="Belaya (air base)">Belaya</a>, Irkutsk Oblast) <ul><li>1225th Heavy Bomber Aviation Regiment (Belaya, Irkutsk Oblast) with Tu-22M2</li> <li>1229th Heavy Bomber Aviation Regiment (Belaya, Irkutsk Oblast) with Tu-22M2</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=55th_Heavy_Bomber_Aviation_Division&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="55th Heavy Bomber Aviation Division (page does not exist)">55th Heavy Bomber Aviation Division</a> (<a href="/wiki/Vozdvizhenka_(air_base)" title="Vozdvizhenka (air base)">Vozdvizhenka</a>, Primorskiy Kray) <ul><li>303rd Heavy Bomber Aviation Regiment (Zavitinsk, Amur Oblast) with Tu-16K</li> <li>444th Heavy Bomber Aviation Regiment (Vozdvizhenka, Primorskiy Kray) with Tu-16K</li></ul></li></ul> <dl><dt>37th Air Army</dt></dl> <p>See <a href="/wiki/37th_Air_Army" title="37th Air Army">37th Air Army</a> </p> <dl><dt>46th Air Army</dt></dl> <p>Order of battle 1990 </p><p>HQ: Smolensk<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHolm2011b_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolm2011b-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>64th independent Communications Regiment (Smolensk, Smolensk Oblast)</li> <li>103rd Guards Military-Transport Aviation Regiment (Smolensk, Smolensk Oblast) with An-12/24/26</li> <li>199th Guards Long-Range Reconnaissance Aviation Regiment (<a href="/wiki/Nizhyn_Air_Base" title="Nizhyn Air Base">Nizhyn Air Base</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chernihiv_Oblast" title="Chernihiv Oblast">Chernihiv Oblast</a>, Ukraine) with Tu-22R</li> <li>290th Long-Range Reconnaissance Aviation Regiment (Zyabrovka, Gomel Oblast) with Tu-22R and Tu-16</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=13th_Guards_Heavy_Bomber_Aviation_Division&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="13th Guards Heavy Bomber Aviation Division (page does not exist)">13th Guards Heavy Bomber Aviation Division</a> (<a href="/wiki/Poltava_Air_Base" title="Poltava Air Base">Poltava Air Base</a>, Poltava Oblast, Ukraine) Originated in 1940 as the 52nd Long-Range Bomber Aviation Division. Activated May 1943 as the 3rd Guards AD DD with the 10th Guards AP DD and the 20th Guards AP DD, both with Il-4; "Dnepropetrovsk" designation since October 1943 and "Budapest" since February 1945; order of the Red Banner 27th May 1944. Made a part of the 18th Air Army December 1944, now as the 13th Guards BAD with the 20th Guards "Sevastopol" BAP, 224th Guards "Rjevsko-Budapest" BAP and the 226th Guards "Stalingrad-Katovichi" BAP. In 1980 the division controlled three Heavy Bomber Aviation Regiments (52nd Guards in Shaykovka, 184th Guards in Priluki and 185th Guards in Poltava);<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in February 1986 184th Guards TBAP went to the 201st TBAD; in December 1989 52nd Guards TBAD went to the 43rd Centre for Combat Employment and Retraining (TSBP PeLS).</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=15th_Guards_Heavy_Bomber_Aviation_Division&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="15th Guards Heavy Bomber Aviation Division (page does not exist)">15th Guards Heavy Bomber Aviation Division</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ozerne_Air_Base" title="Ozerne Air Base">Ozerne Air Base</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zhytomyr_Oblast" title="Zhytomyr Oblast">Zhytomyr Oblast</a>, Ukraine)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/22nd_Guards_Heavy_Bomber_Aviation_Division" title="22nd Guards Heavy Bomber Aviation Division">22nd Guards Heavy Bomber Aviation Division</a> (<a href="/wiki/Babruysk_(air_base)" title="Babruysk (air base)">Babruysk (air base)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mogilev_Oblast" class="mw-redirect" title="Mogilev Oblast">Mogilev Oblast</a>, <a href="/wiki/Byelorussian_SSR" class="mw-redirect" title="Byelorussian SSR">Byelorussian SSR</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/326th_Heavy_Bomber_Aviation_Division" title="326th Heavy Bomber Aviation Division">326th Heavy Bomber Aviation Division</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tartu" title="Tartu">Tartu</a>, Estonia)</li></ul> <p>On 1 January 1991, the 46th Air Army included the following units:<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>64th Independent Communications Regiment (<a href="/wiki/Smolensk" title="Smolensk">Smolensk</a>)</li> <li>103rd Guards Transport Aviation Regiment (<a href="/wiki/Smolensk" title="Smolensk">Smolensk</a>)</li> <li>199th Guards 'Brest' Independent Long-Range Reconnaissance Regiment (Nezhin), 26 Tu-22R</li> <li>290th Independent Long-Range Reconnaissance Aviation Regiment (<a href="/wiki/Zyabrovka" class="mw-redirect" title="Zyabrovka">Zyabrovka</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gomel_Oblast" class="mw-redirect" title="Gomel Oblast">Gomel Oblast</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHolm2011b_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolm2011b-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>13th Guards Heavy Bomber Aviation Division <ul><li>185th Guards Bomber Regiment (<a href="/wiki/Poltava" title="Poltava">Poltava</a>, Ukraine) - 22 Tu-22M;</li></ul></li> <li>15th Guards "Gomel" TBAD (<a href="/wiki/Ozerne_(air_base)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ozerne (air base)">Ozernoye</a>, Zhitomir region) <ul><li>121st Guards "Sevastopol" TBAP (Machulishchi, Minsk region) with 34 Tu-22K</li> <li>203rd Guards "Orel" TBAP (<a href="/wiki/Baranovichi" class="mw-redirect" title="Baranovichi">Baranovichi</a>, North Brest region) with 32 Tu-22K</li> <li>341st TBAP (<a href="/wiki/Ozerne_(air_base)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ozerne (air base)">Ozernoye</a>, Zhitomir Oblast) with 32 Tu-22K</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/22nd_Guards_Heavy_Bomber_Aviation_Division" title="22nd Guards Heavy Bomber Aviation Division">22nd Guards "Donbas" TBAD</a> (<a href="/wiki/Babruysk_(air_base)" title="Babruysk (air base)">Babruysk (air base)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mogilev_Oblast" class="mw-redirect" title="Mogilev Oblast">Mogilev Oblast</a>) <ul><li>200th Guards "Brest" TBAP (Bobruisk, Mogilev Oblast) with 20 Tu-22M3 and 18 Tu-16K</li> <li>260th TBAP (<a href="/wiki/Stryi_(air_base)" class="mw-redirect" title="Stryi (air base)">Stryy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lviv_Oblast" title="Lviv Oblast">Lviv Oblast</a>) with 18 Tu-22M3 and 23 Tu-16K</li></ul></li> <li>326th "Ternopol" TBAD (<a href="/wiki/Tartu" title="Tartu">Tartu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Estonian_SSR" class="mw-redirect" title="Estonian SSR">Estonian SSR</a>) <ul><li>132nd "Berlin" TBAP (<a href="/wiki/Tartu" title="Tartu">Tartu</a>) with 18 Tu-22M3 and 17 Tu-16K</li> <li>402nd TBAP (<a href="/wiki/Balbasovo" class="mw-redirect" title="Balbasovo">Balbasovo</a>, Vitebsk region) with 17 Tu-22M3 and 7 Tu-16K</li> <li>840th TBAP (<a href="/wiki/Soltsy-2" class="mw-redirect" title="Soltsy-2">Soltsy-2</a>, South Novgorod region) with 19 Tu-22M3</li></ul></li></ul> <p>The 46th Air Army was disbanded in October 1994.