CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Adele Spitzeder - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"471d20f5-b498-415b-8b77-2b533dc71685","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Adele_Spitzeder","wgTitle":"Adele Spitzeder","wgCurRevisionId":1256805758,"wgRevisionId":1256805758,"wgArticleId":59601191,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Articles with short description","Short description is different from Wikidata","Use dmy dates from September 2019","Pages using gadget WikiMiniAtlas","Articles with hCards","Pages with German IPA","Articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases from September 2024","CS1 German-language sources (de)","CS1 Austrian German-language sources (de-at)","CS1 errors: periodical ignored","Commons category link is on Wikidata","Featured articles","1832 births","1895 deaths", "Actresses from the Kingdom of Prussia","Women singers from the Kingdom of Prussia","German bankers","19th-century German actresses","German lesbian actresses","German lesbian musicians","German stage actresses","19th-century German women singers","German fraudsters","Actresses from Berlin","Confidence tricksters","German LGBTQ singers","Lesbian singers"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Adele_Spitzeder","wgRelevantArticleId":59601191,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true, "tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":50000,"wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q354506","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready", "ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","ext.scribunto.logs","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.gadget.WikiMiniAtlas","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.5"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/31/Adele_Spitzeder_-_Die_Gartenlaube.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1500"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Adele_Spitzeder_-_Die_Gartenlaube.jpg/800px-Adele_Spitzeder_-_Die_Gartenlaube.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1000"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Adele_Spitzeder_-_Die_Gartenlaube.jpg/640px-Adele_Spitzeder_-_Die_Gartenlaube.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="800"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Adele Spitzeder - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adele_Spitzeder"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Adele_Spitzeder&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adele_Spitzeder"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Adele_Spitzeder rootpage-Adele_Spitzeder skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Main menu </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z">Main page</a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia">Contents</a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events">Current events</a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x">Random article</a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works">About Wikipedia</a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia">Contact us</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia">Help</a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia">Learn to edit</a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors">Community portal</a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r">Recent changes</a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia">Upload file</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"> Search </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Appearance </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class="">Donate</a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Adele+Spitzeder" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class="">Create account</a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Adele+Spitzeder" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class="">Log in</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Personal tools </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en">Donate</a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Adele+Spitzeder" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"> Create account</a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Adele+Spitzeder" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"> Log in</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing">learn more</a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y">Contributions</a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n">Talk</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Early_life" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_life"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1 Early life </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Early_life-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Early life subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Early_life-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Acting_career" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Acting_career"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.1 Acting career </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Acting_career-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Spitzedersche_Privatbank" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Spitzedersche_Privatbank"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Spitzedersche Privatbank </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Spitzedersche_Privatbank-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Spitzedersche Privatbank subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Spitzedersche_Privatbank-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Growth_of_business" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Growth_of_business"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Growth of business </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Growth_of_business-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Clashes_with_authorities_and_competition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Clashes_with_authorities_and_competition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1.1 Clashes with authorities and competition </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Clashes_with_authorities_and_competition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Public_image" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Public_image"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Public image </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Public_image-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bankruptcy_and_criminal_charges" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bankruptcy_and_criminal_charges"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Bankruptcy and criminal charges </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bankruptcy_and_criminal_charges-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Later_life_and_death" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Later_life_and_death"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Later life and death </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Later_life_and_death-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Personal_life" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Personal_life"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Personal life </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Personal_life-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_popular_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_popular_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 In popular culture </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_popular_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Literature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Literature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Literature </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Literature-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Literature subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Literature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Books_by_Spitzeder" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Books_by_Spitzeder"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Books by Spitzeder </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Books_by_Spitzeder-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Literature_about_Spitzeder" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Literature_about_Spitzeder"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Literature about Spitzeder </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Literature_about_Spitzeder-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Historical_documentary" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historical_documentary"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2.1 Historical documentary </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Historical_documentary-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Plays_and_novels" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Plays_and_novels"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2.2 Plays and novels </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Plays_and_novels-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Adele Spitzeder</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 8 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-8" aria-hidden="true" > 8 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%84_%D8%B3%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%B2%D9%8A%D8%AF%D8%B1" title="أديل سبيتزيدر – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="أديل سبيتزيدر" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adele_Spitzeder" title="Adele Spitzeder – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Adele Spitzeder" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adele_Spitzeder" title="Adele Spitzeder – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Adele Spitzeder" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adele_Spitzeder" title="Adele Spitzeder – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Adele Spitzeder" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adele_Spitzeder" title="Adele Spitzeder – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Adele