CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Consociationalism - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"2425a5e0-ef22-4a97-b007-fbabba703031","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Consociationalism","wgTitle":"Consociationalism","wgCurRevisionId":1257245909,"wgRevisionId":1257245909,"wgArticleId":1409458,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Articles with short description","Short description is different from Wikidata","All articles with unsourced statements","Articles with unsourced statements from November 2009","Comparative politics","Democracy","Ethnicity in politics","Political theories","Power sharing","Corporatism"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Consociationalism","wgRelevantArticleId":1409458,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true, "wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":40000,"wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgCentralAuthMobileDomain":false,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q1414948","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics": true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","ext.scribunto.logs","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap", "ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.4"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/N.S._cechy_%28cropped%29.JPG/1200px-N.S._cechy_%28cropped%29.JPG"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="974"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/N.S._cechy_%28cropped%29.JPG/800px-N.S._cechy_%28cropped%29.JPG"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="649"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/N.S._cechy_%28cropped%29.JPG/640px-N.S._cechy_%28cropped%29.JPG"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="519"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Consociationalism - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consociationalism"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Consociationalism&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consociationalism"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Consociationalism rootpage-Consociationalism skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Main menu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main page</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia"><span>Contents</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events"><span>Current events</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Random article</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works"><span>About Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia"><span>Contact us</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia"><span>Learn to edit</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors"><span>Community portal</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recent changes</span></a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia"><span>Upload file</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Consociationalism" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Consociationalism" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en"><span>Donate</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Consociationalism" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Consociationalism" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Origins" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Origins"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Origins</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Origins-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-State-building" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#State-building"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>State-building</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-State-building-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Characteristics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Characteristics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Characteristics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Characteristics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Favourable_conditions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Favourable_conditions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Favourable conditions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Favourable_conditions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Arguments_in_favor" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Arguments_in_favor"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Arguments in favor</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Arguments_in_favor-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Criticisms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Criticisms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Criticisms</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Criticisms-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Criticisms subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Criticisms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Brian_Barry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Brian_Barry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Brian Barry</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Brian_Barry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rinus_van_Schendelen" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rinus_van_Schendelen"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Rinus van Schendelen</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rinus_van_Schendelen-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lustick_on_hegemonic_control" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lustick_on_hegemonic_control"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Lustick on hegemonic control</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lustick_on_hegemonic_control-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Horowitz_and_centripetal_criticism_of_consociationalism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Horowitz_and_centripetal_criticism_of_consociationalism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4</span> <span>Horowitz and centripetal criticism of consociationalism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Horowitz_and_centripetal_criticism_of_consociationalism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_criticisms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_criticisms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.5</span> <span>Other criticisms</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_criticisms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Examples" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Examples"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Examples</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Examples-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Consociationalism</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 21 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-21" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">21 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%81%D9%82%D9%8A%D8%A9_(%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%A9)" title="توافقية (سياسة) – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="توافقية (سياسة)" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consociativisme" title="Consociativisme – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Consociativisme" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consociativismo" title="Consociativismo – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Consociativismo" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consociationalisme" title="Consociationalisme – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Consociationalisme" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comhshocha%C3%ADocht" title="Comhshochaíocht – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Comhshochaíocht" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%98%91%EC%9D%98%EC%A3%BC%EC%9D%98" title="협의주의 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="협의주의" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konsosiasionalisme" title="Konsosiasionalisme – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Konsosiasionalisme" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consociativismo" title="Consociativismo – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Consociativismo" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%93%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%A7%D7%A8%D7%98%D7%99%D7%94_%D7%94%D7%A1%D7%93%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%AA" title="דמוקרטיה הסדרית – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="דמוקרטיה הסדרית" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konsociacin%C4%97_demokratija" title="Konsociacinė demokratija – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Konsociacinė demokratija" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konszoci%C3%A1lis_demokr%C3%A1cia" title="Konszociális demokrácia – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Konszociális demokrácia" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konsosialisme" title="Konsosialisme – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Konsosialisme" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacificatiepolitiek" title="Pacificatiepolitiek – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Pacificatiepolitiek" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konsosierte_demokratier" title="Konsosierte demokratier – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Konsosierte demokratier" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consociativismo" title="Consociativismo – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Consociativismo" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Консоциональная демократия – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Консоциональная демократия" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konsocijacionalizam" title="Konsocijacionalizam – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Konsocijacionalizam" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konsociationell_demokrati" title="Konsociationell demokrati – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Konsociationell demokrati" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/E%C5%9Ftoplumla%C5%9Ft%C4%B1rmac%C4%B1l%C4%B1k" title="Eştoplumlaştırmacılık – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Eştoplumlaştırmacılık" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BE%D1%86%D1%96%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Консоціоналізм – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Консоціоналізм" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8D%8F%E5%95%86%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB" title="协商民主 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="协商民主" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1414948#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Consociationalism" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Consociationalism" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Consociationalism"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Consociationalism&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Consociationalism&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Consociationalism"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Consociationalism&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Consociationalism&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Consociationalism" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Consociationalism" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Special pages</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Consociationalism&oldid=1257245909" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Consociationalism&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Consociationalism&id=1257245909&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FConsociationalism"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FConsociationalism"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Consociationalism&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Consociationalism&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1414948" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Political power sharing among cultural groups</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1246091330">.mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.2em;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border-collapse:collapse;display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:table!important;float:right!important;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em!important}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-subgroup{width:100%;margin:0;border-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-none{float:none;clear:both;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-outer-title{padding:0 0.4em 0.2em;font-size:125%;line-height:1.2em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-image{padding:0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-caption,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle-with-top-image,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-caption{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle{padding:0.4em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.2em 0.8em;font-size:145%;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-image{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-heading{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content{padding:0 0.5em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content-with-subgroup{padding:0.1em 0.4em 0.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-below{padding:0.3em 0.8em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239334494">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks" style="border-spacing:0.2em 0;"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title" style="background:#8888ff;font-size:200%;font-weight:normal;color:white;"><a href="/wiki/Corporatism" title="Corporatism"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:white">Corporatism</span></a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:N.S._cechy_(cropped).JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/N.S._cechy_%28cropped%29.JPG/150px-N.S._cechy_%28cropped%29.JPG" decoding="async" width="150" height="122" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/N.S._cechy_%28cropped%29.JPG/225px-N.S._cechy_%28cropped%29.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/N.S._cechy_%28cropped%29.JPG/300px-N.S._cechy_%28cropped%29.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1343" data-file-height="1090" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #8888FF;background:transparent;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Concepts</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Body_politic" title="Body politic">Body politic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brotherhood_economics" title="Brotherhood economics">Brotherhood economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_as_a_model_for_the_state" title="Family as a model for the state">Family as model for the state</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Consociationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corporation_(feudal_Europe)" title="Corporation (feudal Europe)">Corporation (feudal Europe)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corporate_group_(sociology)" title="Corporate group (sociology)">Corporate group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gemeinschaft_and_Gesellschaft" title="Gemeinschaft and Gesellschaft"><i>Gemeinschaft</i> and <i>Gesellschaft</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guild" title="Guild">Guild</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Guild_socialism" title="Guild socialism">Guild socialism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Livery_company" title="Livery company">Livery company</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_New_State" title="The New State">New State</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organicism" title="Organicism">Organicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proprietary_Corporation" title="Proprietary Corporation">Proprietary Corporation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solidarism" title="Solidarism">Solidarism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solidarity" title="Solidarity">Solidarity</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #8888FF;background:transparent;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Schools</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_corporatism" title="Christian corporatism">Christian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_corporatism" title="Conservative corporatism">Conservative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascism#Economy" title="Fascism">Fascist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_corporatism" title="Liberal corporatism">Liberal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corporate_nationalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Corporate nationalism">Nationalistic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_corporatism" title="Social corporatism">Social</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corporatism#Progressive_corporatism" title="Corporatism">Solidarist</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sosism" title="Sosism">Sosist</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corporate_statism" title="Corporate statism">Statist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tripartism" title="Tripartism">Tripartite</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Wandervogel" title="Wandervogel">Wandervogel</a></i></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #8888FF;background:transparent;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">People</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Agar" title="Herbert