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHolm2011b_23-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolm2011b-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Successor_Forces:_Russian_Federation_and_Ukraine">Successor Forces: Russian Federation and Ukraine</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Long-Range_Aviation&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Successor Forces: Russian Federation and Ukraine"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Russia">Russia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Long-Range_Aviation&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Russia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>With the dissolution of the Soviet Union, Long-Range Aviation in Russia entered a period of decline, along with the other former components of the Soviet Armed Forces. This culminated when the command was formally disbanded in 1998 as part of the amalgamation of the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Air_Defence_Forces" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian Air Defence Forces">Russian Air Defence Forces</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Air_Force" title="Russian Air Force">Russian Air Force</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It became the <a href="/wiki/37th_Air_Army" title="37th Air Army">37th Air Army</a> of the Supreme High Command. </p><p>In 2009 the 37th Air Army of the Supreme Command was disbanded as part of the <a href="/wiki/2008_Russian_military_reform" title="2008 Russian military reform">2008 Russian military reforms</a>, reformed once more as the Long Range Aviation Command. As of 2020<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Long-Range_Aviation&action=edit">[update]</a></sup> the Long-Range Aviation Forces were being revitalized through both the modernization of aircraft as well as the incorporation of long-range supersonic and hypersonic cruise missiles.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReal_Clear_Defense2022_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReal_Clear_Defense2022-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2020, a new stealth bomber, the <a href="/wiki/Tupolev_PAK_DA" title="Tupolev PAK DA">Tupolev PAK DA</a>, was reported to be in development.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The design of the PAK DA was reported to have been "finalized" in 2021 with initial delivery of the first operational aircraft projected for 2027.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Since 2015-16, Russian Long-Range Aviation includes two frontline divisions: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/22nd_Guards_Heavy_Bomber_Aviation_Division" title="22nd Guards Heavy Bomber Aviation Division">22nd Guards Heavy Aviation Division</a> (formerly 6950th Airbase in <a href="/wiki/Engels-2_(air_base)" class="mw-redirect" title="Engels-2 (air base)">Engels</a> deploying <a href="/wiki/Tu-160" class="mw-redirect" title="Tu-160">Tu-160</a> Blackjack heavy strategic bombers and <a href="/wiki/Tu-95" class="mw-redirect" title="Tu-95">Tu-95</a>MSM/MS Bear strategic bombers)<sup id="cite_ref-gfsis.org_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gfsis.org-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/326th_Heavy_Bomber_Aviation_Division" title="326th Heavy Bomber Aviation Division">326th Heavy-Bomber Division</a><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (formerly 6952nd Airbase in <a href="/wiki/Ukrainka_(air_base)" title="Ukrainka (air base)">Ukrainka</a> deploying Tu-95MS strategic bombers).<sup id="cite_ref-gfsis.org_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gfsis.org-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>Additional <a href="/wiki/Tupolev_Tu-22M" title="Tupolev Tu-22M">Tupolev Tu-22M</a>3 <i>Backfire</i> bombers were deployed in 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Belaya_(air_base)" title="Belaya (air base)">Belaya</a> air base (with the 200th Guards Heavy Bomber Regiment subordinate to the 326th Division)<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and at the <a href="/wiki/Shaykovka_(air_base)" class="mw-redirect" title="Shaykovka (air base)">Shaykovka</a> air base (with the 52nd Heavy Bomber Regiment subordinate to the 22nd Division).<sup id="cite_ref-gfsis.org_29-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gfsis.org-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The 40th Mixed Aviation Regiment at the <a href="/wiki/Olenya_(air_base)" class="mw-redirect" title="Olenya (air base)">Olenya</a> air base in the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Fleet" title="Northern Fleet">Northern Fleet</a> operational area also flies the <i>Backfire</i>. <i>Backfire</i> regiments operate in either the land- and/or maritime-strike roles, incorporating long-range stand-off supersonic and hypersonic cruise missiles.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReal_Clear_Defense2022_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReal_Clear_Defense2022-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Russian Long-Range Aviation includes a Refueling Aviation Group with <a href="/wiki/Ilyushin_Il-78" title="Ilyushin Il-78">Ilyushin Il-78</a> tankers.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In February 2017 and during 2019–2023, <a href="/wiki/Sergey_Kobylash" title="Sergey Kobylash">Sergey Kobylash</a> was commander of Russian Long-Range Aviation.