Spitzeder" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%84_%D8%B3%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%B2%D8%B1" title="اديل سبيتزر – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="اديل سبيتزر" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80,_%D0%90%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Спитцедер, Адель – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Спитцедер, Адель" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adele_Spitzeder" title="Adele Spitzeder – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Adele Spitzeder" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q354506#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Adele_Spitzeder" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c">Article</a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Adele_Spitzeder" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t">Talk</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" >English </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Adele_Spitzeder">Read</a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Adele_Spitzeder&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e">Edit</a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Adele_Spitzeder&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h">View history</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" >Tools </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Adele_Spitzeder">Read</a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Adele_Spitzeder&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e">Edit</a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Adele_Spitzeder&action=history">View history</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Adele_Spitzeder" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j">What links here</a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Adele_Spitzeder" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k">Related changes</a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u">Upload file</a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q">Special pages</a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Adele_Spitzeder&oldid=1256805758" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page">Permanent link</a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Adele_Spitzeder&action=info" title="More information about this page">Page information</a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Adele_Spitzeder&id=1256805758&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page">Cite this page</a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FAdele_Spitzeder">Get shortened URL</a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FAdele_Spitzeder">Download QR code</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Adele_Spitzeder&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file">Download as PDF</a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Adele_Spitzeder&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p">Printable version</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Adele_Spitzeder" hreflang="en">Wikimedia Commons</a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q354506" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g">Wikidata item</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> <div id="mw-indicator-featured-star" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Featured_articles*" title="This is a featured article. Click here for more information."><img alt="Featured article" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/20px-Cscr-featured.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/30px-Cscr-featured.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/40px-Cscr-featured.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="466" data-file-height="443" /></a></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">German actress, folk singer, and con artist</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">Adele Spitzeder</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Adele_Spitzeder_-_Die_Gartenlaube.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A middle-aged woman with shoulder-length black hair looking to her left dressed in a high-necked shirt and a large cross on a chain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Adele_Spitzeder_-_Die_Gartenlaube.jpg/220px-Adele_Spitzeder_-_Die_Gartenlaube.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="275" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Adele_Spitzeder_-_Die_Gartenlaube.jpg/330px-Adele_Spitzeder_-_Die_Gartenlaube.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Adele_Spitzeder_-_Die_Gartenlaube.jpg/440px-Adele_Spitzeder_-_Die_Gartenlaube.jpg 2x" data-file-width="864" data-file-height="1080" /></a><div class="infobox-caption">Drawing of Spitzeder from the 1873 magazine Die Gartenlaube, based on a photograph</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="nickname">Adelheid Luise Spitzeder</div> (1832-02-09)9 February 1832 <div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Prussia" title="Kingdom of Prussia">Kingdom of Prussia</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">27 or 28 October 1895 (aged 63) <div style="display:inline" class="deathplace"><a href="/wiki/Munich" title="Munich">Munich</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Bavaria" title="Kingdom of Bavaria">Kingdom of Bavaria</a>, <a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">German Empire</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Resting place</th><td class="infobox-data label"><a href="/wiki/Alter_S%C3%BCdfriedhof" title="Alter Südfriedhof">Alter Südfriedhof</a>, Munich <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Adele_Spitzeder&params=48.1275_N_11.5643_E_region:DE-BY_type:landmark&title=Grab+von+Adele+Spitzeder">48°07′39″N 11°33′51″E / 48.1275°N 11.5643°E / 48.1275; 11.5643 (Grab von Adele Spitzeder)</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Other names</th><td class="infobox-data nickname">Adele Vio</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Occupation(s)</th><td class="infobox-data role">Singer, actress, private banker</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Years active</th><td class="infobox-data">1856–1895</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Known for</th><td class="infobox-data">Introducing the first <a href="/wiki/Ponzi_scheme" title="Ponzi scheme">Ponzi scheme</a></td></tr></tbody></table> Adelheid Luise "Adele" Spitzeder (<a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Standard_German" title="Help:IPA/Standard German">[ˈaːdl̩haɪt ʔaˈdeːlə ˈʃpɪtˌtseːdɐ]</a>; 9 February 1832 – 27 or 28 October 1895), also known by her stage name Adele Vio, was a German actress, folk singer, and <a href="/wiki/Confidence_trick" class="mw-redirect" title="Confidence trick">con artist</a>. Initially a promising young actress, Spitzeder became a well-known private banker in 19th-century <a href="/wiki/Munich" title="Munich">Munich</a> when her theatrical success dwindled. Running what was possibly the first recorded <a href="/wiki/Ponzi_scheme" title="Ponzi scheme">Ponzi scheme</a>, she offered large returns on investments by continually using the money of new investors to pay back the previous ones. At the height of her success, contemporary sources considered her the wealthiest woman in <a href="/wiki/Bavaria" title="Bavaria">Bavaria</a>. Opening her bank in 1869, Spitzeder managed to fend off attempts to discredit her for a few years before authorities were able to bring her to trial in 1872. Because Ponzi schemes were not yet illegal, she was convicted instead of bad accounting and mishandling customers' money and sentenced to three years in prison. Her bank was closed and 32,000 people lost 38 million <a href="/wiki/Bavarian_gulden" title="Bavarian gulden">gulden</a>, the equivalent of almost 400 million <a href="/wiki/Euro" title="Euro">euros</a> in 2017 money, causing a wave of suicides. Her personal fortune in art and cash was stripped from her. After her release from prison in 1876, Spitzeder lived off benefactors and unsuccessfully tried to act again in <a href="/wiki/Altona,_Hamburg" title="Altona, Hamburg">Altona</a> and <a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a>. She left <a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">Germany</a> for <a href="/wiki/Vienna" title="Vienna">Vienna</a> but police there prevented her engagement, so she returned to Munich in 1878 to publish her memoir. She was arrested again in 1880 for attempting to open a new bank without having the necessary permits but later released without charges. Spitzeder performed as a <a href="/wiki/Folk_Singer" class="mw-redirect" title="Folk Singer">folk singer</a>, living off friends and benefactors, but she never left her criminal life completely behind her, resulting in further trials and periods of incarceration. She died of cardiac arrest on 27 or 28 October 1895 in Munich. Spitzeder never married, but it was noted[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch">by whom?</a>] that she carried on several lesbian relationships. Outwardly, she maintained the persona of a pious Christian woman who helped the poor, which aided the success of her business. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life">Early life</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Adele_Spitzeder&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life">edit</a>]</div> Adelheid Luise Spitzeder was born on 9 February 1832 in Berlin.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBachmann-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWinkler2010717-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENebel201823-3">[3]</a> Her parents were the actors and singers <a href="/wiki/Josef_Spitzeder" title="Josef Spitzeder">Josef Spitzeder</a> and <a href="/wiki/Betty_Vio" title="Betty Vio">Elisabeth "Betty" Spitzeder-Vio</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBachmann-1">[1]</a> She had six half-siblings from her father's first marriage to Henriette Schüler.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWährisch2010-4">[4]</a> Her parents met in Berlin where both were engaged at the <a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6nigsst%C3%A4dtisches_Theater" title="Königsstädtisches Theater">Königsstädtisches Theater</a>, Josef as a director and Betty as an actress; they married in 1831.