Agar">Agar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hilaire_Belloc" title="Hilaire Belloc">Belloc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Bl%C3%BCher" title="Hans Blüher">Blüher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G._D._H._Cole" title="G. D. H. Cole">Cole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_Doboszy%C5%84ski" title="Adam Doboszyński">Doboszyński</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C._H._Douglas" title="C. H. Douglas">Douglas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rod_Dreher" title="Rod Dreher">Dreher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89mile_Durkheim" title="Émile Durkheim">Durkheim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ant%C3%B3nio_J%C3%BAlio_de_Castro_Fernandes" title="António Júlio de Castro Fernandes">Fernandes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G.W.F._Hegel" class="mw-redirect" title="G.W.F. Hegel">Hegel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Khald%C5%ABn" class="mw-redirect" title="Ibn Khaldūn">Khaldūn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alasdair_MacIntyre" title="Alasdair MacIntyre">MacIntyre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mihail_Manoilescu" title="Mihail Manoilescu">Manoilescu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salvador_Minguij%C3%B3n_Adri%C3%A1n" title="Salvador Minguijón Adrián">Minguijón</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esdras_Minville" title="Esdras Minville">Minville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_M%C3%BCller" title="Adam Müller">Müller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benito_Mussolini" title="Benito Mussolini">Mussolini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Richard_Orage" title="Alfred Richard Orage">Orage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Penty" title="Arthur Penty">Penty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Pesch" title="Heinrich Pesch">Pesch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C3%ADctor_Pradera_Larumbe" title="Víctor Pradera Larumbe">Pradera Larumbe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_the_Apostle" title="Paul the Apostle">Paul the Apostle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurice_Reckitt" title="Maurice Reckitt">Reckitt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Le_Roy_Ladurie" title="Jacques Le Roy Ladurie">Le Roy Ladurie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ant%C3%B3nio_de_Oliveira_Salazar" title="António de Oliveira Salazar">Salazar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Salleron" title="Louis Salleron">Salleron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Schurtz" title="Heinrich Schurtz">Schurtz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Othmar_Spann" title="Othmar Spann">Spann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_T%C3%B6nnies" title="Ferdinand Tönnies">Tönnies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Get%C3%BAlio_Vargas" title="Getúlio Vargas">Vargas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Volpi" title="Giuseppe Volpi">Volpi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_M._Weaver" title="Richard M. Weaver">Weaver</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #8888FF;background:transparent;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Literature</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Servile_State" title="The Servile State">The Servile State</a></i> (1912)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Preussentum_und_Sozialismus" class="mw-redirect" title="Preussentum und Sozialismus">Preussentum und Sozialismus</a></i> (1919)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Modern_Corporation_and_Private_Property" title="The Modern Corporation and Private Property">The Modern Corporation and Private Property</a></i> (1932)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_New_State" title="The New State">New State</a></i> (1935)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Common_Organization_of_the_Society" title="Common Organization of the Society">Common Organization of the Society</a></i> (1935–1936)</li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #8888FF;background:transparent;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Organizations</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Acci%C3%B3n_Legionaria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Acción Legionaria (page does not exist)">Acción Legionaria</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blue_Labour" title="Blue Labour">Blue Labour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camp_of_Great_Poland" title="Camp of Great Poland">Camp of Great Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chamber_of_Fasces_and_Corporations" title="Chamber of Fasces and Corporations">Chamber of Fasces and Corporations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Nationalist_Party_(Romania)" title="Democratic Nationalist Party (Romania)">Democratic Nationalist Party (Romania)</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Estado_Novo_(Portugal)" title="Estado Novo (Portugal)">Estado Novo</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fatherland_League_(Norway)" title="Fatherland League (Norway)">Fatherland League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_(South_Korea)" title="Liberal Party (South Korea)">Liberal Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Agrarian_Party" title="National Agrarian Party">National Agrarian Party</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_(Spain)" title="National Assembly (Spain)">National Assembly</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Corporate_Party" title="National Corporate Party">National Corporate Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National-Radical_Movement_%22Falanga%22" title="National-Radical Movement "Falanga"">National-Radical Movement "Falanga"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Union_(Portugal)" title="National Union (Portugal)">National Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_Front" title="Romanian Front">Romanian Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unity_Party_(Hungary)" title="Unity Party (Hungary)">United Party</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #8888FF;background:transparent;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Related articles</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_social_teaching" title="Catholic social teaching">Catholic social teaching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economics_of_fascism" title="Economics of fascism">Economics of fascism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_democracy" title="Social democracy">Social democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syndic" title="Syndic">Syndic</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below plainlist" style="font-weight:normal; border-top:1px solid #8888FF; border-bottom:1px solid #8888FF;"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:A_coloured_voting_box.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/16px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/24px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/32px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Politics" title="Portal:Politics">Politics portal</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Corporatism_sidebar" title="Template:Corporatism sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Corporatism_sidebar" title="Template talk:Corporatism sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Corporatism_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Corporatism sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Consociationalism</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="'k' in 'kind'">k</span><span title="/ən/: 'on' in 'button'">ən</span><span title="/ˌ/: secondary stress follows">ˌ</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span><span title="/oʊ/: 'o' in 'code'">oʊ</span><span title="/ʃ/: 'sh' in 'shy'">ʃ</span><span title="/i/: 'y' in 'happy'">i</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="/eɪ/: 'a' in 'face'">eɪ</span><span title="/ʃ/: 'sh' in 'shy'">ʃ</span><span title="/ən/: 'on' in 'button'">ən</span><span title="/əl/: 'le' in 'bottle'">əl</span><span title="/ɪ/: 'i' in 'kit'">ɪ</span><span title="'z' in 'zoom'">z</span><span title="/əm/: 'm' in 'rhythm'">əm</span></span>/</a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key"><i title="English pronunciation respelling">kən-<span style="font-size:90%">SOH</span>-shee-<span style="font-size:90%">AY</span>-shən-əl-iz-əm</i></a>) is a form of democratic <a href="/wiki/Power_sharing" title="Power sharing">power sharing</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Political_science" title="Political science">Political scientists</a> define a consociational <a href="/wiki/State_(polity)" title="State (polity)">state</a> as one which has major internal divisions along ethnic, religious, or linguistic lines, but which remains stable due to consultation among the <a href="/wiki/Elite" title="Elite">elites</a> of these groups. Consociational states are often contrasted with states with <a href="/wiki/Majoritarian" class="mw-redirect" title="Majoritarian">majoritarian electoral systems</a>. </p><p>The goals of consociationalism are governmental stability, the survival of the power-sharing arrangements, the survival of <a href="/wiki/Democracy" title="Democracy">democracy</a>, and the avoidance of <a href="/wiki/Violence" title="Violence">violence</a>. When consociationalism is organised along religious confessional lines, as in <a href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanon</a>, it is known as <a href="/wiki/Confessionalism_(politics)" title="Confessionalism (politics)">confessionalism</a>. </p><p>Consociationalism is sometimes seen as analogous to <a href="/wiki/Corporatism" title="Corporatism">corporatism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some scholars consider consociationalism a form of corporatism. Others claim that economic corporatism was designed to regulate <a href="/wiki/Class_conflict" title="Class conflict">class conflict</a>, while consociationalism developed on the basis of reconciling societal fragmentation along ethnic and religious lines.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Concurrent_majority" title="Concurrent majority">Concurrent majority</a> can be a precursor to consociationalism. A consociational democracy differs from <a href="/wiki/Consensus_democracy" title="Consensus democracy">consensus democracy</a> (e.g. in <a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a>), in that consociational democracy represents a consensus of representatives with minority veto, while consensus democracy requires consensus across the electorate.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The idea has received significant criticism in its applicability to democratic political systems, especially with regard to power-sharing. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Origins">Origins</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Consociationalism&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Origins"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Consociation was first discussed in the 17th century <a href="/wiki/New_England_Confederation" title="New England Confederation">New England Confederation</a>. It described the interassociation and cooperation of the participant self-governing <a href="/wiki/Congregational_church" class="mw-redirect" title="Congregational church">Congregational churches</a> of the various colonial townships of the <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Bay_Colony" title="Massachusetts Bay Colony">Massachusetts Bay Colony</a>. These were empowered in the civil legislature and magistracy.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was debated at length in the <a href="/wiki/Boston,_Massachusetts" class="mw-redirect" title="Boston, Massachusetts">Boston</a> Synod of 1662.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was when the Episcopalian <a href="/wiki/Act_of_Uniformity_1662" title="Act of Uniformity 1662">Act of Uniformity 1662</a> was being introduced in <a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a>. </p><p>Consociationalism was originally discussed in academic terms by the <a href="/wiki/Political_science" title="Political science">political scientist</a> <a href="/wiki/Arend_Lijphart" title="Arend Lijphart">Arend Lijphart</a>. However, Lijphart has stated that he "merely discovered what political practitioners had repeatedly – and independently of both academic experts and one another – invented years earlier".<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Theoretically, consociationalism was <a href="/wiki/Inductive_reasoning" title="Inductive reasoning">inducted</a> from Lijphart's observations of political accommodation in the Netherlands, after which Lijphart argued for a generalizable consociational approach to ethnic conflict regulation.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Netherlands, as a consociational state, was between 1857 and 1967 divided into four non-territorial <a href="/wiki/Pillarisation" title="Pillarisation">pillars</a>: <a href="/wiki/Calvinist" class="mw-redirect" title="Calvinist">Calvinist</a>, <a href="/wiki/Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic">Catholic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Socialist" class="mw-redirect" title="Socialist">socialist</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Secularism" title="Secularism">general</a>, although until 1917 there was a <a href="/wiki/Plurality_voting_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Plurality voting system">plurality</a> ("first past the post") <a href="/wiki/Electoral_system" title="Electoral system">electoral system</a> rather than a <a href="/wiki/Proportional_representation" title="Proportional representation">proportional</a> one. In their heyday, each comprised tightly organised groups, schools, universities, hospitals and newspapers, all divided along a Balkanised social structure. The theory, according to Lijphart, focuses on the role of social elites, their agreement and co-operation, as the key to a stable democracy. Based on this initial study of consociational democracy, <a href="/wiki/John_McGarry" title="John McGarry">John McGarry</a> and <a href="/wiki/Brendan_O%27Leary" title="Brendan O'Leary">Brendan O'Leary</a> trace consociationalism back to 1917, when it was first employed in the <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a>, while <a href="/wiki/Gerhard_Lehmbruch" title="Gerhard Lehmbruch">Gerhard Lehmbruch</a> suggests 'precursors' of consociationalism as early as the <a href="/wiki/Peace_of_Augsburg" title="Peace of Augsburg">1555 Peace of Augsburg</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="State-building">State-building</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Consociationalism&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: State-building"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>While Lijphart's initial theory drew primarily from Western European democracies in its formulation of consociationalism, it has gained immense traction in post-conflict <a href="/wiki/State-building" title="State-building">state-building</a> contexts in the past decades.<sup id="cite_ref-A_culture_of_power_sharing_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-A_culture_of_power_sharing-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This development has been reflected in the expansion of the favourable conditions to external factors in the literature as well.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-A_culture_of_power_sharing_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-A_culture_of_power_sharing-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rather than internally constructed by state elites, these recent examples have been characterised by external facilitation, and at times imposition, through international actors.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-A_culture_of_power_sharing_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-A_culture_of_power_sharing-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the process, consociational arrangements have frequently been used to transform immediate violent conflict and solidify peace settlements in extremely fragile contexts of deeply divided societies.<sup id="cite_ref-McGarry_2019_538–555_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McGarry_2019_538–555-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The volatile environments in which these recent examples have been implemented have exhibited the need for external interference not only for their initial implementation but also for their continued existence.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-A_culture_of_power_sharing_12-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-A_culture_of_power_sharing-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As such, a range of international actors have assumed mediating and supporting roles to preserve power-sharing agreements in targeted states. Most prominently in <a href="/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia-Herzegovina</a>, this has involved an "international regulating body" in the form of a <a href="/wiki/High_Representative_for_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="High Representative for Bosnia and Herzegovina">High Representative</a> who in one period frequently intervened in the domestic political affairs of the state to implement legislation on which domestic elites were reluctant to come to an agreement on.