<sup id="cite_ref-vesti-2017-02-22_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vesti-2017-02-22-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-AJE_RU_CN_air_patrol_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AJE_RU_CN_air_patrol-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ICC_UA_ICC_issues_Kobylash_Sokolov_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ICC_UA_ICC_issues_Kobylash_Sokolov-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ukraine">Ukraine</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Long-Range_Aviation&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Ukraine"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Long_Range_Aviation" title="Ukrainian Long Range Aviation">Ukrainian Long Range Aviation</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tupolev_Tu-160_in_1997.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Tupolev_Tu-160_in_1997.jpg/220px-Tupolev_Tu-160_in_1997.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Tupolev_Tu-160_in_1997.jpg/330px-Tupolev_Tu-160_in_1997.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Tupolev_Tu-160_in_1997.jpg/440px-Tupolev_Tu-160_in_1997.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="682" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Tu-160" class="mw-redirect" title="Tu-160">Tu-160</a> in Ukrainian colours, 1997.</figcaption></figure> <p>After the fall of the Soviet Union, the <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Air_Force" title="Ukrainian Air Force">Ukrainian Air Force</a> was left with three air armies (1,100 combat aircraft), which included 30 <a href="/wiki/Tu-16" class="mw-redirect" title="Tu-16">Tu-16</a> missile carriers, 33 <a href="/wiki/Tu-22" class="mw-redirect" title="Tu-22">Tu-22KD</a> missile carriers, 30 <a href="/wiki/Tu-22" class="mw-redirect" title="Tu-22">Tu-22R</a> reconnaissance aircraft, 36 <a href="/wiki/Tu-22M" class="mw-redirect" title="Tu-22M">Tu-22M3s</a>, 23 <a href="/wiki/Tu-95" class="mw-redirect" title="Tu-95">Tu-95MSs</a>, 19 <a href="/wiki/Tu-160" class="mw-redirect" title="Tu-160">Tu-160s</a>, 20 <a href="/wiki/Ilyushin_IL-78" class="mw-redirect" title="Ilyushin IL-78">Ilyushin IL-78</a> aerial refueling aircraft, as well as large stockpiles of missiles: 1,068 <a href="/wiki/Kh-55" title="Kh-55">Kh-55s</a> and 423 <a href="/wiki/Kh-22" title="Kh-22">Kh-22s</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-defense-ua_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-defense-ua-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1992 Ukraine also received much of the Soviet <a href="/wiki/Black_Sea_Fleet" title="Black Sea Fleet">Black Sea Fleet</a>, including the 2nd Guards Maritime Missile Aviation Division (<a href="/wiki/Hvardiiske,_Simferopol_Raion" title="Hvardiiske, Simferopol Raion">Hvardiiske</a>, <a href="/wiki/Autonomous_Republic_of_Crimea" title="Autonomous Republic of Crimea">Crimea</a>), with three regiments of maritime attack <a href="/wiki/Tupolev_Tu-22M" title="Tupolev Tu-22M">Tu-22M2s</a> and an independent Maritime Reconnaissance Aviation Regiment (Saki-<a href="/wiki/Novofedorivka" title="Novofedorivka">Novofedorovka</a>, <a href="/wiki/Crimean_Oblast" class="mw-redirect" title="Crimean Oblast">Crimean Oblast</a>) of <a href="/wiki/Tu-22" class="mw-redirect" title="Tu-22">Tu-22Ps</a>. The 1995/96 edition of the Military Balance continued to list the remnant of these forces under now-<a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Naval_Aviation" title="Ukrainian Naval Aviation">Ukrainian Naval Aviation</a>. In 1994 <a href="/wiki/Tu-22M" class="mw-redirect" title="Tu-22M">Tu-22M2s</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tu-16" class="mw-redirect" title="Tu-16">Tu-16Ks</a> and a large part of the <a href="/wiki/Tupolev_Tu-22" title="Tupolev Tu-22">Tupolev Tu-22</a>Ps were put in storage and then dismantled.<sup id="cite_ref-A&T_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-A&T-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The reasons for the elimination of Ukrainian long-range bombers included:<sup id="cite_ref-A&T_39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-A&T-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>The deep economic crisis in <a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a> after the collapse of the <a href="/wiki/USSR" class="mw-redirect" title="USSR">USSR</a></li> <li>Pressure from the <a href="/wiki/U.S._State_Department" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. State Department">U.S. State Department</a> on <a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li>Lack of support from production plants and design bureaus which remained in <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a></li> <li>Reduction in the size of the armed forces resulting in the loss of experienced pilots and supporting personnel</li> <li>Life expectancy of some aircraft components and assemblies had expired</li></ul> <p>Funding for the elimination of strategic aviation of Ukraine was allocated by the U.S. government as part of an agreement "to provide assistance to Ukraine in the elimination of strategic nuclear weapons and to prevent the proliferation of weapons of mass destruction", signed on 25 November 1993 between Ukraine and the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-defense-ua_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-defense-ua-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2000 in the agreement was extended to 31 December 2006.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Long-Range_Aviation&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.2fj.ru/voennoe_delo_i_grazhdanskaya_oborona/zarozhdenie_i_razvitie_teorii_glubokogo.php">"Зарождение и развитие теории глубокого боя"</a>. <i>www.2fj.ru</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 August</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.2fj.ru&rft.atitle=%D0%97%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B6%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5+%D0%B8+%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B5+%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B8+%D0%B3%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE+%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%8F&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.2fj.ru%2Fvoennoe_delo_i_grazhdanskaya_oborona%2Fzarozhdenie_i_razvitie_teorii_glubokogo.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALong-Range+Aviation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.airpages.ru/ru/vvs1.shtml">"Авиация Второй мировой. Организация ВВС РККА. Авиационная армия особого назначения"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100329113412/http://www.airpages.ru/ru/vvs1.shtml">Archived</a> from the original on 29 March 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 December</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D0%90%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F+%D0%92%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B9+%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9.