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENebel201823-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEADB1893217-5">[5]</a> That year, he performed as a guest at the <a href="/wiki/National_Theatre_Munich" class="mw-redirect" title="National Theatre Munich">National Theater in Munich</a> to critical acclaim.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEADB1893217-5">[5]</a> King <a href="/wiki/Ludwig_I_of_Bavaria" title="Ludwig I of Bavaria">Ludwig I</a> offered him and his wife a salary of 6,000 gulden yearly if they took a permanent engagement at the National Theater, which led to the family moving to Munich.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrohmeyr2014131-6">[6]</a> When Josef Spitzeder died suddenly on 13 December 1832, Ludwig I agreed to help Betty by paying for the children's tuition.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWährisch2010-4">[4]</a> Betty then married Franz Maurer and took an engagement at the <a href="/wiki/Carltheater" title="Carltheater">Carltheater</a> in Vienna in 1840, where Spitzeder attended a <a href="/wiki/H%C3%B6here_M%C3%A4dchenschule" title="Höhere Mädchenschule">Höhere Mädchenschule</a> run by the order of the <a href="/wiki/Ursulines" title="Ursulines">Ursulines</a>; after a year, she entered the convent's boarding school.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWährisch2010-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWinkler2010717–718-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENebel201827-8">[8]</a> In 1844, she and her mother moved back to Munich, where the family lived with Spitzeder's half-siblings and cousins.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENebel201830-9">[9]</a> At age 16, she went to a renowned school led by Madame Tanche.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWährisch2010-4">[4]</a> After leaving Tanche's school, she was tutored in foreign languages, composing and piano-playing.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENebel201831-10">[10]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Acting_career">Acting career</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Adele_Spitzeder&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Acting career">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Adele_Spitzeder_circa_1852_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A young woman with black hair pinned up looking sternly" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Adele_Spitzeder_circa_1852_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Adele_Spitzeder_circa_1852_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="222" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Adele_Spitzeder_circa_1852_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-Adele_Spitzeder_circa_1852_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Adele_Spitzeder_circa_1852_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-Adele_Spitzeder_circa_1852_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="554" data-file-height="558" /></a><figcaption>Spitzeder as a young actress (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1852)</figcaption></figure> Wanting to follow in her parents' footsteps and against her mother's wishes, Spitzeder studied with Munich actresses <a href="/wiki/Konstanze_Dahn" title="Konstanze Dahn">Konstanze Dahn</a> and <a href="/wiki/Charlotte_von_Hagn" title="Charlotte von Hagn">Charlotte von Hagn</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWinkler2010718-11">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHitzigAlexis1873355–356-12">[12]</a> In 1856 or 1857, she debuted at the Hofbühne in <a href="/wiki/Coburg" title="Coburg">Coburg</a> to great acclaim playing <a href="/wiki/Deborah" title="Deborah">Deborah</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mary_Stuart_(Schiller_play)" title="Mary Stuart (Schiller play)">Mary Stuart</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrohmeyr2014133-13">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENebel201833-14">[14]</a> In her memoirs, she claims that the Duke of Coburg and the Duke of <a href="/wiki/W%C3%BCrttemberg" title="Württemberg">Württemberg</a> both praised her talent.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESpitzeder187820-15">[15]</a> Since there were no vacancies at Coburg, she left the Hofbühne to take an engagement at <a href="/wiki/Mannheim" title="Mannheim">Mannheim</a> before returning to Munich for a few guest roles at the National Theatre.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESpitzeder187820–21-16">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENebel201833-14">[14]</a> Despite being offered a contract to play there, she knew that she would only be tasked with playing supporting roles due to fierce competition and thus decided to instead work at the theater of <a href="/wiki/Brno" title="Brno">Brno</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESpitzeder187822-17">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENebel201833-14">[14]</a> According to her autobiography, her success there led to conflicts with the other actors which in turn led her to leave the engagement after six months for health reasons.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESpitzeder187824-18">[18]</a> She then returned to Munich for six months to recuperate.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESpitzeder187824-18">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENebel201834-19">[19]</a> Despite her mother's urging, she returned to acting at <a href="/wiki/Nuremberg" title="Nuremberg">Nuremberg</a> where she was engaged for a year.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESpitzeder187825–26-20">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENebel201834–35-21">[21]</a> Afterwards, she played in <a href="/wiki/Frankfurt" title="Frankfurt">Frankfurt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bern" title="Bern">Bern</a>, <a href="/wiki/Z%C3%BCrich" class="mw-redirect" title="Zürich">Zürich</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mainz" title="Mainz">Mainz</a> and <a href="/wiki/Karlsruhe" title="Karlsruhe">Karlsruhe</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESpitzeder187826–30-22">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENebel201835–36-23">[23]</a> After returning to Munich to visit her mother, she was offered an acting job in <a href="/wiki/Pest,_Hungary" title="Pest, Hungary">Pest</a> with annual salary of 3,000 gulden which she turned down at her mother's wishes.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESpitzeder187830-24">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENebel201838-25">[25]</a> Her mother offered her 50 gulden per month for life if she turned the job down.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESpitzeder187830-24">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENebel201838-25">[25]</a> Nevertheless, she took one last engagement in <a href="/wiki/Altona,_Hamburg" title="Altona, Hamburg">Altona</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESpitzeder187830-24">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENebel201838-25">[25]</a> During one of her engagements, she met Emilie Stier, stage name Branizka, a fellow actress with whom she soon began a romantic relationship.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENebel201838-25">[25]</a> Despite multiple engagements over a period of many years, she failed to achieve lasting success on the stage.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBachmann-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWinkler2010718-11">[11]</a> The contemporary source Der Neue Pitaval attested that she had the necessary talent but attributed her lack of success to her appearance.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHitzigAlexis1873356-26">[26]</a> In his biography of Spitzeder, Julian Nebel cites a contemporary describing her as having a "not very beautiful, square face with rough traits, out of which a long, broad nose protrudes; the mouth is broad, the chin pointy, the gray eyes hard to read, a real <a href="/wiki/Butch_and_femme" title="Butch and femme">butch</a>".<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a> Her "masculine" behavior is generally highlighted, such as her cigar smoking and surrounding herself with beautiful young women.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENebel201839-28">[28]</a> Unable to restrict her lifestyle, she began to live at the expense of her creditors and accrued significant debt in Hamburg and Zurich while working there.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHitzigAlexis1873356-26">[26]</a> In 1868, she returned to Munich with her girlfriend Emilie to await job offers from theatrical agents but did not receive any she wanted.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENebel201838–39-29">[29]</a> Dejected and penniless, she only had her mother's stipend of 50 gulden to live on.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBachmann-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchumann1995997-30">[30]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENettersheim201140-31">[31]</a> The money, however, was not sufficient to pay for her lifestyle of residing in hotels and inns with her girlfriend and six dogs.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBachmann-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENettersheim201140-31">[31]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Spitzedersche_Privatbank">Spitzedersche Privatbank</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Adele_Spitzeder&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Spitzedersche Privatbank">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Adele_Spitzeder_-_Harper%27s_Weekly.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Spitzeder depicted as a stern looking woman in a full dress with a large cross on her chest and a note in her left hand." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Adele_Spitzeder_-_Harper%27s_Weekly.jpg/220px-Adele_Spitzeder_-_Harper%27s_Weekly.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="430" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Adele_Spitzeder_-_Harper%27s_Weekly.jpg/330px-Adele_Spitzeder_-_Harper%27s_Weekly.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Adele_Spitzeder_-_Harper%27s_Weekly.jpg/440px-Adele_Spitzeder_-_Harper%27s_Weekly.jpg 2x" data-file-width="877" data-file-height="1713" /></a><figcaption>Sketch of Spitzeder in the 15 March 1873 issue of <a href="/wiki/Harper%27s_Weekly" title="Harper's Weekly">Harper's Weekly</a></figcaption></figure> Spitzeder soon had to borrow money from moneylenders to maintain her lifestyle.