<sup id="cite_ref-Merdzanovic_22–35_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Merdzanovic_22–35-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While the current results of consociational arrangements implemented in post-conflict state-building endeavours have been mixed, scholars such as O'Leary and McGarry maintain that they have often proven to be the most practical approach to ending immediate conflict and creating the necessary stability for peace-building to take place.<sup id="cite_ref-McGarry_2019_538–555_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McGarry_2019_538–555-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Its utility has been seen in its transformative aspect, flexibility, and "realist" approach to existing identity formations that are difficult to incorporate in a majoritarian system.<sup id="cite_ref-McGill-Queen's_University_Press_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McGill-Queen's_University_Press-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Characteristics">Characteristics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Consociationalism&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Characteristics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Lijphart identifies four key characteristics of consociational democracies:<sup id="cite_ref-Lijphart_1977_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lijphart_1977-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable" border="1"> <tbody><tr> <th>Name </th> <th>Explanation </th></tr> <tr> <td>Grand coalition </td> <td>Elites of each pillar come together to rule in the interests of society because they recognize the dangers of non-cooperation. </td></tr> <tr> <td>Mutual veto </td> <td>Consensus among the groups is required to confirm the majority rule. Mutuality means that the <a href="/wiki/Minority_group" title="Minority group">minority</a> is unlikely to successfully block the majority. If one group blocks another on some matter, the latter are likely to block the former in return. </td></tr> <tr> <td>Proportionality </td> <td>Representation is based on population. If one pillar accounts for 30% of the overall society, then they occupy 30% of the positions on the police force, in civil service, and in other national and civic segments of society. </td></tr> <tr> <td>Segmental autonomy </td> <td>Creates a sense of individuality and allows for different culturally-based community laws. </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Consociational policies often have these characteristics:<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coalition_government" title="Coalition government">Coalition cabinets</a>, where executive power is shared between parties, not concentrated in one. Many of these cabinets are oversized, meaning they include parties not necessary for a parliamentary majority;</li> <li>Balance of power between <a href="/wiki/Executive_(government)" title="Executive (government)">executive</a> and <a href="/wiki/Legislative" class="mw-redirect" title="Legislative">legislative</a>;</li> <li>Decentralized and federal government, where (regional) <a href="/wiki/Minorities" class="mw-redirect" title="Minorities">minorities</a> have considerable independence;</li> <li>Incongruent <a href="/wiki/Bicameralism" title="Bicameralism">bicameralism</a>, where it is very difficult for one party to gain a majority in both houses. Normally one chamber represents regional interests and the other <a href="/wiki/National_interest" title="National interest">national interests</a>;</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proportional_representation" title="Proportional representation">Proportional representation</a>, to allow (small) <a href="/wiki/Minorities" class="mw-redirect" title="Minorities">minorities</a> to gain representation too;</li> <li>Organized and <a href="/wiki/Corporatism" title="Corporatism">corporatist</a> interest groups, which represent <a href="/wiki/Minorities" class="mw-redirect" title="Minorities">minorities</a>;</li> <li>A <a href="/wiki/Rigid_Constitution" class="mw-redirect" title="Rigid Constitution">rigid constitution</a>, which prevents government from changing the <a href="/wiki/Constitution" title="Constitution">constitution</a> without consent of minorities;</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judicial_review" title="Judicial review">Judicial review</a>, which allows <a href="/wiki/Minorities" class="mw-redirect" title="Minorities">minorities</a> to go to the courts to seek redress against laws that they see as unjust;</li> <li>Elements of <a href="/wiki/Direct_democracy" title="Direct democracy">direct democracy</a>, which allow <a href="/wiki/Minorities" class="mw-redirect" title="Minorities">minorities</a> to enact or prevent legislation;</li> <li>Proportional employment in the public sector;</li> <li>A neutral <a href="/wiki/Head_of_state" title="Head of state">head of state</a>, either a <a href="/wiki/Monarchy" title="Monarchy">monarch</a> with only ceremonial duties, or an indirectly elected president, who gives up his or her party affiliation after being elected;</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Referendum" title="Referendum">Referendums</a> are only used to allow <a href="/wiki/Minorities" class="mw-redirect" title="Minorities">minorities</a> to block legislation: this means that they must be a <a href="/wiki/Popular_initiative" title="Popular initiative">citizen's initiative</a> and that there is no compulsory voting.</li> <li>Equality between ministers in cabinet, the <a href="/wiki/Prime_minister" title="Prime minister">prime minister</a> is only <i><a href="/wiki/Primus_inter_pares" title="Primus inter pares">primus inter pares</a></i>;</li> <li>An independent <a href="/wiki/Central_bank" title="Central bank">central bank</a>, where experts and not politicians set out monetary policies.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Favourable_conditions">Favourable conditions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Consociationalism&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Favourable conditions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Lijphart also identified a number of "favourable conditions" under which consociationalism is likely to be successful. He has changed the specification of these conditions somewhat over time.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Michael Kerr summarised Lijphart's most prominent favourable factors as:<sup id="cite_ref-Kerr_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kerr-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Segmental isolation of ethnic communities</li> <li>A multiple balance of power</li> <li>The presence of external threats common to all communities</li> <li>Overarching loyalties to the state</li> <li>A tradition of elite accommodation</li> <li>Socioeconomic equality</li> <li>A small population size, reducing the policy load</li> <li>A moderate multi-party system with segmental parties</li></ul> <p>Lijphart stresses that these conditions are neither indispensable nor sufficient to account for the success of consociationalism.<sup id="cite_ref-Lijphart_1977_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lijphart_1977-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This has led Rinus van Schendelen to conclude that "the conditions may be present and absent, necessary and unnecessary, in short conditions or no conditions at all".<sup id="cite_ref-van_Schendelen_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-van_Schendelen-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/John_McGarry" title="John McGarry">John McGarry</a> and <a href="/wiki/Brendan_O%27Leary" title="Brendan O'Leary">Brendan O'Leary</a> argue that three conditions are key to the establishment of democratic consociational power-sharing: elites have to be motivated to engage in conflict regulation; elites must lead deferential segments; and there must be a multiple balance of power, but more importantly the subcultures must be stable.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Michael Kerr, in his study of the role of external actors in power-sharing arrangements in Northern Ireland and Lebanon, adds to McGarry and O'Leary's list the condition that "the existence of positive external regulating pressures, from state to non-state actors, which provide the internal elites with sufficient incentives and motives for their acceptance of, and support for, consociation".<sup id="cite_ref-Kerr_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kerr-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Arguments_in_favor">Arguments in favor</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Consociationalism&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Arguments in favor"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In a consociational state, all groups, including minorities, are represented on the political and economic stages. Supporters of the consociationalism argue that it is a more realistic option in deeply divided societies than <a href="/wiki/Social_integration" title="Social integration">integrationist</a> approaches to <a href="/wiki/Conflict_management" title="Conflict management">conflict management</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Criticisms">Criticisms</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Consociationalism&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Criticisms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Many criticisms have been levelled against the deployment of consociationalism in state-building. It has been criticised as institutionalising and deepening existing divisions,<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> being severely dependent on external support for survival,<sup id="cite_ref-McGarry_2019_538–555_18-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McGarry_2019_538–555-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-A_culture_of_power_sharing_12-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-A_culture_of_power_sharing-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and temporarily freezing conflicts but not resolving them.<sup id="cite_ref-McGill-Queen's_University_Press_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McGill-Queen's_University_Press-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Given the apparent necessity for external regulation of these agreements, many scholars have characterised these state-building projects as deeply invasive.<sup id="cite_ref-Merdzanovic_22–35_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Merdzanovic_22–35-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-CHANDLER_2006_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CHANDLER_2006-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A recurring concern therein is the erosion of the governing elite's accountability towards its population and the fostering of clientele politics.<sup id="cite_ref-Merdzanovic_22–35_20-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Merdzanovic_22–35-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-CHANDLER_2006_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CHANDLER_2006-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These dynamics have been pointed to as obstacles to the resolution of the deep divisions consociations are meant to alleviate.<sup id="cite_ref-McGill-Queen's_University_Press_21-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McGill-Queen's_University_Press-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Further critiques have pointed out that consociations have at times encouraged conditions of "<a href="/wiki/Fragile_state" title="Fragile state">fragile states</a>", which state-building is meant to prevent.<sup id="cite_ref-CHANDLER_2006_30-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CHANDLER_2006-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Brian_Barry">Brian Barry</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Consociationalism&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Brian Barry"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Brian_Barry" title="Brian Barry">Brian Barry</a> has questioned the nature of the divisions that exist in the countries that Lijphart considers to be "classic cases" of consociational democracies. For example, he makes the case that in the Swiss example, "political parties cross-cut cleavages in the society and provide a picture of remarkable consensus rather than highly structured conflict of goals".<sup id="cite_ref-Barry_1975a_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Barry_1975a-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the case of the Netherlands, he argues that "the whole cause of the disagreement was the feeling of some Dutchman ... that it mattered what all the inhabitants of the country believed. Demands for policies aimed at producing religious or secular uniformity presuppose a concern ... for the state of grace of one's fellow citizens". He contrasts this to the case of a society marked by conflict, in this case <a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland" title="Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a>, where he argues that "the inhabitants ... have never shown much worry about the prospects of the adherents of the other religion going to hell".<sup id="cite_ref-Barry1975b_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Barry1975b-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Barry concludes that in the Dutch case, consociationalism is <a href="/wiki/Tautology_(rhetoric)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tautology (rhetoric)">tautological</a> and argues that "the relevance of the 'consociational' model for other divided societies is much more doubtful than is commonly supposed".<sup id="cite_ref-Barry_1975a_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Barry_1975a-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rinus_van_Schendelen">Rinus van Schendelen</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Consociationalism&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Rinus van Schendelen"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rinus_van_Schendelen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rinus van Schendelen (page does not exist)">Rinus van Schendelen</a> has argued that Lijphart uses evidence selectively. <a href="/wiki/Pillarisation" title="Pillarisation">Pillarisation</a> was "seriously weakening", even in the 1950s, cross-denominational co-operation was increasing, and formerly coherent political sub-cultures were dissolving. He argued that elites in the Netherlands were not motivated by preferences derived from the general interest, but rather by self-interest. They formed coalitions not to forge consociational negotiation between segments but to improve their parties' respective power. He argued that the Netherlands was "stable" in that it had few protests or riots, but that it was so before consociationalism, and that it was not stable from the standpoint of government turnover. He questioned the extent to which the Netherlands, or indeed any country labelled a consociational system, could be called a democracy, and whether calling a consociational country a democracy isn't somehow ruled out by definition. He believed that Lijphart suffered severe problems of rigor when identifying whether particular divisions were cleavages, whether particular cleavages were segmental, and whether particular cleavages were cross-cutting.<sup id="cite_ref-van_Schendelen_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-van_Schendelen-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lustick_on_hegemonic_control">Lustick on hegemonic control</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Consociationalism&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Lustick on hegemonic control"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Ian_Lustick" title="Ian Lustick">Ian Lustick</a> has argued that academics lack an alternative "control" approach for explaining stability in deeply divided societies and that this has resulted in the empirical overextension of consociational models.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lustick argues that Lijphart has "an impressionistic methodological posture, flexible rules for coding data, and an indefatigable, rhetorically seductive commitment to promoting consociationalism as a widely applicable principle of political engineering",<sup id="cite_ref-Lustick_1997_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lustick_1997-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> that results in him applying consociational theory to case studies that it does not fit. Furthermore, Lustick states that "Lijphart's definition of 'accommodation' ... includes the elaborately specified claim that issues dividing polarized blocs are settled by leaders convinced of the need for settlement".<sup id="cite_ref-Lustick_1997_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lustick_1997-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Horowitz_and_centripetal_criticism_of_consociationalism">Horowitz and centripetal criticism of consociationalism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Consociationalism&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Horowitz and centripetal criticism of consociationalism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Consociationalism focuses on diverging identities such as ethnicity instead of integrating identities such as class, institutionalizing and entrenching the former. Furthermore, it relies on rival co-operation, which is inherently unstable. It focuses on intrastate relations and neglects relations with other states. <a href="/wiki/Donald_L._Horowitz" title="Donald L. Horowitz">Donald L. Horowitz</a> argues that consociationalism can lead to the reification of ethnic divisions, since "grand coalitions are unlikely, because of the dynamics of intraethnic competition. The very act of forming a multiethnic coalition generates intraethnic competition – flanking – if it does not already exist".