+%D0%9E%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F+%D0%92%D0%92%D0%A1+%D0%A0%D0%9A%D0%9A%D0%90.+%D0%90%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F+%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%8F+%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE+%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.airpages.ru%2Fru%2Fvvs1.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALong-Range+Aviation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-KPRF-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-KPRF_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-KPRF_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kprf.ru/rus_soc/94234.html">"Авиация дальнего действия была любимым детищем И. В. Сталина"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160809142845/https://kprf.ru/rus_soc/94234.html">Archived</a> from the original on 9 August 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 July</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D0%90%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F+%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%BE+%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%8F+%D0%B1%D1%8B%D0%BB%D0%B0+%D0%BB%D1%8E%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BC%D1%8B%D0%BC+%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%89%D0%B5%D0%BC+%D0%98.+%D0%92.+%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fkprf.ru%2Frus_soc%2F94234.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALong-Range+Aviation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bergstrom2007-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Bergstrom2007_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBergström2007" class="citation book cs1">Bergström, Christer (2007). <i>Stalingrad – The Air Battle: 1942 through January 1943</i>. Chevron Publishing Limited. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85780-276-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85780-276-4"><bdi>978-1-85780-276-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Stalingrad+%E2%80%93+The+Air+Battle%3A+1942+through+January+1943&rft.pub=Chevron+Publishing+Limited&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-85780-276-4&rft.aulast=Bergstr%C3%B6m&rft.aufirst=Christer&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALong-Range+Aviation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Golovanov (2004), p. 265.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ДальняяБомбардировочная-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ДальняяБомбардировочная_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGolovanov2007" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Golovanov" title="Alexander Golovanov">Golovanov, Aleksandr Evgenʹevich</a> (2007). <i>Дальняя бомбардировочная: воспоминания Главного маршала авиации 1941–1945</i> [<i>Distant Bombers: Memories of the Chief Marshal of Aviation 1941–1945</i>]. Moscow: Tsentrpoligraf. pp. 546, 591. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-5-9524-3033-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-5-9524-3033-4"><bdi>978-5-9524-3033-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%D0%94%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D1%8F%D1%8F+%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F%3A+%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F+%D0%93%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE+%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%88%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0+%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B8+1941%E2%80%931945&rft.place=Moscow&rft.pages=546%2C+591&rft.pub=Tsentrpoligraf&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-5-9524-3033-4&rft.aulast=Golovanov&rft.aufirst=Aleksandr+Evgen%CA%B9evich&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALong-Range+Aviation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://rus.err.ee/topnews/01897615-9d82-4ca3-8abc-d85acb40e400">"Tallinn remembers victims of the bombing in March 1944"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Eesti_Rahvusringh%C3%A4%C3%A4ling" title="Eesti Rahvusringhääling">Eesti Rahvusringhääling</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Eesti+Rahvusringh%C3%A4%C3%A4ling&rft.atitle=Tallinn+remembers+victims+of+the+bombing+in+March+1944&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Frus.err.ee%2Ftopnews%2F01897615-9d82-4ca3-8abc-d85acb40e400&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALong-Range+Aviation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZolotarev1999" class="citation book cs1">Zolotarev, Vladimir A. (1999). <i>Velikaja Otečestvennaja: Stavka-VGK dokumenty i materialy 1944–1945</i> [<i>The Great Patriotic War: High Command Documents and Materials 1944–1945</i>]. Moscow: Terra. p. 368. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/5-300-01162-2" title="Special:BookSources/5-300-01162-2"><bdi>5-300-01162-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Velikaja+Ote%C4%8Destvennaja%3A+Stavka-VGK+dokumenty+i+materialy+1944%E2%80%931945&rft.place=Moscow&rft.pages=368&rft.pub=Terra&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=5-300-01162-2&rft.aulast=Zolotarev&rft.aufirst=Vladimir+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALong-Range+Aviation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://allaces.ru/sssr/struct/h_va.php">"Воздушные армии"</a> [Air Armies]. <i>Allaces.ru</i> (in Russian). 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Defense Analysis 17, no. 1 (2001): 89-98.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReal_Clear_Defense2022" class="citation web cs1">Real Clear Defense (24 March 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.realcleardefense.com/articles/2020/03/24/russias_modernization_programs_for_strategic_nuclear_bombers_115141.html">"Russia's Modernization Programs for Strategic Nuclear Bombers"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Russia%27s+Modernization+Programs+for+Strategic+Nuclear+Bombers&rft.date=2022-03-24&rft.au=Real+Clear+Defense&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.realcleardefense.com%2Farticles%2F2020%2F03%2F24%2Frussias_modernization_programs_for_strategic_nuclear_bombers_115141.