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBachmann-1">[1]</a> In late 1869, she met a carpenter's wife in Munich's <a href="/wiki/Au_(Munich)" title="Au (Munich)">Au district</a>, then the city's poor neighborhood.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFreiberger2017-32">[32]</a> After gaining her trust, Spitzeder claimed she knew someone who would pay the woman a return of 10 percent each month on her investments. The wife gave her 100 gulden and immediately received 20 gulden, two months of returns, with the promise of another 110 gulden within three months.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFreiberger2017-32">[32]</a> According to a contemporary story in <a href="/wiki/Harper%27s_Weekly" title="Harper's Weekly">Harper's Weekly</a>, Spitzeder also placed an advertisement in the city's major newspaper, the <a href="/wiki/M%C3%BCnchner_Neueste_Nachrichten" title="Münchner Neueste Nachrichten">Münchner Neueste Nachrichten</a>, asking to borrow 150 gulden with the promise of 10 percent interest after two months.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarper's_Weekly,_15_March1873210-33">[33]</a> Another contemporary source, a 1872 article in the Münchner Neueste Nachrichten citing her indictment, claims her first money lending activities started in the spring of 1869.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchumann1995998-34">[34]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Growth_of_business">Growth of business</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Adele_Spitzeder&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Growth of business">edit</a>]</div> Spitzeder's banking services quickly became the talk of the town in Munich's poorer communities thanks to favorable word-of-mouth advertising and soon, more people gave her their savings.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFreiberger2017-32">[32]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWährisch2010-4">[4]</a> In 1869, she officially founded the Spitzedersche Privatbank.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPfluger2018-35">[35]</a> Because her customers were mostly workers from the northern outskirts of Munich, especially the town of <a href="/wiki/Dachau,_Bavaria" title="Dachau, Bavaria">Dachau</a>, her bank also came to be known as "Dachauer Bank".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWährisch2010-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchumann1995998-34">[34]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBraunberger2009-36">[36]</a> Some farmers sold their farms to live off the interest alone.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBraunberger2009-36">[36]</a> Many lower-class Christians mistrusted the Jewish moneylenders, preferring to bank with a Christian,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWährisch2010-4">[4]</a> and she soon had to rent additional rooms in her hotel to accommodate her up to forty employees.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWährisch2010-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchumann1995999-37">[37]</a> One of her employees was Rosa Ehinger, whose beauty and charm Spitzeder used to attract young men to the bank.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGlasgow_Herald18734-38">[38]</a> Spitzeder's business practices and accounting were unconventional and chaotic.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBraunberger2009-36">[36]</a> Money was deposited in large sacks and in various cupboards.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFiedler2014290-39">[39]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBraunberger2009-36">[36]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrohmeyr2014138-40">[40]</a> Her employees, all or almost all without training in accounting,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKirstein201030-41">[41]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBraunberger2009-36">[36]</a> regularly simply took money, with the accounting being restricted to recording the names of depositors and the amounts they paid in, often only signed with "XXX" by her illiterate customers.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFreiberger2017-32">[32]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENebel201820-42">[42]</a> Her business relied solely on acquiring new customers quickly enough to pay existing customers with the newly acquired money.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENettersheim201141-43">[43]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPlickert2018-44">[44]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBörsen_Zeitung2017-45">[45]</a> According to some sources, hers was the first known <a href="/wiki/Ponzi_scheme" title="Ponzi scheme">Ponzi scheme</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENebel2018157-46">[46]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrack2018-47">[47]</a> Contemporaneous English-language publications such as <a href="/wiki/Harper%27s_Weekly" title="Harper's Weekly">Harper's Weekly</a> referred to it as the "Spitzeder swindle".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarper's_Weekly,_12_April1873290-48">[48]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHales18725-49">[49]</a> In her doctoral thesis, Hannah Davies recounts the case of <a href="/wiki/Johann_Baptist_Placht" title="Johann Baptist Placht">Johann Baptist Placht</a>, who in 1874 was indicted for running a Ponzi scheme in <a href="/wiki/Vienna" title="Vienna">Vienna</a> and notes that contemporaries compared his business model to Spitzeder's.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavies2018161-50">[50]</a> Unlike Placht and other fraudsters, Spitzeder never made claims of investing the money and explicitly gave no securities, which paradoxically led customers to trust her more.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWährisch2010-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENettersheim201141-43">[43]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavies2018161-50">[50]</a> By October 1871, the proprietor of the hotel in which she was living and working was no longer willing to tolerate the customer traffic.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENebel201870–71-51">[51]</a> Spitzeder moved into the house at No. 9 Schönfeld Street near the <a href="/wiki/Englischer_Garten" title="Englischer Garten">Englischer Garten</a> which she bought for 54,000 gulden of her customers' money.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFreiberger2017-32">[32]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGörl2015-52">[52]</a> Including bank employees, there were 83 people who worked from her house, many of whom were brokers who received a five-to-seven percent commission for each new customer.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFreiberger2017-32">[32]</a> She soon expanded her business and started buying and selling houses and land throughout Bavaria, buying 17 houses in prime locations in Munich alone.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFreiberger2017-32">[32]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGörl2015-52">[52]</a> By 1871, she received 50,000 to 60,000 gulden each day, although she had lowered her returns paid to 8% per month.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchumann1995999-37">[37]</a> Despite the size of her business, the bank had no premises of its own and all business was done first out of her hotel rooms and later her house.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKillyVierhaus2011422-53">[53]</a> By 1871, Spitzeder was in possession of multiple millions of gulden and artwork valued at several million.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarper's_Weekly,_15_March1873210-33">[33]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrohmeyr2014128-54">[54]</a> According to a contemporary report in Harper's Weekly, at the height of her fortune in 1872 she was considered to be the wealthiest woman in Bavaria.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarper's_Weekly,_15_March1873210-33">[33]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Clashes_with_authorities_and_competition">Clashes with authorities and competition</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Adele_Spitzeder&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Clashes with authorities and competition">edit</a>]</div> From 1871, the authorities tried to find legal reasons to stop her business but since she was fulfilling her obligations to her customers as promised, she avoided official intervention.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBraunberger2009-36">[36]</a> While the city of Munich began taxing her as a "Bankier 2. Klasse" ("second class banker"), she avoided calls to be entered into the register of companies at this time.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchumann1995999-37">[37]</a> In 1872, the Munich Commerce Court decided that she had to enter her business in the register of companies, revising its earlier decision, which included rules about proper accounting.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFreiberger2017-32">[32]</a> Since the court's ruling only applied to her money-lending business, she instead stopped lending and focused on taking in money.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENebel2018102-55">[55]</a> To circumvent the official ban on lending money, she allowed her workers to take money from the bank and lend it to customers under their own name.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENebel2018103-56">[56]</a> Some of her workers used this opportunity to enrich themselves, such as Franz Wagner, a scribe with a monthly salary of 60 gulden, who later bought a house for 59,000 gulden.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENebel2018103-56">[56]</a> The success of the Dachauer Bank led to customers withdrawing large amounts of funds from other banks, especially the <a href="/wiki/Sparkasse_(Germany)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sparkasse (Germany)">Sparkassen</a>, threatening their existence.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchumann19951018-57">[57]</a> The Munich Sparkasse's leadership first discussed the competition by Spitzeder in May 1871, having lost some 50,000 gulden to her bank.