<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Consistent with Horowitz's claims, Dawn Brancati finds that federalism/territorial autonomy, an element of consociationalism, strengthens ethnic divisions if it is designed in a way that strengthens regional parties, which in turn encourage ethnic conflict.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>James Anderson also supports Horowitz's contention that consociational powersharing built around diverging identities can entrench and sharpen these divisions. Citing the example of <a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland" title="Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a>, Anderson argues such approaches tend to "prioritise the same general type of territorial identity as the ethno-nationalists". Nonetheless, Anderson concedes difficulty lies in the fact such identities cannot simply be wished away, as he argues is attempted when focusing only on individual rights at the expense of group rights.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As an alternative of consociationalism Horowitz suggested an alternative model – <a href="/wiki/Centipetalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Centipetalism">centripetalism</a>. Centripetalism aims to depoliticize ethnicity and to encourage multi-ethnic parties instead of reinforcing ethnic divides through political institutions.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_criticisms">Other criticisms</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Consociationalism&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Other criticisms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 2022, Yascha Mounk argued that the case for consociationalism and power-sharing had weakened significantly since first proposed based on experiments and real-life observations. He argues that in some cases it can bring short-term peace, but that it is always temporary and is likely to worsen tensions in the long-run.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Critics point out that consociationalism is dangerous in a system of differing <a href="/wiki/Antagonist" title="Antagonist">antagonistic</a> <a href="/wiki/Ideologies" class="mw-redirect" title="Ideologies">ideologies</a>, generally <a href="/wiki/Conservatism" title="Conservatism">conservatism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">communism</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2009)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> They state that specific conditions must exist for three or more groups to develop a multi- system with strong leaders. This philosophy is dominated by elites, with those masses that are sidelined with the elites having less to lose if war breaks out. Consociationalism cannot be imperially applied. For example, it does not effectively apply to <a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a>. Critics also point to the failure of this line of reasoning in <a href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanon</a>, a country that reverted to civil war. It only truly applies in <a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a> and the Netherlands, and not in more deeply divided societies. If one of three groups gets half plus one of the vote, then the other groups are in perpetual opposition, which is largely incompatible with consociationalism. </p><p>Consociationalism assumes that each group is cohesive and has strong leadership. Although the minority can block decisions, this requires 100 per cent agreement. Rights are given to communities rather than individuals, leading to over-representation of some individuals in society and under-representation of others. Grand coalitions are unlikely to happen due to the dynamics of ethnic competition. Each group seeks more power for itself. Consociationalists are criticized for focusing too much on the set up of institutions and not enough on transitional issues which go beyond such institutions. Finally, it is claimed that consociational institutions promote <a href="/wiki/Sectarianism" title="Sectarianism">sectarianism</a> and entrench existing identities. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Examples">Examples</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Consociationalism&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Examples"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The political systems of a number of countries operate or used to operate on a consociational basis, including <a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Belgium" title="Politics of Belgium">Belgium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Italy" title="Politics of Italy">Italy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Cyprus#United_Cyprus" title="Politics of Cyprus">Cyprus</a> (effective 1960–1963),<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the <a href="/wiki/First_Czechoslovak_Republic" title="First Czechoslovak Republic">First Czechoslovak Republic</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Status_quo_(Israel)" title="Status quo (Israel)">Israel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Lebanon" title="Politics of Lebanon">Lebanon</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Politics_of_the_Netherlands" title="Politics of the Netherlands">Netherlands</a> (1917–1967), <a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Northern_Ireland" title="Politics of Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Switzerland" title="Politics of Switzerland">Switzerland</a> (consultation mostly across ideological lines), <a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Ethiopia" title="Politics of Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zimbabwe_Rhodesia" title="Zimbabwe Rhodesia">Zimbabwe-Rhodesia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Politics_of_South_Africa" title="Politics of South Africa">South Africa</a>. Some academics have also argued that the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a> resembles a consociational democracy, with consultation across ideological lines.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Additionally, a number of peace agreements are consociational, including: </p> <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/Dayton_Agreement" title="Dayton Agreement">Dayton Agreement</a> that ended the 1992–1995 <a href="/wiki/War_in_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" class="mw-redirect" title="War in Bosnia and Herzegovina">war in Bosnia and Herzegovina</a>, which is described as a "classic example of consociational settlement" by <a href="/wiki/Sumantra_Bose" title="Sumantra Bose">Sumantra Bose</a><sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and "an ideal-typical consociational democracy" by Roberto Belloni.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Good_Friday_Agreement" title="Good Friday Agreement">Good Friday Agreement</a> of 1998 in <a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland" title="Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a><sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (and its subsequent reinforcement with 2006's <a href="/wiki/St_Andrews_Agreement" title="St Andrews Agreement">St Andrews Agreement</a>), which Brendan O'Leary describes as "power-sharing plus".<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Ohrid_Agreement" class="mw-redirect" title="Ohrid Agreement">Ohrid Agreement</a> of 2001 setting the constitutional framework for power-sharing in <a href="/wiki/North_Macedonia" title="North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Fontana2016_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fontana2016-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Islamic_Republic_of_Afghanistan" title="Islamic Republic of Afghanistan">Islamic Republic of Afghanistan</a>'s political system was also described as consociational,<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> although it lacked ethnic quotas.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In addition to the <a href="/wiki/Two-state_solution" title="Two-state solution">two-state solution</a> to solve the <a href="/wiki/Arab%E2%80%93Israeli_conflict" title="Arab–Israeli conflict">Arab–Israeli conflict</a>, some have argued for a <a href="/wiki/One-state_solution" title="One-state solution">one-state solution</a> under a consociational democracy in the state of <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a>, but this solution is not very popular, nor has it been discussed seriously at peace negotiations.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the 1980s the South African government attempted to reform <a href="/wiki/Apartheid" title="Apartheid">apartheid</a> into a consociational democracy. The <a href="/wiki/South_African_Constitution_of_1983" title="South African Constitution of 1983">South African Constitution of 1983</a> applied Lijphart's powersharing ideas by establishing a <a href="/wiki/Tricameral_Parliament" title="Tricameral Parliament">Tricameral Parliament</a>. During the <a href="/wiki/Negotiations_to_end_apartheid_in_South_Africa" title="Negotiations to end apartheid in South Africa">1990s negotiations to end apartheid</a> the <a href="/wiki/National_Party_(South_Africa)" title="National Party (South Africa)">National Party</a> (NP) and <a href="/wiki/Inkatha_Freedom_Party" title="Inkatha Freedom Party">Inkatha Freedom Party</a> (IFP) proposed a settlement based upon consociationalism. The <a href="/wiki/African_National_Congress" title="African National Congress">African National Congress</a> (ANC) opposed consociationalism and proposed instead a settlement based upon majoritarian democracy. The NP abandoned consociationalism when the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_State" title="United States Department of State">U.S. Department of State</a> came out in favor of the majoritarian democracy model in 1992.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Consociationalism&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conflict_management" title="Conflict management">Conflict management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consensus_democracy" title="Consensus democracy">Consensus democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corporative_federalism" title="Corporative federalism">Corporative federalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Directorial_system" title="Directorial system">Directorial system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horizontalidad" title="Horizontalidad">Horizontalidad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minority_groups" class="mw-redirect" title="Minority groups">Minority groups</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minority_rights" title="Minority rights">Minority rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Negarchy" title="Negarchy">Negarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pillarisation" title="Pillarisation">Pillarisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plural_society" title="Plural society">Plural society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polycentric_law" title="Polycentric law">Polycentric law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sui_iuris" title="Sui iuris">Sui iuris</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Consociationalism&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFO'Leary2005" class="citation book cs1">O'Leary, Brendan (2005). "Debating consociational politics: Normative and explanatory arguments". In Noel, Sid JR (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=oQHX2Xz185EC"><i>From Power Sharing to Democracy: Post-Conflict Institutions in Ethnically Divided Societies</i></a>. Montreal: McGill-Queen's Press. pp. 3–43. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7735-2948-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-7735-2948-9"><bdi>0-7735-2948-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Debating+consociational+politics%3A+Normative+and+explanatory+arguments&rft.btitle=From+Power+Sharing+to+Democracy%3A+Post-Conflict+Institutions+in+Ethnically+Divided+Societies&rft.place=Montreal&rft.pages=3-43&rft.pub=McGill-Queen%27s+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0-7735-2948-9&rft.aulast=O%27Leary&rft.aufirst=Brendan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DoQHX2Xz185EC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConsociationalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcRae1979" class="citation journal cs1">McRae, Kenneth D. (September 1979). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S0008423900051726/type/journal_article">"Comment: Federation, Consociation, Corporatism—An Addendum to Arend Lijphart"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Journal_of_Political_Science" title="Canadian Journal of Political Science">Canadian Journal of Political Science</a></i>. <b>12</b> (3): 517–522 at 520. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0008423900051726">10.1017/S0008423900051726</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0008-4239">0008-4239</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:154995368">154995368</a>. <q>… <a href="/wiki/Federalism" title="Federalism">federalism</a>, consociationalism, and neo-corporatism can be viewed as alternative institutional devices for alleviating strain or overload on central governments and for distributing part of the burden among other sectors of the political system.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Canadian+Journal+of+Political+Science&rft.atitle=Comment%3A+Federation%2C+Consociation%2C+Corporatism%E2%80%94An+Addendum+to+Arend+Lijphart&rft.volume=12&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=517-522+at+520&rft.date=1979-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A154995368%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0008-4239&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0008423900051726&rft.aulast=McRae&rft.aufirst=Kenneth+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cambridge.org%2Fcore%2Fproduct%2Fidentifier%2FS0008423900051726%2Ftype%2Fjournal_article&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConsociationalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFdu_Toit1987" class="citation journal cs1">du Toit, Pierre (July 1987). "Consociational Democracy and Bargaining Power". <i>Comparative Politics</i>. <b>19</b> (4): 419–430 at 425. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F421815">10.2307/421815</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/421815">421815</a>. <q>While consociational democracy applies to joint decision making among societal groups, neither of which has a dominant power position, corporatism (especially 'state' corporatism) describes a decision making model where the state is the dominant participant in joint decision making. Both models, however, describe the decision making as characterized by consensus and bargaining.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Comparative+Politics&rft.atitle=Consociational+Democracy+and+Bargaining+Power&rft.volume=19&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=419-430+at+425&rft.date=1987-07&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F421815&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F421815%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=du+Toit&rft.aufirst=Pierre&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConsociationalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnke_Hassel2006" class="citation book cs1">Anke Hassel (2006). <span class="id-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/wagesettingsocia00hass"><i>Wage setting, Social Pacts and the Euro: A New Role for the State</i></a></span>. Amsterdam, Netherlands: Amsterdam University Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/wagesettingsocia00hass/page/n281">281</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789053569191" title="Special:BookSources/9789053569191"><bdi>9789053569191</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt46mxdx">j.ctt46mxdx</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Wage+setting%2C+Social+Pacts+and+the+Euro%3A+A+New+Role+for+the+State&rft.place=Amsterdam%2C+Netherlands&rft.pages=281&rft.pub=Amsterdam+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2Fj.ctt46mxdx%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.isbn=9789053569191&rft.au=Anke+Hassel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fwagesettingsocia00hass&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConsociationalism" class="Z3988"></span> (<a href="/wiki/Open_access" title="Open access">Open access</a>)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHowe2019" class="citation journal cs1">Howe, Philip J. (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111/spsr.12363">"The United States as a Plural Society: Towards a Consociational Solution?"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Swiss_Political_Science_Review" title="Swiss Political Science Review">Swiss Political Science Review</a></i>. <b>25</b> (4): 476–497. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fspsr.12363">10.1111/spsr.12363</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Swiss+Political+Science+Review&rft.atitle=The+United+States+as+a+Plural+Society%3A+Towards+a+Consociational+Solution%3F&rft.volume=25&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=476-497&rft.date=2019&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fspsr.12363&rft.aulast=Howe&rft.aufirst=Philip+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1111%2Fspsr.12363&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConsociationalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">W.H. Whitmore (ed.), <i>The Colonial Laws of Massachusetts</i> (Rockwell and Churchill, Boston 1890): 'The Body of Liberties of 1641', <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/coloniallawsofma1890mass/page/n77">at pp. 29-68</a>; 'Records of the Court of Assistants, 1641-1644', <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/coloniallawsofma1890mass/page/n23">pp. xix-xliii</a> (Google).