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALong-Range+Aviation" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Long-Range_Aviation&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>David Nowak, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ohio.com/news/world/41274902.html">Cuba, Venezuela could host Russian bombers, report says</a>, <a href="/wiki/Associated_Press" title="Associated Press">Associated Press</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline 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href="/wiki/Template:Armies_of_the_Soviet_Air_Forces" title="Template:Armies of the Soviet Air Forces"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Armies_of_the_Soviet_Air_Forces" title="Template talk:Armies of the Soviet Air Forces"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Armies_of_the_Soviet_Air_Forces" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Armies of the Soviet Air Forces"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="24px_Soviet_Air_Force_Air_Armies" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_Soviet_Air_Force.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Air_Force.svg/24px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Air_Force.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Air_Force.svg/36px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Air_Force.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Air_Force.svg/48px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Air_Force.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Air_Army_(Soviet_Union)" class="mw-redirect" title="Air Army (Soviet Union)">Soviet Air Force Air Armies</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Air Armies 1942–1949</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>1st Bombardment Air Army</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1st_Air_Army" title="1st Air Army">1st</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2nd_Air_Army" title="2nd Air Army">2nd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3rd_Air_Army" title="3rd Air Army">3rd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4th_Air_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="4th Air Army">4th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/5th_Air_Army" title="5th Air Army">5th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/6th_Air_Army" title="6th Air Army">6th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/7th_Air_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="7th Air Army">7th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/8th_Air_Army" title="8th Air Army">8th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/9th_Air_Army" title="9th Air Army">9th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/10th_Air_Army" title="10th Air Army">10th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/11th_Air_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="11th Air Army">11th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/12th_Air_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="12th Air Army">12th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/13th_Air_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="13th Air Army">13th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/14th_Air_Army" title="14th Air Army">14th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/15th_Air_Army" title="15th Air Army">15th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/16th_Air_Army" title="16th Air Army">16th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/17th_Air_Army" title="17th Air Army">17th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/18th_Air_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="18th Air Army">18th</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Additional Air Armies formed 1949–1992</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=22nd_Air_Army&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="22nd Air Army (page does not exist)">22nd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/23rd_Air_Army" title="23rd Air Army">23rd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/24th_Air_Army" title="24th Air Army">24th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/26th_Air_Army" title="26th Air Army">26th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/29th_Air_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="29th Air Army">29th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/30th_Air_Army" title="30th Air Army">30th (Long Range)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/34th_Air_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="34th Air Army">34th</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=36th_Air_Army&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="36th Air Army (page does not exist)">36th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/37th_Air_Army" title="37th Air Army">37th</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=43rd_Air_Army&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="43rd Air Army (page does not exist)">43rd (Long Range)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/46th_Air_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="46th Air Army">46th (Long Range)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=49th_Air_Army&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="49th Air Army (page does not exist)">49th</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=50th_Air_Army&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="50th Air Army (page does not exist)">50th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/54th_Air_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="54th Air Army">54th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/59th_Air_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="59th Air Army">59th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/61st_Air_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="61st Air Army">61st</a></li> <li>62nd</li> <li><a href="/wiki/65th_Air_Army" title="65th Air Army">65th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/17th_Air_Army" title="17th Air Army">69th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/73rd_Air_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="73rd Air Army">73rd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/76th_Air_Army" title="76th Air Army">76th</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Russian_Armed_Forces" style=";wide;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Armed_Forces_of_the_Russian_Federation" title="Template:Armed Forces of the Russian