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWährisch2010-4">[4]</a> In the fall of 1872, Bavaria's Minister of the Interior had to report to the king that the Sparkasse of Altötting had to resort to drastic measures to pay out all its customers who wished to invest with Spitzeder instead and the president of the government of <a href="/wiki/Upper_Bavaria" title="Upper Bavaria">Upper Bavaria</a> noted on 29 October 1872 that the large amount of withdrawals might force the Sparkasse of <a href="/wiki/Ingolstadt" title="Ingolstadt">Ingolstadt</a> to recall its debts to be able to meet payout demands.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchumann19951018-57">[57]</a> Similar reports of large scale withdrawals were reported by the Sparkassen of <a href="/wiki/Traunstein" title="Traunstein">Traunstein</a> and <a href="/wiki/M%C3%BChldorf" title="Mühldorf">Mühldorf</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchumann19951018-57">[57]</a> As a consequence, the Bavarian Ministry of the Interior placed large scale advertisements in a major newspaper on 30 October and 5 November 1872, warning customers to no longer invest with Spitzeder.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchumann19951019-58">[58]</a> On 7 November 1872, Munich's police also issued a lengthy statement detailing the bank's lack of reliability.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchumann19951018-57">[57]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Public_image">Public image</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Adele_Spitzeder&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Public image">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Adele_Spitzeder_Karikatur_Volksk%C3%BCche.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A strict looking woman with a halo amidst jubilant masses and people offering her large sums of money in bags while a pair of rich looking men appear annoyed by this" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Adele_Spitzeder_Karikatur_Volksk%C3%BCche.jpg/290px-Adele_Spitzeder_Karikatur_Volksk%C3%BCche.jpg" decoding="async" width="290" height="139" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Adele_Spitzeder_Karikatur_Volksk%C3%BCche.jpg/435px-Adele_Spitzeder_Karikatur_Volksk%C3%BCche.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Adele_Spitzeder_Karikatur_Volksk%C3%BCche.jpg/580px-Adele_Spitzeder_Karikatur_Volksk%C3%BCche.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1224" /></a><figcaption>Caricature of Spitzeder opening one of her soup kitchens, from the Münchner Neueste Nachrichten</figcaption></figure> Spitzeder cultivated an image of a resolute, pious woman concerned for the public welfare.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchumann19951005–1007-59">[59]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENebel201879–84-60">[60]</a> During banking hours at her house in Schönfeld Street she was often seen sitting on an elevated leather chair in the middle of her banking office wearing a red nightgown and a cross around her neck, demonstratively signing notes for the money she received.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchumann19951006-61">[61]</a> In the halls of the building, cutouts of the negative articles from the Münchner Neueste Nachrichten were posted in an attempt to demonstrate that she had nothing to fear from such coverage.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENebel201873-62">[62]</a> The long lines of waiting customers were often entertained by musical groups playing outside the bank and she provided free meals and drinks at the tavern "Wilhelm Tell" next door.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchumann19951006-61">[61]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENebel201875–76-63">[63]</a> She only allowed deposits after all payouts had been processed, which often took until noon, thereby creating long queues of waiting customers that enforced the impression that they should consider themselves lucky to be allowed to give her money.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENebel201874–75-64">[64]</a> Customers who reached her were treated with crass and direct language, with Spitzeder telling them that she did not call them nor would she give them any securities.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFreiberger2017-32">[32]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchumann19951006-61">[61]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrohmeyr2014140-65">[65]</a> Her flaunted honesty combined with her demonstrative warnings and the focus on entertaining her customers served to enhance her standing with the common people.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrohmeyr2014140-65">[65]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchumann19951007-66">[66]</a> Spitzeder made generous donations to the Church, ostensibly for charity, and partook in regular pilgrimages to the <a href="/wiki/Shrine_of_Our_Lady_of_Alt%C3%B6tting" title="Shrine of Our Lady of Altötting">Shrine of Our Lady of Altötting</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENebel201879–80-67">[67]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrohmeyr2014141-68">[68]</a> Whenever she ventured to the hinterland, she treated the masses – who often welcomed her with cheers and gifts – to beer and hearty snacks.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrohmeyr2014141-68">[68]</a> She also opened the "Münchner Volksküche" (Munich peoples' kitchen) at the <a href="/wiki/Platzl" title="Platzl">Platzl</a>, a tavern providing beer and food at discounted prices and with seating for up to 4,000 patrons, strengthening her image as the "angel for the poor".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWährisch2010-4">[4]</a> In total, she opened and operated twelve such soup kitchens.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarper's_Weekly,_15_March1873210-33">[33]</a> Her pious demeanor also persuaded local Catholic clergy to support her endeavors, bringing her new customers and shielding her from criticism by the government.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGlasgow_Herald18734-38">[38]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHales18725-49">[49]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThe_Buffalo_Commercial18721-69">[69]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENebel201879–80-67">[67]</a> The publicity Spitzeder generated soon attracted the interest of the local newspapers. The foremost of her critics was the liberal <a href="/wiki/M%C3%BCnchner_Neueste_Nachrichten" title="Münchner Neueste Nachrichten">Münchner Neueste Nachrichten</a> which in 1870 began calling Spitzeder a fraudster and kept questioning her honesty and business practices until the end.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENebel201858,_60,_124-70">[70]</a> In reaction to it, she placed an ad in every major newspaper – except the Münchner Neueste Nachrichten, which refused to print it – challenging her critics to demonstrate that she enticed her customers to give her money or that they were being disadvantaged.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENebel201861–62-71">[71]</a> After attempts to bribe the Münchner Neuste Nachrichten's editor in chief, August Napoleon Vecchioni, to cease their criticism failed,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENebel201862-72">[72]</a> Spitzeder turned to the newspaper's main rival, the Catholic-conservative Volksbote.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENebel201863-73">[73]</a> A newspaper circulated in similar numbers as the Münchner Neueste Nachrichten, the Volksbote was in serious financial troubles which it solved with a 13,000 gulden loan from Spitzeder; in turn, the Volksbote responded to each criticism in the Münchner Neueste Nachrichten.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENebel201863–64-74">[74]</a> Other conservative Catholic newspapers, especially Das Bayerische Vaterland published by <a href="/wiki/Johann_Baptist_Sigl" title="Johann Baptist Sigl">Johann Baptist Sigl</a>, also supported her and characterized criticism of Spitzeder as attempts by "Jewish capital" to discredit a pious and hard-working woman, tapping into the widespread <a href="/wiki/Antisemitism" title="Antisemitism">antisemitism</a> of the times.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrohmeyr2014145-75">[75]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENebel201864–65-76">[76]</a> From 1871, Spitzeder began publishing her own newspapers.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarper's_Weekly,_15_March1873210-33">[33]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEger201530-77">[77]</a> She was granted ownership of the Süddeutscher Telegraph, the Neue Freie Volkszeitung and the Extrablatt when their respective publishers were unable to repay their loans.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENebel201865–66-78">[78]</a> Additionally, she founded her own newspaper, the Münchener Tageblatt.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENebel201866–67-79">[79]</a> Her popularity outside the city walls was enhanced significantly when she granted Theophil Bösl, the publisher of the Freier Landesboten, a loan of 14,000 gulden and Bösl in turn gave her written insurance not to report negatively on her business.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENebel201867–69-80">[80]</a> Positive coverage in the Landesboten led to a large number of customers traveling to Munich to invest with the Dachauer Bank.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENebel201867–69-80">[80]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bankruptcy_and_criminal_charges">Bankruptcy and criminal charges</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Adele_Spitzeder&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Bankruptcy and criminal charges">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Adele_Spitzeder_vor_den_Assisen.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Adele_Spitzeder_vor_den_Assisen.png/170px-Adele_Spitzeder_vor_den_Assisen.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="244" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Adele_Spitzeder_vor_den_Assisen.png/255px-Adele_Spitzeder_vor_den_Assisen.