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">J. Mitchel, <i>Propositions concerning the subject of baptism and consociation of churches, collected and confirmed out of the word of God, by a synod of elders and messengers of the churches in Massachusetts-Colony in New England. Assembled at Boston, ... in the year 1662</i> (Printed by S.G. [i.e., Samuel Green] for Hezekiah Usher at Boston in New-England, Cambridge Mass., 1662). Page views at <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/propositionsconc00cong">Internet Archive</a>. Full text at <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/t/text/text-idx?c=evans;cc=evans;rgn=div2;view=toc;idno=N00035.0001.001;node=N00035.0001.001%3A4.2">Evans/tcp</a> (open).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLijphart2004" class="citation journal cs1">Lijphart, Arend (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061028102639/http://ksghome.harvard.edu/~pnorris/Acrobat/stm103%20articles/lijphart%20Constitutional_Design.pdf">"Constitutional design for divided societies"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Democracy" title="Journal of Democracy">Journal of Democracy</a></i>. <b>15</b> (2): 96–109 [97]. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fjod.2004.0029">10.1353/jod.2004.0029</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:19665603">19665603</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ksghome.harvard.edu/~pnorris/Acrobat/stm103%20articles/lijphart%20Constitutional_Design.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2006-10-28<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-07-22</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Democracy&rft.atitle=Constitutional+design+for+divided+societies&rft.volume=15&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=96-109+97&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Fjod.2004.0029&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A19665603%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Lijphart&rft.aufirst=Arend&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fksghome.harvard.edu%2F~pnorris%2FAcrobat%2Fstm103%2520articles%2Flijphart%2520Constitutional_Design.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConsociationalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLijphart1968" class="citation book cs1">Lijphart, Arend (1968). <i>The Politics of Accommodation: Pluralism and Democracy in the Netherlands</i>. Berkeley: University of California Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780520007512" title="Special:BookSources/9780520007512"><bdi>9780520007512</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Politics+of+Accommodation%3A+Pluralism+and+Democracy+in+the+Netherlands&rft.place=Berkeley&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1968&rft.isbn=9780520007512&rft.aulast=Lijphart&rft.aufirst=Arend&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConsociationalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcGarryO'Leary,_Brendan1993" class="citation book cs1">McGarry, John; O'Leary, Brendan (1993). "Introduction: The macro-political regulation of ethnic conflict". In McGarry, John; O'Leary, Brendan (eds.). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/politicsofethnic0000unse"><i>The Politics of Ethnic Conflict Regulation: Case Studies of Protracted Ethnic Conflicts</i></a></span>. London: Routledge. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/politicsofethnic0000unse/page/n18">1</a>–40. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-07522-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-07522-X"><bdi>0-415-07522-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Introduction%3A+The+macro-political+regulation+of+ethnic+conflict&rft.btitle=The+Politics+of+Ethnic+Conflict+Regulation%3A+Case+Studies+of+Protracted+Ethnic+Conflicts&rft.place=London&rft.pages=1-40&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=0-415-07522-X&rft.aulast=McGarry&rft.aufirst=John&rft.au=O%27Leary%2C+Brendan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpoliticsofethnic0000unse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConsociationalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLehmbruch1975" class="citation journal cs1">Lehmbruch, Gerhard (December 1975). "Consociational Democracy in the International System". <i>European Journal of Political Research</i>. <b>3</b> (4): 383. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1475-6765.1975.tb01252.x">10.1111/j.1475-6765.1975.tb01252.x</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=European+Journal+of+Political+Research&rft.atitle=Consociational+Democracy+in+the+International+System&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=383&rft.date=1975-12&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1475-6765.1975.tb01252.x&rft.aulast=Lehmbruch&rft.aufirst=Gerhard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConsociationalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-A_culture_of_power_sharing-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-A_culture_of_power_sharing_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-A_culture_of_power_sharing_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-A_culture_of_power_sharing_12-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-A_culture_of_power_sharing_12-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-A_culture_of_power_sharing_12-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/culture-power-sharing-michael-kerr/10.4324/9780203962565-19">"A culture of power sharing"</a>. <i>Consociational Theory</i>. Routledge. 2009-03-20. pp. 222–236. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4324%2F9780203962565-19">10.4324/9780203962565-19</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-203-96256-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-203-96256-5"><bdi>978-0-203-96256-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=A+culture+of+power+sharing&rft.btitle=Consociational+Theory&rft.pages=222-236&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2009-03-20&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4324%2F9780203962565-19&rft.isbn=978-0-203-96256-5&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.taylorfrancis.com%2Fchapters%2Fculture-power-sharing-michael-kerr%2F10.4324%2F9780203962565-19&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConsociationalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcGarryO'Leary2007" class="citation journal cs1">McGarry, J.; O'Leary, B. (2007-09-28). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Ficon%2Fmom026">"Iraq's Constitution of 2005: Liberal consociation as political prescription"</a>. <i>International Journal of Constitutional Law</i>. <b>5</b> (4): 670–698. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Ficon%2Fmom026">10.1093/icon/mom026</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1474-2640">1474-2640</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Constitutional+Law&rft.atitle=Iraq%27s+Constitution+of+2005%3A+Liberal+consociation+as+political+prescription&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=670-698&rft.date=2007-09-28&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Ficon%2Fmom026&rft.issn=1474-2640&rft.aulast=McGarry&rft.aufirst=J.&rft.au=O%27Leary%2C+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1093%252Ficon%252Fmom026&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConsociationalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcGarryO'Leary2007" class="citation journal cs1">McGarry, J.; O'Leary, B. (2007-09-28). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Ficon%2Fmom026">"Iraq's Constitution of 2005: Liberal consociation as political prescription"</a>. <i>International Journal of Constitutional Law</i>. <b>5</b> (4): 670–698. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Ficon%2Fmom026">10.1093/icon/mom026</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1474-2640">1474-2640</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Constitutional+Law&rft.atitle=Iraq%27s+Constitution+of+2005%3A+Liberal+consociation+as+political+prescription&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=670-698&rft.date=2007-09-28&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Ficon%2Fmom026&rft.issn=1474-2640&rft.aulast=McGarry&rft.aufirst=J.&rft.au=O%27Leary%2C+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1093%252Ficon%252Fmom026&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConsociationalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZuercher2006" class="citation journal cs1">Zuercher, Christoph (2006-04-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cddrl.fsi.stanford.edu/publications/is_more_better_evaluating_externalled_state_building_after_1989">"Is More Better? Evaluating External-Led State Building After 1989"</a>. <i>CDDRL Working Papers</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CDDRL+Working+Papers&rft.atitle=Is+More+Better%3F+Evaluating+External-Led+State+Building+After+1989&rft.date=2006-04-01&rft.aulast=Zuercher&rft.aufirst=Christoph&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcddrl.fsi.stanford.edu%2Fpublications%2Fis_more_better_evaluating_externalled_state_building_after_1989&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConsociationalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZuercher2006" class="citation journal cs1">Zuercher, Christoph (2006-04-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cddrl.fsi.stanford.edu/publications/is_more_better_evaluating_externalled_state_building_after_1989">"Is More Better? Evaluating External-Led State Building After 1989"</a>. <i>CDDRL Working Papers</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CDDRL+Working+Papers&rft.atitle=Is+More+Better%3F+Evaluating+External-Led+State+Building+After+1989&rft.date=2006-04-01&rft.aulast=Zuercher&rft.aufirst=Christoph&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcddrl.fsi.stanford.edu%2Fpublications%2Fis_more_better_evaluating_externalled_state_building_after_1989&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConsociationalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcGarryO'Leary2007" class="citation journal cs1">McGarry, J.; O'Leary, B. (2007-09-28). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Ficon%2Fmom026">"Iraq's Constitution of 2005: Liberal consociation as political prescription"</a>. <i>International Journal of Constitutional Law</i>. <b>5</b> (4): 670–698. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Ficon%2Fmom026">10.1093/icon/mom026</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1474-2640">1474-2640</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Constitutional+Law&rft.atitle=Iraq%27s+Constitution+of+2005%3A+Liberal+consociation+as+political+prescription&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=670-698&rft.date=2007-09-28&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Ficon%2Fmom026&rft.issn=1474-2640&rft.aulast=McGarry&rft.aufirst=J.&rft.au=O%27Leary%2C+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1093%252Ficon%252Fmom026&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConsociationalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-McGarry_2019_538–555-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-McGarry_2019_538–555_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-McGarry_2019_538–555_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-McGarry_2019_538–555_18-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcGarry2019" class="citation journal cs1">McGarry, John (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fspsr.12378">"Classical Consociational Theory and Recent Consociational Performance"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Swiss_Political_Science_Review" title="Swiss Political Science Review">Swiss Political Science Review</a></i>. <b>25</b> (4): 538–555. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fspsr.12378">10.1111/spsr.12378</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1662-6370">1662-6370</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:211380638">211380638</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Swiss+Political+Science+Review&rft.atitle=Classical+Consociational+Theory+and+Recent+Consociational+Performance&rft.volume=25&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=538-555&rft.date=2019&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A211380638%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1662-6370&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fspsr.12378&rft.aulast=McGarry&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1111%252Fspsr.12378&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConsociationalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZuercher2006" class="citation journal cs1">Zuercher, Christoph (2006-04-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cddrl.fsi.stanford.edu/publications/is_more_better_evaluating_externalled_state_building_after_1989">"Is More Better? Evaluating External-Led State Building After 1989"</a>. <i>CDDRL Working Papers</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CDDRL+Working+Papers&rft.atitle=Is+More+Better%3F+Evaluating+External-Led+State+Building+After+1989&rft.date=2006-04-01&rft.aulast=Zuercher&rft.aufirst=Christoph&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcddrl.fsi.stanford.edu%2Fpublications%2Fis_more_better_evaluating_externalled_state_building_after_1989&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConsociationalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Merdzanovic_22–35-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Merdzanovic_22–35_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Merdzanovic_22–35_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Merdzanovic_22–35_20-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMerdzanovic2017" class="citation journal cs1">Merdzanovic, Adis (2017-01-02). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080/21647259.2016.1264918">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Imposed consociationalism': external intervention and power sharing in Bosnia and Herzegovina"</a>. <i>Peacebuilding</i>. <b>5</b> (1): 22–35. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F21647259.2016.1264918">10.1080/21647259.2016.1264918</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2164-7259">2164-7259</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:157355747">157355747</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Peacebuilding&rft.atitle=%27Imposed+consociationalism%27%3A+external+intervention+and+power+sharing+in+Bosnia+and+Herzegovina&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=22-35&rft.date=2017-01-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A157355747%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=2164-7259&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F21647259.2016.1264918&rft.aulast=Merdzanovic&rft.aufirst=Adis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1080%2F21647259.2016.1264918&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConsociationalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-McGill-Queen's_University_Press-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-McGill-Queen's_University_Press_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-McGill-Queen's_University_Press_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-McGill-Queen's_University_Press_21-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt801dg"><i>From Power Sharing to Democracy: Post-Conflict Institutions in Ethnically Divided Societies</i></a>. McGill-Queen's University Press. 2005. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7735-2947-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7735-2947-2"><bdi>978-0-7735-2947-2</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt801dg">j.ctt801dg</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=From+Power+Sharing+to+Democracy%3A+Post-Conflict+Institutions+in+Ethnically+Divided+Societies&rft.pub=McGill-Queen%27s+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2Fj.ctt801dg%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.isbn=978-0-7735-2947-2&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2Fj.ctt801dg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConsociationalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lijphart_1977-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Lijphart_1977_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lijphart_1977_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLijphart1977" class="citation book cs1">Lijphart, Arend (1977). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/democracyinplura0000lijp"><i>Democracy in Plural Societies: A Comparative Exploration</i></a></span>. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-300-02494-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-300-02494-0"><bdi>0-300-02494-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Democracy+in+Plural+Societies%3A+A+Comparative+Exploration&rft.place=New+Haven%2C+CT&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=1977&rft.isbn=0-300-02494-0&rft.aulast=Lijphart&rft.aufirst=Arend&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdemocracyinplura0000lijp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConsociationalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lijphart, Arend; Crepaz, Markus M. L. : Corporatism and Consensus Democracy in Eighteen Countries: Conceptual and Empirical Linkages; British Journal of Political Science, Vol. 21, No. 2 (Apr., 1991), pp. 235–46</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBogaards1998" class="citation journal cs1">Bogaards, Matthijs (1998). "The favourable factors for consociational democracy: A review". <i>European Journal of Political Research</i>. <b>33</b> (4): 475–96. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2F1475-6765.00392">10.1111/1475-6765.00392</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144101944">144101944</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=European+Journal+of+Political+Research&rft.atitle=The+favourable+factors+for+consociational+democracy%3A+A+review&rft.volume=33&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=475-96&rft.date=1998&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2F1475-6765.00392&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A144101944%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Bogaards&rft.aufirst=Matthijs&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConsociationalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kerr-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kerr_25-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kerr_25-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKerr2006" class="citation book cs1">Kerr, Michael (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bAHTAAAACAAJ&q=Imposing+Power-sharing:+Conflict+and+Coexistence+in+Northern+Ireland+and+Lebanon"><i>Imposing Power-Sharing: Conflict and Coexistence in Northern Ireland and Lebanon</i></a>. Dublin: Irish Academic Press. pp. 27–28. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7165-3383-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7165-3383-2"><bdi>978-0-7165-3383-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Imposing+Power-Sharing%3A+Conflict+and+Coexistence+in+Northern+Ireland+and+Lebanon&rft.place=Dublin&rft.pages=27-28&rft.pub=Irish+Academic+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-7165-3383-2&rft.aulast=Kerr&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DbAHTAAAACAAJ%26q%3DImposing%2BPower-sharing%3A%2BConflict%2Band%2BCoexistence%2Bin%2BNorthern%2BIreland%2Band%2BLebanon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConsociationalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-van_Schendelen-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-van_Schendelen_26-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-van_Schendelen_26-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFvan_Schendelen1984" class="citation journal cs1">van Schendelen, M.C.P.M. (1984). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.palgrave-journals.com/ap">"The views of Arend Lijphart and collected criticisms"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Acta_Politica" title="Acta Politica">Acta Politica</a></i>. <b>19</b> (1). Palgrave Macmillan: 19–49.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Acta+Politica&rft.atitle=The+views+of+Arend+Lijphart+and+collected+criticisms&rft.volume=19&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=19-49&rft.date=1984&rft.aulast=van+Schendelen&rft.aufirst=M.C.P.M.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.palgrave-journals.com%2Fap&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConsociationalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcGarryO'Leary,_Brendan1995" class="citation book cs1">McGarry, John; O'Leary, Brendan (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RPtXDMarWTEC&q=Explaining+Northern+Ireland&pg=PP1"><i>Explaining Northern Ireland: Broken Images</i></a>. Oxford: Blackwell. p. 339. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-631-18349-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-631-18349-5"><bdi>978-0-631-18349-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Explaining+Northern+Ireland%3A+Broken+Images&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=339&rft.pub=Blackwell&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-631-18349-5&rft.aulast=McGarry&rft.aufirst=John&rft.au=O%27Leary%2C+Brendan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRPtXDMarWTEC%26q%3DExplaining%2BNorthern%2BIreland%26pg%3DPP1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConsociationalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcGarryO'Leary,_Brendan2006" class="citation journal cs1">McGarry, John; O'Leary, Brendan (2006). "Consociational theory, Northern Ireland's conflict, and its agreement 2: What critics of consociation can learn from Northern Ireland". <i>Government and Opposition</i>. <b>41</b> (2): 249–77. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1477-7053.2006.00178.x">10.1111/j.1477-7053.2006.00178.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:51859873">51859873</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Government+and+Opposition&rft.atitle=Consociational+theory%2C+Northern+Ireland%27s+conflict%2C+and+its+agreement+2%3A+What+critics+of+consociation+can+learn+from+Northern+Ireland&rft.volume=41&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=249-77&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1477-7053.2006.00178.x&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A51859873%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=McGarry&rft.aufirst=John&rft.au=O%27Leary%2C+Brendan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConsociationalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcCulloch2014" class="citation journal cs1">McCulloch, Allison (2014-04-16). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080/13510347.2012.748039">"Consociational settlements in deeply divided societies: the liberal-corporate distinction"</a>. <i>Democratization</i>. <b>21</b> (3): 501–518. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F13510347.2012.748039">10.1080/13510347.2012.748039</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1351-0347">1351-0347</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144946531">144946531</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Democratization&rft.atitle=Consociational+settlements+in+deeply+divided+societies%3A+the+liberal-corporate+distinction&rft.volume=21&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=501-518&rft.date=2014-04-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A144946531%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1351-0347&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F13510347.2012.748039&rft.aulast=McCulloch&rft.aufirst=Allison&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1080%2F13510347.2012.748039&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConsociationalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CHANDLER_2006-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CHANDLER_2006_30-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CHANDLER_2006_30-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CHANDLER_2006_30-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChandler2006" class="citation book cs1">Chandler, David (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt18fs393"><i>Empire in Denial: The Politics of State-Building</i></a>. Pluto Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2Fj.ctt18fs393">10.2307/j.ctt18fs393</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7453-2428-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7453-2428-9"><bdi>978-0-7453-2428-9</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt18fs393">j.ctt18fs393</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Empire+in+Denial%3A+The+Politics+of+State-Building&rft.pub=Pluto+Press&rft.date=2006&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2Fj.ctt18fs393%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2Fj.ctt18fs393&rft.isbn=978-0-7453-2428-9&rft.aulast=Chandler&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2Fj.ctt18fs393&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConsociationalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/308345107">"Power Sharing in Lebanon: Foreign Protectors, Domestic Peace, and Democratic Failure | Request PDF"</a>. <i>ResearchGate</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-01-27</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ResearchGate&rft.atitle=Power+Sharing+in+Lebanon%3A+Foreign+Protectors%2C+Domestic+Peace%2C+and+Democratic+Failure+%7C+Request+PDF&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F308345107&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConsociationalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDodge2020" class="citation journal cs1">Dodge, Toby (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fsena.12330">"Iraq's Informal Consociationalism and Its Problems"</a>. <i>Studies in Ethnicity and Nationalism</i>. <b>20</b> (2): 145–152. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fsena.12330">10.1111/sena.12330</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1754-9469">1754-9469</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Studies+in+Ethnicity+and+Nationalism&rft.atitle=Iraq%27s+Informal+Consociationalism+and+Its+Problems&rft.volume=20&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=145-152&rft.date=2020&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fsena.12330&rft.issn=1754-9469&rft.aulast=Dodge&rft.aufirst=Toby&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1111%252Fsena.12330&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConsociationalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Barry_1975a-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Barry_1975a_33-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Barry_1975a_33-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarry1975" class="citation journal cs1">Barry, Brian (1975). "Political accommodation and consociational democracy". <i>British Journal of Political Science</i>. <b>5</b> (4): 477–505. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0007123400008322">10.1017/S0007123400008322</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/193439">193439</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:155019866">155019866</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=British+Journal+of+Political+Science&rft.atitle=Political+accommodation+and+consociational+democracy&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=477-505&rft.date=1975&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A155019866%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F193439%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0007123400008322&rft.aulast=Barry&rft.aufirst=Brian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConsociationalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Barry1975b-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Barry1975b_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarry1975" class="citation journal cs1">Barry, Brian (1975). "The consociational model and its dangers". <i>European Journal of Political Research</i>. <b>3</b> (4): 393–412. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1475-6765.1975.tb01253.x">10.1111/j.1475-6765.1975.tb01253.x</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=European+Journal+of+Political+Research&rft.atitle=The+consociational+model+and+its+dangers&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=393-412&rft.date=1975&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1475-6765.1975.tb01253.x&rft.aulast=Barry&rft.aufirst=Brian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConsociationalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLustick1979" class="citation journal cs1">Lustick, Ian (1979). "Stability in deeply divided societies: Consociationalism versus control". <i>World Politics</i>. <b>31</b> (3): 325–44. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2009992">10.2307/2009992</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2009992">2009992</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145353881">145353881</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=World+Politics&rft.atitle=Stability+in+deeply+divided+societies%3A+Consociationalism+versus+control&rft.volume=31&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=325-44&rft.date=1979&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A145353881%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2009992%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2009992&rft.aulast=Lustick&rft.aufirst=Ian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConsociationalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lustick_1997-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Lustick_1997_36-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lustick_1997_36-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLustick1997" class="citation journal cs1">Lustick, Ian (1997). "Lijphart, Lakatos, and consociationalism". <i>World Politics</i>. <b>50</b> (1): 88–117. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0043887100014738">10.1017/S0043887100014738</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/25054028">25054028</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:143123926">143123926</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=World+Politics&rft.atitle=Lijphart%2C+Lakatos%2C+and+consociationalism&rft.volume=50&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=88-117&rft.date=1997&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A143123926%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F25054028%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0043887100014738&rft.aulast=Lustick&rft.aufirst=Ian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConsociationalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHorowitz1985" class="citation book cs1">Horowitz, Donald (1985). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ethnicgroupsinco00horo"><i>Ethnic Groups in Conflict</i></a></span>. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ethnicgroupsinco00horo/page/575">575</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-520-22706-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-520-22706-9"><bdi>0-520-22706-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ethnic+Groups+in+Conflict&rft.place=Berkeley%2C+CA&rft.pages=575&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=0-520-22706-9&rft.aulast=Horowitz&rft.aufirst=Donald&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fethnicgroupsinco00horo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConsociationalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dawn Brancati, <i>Peace by Design: Managing Intrastate Conflict through Decentralization</i>, Oxford University Press, 2009.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnderson2008" class="citation journal cs1">Anderson, James (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1469-8129.2008.00340.x">"Partition, consociation, border-crossing: some lessons from the national conflict in Ireland/Northern Ireland"</a>. <i>Nations and Nationalism</i>. <b>14</b> (1): 85–104. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1469-8129.2008.00340.x">10.1111/j.1469-8129.2008.00340.x</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nations+and+Nationalism&rft.atitle=Partition%2C+consociation%2C+border-crossing%3A+some+lessons+from+the+national+conflict+in+Ireland%2FNorthern+Ireland&rft.volume=14&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=85-104&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1469-8129.2008.00340.x&rft.aulast=Anderson&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fonlinelibrary.wiley.com%2Fdoi%2Fabs%2F10.1111%2Fj.1469-8129.2008.00340.x&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConsociationalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReilly2012" class="citation journal cs1">Reilly, Benjamin (June 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://link.springer.com/10.1057/eps.2011.36">"Institutional Designs for Diverse Democracies: Consociationalism, Centripetalism and Communalism Compared"</a>. <i>European Political Science</i>. <b>11</b> (2): 259–270. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1057%2Feps.2011.36">10.1057/eps.2011.36</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1680-4333">1680-4333</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144295799">144295799</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=European+Political+Science&rft.atitle=Institutional+Designs+for+Diverse+Democracies%3A+Consociationalism%2C+Centripetalism+and+Communalism+Compared&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=259-270&rft.date=2012-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A144295799%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1680-4333&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1057%2Feps.2011.36&rft.aulast=Reilly&rft.aufirst=Benjamin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flink.springer.com%2F10.1057%2Feps.2011.36&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConsociationalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMounk2022" class="citation book cs1">Mounk, Yascha (2022). <i>The great experiment: why diverse democracies fall apart and how they can endure</i>. New York: Penguin Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-593-29681-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-593-29681-3"><bdi>978-0-593-29681-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+great+experiment%3A+why+diverse+democracies+fall+apart+and+how+they+can+endure&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Penguin+Press&rft.date=2022&rft.isbn=978-0-593-29681-3&rft.aulast=Mounk&rft.aufirst=Yascha&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConsociationalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWolff2004" class="citation book cs1">Wolff, Stefan (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QYTKZ0z6QygC"><i>Disputed Territories: The Transnational Dynamics of Ethnic Conflict Settlement</i></a>. Berghahn Books. pp. 30–31. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781571817181" title="Special:BookSources/9781571817181"><bdi>9781571817181</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Disputed+Territories%3A+The+Transnational+Dynamics+of+Ethnic+Conflict+Settlement&rft.pages=30-31&rft.pub=Berghahn+Books&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=9781571817181&rft.aulast=Wolff&rft.aufirst=Stefan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQYTKZ0z6QygC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConsociationalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWippman1998" class="citation book cs1">Wippman, David (1998). "Practical and Legal Constraints on Internal Power Sharing". In Wippman, David (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=uy1CCqO6qUIC"><i>International Law and Ethnic Conflict</i></a>. Cornell University Press. p. 220. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780801434334" title="Special:BookSources/9780801434334"><bdi>9780801434334</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Practical+and+Legal+Constraints+on+Internal+Power+Sharing&rft.btitle=International+Law+and+Ethnic+Conflict&rft.pages=220&rft.pub=Cornell+University+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=9780801434334&rft.aulast=Wippman&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Duy1CCqO6qUIC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConsociationalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBahcheliNoel2005" class="citation book cs1">Bahcheli, Tozun; Noel, Sid (2005). "Power Sharing for Cyprus (Again)? European Union Accession and the Prospects for Reunification". In Noel, Sid (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=oQHX2Xz185EC"><i>Relations of Ruling: Class and Gender in Postindustrial Societies</i></a>. McGill-Queen's University Press. p. 215. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780773529489" title="Special:BookSources/9780773529489"><bdi>9780773529489</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Power+Sharing+for+Cyprus+%28Again%29%3F+European+Union+Accession+and+the+Prospects+for+Reunification&rft.btitle=Relations+of+Ruling%3A+Class+and+Gender+in+Postindustrial+Societies&rft.pages=215&rft.pub=McGill-Queen%27s+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=9780773529489&rft.aulast=Bahcheli&rft.aufirst=Tozun&rft.au=Noel%2C+Sid&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DoQHX2Xz185EC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConsociationalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLorman2019" class="citation book cs1">Lorman, Thomas (2019). <i>The Making of the Slovak People's Party: Religion, Nationalism and the Culture War in Early 20th-Century Europe</i>. London: Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 225. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-350-10938-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-350-10938-4"><bdi>978-1-350-10938-4</bdi></a>. <q>... an interwar Czechoslovak regime that sought to accommodate the SĽS [<a href="/wiki/Slovak_People%27s_Party" title="Slovak People's Party">Slovak People's Party</a>] within a system that is best described in modern times as 'conscociational'.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Making+of+the+Slovak+People%27s+Party%3A+Religion%2C+Nationalism+and+the+Culture+War+in+Early+20th-Century+Europe&rft.place=London&rft.pages=225&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Publishing&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-1-350-10938-4&rft.aulast=Lorman&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConsociationalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGabel1998" class="citation journal cs1">Gabel, Matthew J. (1998). "The endurance of supranational governance: A consociational interpretation of the European Union". <i>Comparative Politics</i>. <b>30</b> (4): 463–75. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F422334">10.2307/422334</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/422334">422334</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Comparative+Politics&rft.atitle=The+endurance+of+supranational+governance%3A+A+consociational+interpretation+of+the+European+Union&rft.volume=30&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=463-75&rft.date=1998&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F422334&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F422334%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Gabel&rft.aufirst=Matthew+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConsociationalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBogaardsCrepaz,_Markus_M.L.2002" class="citation journal cs1">Bogaards, Matthijs; Crepaz, Markus M.L. (2002). "Consociational interpretations of the European Union". <i><a href="/wiki/European_Union_Politics" title="European Union Politics">European Union Politics</a></i>. <b>3</b> (3): 357–81. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F1465116502003003004">10.1177/1465116502003003004</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:155088134">155088134</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=European+Union+Politics&rft.atitle=Consociational+interpretations+of+the+European+Union&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=357-81&rft.date=2002&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F1465116502003003004&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A155088134%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Bogaards&rft.aufirst=Matthijs&rft.au=Crepaz%2C+Markus+M.L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConsociationalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBose2002" class="citation book cs1">Bose, Sumantra (2002). <i>Bosnia After Dayton: Nationalist Partition and International Intervention</i>. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 216. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85065-585-5" title="Special:BookSources/1-85065-585-5"><bdi>1-85065-585-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bosnia+After+Dayton%3A+Nationalist+Partition+and+International+Intervention&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=216&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=1-85065-585-5&rft.aulast=Bose&rft.aufirst=Sumantra&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConsociationalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBelloni2004" class="citation journal cs1">Belloni, Roberto (2004). "Peacebuilding and consociational electoral engineering in Bosnia and Herzegovina". <i>International Peacekeeping</i>. <b>11</b> (2): 334–53 [336]. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F1353331042000237300">10.1080/1353331042000237300</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144376666">144376666</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Peacekeeping&rft.atitle=Peacebuilding+and+consociational+electoral+engineering+in+Bosnia+and+Herzegovina&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=334-53+336&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F1353331042000237300&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A144376666%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Belloni&rft.aufirst=Roberto&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConsociationalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFO'Leary2001" class="citation book cs1">O'Leary, Brendan (2001). "The character of the 1998 Agreement: Results and prospects". In Wilford, Rick (ed.). <i>Aspects of the Belfast Agreement</i>. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 49–83. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-924262-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-924262-3"><bdi>0-19-924262-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+character+of+the+1998+Agreement%3A+Results+and+prospects&rft.btitle=Aspects+of+the+Belfast+Agreement&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=49-83&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=0-19-924262-3&rft.aulast=O%27Leary&rft.aufirst=Brendan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConsociationalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFO'Leary1999" class="citation journal cs1">O'Leary, Brendan (1999). "The 1998 British-Irish Agreement: Power-sharing plus". <i>Scottish Affairs</i>. <b>26</b>: 14–35. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3366%2Fscot.1999.0003">10.3366/scot.1999.0003</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Scottish+Affairs&rft.atitle=The+1998+British-Irish+Agreement%3A+Power-sharing+plus&rft.volume=26&rft.pages=14-35&rft.date=1999&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3366%2Fscot.1999.0003&rft.aulast=O%27Leary&rft.aufirst=Brendan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConsociationalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fontana2016-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Fontana2016_52-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFontana2016" class="citation book cs1">Fontana, Giuditta (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KJTlDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA102"><i>Education Policy and Power-Sharing in Post-Conflict Societies: Lebanon, Northern Ireland, and Macedonia</i></a>. Springer. p. 102. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-319-31426-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-319-31426-6"><bdi>978-3-319-31426-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Education+Policy+and+Power-Sharing+in+Post-Conflict+Societies%3A+Lebanon%2C+Northern+Ireland%2C+and+Macedonia&rft.pages=102&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-3-319-31426-6&rft.aulast=Fontana&rft.aufirst=Giuditta&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKJTlDAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA102&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConsociationalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLijphart2008" class="citation book cs1">Lijphart, Arend (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YC_EvUn5inkC&pg=PA5"><i>Thinking about Democracy: Power Sharing and Majority Rule in Theory and Practice</i></a>. Abingdon: Routledge. p. 5. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-77268-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-77268-6"><bdi>978-0-415-77268-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Thinking+about+Democracy%3A+Power+Sharing+and+Majority+Rule+in+Theory+and+Practice&rft.place=Abingdon&rft.pages=5&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-415-77268-6&rft.aulast=Lijphart&rft.aufirst=Arend&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DYC_EvUn5inkC%26pg%3DPA5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConsociationalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAdeney2008" class="citation journal cs1">Adeney, Katharine (2008). "Constitutional design and the political salience of 'community' identity in Afghanistan: Prospects for the emergence of ethnic conflicts in the post-Taliban era". <i>Asian Survey</i>. <b>48</b> (4): 535–57. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1525%2Fas.2008.48.4.535">10.1525/as.2008.48.4.535</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Asian+Survey&rft.atitle=Constitutional+design+and+the+political+salience+of+%27community%27+identity+in+Afghanistan%3A+Prospects+for+the+emergence+of+ethnic+conflicts+in+the+post-Taliban+era&rft.volume=48&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=535-57&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1525%2Fas.2008.48.4.535&rft.aulast=Adeney&rft.aufirst=Katharine&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConsociationalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fSQQBdRFmwIC&dq=Israeli+Consociationalism&pg=PA127"><i>Israel and the Politics of Jewish Identity: The Secular-Religious Impasse</i></a> by Asher Cohen, Bernard Susser. Google Books (Retrieved 2011-1-30)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHamill2003" class="citation journal cs1">Hamill, James (2003). "A disguised surrender? South Africa's negotiated settlement and the politics of conflict resolution". <i>Diplomacy & Statecraft</i>. <b>14</b> (3): 17–18. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F09592290312331295546">10.1080/09592290312331295546</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Diplomacy+%26+Statecraft&rft.atitle=A+disguised+surrender%3F+South+Africa%27s+negotiated+settlement+and+the+politics+of+conflict+resolution&rft.volume=14&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=17-18&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F09592290312331295546&rft.aulast=Hamill&rft.aufirst=James&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConsociationalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Consociationalism&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>O'Leary, Brendan. 2020. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/spsr.12385">Consociation in the Present.</a>" <a href="/wiki/Swiss_Political_Science_Review" title="Swiss Political Science Review">Swiss Political Science Review</a>.</li> <li>Bogaards, Matthijs; Helms, Ludger; Lijphart, Arend. 2020. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/spsr.12384">The Importance of Consociationalism for Twenty‐First Century Politics and Political Science.</a>" <a href="/wiki/Swiss_Political_Science_Review" title="Swiss Political Science Review">Swiss Political Science Review</a>.</li> <li>Selway, Joel and K. Templeman. 2012. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0010414011425341">The Myth of Consociationalism</a>." <i>Comparative Political Studies</i> 45: 1542–1571.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIssacharoff" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Issacharoff" title="Samuel Issacharoff">Issacharoff, S.</a> "Constitutionalizing Democracy in Fractured Societies". <i>Texas Law Review</i>. <b>82</b>: 2004.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Texas+Law+Review&rft.atitle=Constitutionalizing+Democracy+in+Fractured+Societies&rft.volume=82&rft.pages=2004&rft.aulast=Issacharoff&rft.aufirst=S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConsociationalism" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/consociationalism" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:consociationalism">consociationalism</a></b></i> or <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/consociation" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:consociation">consociation</a></b></i> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Ethnicity" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Ethnicity" title="Template:Ethnicity"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Ethnicity" title="Template talk:Ethnicity"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ethnicity" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Ethnicity"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Ethnicity" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Ethnicity" title="Ethnicity">Ethnicity</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clan" title="Clan">Clan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_group" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic group">Ethnic group</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ethnographic_group" title="Ethnographic group">Ethnographic group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnolinguistic_group" title="Ethnolinguistic group">Ethnolinguistic group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnonational_group" title="Ethnonational group">Ethnonational group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnoreligious_group" title="Ethnoreligious group">Ethnoreligious group</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnographic_realism" title="Ethnographic realism">Ethnographic realism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diaspora" title="Diaspora">Diaspora</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Immigration" title="Immigration">Immigration</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyphenated_ethnicity" title="Hyphenated ethnicity">Hyphenated ethnicity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples" title="Indigenous peoples">Indigenous peoples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/In-group_and_out-group" title="In-group and out-group">In-group and out-groups</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meta-ethnicity" title="Meta-ethnicity">Meta-ethnicity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metroethnicity" title="Metroethnicity">Metroethnicity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minority_group" title="Minority group">Minority group</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Minority_influence" title="Minority influence">Influence</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monoethnicity" title="Monoethnicity">Monoethnicity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nation" title="Nation">Nation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationality" title="Nationality">Nationality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panethnicity" title="Panethnicity">Panethnicity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polyethnicity" title="Polyethnicity">Polyethnicity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Population" title="Population">Population</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Race_(human_categorization)" title="Race (human categorization)">Race</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supraethnicity" title="Supraethnicity">Supraethnicity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symbolic_ethnicity" title="Symbolic ethnicity">Symbolic ethnicity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tribe" title="Tribe">Tribe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ethnology" title="Ethnology">Ethnology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anthropology" title="Anthropology">Anthropology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_studies" title="Ethnic studies">Ethnic studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnoarchaeology" title="Ethnoarchaeology">Ethnoarchaeology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnobiology" title="Ethnobiology">Ethnobiology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ethnobotany" title="Ethnobotany">Ethnobotany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnoecology" title="Ethnoecology">Ethnoecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnomycology" title="Ethnomycology">Ethnomycology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnozoology" title="Ethnozoology">Ethnozoology</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnocinema" title="Ethnocinema">Ethnocinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnogeology" title="Ethnogeology">Ethnogeology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnography" title="Ethnography">Ethnography</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Autoethnography" title="Autoethnography">Autoethnography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clinical_ethnography" title="Clinical