Federation"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Armed_Forces_of_the_Russian_Federation" title="Template talk:Armed Forces of the Russian Federation"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Armed_Forces_of_the_Russian_Federation" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Armed Forces of the Russian Federation"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Russian_Armed_Forces" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Russian_Armed_Forces" title="Russian Armed Forces">Russian Armed Forces</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Leadership</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Russia" title="President of Russia">President of Russia</a> as <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Commander-in-Chief_of_the_Russian_Armed_Forces" class="mw-redirect" title="Supreme Commander-in-Chief of the Russian Armed Forces">Supreme Commander-in-Chief</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Defence_(Russia)" title="Minister of Defence (Russia)">Minister of Defence</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Defence_(Russia)" title="Ministry of Defence (Russia)">Ministry of Defence</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chief_of_the_General_Staff_(Russia)" title="Chief of the General Staff (Russia)">Chief of the General Staff and First Deputy Minister of Defence</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/General_Staff_of_the_Armed_Forces_of_the_Russian_Federation" title="General Staff of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation">General Staff</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commander-in-Chief_of_the_Russian_Ground_Forces" title="Commander-in-Chief of the Russian Ground Forces">Commander-in-Chief of the Ground Forces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commander-in-Chief_of_the_Russian_Navy" title="Commander-in-Chief of the Russian Navy">Commander-in-Chief of the Navy</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Commander-in-Chief_of_the_Aerospace_Forces" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Commander-in-Chief_of_the_Aerospace_Forces" title="Commander-in-Chief of the Aerospace Forces">Commander-in-Chief of the Aerospace Forces</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Commander-in-Chief_of_the_Russian_Air_Force" title="Commander-in-Chief of the Russian Air Force">Commander of the Air Force</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Commander_of_the_Russian_Aerospace_and_Missile_Defence_Forces&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Commander of the Russian Aerospace and Missile Defence Forces (page does not exist)">Commander of the Missile Defence Forces</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Commander_of_the_Russian_Space_Forces&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Commander of the Russian Space Forces (page does not exist)">Commander of the Space Forces</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Military" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Military</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_Russian_Federation" title="Military history of the Russian Federation">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_doctrine_of_Russia" title="Military doctrine of Russia">Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Russian_military_bases_abroad" title="List of Russian military bases abroad">Bases abroad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_budget_of_the_Russian_Federation" class="mw-redirect" title="Military budget of the Russian Federation">Budget</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_military_bands" title="Russian military bands">Bands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russia_and_weapons_of_mass_destruction" title="Russia and weapons of mass destruction">Weapons of mass destruction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Awards_and_emblems_of_the_Ministry_of_Defence_of_the_Russian_Federation" title="Awards and emblems of the Ministry of Defence of the Russian Federation">Awards and emblems</a></li> <li>General Staff buildings <ul><li><a href="/wiki/General_Staff_Building_(Saint_Petersburg)" title="General Staff Building (Saint Petersburg)">Saint Petersburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_Staff_Building_(Moscow)" title="General Staff Building (Moscow)">Moscow</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Main_Building_of_the_Ministry_of_Defense_(Russia)" title="Main Building of the Ministry of Defense (Russia)">Main Building of the Ministry of Defense</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arms_industry_of_Russia" title="Arms industry of Russia">Defense industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military-Industrial_Commission_of_Russia" title="Military-Industrial Commission of Russia">Military-Industrial Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_war_crimes" title="Russian war crimes">War crimes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uniforms_of_the_Russian_Armed_Forces" title="Uniforms of the Russian Armed Forces">Uniforms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conscription_in_Russia" title="Conscription in Russia">Conscription laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_the_Russian_and_Soviet_military" title="Women in the Russian and Soviet military">Women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_the_Russian_Armed_Forces" title="Culture of the Russian Armed Forces">Culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honorary_weapons_of_Russia" title="Honorary weapons of Russia">Honorary weapons</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Military_districts_of_Russia" title="Military districts of Russia">Military districts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Previous</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Volga%E2%80%93Ural_Military_District" title="Volga–Ural Military District">Volga–Ural</a> (<a href="/wiki/Volga_Military_District" title="Volga Military District">Volga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ural_Military_District" title="Ural Military District">Ural</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Caucasus_Military_District" title="North Caucasus Military District">North Caucasus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siberian_Military_District" title="Siberian Military District">Siberian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Far_Eastern_Military_District" title="Far Eastern Military District">Far