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Adele_Spitzeder_vor_den_Assisen.png/340px-Adele_Spitzeder_vor_den_Assisen.png 2x" data-file-width="2615" data-file-height="3747" /></a><figcaption>Adele Spitzeder in front of the Assizes. Original drawing by Peter Krämer, 1873.</figcaption></figure> Spitzeder withstood the pressure levied against her by the authorities<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFreiberger2017-32">[32]</a> and the Münchner Neueste Nachrichten<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFreiberger2017-32">[32]</a> for a while, mainly because banking laws and financial regulations were non-existent<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFreiberger2017-32">[32]</a> and because a few years prior, Bavaria had introduced legislation that allowed almost any business to operate with almost no oversight.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchumann1995995–996-81">[81]</a> In February 1872, an attempt by the Münchner Neueste Nachrichten to discredit her made a lot of customers ask for their investments back, but also brought a rise in new customers.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchumann19951000-82">[82]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchumann19951017-83">[83]</a> In March 1872, Munich's police director had to admit that the attack, which the police had hoped would end Spitzeder's business, had failed.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchumann19951017-83">[83]</a> The Münchner Neueste Nachrichten started a new attack on Spitzeder in the fall of 1872, repeating the warnings of the authorities, explaining the possible ways the government might intervene and prophesying the immediate demise of the bank.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchumann19951018-57">[57]</a> In November 1872, the withdrawals clearly exceeded the investments, forcing Spitzeder to limit withdrawals to an hour between six and seven in the morning, with no withdrawals on Wednesdays and Saturdays.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchumann19951000-82">[82]</a> The police persuaded 40 of her customers to present their claims to the district court, which then ordered a review of the bank's books.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchumann19951000-82">[82]</a> On 12 November 1872, a five-person inquiry commission arrived at the bank to perform a court-ordered review.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchumann19951020-84">[84]</a> Additionally, 60 customers, organized by rival private banks, visited her residence and demanded all of their money back, which was more than Spitzeder had available, leading to the bank's collapse.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENettersheim201142-85">[85]</a> Ehinger tried to flee with 50,000 gulden that she claimed was a gift from Spitzeder but both women were arrested and the money seized.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWährisch2010-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFreiberger2017-32">[32]</a> Spitzeder's house was closed by the police and soldiers and policemen were placed on the premises to safeguard the remaining items of value and prevent acts of aggression by the populace.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchumann1995991-86">[86]</a> During her bank's existence, 32,000 customers were defrauded of 38 million gulden, roughly 400 million euros in 2017 money.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFreiberger2017-32">[32]</a> After review, only assets corresponding to 15 percent of the investments were recovered.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFreiberger2017-32">[32]</a> A wave of suicides by people who lost everything followed.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFreiberger2017-32">[32]</a> Spitzeder was accused of failure to keep books, embezzlement of customers' funds and excessive wasting of money; she was sentenced in July 1873 to three years and ten months in prison for fraudulent bankruptcy.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWährisch2010-4">[4]</a> She was not convicted of fraud itself because her business scheme did not meet the law's definition of fraud.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFreiberger2017-32">[32]</a> During and after the trial, she refused to acknowledge any wrongdoing and maintained that her business was completely legal.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrohmeyr2014150-87">[87]</a> The lack of legal requirements for accounting and the fact that she had never advertised any securities were accepted as mitigating circumstances.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrohmeyr2014150-87">[87]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENettersheim201144-88">[88]</a> Ehinger was sentenced to six months in prison for aiding Spitzeder.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGlasgow_Herald18734-38">[38]</a> For health reasons, Spitzeder was allowed to stay in the prison in Baader Street, Munich, where she wrote her memoir.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENettersheim201144-88">[88]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrohmeyr2014151-89">[89]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENebel2018146,_152-90">[90]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Later_life_and_death">Later life and death</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Adele_Spitzeder&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Later life and death">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Grab-Anna-Schmid-Friedrich-Schmid-Anna-Schmid-Alter-Suedl-Friedhof-Muenchen-GF-18-14-26.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A cubic tombstone inscribed with the names Anna Schmid, Friedrich Schmid and Anna Schmid" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Grab-Anna-Schmid-Friedrich-Schmid-Anna-Schmid-Alter-Suedl-Friedhof-Muenchen-GF-18-14-26.jpg/220px-Grab-Anna-Schmid-Friedrich-Schmid-Anna-Schmid-Alter-Suedl-Friedhof-Muenchen-GF-18-14-26.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="350" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Grab-Anna-Schmid-Friedrich-Schmid-Anna-Schmid-Alter-Suedl-Friedhof-Muenchen-GF-18-14-26.jpg/330px-Grab-Anna-Schmid-Friedrich-Schmid-Anna-Schmid-Alter-Suedl-Friedhof-Muenchen-GF-18-14-26.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Grab-Anna-Schmid-Friedrich-Schmid-Anna-Schmid-Alter-Suedl-Friedhof-Muenchen-GF-18-14-26.jpg/440px-Grab-Anna-Schmid-Friedrich-Schmid-Anna-Schmid-Alter-Suedl-Friedhof-Muenchen-GF-18-14-26.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2432" data-file-height="3872" /></a><figcaption>Adele Spitzeder's grave at <a href="/wiki/Alter_S%C3%BCdfriedhof" title="Alter Südfriedhof">Munich's Old Southern Cemetery</a></figcaption></figure> Spitzeder was released from prison on 9 September 1876<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFreisinger_Tagblatt18761-91">[91]</a> in poor health, being <a href="/wiki/Hemiplegic" class="mw-redirect" title="Hemiplegic">hemiplegic</a> and unable to walk stairs on her own.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENebel2018150-92">[92]</a> During and after her stay in prison, those who had profited from her abandoned her and the newspapers that previously defended her made money by publishing exposés about her.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENebel2018150-92">[92]</a> However, some former customers, despite their losses, helped her; she found a place to stay with the widow of a judge and was given money.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENebel2018150–151-93">[93]</a> Her doctor prescribed her a stay at the sanatorium in <a href="/wiki/Bad_Wildbad" title="Bad Wildbad">Bad Wildbad</a> where she went at her benefactors' expense.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENebel2018151-94">[94]</a> Shortly after arriving, she was surrounded by fans and received publicity in local newspapers.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENebel2018151-94">[94]</a> She lived in Bad Wildbad for ten months where she started writing music for the pianino.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENebel2018151-94">[94]</a> She met the director of a theater in <a href="/wiki/Altona,_Hamburg" title="Altona, Hamburg">Altona</a> who offered her a guest role but she was received negatively.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENebel2018151-94">[94]</a> The local Altonaer Generalanzeiger newspaper commissioned the production of small <a href="/wiki/Whistle" title="Whistle">whistles</a> which they sold as "Spitzeder-whistles" for people to use at her next performance.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENebel2018151-94">[94]</a> Spitzeder however refused to act on the stage in Altona again and left the town for Berlin where people waited in anticipation to see the famous fraudster.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENebel2018151-94">[94]</a> However, before she could perform, the Berlin police prevented her performance and forced her to depart the city the same day, so she returned to Munich.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENebel2018151-94">[94]</a> No longer able to find work in Germany, she left for Vienna but the authorities there forbade any contact between her and the theater's director.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKillyVierhaus2011422-53">[53]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENebel2018152-95">[95]</a> Unable to perform under her own name, she began composing music and performing as Adele Vio.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBraunberger2009-36">[36]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKillyVierhaus2011422-53">[53]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENettersheim201144-88">[88]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENebel2018152-95">[95]</a> In 1878, she published her memoir entitled Geschichte meines Lebens (Story of my life).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENettersheim201144-88">[88]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchweiggert2016205-96">[96]</a> In it, she had formulated plans for after her release from prison, such as opening a brewery in the Au, a large restaurant in western Munich, and a horse racing track near <a href="/wiki/Nymphenburg_Palace" title="Nymphenburg Palace">Nymphenburg Palace</a>, none of which came to fruition.