ethnography">Clinical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critical_ethnography" title="Critical ethnography">Critical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institutional_ethnography" title="Institutional ethnography">Institutional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Netnography" title="Netnography">Netnography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Online_ethnography" title="Online ethnography">Online</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Person-centered_ethnography" title="Person-centered ethnography">Person-centered</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salvage_ethnography" title="Salvage ethnography">Salvage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transidioethnography" title="Transidioethnography">Transidioethnography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_ethnography" title="Video ethnography">Video</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnohistory" title="Ethnohistory">Ethnohistory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnolinguistics" title="Ethnolinguistics">Ethnolinguistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnology" title="Ethnology">Ethnology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnomathematics" title="Ethnomathematics">Ethnomathematics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ethnostatistics" title="Ethnostatistics">Ethnostatistics</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnomedicine" title="Ethnomedicine">Ethnomedicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnomethodology" title="Ethnomethodology">Ethnomethodology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnomuseology" title="Ethnomuseology">Ethnomuseology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnomusicology" title="Ethnomusicology">Ethnomusicology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnophilosophy" title="Ethnophilosophy">Ethnophilosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnopoetics" title="Ethnopoetics">Ethnopoetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnopsychopharmacology" title="Ethnopsychopharmacology">Ethnopsychopharmacology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnoscience" title="Ethnoscience">Ethnoscience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnosemiotics" title="Ethnosemiotics">Ethnosemiotics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnotaxonomy" title="Ethnotaxonomy">Ethnotaxonomy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_contemporary_ethnic_groups" title="List of contemporary ethnic groups">Groups by region</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>World</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_contemporary_ethnic_groups" title="List of contemporary ethnic groups">Contemporary ethnic groups</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_ethnic_groups" title="List of countries by ethnic groups">Countries by ethnic groups</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/List_of_ethnic_groups_of_Africa" title="List of ethnic groups of Africa">Africa</a></b></li> <li><b>Americas</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous peoples of the Americas">Indigenous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_origins_of_people_in_Canada" title="Ethnic origins of people in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Greenland#Ethnic_groups" title="Demographics of Greenland">Greenland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Mexico#Ethnic_groups" title="Demographics of Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Race_and_ethnicity_in_the_United_States" title="Race and ethnicity in the United States">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Caribbean" title="Indigenous peoples of the Caribbean">Caribbean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_Central_America" title="Ethnic groups in Central America">Central America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_South_America" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic groups in South America">South America</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_Asia" title="Ethnic groups in Asia">Asia</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_of_Central_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic groups of Central Asia">Central Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_of_East_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic groups of East Asia">East Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_Siberia" title="Indigenous peoples of Siberia">Northern Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_South_Asia" title="Ethnic groups in South Asia">South Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_Southeast_Asia" title="Ethnic groups in Southeast Asia">Southeast Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_the_Middle_East" title="Ethnic groups in the Middle East">West Asia</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic groups in Australia">Australia</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Australian_Aboriginal_group_names" title="List of Australian Aboriginal group names">Aboriginal groups</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torres_Strait_Islanders" title="Torres Strait Islanders">Torres Strait Islanders</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_Europe" title="Ethnic groups in Europe">Europe</a></b></li> <li><b>Oceania</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_Oceania" title="Indigenous peoples of Oceania">Indigenous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Europeans_in_Oceania" title="Europeans in Oceania">European</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Identity_(social_science)" title="Identity (social science)">Identity</a> and<br /> <a href="/wiki/Ethnogenesis" title="Ethnogenesis">ethnogenesis</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cross-race_effect" title="Cross-race effect">Cross-race effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_assimilation" title="Cultural assimilation">Cultural assimilation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_identity" title="Cultural identity">Cultural identity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demonym" title="Demonym">Demonym</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_identity_development" title="Ethnic identity development">Development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endonym_and_exonym" title="Endonym and exonym">Endonym</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnarch" title="Ethnarch">Ethnarch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_flag" title="Ethnic flag">Ethnic flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_option" title="Ethnic option">Ethnic option</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_origin" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic origin">Ethnic origin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_religion" title="Ethnic religion">Ethnic religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Race_and_ethnicity_in_censuses" title="Race and ethnicity in censuses">Ethnicity in censuses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnofiction" title="Ethnofiction">Ethnofiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnonym" title="Ethnonym">Ethnonym</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folk_religion" title="Folk religion">Folk religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_race_concepts" title="Historical race concepts">Historical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imagined_community" title="Imagined community">Imagined community</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kinship" title="Kinship">Kinship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legendary_progenitor" title="Legendary progenitor">Legendary progenitor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linguistic_homeland" title="Linguistic homeland">Linguistic homeland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mores" title="Mores">Mores</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mythomoteur" title="Mythomoteur">Mythomoteur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nation-building" title="Nation-building">Nation-building</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nation_state" title="Nation state">Nation state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_language" title="National language">National language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_myth" title="National myth">National myth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Origin_myth" title="Origin myth">Origin myth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pantribal_sodality" title="Pantribal sodality">Pantribal sodality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statistext" title="Statistext">Statistext</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tribal_name" title="Tribal name">Tribal name</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tribalism" title="Tribalism">Tribalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Detribalization" title="Detribalization">Detribalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neotribalism" title="Neotribalism">Neotribalism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_ethnic" title="White ethnic">White ethnic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Multinational_state" title="Multinational state">Multiethnic society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Consociationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_appropriation" title="Cultural appropriation">Cultural appropriation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diaspora_politics" title="Diaspora politics">Diaspora politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominant_minority" title="Dominant minority">Dominant minority</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_democracy" title="Ethnic democracy">Ethnic democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_enclave" title="Ethnic enclave">Ethnic enclave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_interest_group" title="Ethnic interest group">Ethnic interest group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_majority" title="Ethnic majority">Ethnic majority</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_media" title="Ethnic media">Ethnic media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_nationalism" title="Ethnic nationalism">Ethnic nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_pornography" title="Ethnic pornography">Ethnic pornography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_theme_park" title="Ethnic theme park">Ethnic theme park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnoburb" title="Ethnoburb">Ethnoburb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnocracy" title="Ethnocracy">Ethnocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnographic_film" title="Ethnographic film">Ethnographic film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnographic_village" title="Ethnographic village">Ethnographic village</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnopluralism" title="Ethnopluralism">Ethnopluralism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_rights" title="Indigenous rights">Indigenous rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middleman_minority" title="Middleman minority">Middleman minority</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minority_rights" title="Minority rights">Minority rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Model_minority" title="Model minority">Model minority</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Model_minority_myth" title="Model minority myth">Model minority myth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multinational_state" title="Multinational state">Multinational state</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Ideology and<br /><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_conflict" title="Ethnic conflict">ethnic conflict</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allophilia" title="Allophilia">Allophilia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_bioweapon" title="Ethnic bioweapon">Ethnic bioweapon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_cleansing" title="Ethnic cleansing">Ethnic cleansing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_hatred" title="Ethnic hatred">Ethnic hatred</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_joke" title="Ethnic joke">Ethnic joke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_party" title="Ethnic party">Ethnic party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_penalty" title="Ethnic penalty">Ethnic penalty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ethnic_slurs" title="List of ethnic slurs">Ethnic slurs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_stereotype" title="Ethnic stereotype">Ethnic stereotype</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_violence" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic violence">Ethnic violence</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ethnic_riots" title="List of ethnic riots">Ethnic riots</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnocentrism" title="Ethnocentrism">Ethnocentrism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnocide" title="Ethnocide">Ethnocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnofuturism" title="Ethnofuturism">Ethnofuturism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnosymbolism" title="Ethnosymbolism">Ethnosymbolism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenism" title="Indigenism">Indigenism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenization" title="Indigenization">Indigenization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nativism_(politics)" title="Nativism (politics)">Nativism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_active_separatist_movements" title="Lists of active separatist movements">Separatist movements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xenocentrism" title="Xenocentrism">Xenocentrism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xenophilia" title="Xenophilia">Xenophilia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xenophobia" title="Xenophobia">Xenophobia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Minzu_(anthropology)" title="Minzu (anthropology)">Minzu (anthropology)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1414948#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1414948#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1414948#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4165003-7">Germany</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hls-dhs-dss.ch/fr/articles/010095">Historical Dictionary of Switzerland</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Consociationalism&oldid=1257245909">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Consociationalism&oldid=1257245909</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Comparative_politics" title="Category:Comparative politics">Comparative politics</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Democracy" title="Category:Democracy">Democracy</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Ethnicity_in_politics" title="Category:Ethnicity in politics">Ethnicity in politics</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Political_theories" title="Category:Political theories">Political theories</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Power_sharing" title="Category:Power sharing">Power sharing</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Corporatism" title="Category:Corporatism">Corporatism</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements" title="Category:All articles with unsourced statements">All articles with unsourced statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_November_2009" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from November 2009">Articles with unsourced statements from November 2009</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 13 November 2024, at 23:50<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Consociationalism&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-nb8ts","wgBackendResponseTime":143,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"0.756","walltime":"0.900","ppvisitednodes":{"value":3572,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":157378,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":2015,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":12,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":3,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":223819,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 746.038 1 -total"," 47.77% 356.350 1 Template:Reflist"," 21.95% 163.789 20 Template:Cite_book"," 18.83% 140.479 31 Template:Cite_journal"," 17.55% 130.945 1 Template:Corporatism_sidebar"," 17.21% 128.412 1 Template:Sidebar_with_collapsible_lists"," 11.85% 88.441 1 Template:Short_description"," 6.73% 50.196 2 Template:Pagetype"," 5.12% 38.178 1 Template:Ethnicity"," 4.87% 36.338 1 Template:Navbox"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.470","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":7138424,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"table#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\n"},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-2z5zb","timestamp":"20241122142402","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Consociationalism","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Consociationalism","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q1414948","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q1414948","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2005-01-19T01:04:28Z","dateModified":"2024-11-13T23:50:25Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/e\/ef\/N.S._cechy_%28cropped%29.JPG","headline":"form of power sharing in a democracy"}</script> </body> </html>