Eastern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaliningrad_Special_Region" title="Kaliningrad Special Region">Kaliningrad Special Region</a></li> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Current</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Moscow_Military_District" title="Moscow Military District">Moscow</a> <ul><li>HQ: <a href="/wiki/Moscow" title="Moscow">Moscow</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leningrad" class="mw-redirect" title="Leningrad">Leningrad</a> <ul><li>HQ: <a href="/wiki/Leningrad" class="mw-redirect" title="Leningrad">Leningrad</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Military_District" title="Western Military District">Western</a> <ul><li>HQ: <a href="/wiki/Saint_Petersburg" title="Saint Petersburg">Saint Petersburg</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Military_District" title="Southern Military District">Southern</a> <ul><li>HQ: <a href="/wiki/Rostov-on-Don" title="Rostov-on-Don">Rostov-on-Don</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Military_District" title="Central Military District">Central</a> <ul><li>HQ: <a href="/wiki/Yekaterinburg" title="Yekaterinburg">Yekaterinburg</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Military_District" title="Eastern Military District">Eastern</a> <ul><li>HQ: <a href="/wiki/Khabarovsk" title="Khabarovsk">Khabarovsk</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Military_District_(Russia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Northern Military District (Russia)">Northern</a> <ul><li>HQ: <a href="/wiki/Severomorsk" title="Severomorsk">Severomorsk</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Fleets of the Navy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baltic_Fleet" title="Baltic Fleet">Baltic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Sea_Fleet" title="Black Sea Fleet">Black Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caspian_Flotilla" title="Caspian Flotilla">Caspian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Fleet" title="Northern Fleet">Northern</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arctic_Ocean_Flotilla" title="Arctic Ocean Flotilla">Arctic Ocean Flotilla</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Fleet_(Russia)" title="Pacific Fleet (Russia)">Pacific</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kamchatka_Flotilla" title="Kamchatka Flotilla">Kamchatka Flotilla</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Military ranks and insignia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Army_ranks_and_insignia_of_the_Russian_Federation" title="Army ranks and insignia of the Russian Federation">Ground Forces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_Force_ranks_and_insignia_of_the_Russian_Federation" class="mw-redirect" title="Air Force ranks and insignia of the Russian Federation">Air Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naval_ranks_and_insignia_of_the_Russian_Federation" class="mw-redirect" title="Naval ranks and insignia of the Russian Federation">Navy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ranks_and_insignia_of_the_Russian_Federation%27s_armed_forces_1994%E2%80%932010" class="mw-redirect" title="Ranks and insignia of the Russian Federation's armed forces 1994–2010">Armed Forces 1994–2010</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Services</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Ground_Forces_troops" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Russian_Ground_Forces" title="Russian Ground Forces">Ground Forces</a> troops</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air_Defence_Troops_of_the_Russian_Ground_Forces" title="Air Defence Troops of the Russian Ground Forces">Air Defence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Missile_Troops_and_Artillery" title="Russian Missile Troops and Artillery">Missile Troops and Artillery‎</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Engineer_Troops" title="Russian Engineer Troops">Engineer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Signal_Troops" title="Russian Signal Troops">Signal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Tank_Troops" title="Russian Tank Troops">Tank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_NBC_Protection_Troops" title="Russian NBC Protection Troops">NBC Protection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Topographic_Service_of_the_Russian_Armed_Forces" title="Topographic Service of the Russian Armed Forces">Topographic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Russian_Navy" title="Russian Navy">Navy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ensign_of_the_Russian_Navy" title="Ensign of the Russian Navy">Ensign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coastal_Troops_of_the_Russian_Navy" title="Coastal Troops of the Russian Navy">Coastal Troops</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Naval_Infantry" title="Russian Naval Infantry">Infantry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_commando_frogmen" title="Russian commando frogmen">Commando Frogmen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Naval_Aviation" title="Russian Naval Aviation">Aviation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Hydrographic_Service" title="Russian Hydrographic Service">Hydrography</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Russian_Aerospace_Forces" title="Russian Aerospace Forces">Aerospace Forces</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Air_Force" title="Russian Air Force">Air Force</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Long-Range Aviation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_and_Missile_Defense_Forces" title="Air and Missile Defense Forces">Air and Missile Defense Forces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Space_Forces" title="Russian Space Forces">Space Forces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Aerospace_Defence_Forces" title="Russian Aerospace Defence Forces">Aerospace Defence Forces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Radio-Technical_Troops" title="Russian Radio-Technical Troops">Radio-Technical Troops</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Spetsnaz" title="Spetsnaz">Special Forces</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Special_Operations_Forces_(Russia)" title="Special Operations Forces (Russia)">Special Operations Forces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_Forces_of_the_Main_Directorate_of_the_General_Staff_of_the_Russian_Armed_Forces" class="mw-redirect" title="Special