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENettersheim201144-88">[88]</a> After releasing her memoir, she again began to give out promissory notes that now contained explicit warnings that she was not providing any security and that the creditor has to be willing to waive any rights of reimbursement if she was not able to pay them back.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENebel2018152–153-97">[97]</a> She was arrested on 13 February 1880 with her new companion, Marie Riedmayer, who had cared for her after her release from prison.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENebel2018153-98">[98]</a> However, the local prosecutors determined that people who were still willing to give her money after all that had happened did not need to be protected and Spitzeder was released.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENebel2018153-98">[98]</a> The constant scrutiny of the police was too much for her to bear and so she continued to perform as Adele Vio, living off friends and benefactors instead.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBraunberger2009-36">[36]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKillyVierhaus2011422-53">[53]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENettersheim201144-88">[88]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENebel2018153-98">[98]</a> She also still received the 50 gulden monthly that her mother had provided.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENebel2018154-99">[99]</a> Minor swindles led to further trials and periods of incarceration.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENebel2018154-99">[99]</a> Spitzeder died of cardiac arrest in Munich on 27 or 28 October 1895<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBraunberger2009-36">[36]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKillyVierhaus2011422-53">[53]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENettersheim201144-88">[88]</a> at age 63 and was buried in her family's plot in Munich's <a href="/wiki/Alter_S%C3%BCdfriedhof" title="Alter Südfriedhof">Alten Südlichen Friedhof</a> cemetery with her parents.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchweiggert2016205-96">[96]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENebel2018154-99">[99]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENerger2017-100">[100]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKaltenegger-101">[101]</a> Her family posthumously changed her name to Adele Schmid.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBayerischer_Rundfunk2010-102">[102]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Personal_life">Personal life</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Adele_Spitzeder&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Personal life">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:JosefineGallmeyerFriedrichWendlingWien.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Photograph of a young woman with pinned up hair wearing a white dress and a partially transparent scarf" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/JosefineGallmeyerFriedrichWendlingWien.jpg/220px-JosefineGallmeyerFriedrichWendlingWien.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="369" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/JosefineGallmeyerFriedrichWendlingWien.jpg/330px-JosefineGallmeyerFriedrichWendlingWien.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/JosefineGallmeyerFriedrichWendlingWien.jpg/440px-JosefineGallmeyerFriedrichWendlingWien.jpg 2x" data-file-width="477" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption>Josefine Gallmeyer, Spitzeder's first companion</figcaption></figure> Spitzeder never married, and she rejected numerous marriage proposals, including ones from men of the aristocracy.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarper's_Weekly,_15_March1873210-33">[33]</a> Despite her demonstrative Christian demeanor at a time when official <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Catholic_Church_and_homosexuality" title="History of the Catholic Church and homosexuality">Catholic doctrine declared homosexuality a sin</a>, she tended to have an entourage composed mostly of young, attractive women.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENebel201839-28">[28]</a> She was in relationships with multiple women. Spitzeder's first documented relationship was during her time in Brno with fellow actress <a href="/wiki/Josefine_Gallmeyer" title="Josefine Gallmeyer">Josefine Gallmeyer</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENebel201834-19">[19]</a> However, as Gallmeyer was erratic and quickly grew bored with her, the relationship soon ended and Spitzeder left Brno for Munich.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENebel201834-19">[19]</a> At some point during her acting career she met Emilie Stier (stage name Branizka) with whom she returned to Munich in 1868.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENebel201838-25">[25]</a> During her trial, the court's president emphasized the intimate relationship between both women, who shared a bed "breast to breast".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENebel201839-28">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELöwy1873113-103">[103]</a> The relationship continued into Spitzeder's banking career which Stier was actively supporting, with the Münchner Neueste Nachrichten soon reporting on "two tricksters that take people's money".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENebel201858-104">[104]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrasberger2015165-105">[105]</a> However, the romantic relationship ended abruptly when after a fight Stier left the premises head over heels; the reason for their fight is unknown to this day.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENebel201870-106">[106]</a> The end of the relationship depressed Spitzeder who locked herself in her rooms and only recovered because her customers, wishing to be able to invest in her bank again, cared for her until she recovered.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENebel201870–71-51">[51]</a> In need of a new companion, Spitzeder placed an advertisement in the local newspapers for a "Gesellschafterin" ("lady's companion"), a code that was known to refer to women seeking a female romantic partner.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENebel201878-107">[107]</a> Out of a large number of applicants, she chose a French woman who however apparently did not understand the code and thus left her house after only a few weeks.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENebel201878-107">[107]</a> Shortly afterwards, Rosa Ehinger moved into the house next door with her mother.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENebel201878-107">[107]</a> Originally from <a href="/wiki/Augsburg" title="Augsburg">Augsburg</a>, Ehinger had dreams of becoming an actress, so Spitzeder, 19 years her senior, took the young woman, who soon started working in her bank, in and showered her with lavish gifts.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENebel201878–79-108">[108]</a> After Spitzeder's arrest however, Ehinger disavowed her and denied having any romantic relationship with her.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENebel2018139-109">[109]</a> Ehinger even tried to argue that the payment of 50,000 gulden was <a href="/wiki/Damages" title="Damages">damages</a> for the reputational damage she suffered because of the rumors about her homosexuality, but she was ordered to repay the sum in full.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENebel2018139,_148-110">[110]</a> Following her release from prison, she was cared for by Marie Riedmayer, who was again described as her "Gesellschafterin" and who accompanied her to Bad Wildbad.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENebel2018153-98">[98]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_popular_culture">In popular culture</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Adele_Spitzeder&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: In popular culture">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gabriel_Gailler&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gabriel Gailler (page does not exist)">Gabriel Gailler</a> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabriel_Gailler" class="extiw" title="de:Gabriel Gailler">de</a>] brought Adele Spitzeder's story to the stage as a play for <a href="/wiki/Marionette" title="Marionette">marionettes</a> in the 1870s.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBachmann-1">[1]</a> In 1966, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Reinhard_Raffalt&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Reinhard Raffalt (page does not exist)">Reinhard Raffalt</a> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reinhard_Raffalt" class="extiw" title="de:Reinhard Raffalt">de</a>] created the play Das Gold der Bayern ("The gold of the Bavarians") for the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bayerisches_Staatsschauspiel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bayerisches Staatsschauspiel (page does not exist)">Bayerisches Staatsschauspiel</a> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bayerisches_Staatsschauspiel" class="extiw" title="de:Bayerisches Staatsschauspiel">de</a>]. Premiering in the <a href="/wiki/Cuvilli%C3%A9s_Theatre" title="Cuvilliés Theatre">Cuvilliés Theatre</a>, it recounted a fictionalized tale of Spitzeder's life with a fictional king (Ludwig the Lion) stopping Spitzeder's trickery.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJacobi1966-111">[111]</a> In 1972, <a href="/wiki/Martin_Sperr" title="Martin Sperr">Martin Sperr</a> wrote a television movie <a href="/w/index.php?title=Adele_Spitzeder_(film)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Adele Spitzeder (film) (page does not exist)">Adele Spitzeder</a> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adele_Spitzeder_(Film)" class="extiw" title="de:Adele Spitzeder (Film)">de</a>] that was directed by <a href="/wiki/Peer_Raben" title="Peer Raben">Peer Raben</a> and starred <a href="/wiki/Ruth_Drexel" title="Ruth Drexel">Ruth Drexel</a> as Spitzeder.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBachmann-1">[1]</a> The play Die Spitzeder by Sperr was first performed on 11 September 1977.