Forces of the Main Directorate of the General Staff of the Russian Armed Forces">Special Forces of the Main Directorate</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reserve_of_the_Supreme_High_Command" title="Reserve of the Supreme High Command">Reserve of the Supreme High Command</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BARS_(Russia)" title="BARS (Russia)">BARS</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Independent</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Airborne_Forces" title="Russian Airborne Forces">Airborne Forces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strategic_Rocket_Forces" title="Strategic Rocket Forces">Strategic Rocket Forces</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Russian_Electronic_Warfare_Troops&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Russian Electronic Warfare Troops (page does not exist)">Electronic Warfare Troops</a></li> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Logistical_Support_troops" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Logistical_Support_of_the_Russian_Armed_Forces" title="Logistical Support of the Russian Armed Forces">Logistical Support</a> troops</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Russian_Road_Troops&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Russian Road Troops (page does not exist)">Road</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Railway_Troops" title="Russian Railway Troops">Railway</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Departments in the <br /><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Defence_(Russia)" title="Ministry of Defence (Russia)">Ministry of Defence</a> <br />and <a href="/wiki/General_Staff_of_the_Armed_Forces_of_the_Russian_Federation" title="General Staff of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation">General Staff</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/GRU_(Russian_Federation)" title="GRU (Russian Federation)">Main Directorate of the General Staff of the Armed Forces (GRU)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Main_Operational_Directorate_of_the_General_Staff_of_the_Russian_Armed_Forces" title="Main Operational Directorate of the General Staff of the Russian Armed Forces">Main Operational Directorate of the General Staff of the Russian Armed Forces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Main_Organizational-Mobilizational_Directorate_of_the_General_Staff_of_the_Russian_Armed_Forces" title="Main Organizational-Mobilizational Directorate of the General Staff of the Russian Armed Forces">Main Organizational-Mobilizational Directorate of the General Staff of the Russian Armed Forces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Defense_Management_Center" title="National Defense Management Center">National Defense Management Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Main_Military-Political_Directorate_of_the_Russian_Armed_Forces" title="Main Military-Political Directorate of the Russian Armed Forces">Main Military-Political Directorate of the Russian Armed Forces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_Band_Service_of_the_Armed_Forces_of_Russia" title="Military Band Service of the Armed Forces of Russia">Military Band Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_Police_(Russia)" title="Military Police (Russia)">Main Directorate of Military Police</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GRAU" class="mw-redirect" title="GRAU">Main Missile and Artillery Directorate (GRAU)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/12th_Chief_Directorate" title="12th Chief Directorate">12th Chief Directorate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Main_Agency_of_Automobiles_and_Tanks_of_the_Ministry_of_Defense_of_the_Russian_Federation" title="Main Agency of Automobiles and Tanks of the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation">Main Agency of Automobiles and Tanks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Main_Military_Medical_Directorate_(Russia)" title="Main Military Medical Directorate (Russia)">Main Military Medical Directorate</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Krasnaya_Zvezda" title="Krasnaya Zvezda">Krasnaya Zvezda</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Television_and_Radio_Studio_of_the_Russian_Ministry_of_Defence" title="Central Television and Radio Studio of the Russian Ministry of Defence">Central Television and Radio Studio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rear_of_the_Russian_Armed_Forces" title="Rear of the Russian Armed Forces">Rear of the Russian Armed Forces</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Equipment</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_equipment_of_the_Russian_Ground_Forces" title="List of equipment of the Russian Ground Forces">Ground Forces' equipment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_active_Russian_military_aircraft" title="List of active Russian military aircraft">Air Forces' equipment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_active_Russian_Navy_ships" title="List of active Russian Navy ships">Navy ships</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Future_of_the_Russian_Navy" title="Future of the Russian Navy">Future of the Russian Navy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Military academy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Previous</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cadet_Corps_(Russia)" title="Cadet Corps (Russia)">Cadet Corps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naval_Cadet_Corps_(Russia)" title="Naval Cadet Corps (Russia)">Naval Cadet Corps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Page_Corps" title="Page Corps">Page Corps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_departments_of_civilian_universities_(Soviet_Union_and_post-Soviet_area)" title="Military departments of civilian universities (Soviet Union and post-Soviet area)">Military departments of civilian universities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_education_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Military education in the Soviet Union">Military academies in the Soviet Union</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Current</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_Academy_of_the_General_Staff_of_the_Armed_Forces_of_Russia" title="Military 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