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBachmann-1">[1]</a> In 1992, the <a href="/wiki/Bayerischer_Rundfunk" title="Bayerischer Rundfunk">Bayerischer Rundfunk</a> broadcast the documentary Adele Spitzeder oder das Märchen von den Zinsen ("Adele Spitzeder or the fairy tale about the interest") by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hannes_Spring&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hannes Spring (page does not exist)">Hannes Spring</a> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hannes_Spring" class="extiw" title="de:Hannes Spring">de</a>]. <a href="/wiki/Xaver_Schwarzenberger" title="Xaver Schwarzenberger">Xaver Schwarzenberger</a> adapted the story again as a television movie titled Die Verführerin Adele Spitzeder (<a href="/w/index.php?title=A_Deal_with_Adele&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="A Deal with Adele (page does not exist)">A Deal with Adele</a> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Die_Verf%C3%BChrerin_Adele_Spitzeder" class="extiw" title="de:Die Verführerin Adele Spitzeder">de</a>]).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAugsburger_Allgemeine2010-112">[112]</a> It was produced by the Bayerischer Rundfunk and the <a href="/wiki/ORF_(broadcaster)" title="ORF (broadcaster)">ORF</a>, starred <a href="/wiki/Birgit_Minichmayr" title="Birgit Minichmayr">Birgit Minichmayr</a> as Adele Spitzeder and was first broadcast on 11 January 2012.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBachmann-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERüthli2012-113">[113]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Literature">Literature</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Adele_Spitzeder&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Literature">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Books_by_Spitzeder">Books by Spitzeder</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Adele_Spitzeder&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Books by Spitzeder">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>Adele Spitzeder: Geschichte meines Lebens. Stuttgarter Verlagscomptoir, Stuttgart 1878 (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NL2Thtboj1EC">original available</a> as <a href="/wiki/E-book" class="mw-redirect" title="E-book">e-book</a>); reprinted in 1996 by Buchendorfer Verlag, München, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-927984-54-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-927984-54-7">978-3-927984-54-7</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Literature_about_Spitzeder">Literature about Spitzeder</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Adele_Spitzeder&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Literature about Spitzeder">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Historical_documentary">Historical documentary</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Adele_Spitzeder&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Historical documentary">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>Julian Nebel: Adele Spitzeder: Der größte Bankenbetrug aller Zeiten, FinanzBuch Verlag, München 2017, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-959720-48-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-959720-48-9">978-3-959720-48-9</a>.</li> <li>Dirk Schumann: Der Fall Adele Spitzeder 1872. Eine Studie zur Mentalität der "kleinen Leute" in der Gründerzeit. In: Zeitschrift für Bayerische Landesgeschichte 58. Jg. 1995, pp. 991–1026</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Plays_and_novels">Plays and novels</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Adele_Spitzeder&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Plays and novels">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Adele Spitzeder: Marionettenspiel um einen Münchner Finanzskandal im Jahre 1873 ; wortgetreue Wiedergabe einer alten Handschrift (in German). Puppentheatermuseum. 1981. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780231546218" title="Special:BookSources/9780231546218"><bdi>9780231546218</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/75843921">75843921</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Adele+Spitzeder%3A+Marionettenspiel+um+einen+M%C3%BCnchner+Finanzskandal+im+Jahre+1873+%3B+wortgetreue+Wiedergabe+einer+alten+Handschrift&rft.pub=Puppentheatermuseum&rft.date=1981&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F75843921&rft.isbn=9780231546218&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdele+Spitzeder" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Christine Spöcker: Das Geldmensch. Ein tragikomisches Stück über den kapitalistischen Exzess der Adele Spitzeder, Bankfrau zu München, die 1872 durch Bankrott ihrer Dachauer Bank 30860 Gläubiger ins Unglück trieb. Fischer, Frankfurt am Main 1973, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-10-074201-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-10-074201-8">978-3-10-074201-8</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlbrecht-Weinberger1956" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Albrecht-Weinberger, Karl (1956). Adele Spitzeder; Roman einer seltsamen Frau (in German). Maindruck. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780231546218" title="Special:BookSources/9780231546218"><bdi>9780231546218</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/36066656">36066656</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Adele+Spitzeder%3B+Roman+einer+seltsamen+Frau.&rft.pub=Maindruck&rft.date=1956&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F36066656&rft.isbn=9780231546218&rft.aulast=Albrecht-Weinberger&rft.aufirst=Karl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdele+Spitzeder" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRehn2009" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Rehn, Heidi (2009). Tod im Englischen Garten: historischer Kriminalroman (in German). Cologne: Emons Verlag. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783897055070" title="Special:BookSources/9783897055070"><bdi>9783897055070</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/682116597">682116597</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tod+im+Englischen+Garten%3A+historischer+Kriminalroman&rft.place=Cologne&rft.pub=Emons+Verlag&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F682116597&rft.isbn=9783897055070&rft.aulast=Rehn&rft.aufirst=Heidi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdele+Spitzeder" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Adele_Spitzeder&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBachmann-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBachmann_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBachmann_1-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBachmann_1-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBachmann_1-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBachmann_1-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBachmann_1-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBachmann_1-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBachmann_1-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBachmann_1-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBachmann_1-9">j</a> <a href="#CITEREFBachmann">Bachmann</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWinkler2010717-2"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWinkler2010717_2-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWinkler2010">Winkler 2010</a>, p. 717. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENebel201823-3">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENebel201823_3-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENebel201823_3-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFNebel2018">Nebel 2018</a>, p. 23. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWährisch2010-4">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWährisch2010_4-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWährisch2010_4-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWährisch2010_4-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWährisch2010_4-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWährisch2010_4-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWährisch2010_4-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWährisch2010_4-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWährisch2010_4-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWährisch2010_4-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWährisch2010_4-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWährisch2010_4-10">k</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWährisch2010_4-11">l</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWährisch2010_4-12">m</a> <a href="#CITEREFWährisch2010">Währisch 2010</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEADB1893217-5">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEADB1893217_5-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEADB1893217_5-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFADB1893">ADB 1893</a>, p. 217. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrohmeyr2014131-6"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStrohmeyr2014131_6-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFStrohmeyr2014">Strohmeyr 2014</a>, p. 131. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWinkler2010717–718-7"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWinkler2010717–718_7-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWinkler2010">Winkler 2010</a>, pp. 717–718. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENebel201827-8"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENebel201827_8-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNebel2018">Nebel 2018</a>, p. 27. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENebel201830-9"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENebel201830_9-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNebel2018">Nebel 2018</a>, p. 30. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENebel201831-10"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENebel201831_10-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNebel2018">Nebel 2018</a>, p. 31. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWinkler2010718-11">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWinkler2010718_11-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWinkler2010718_11-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFWinkler2010">Winkler 2010</a>, p. 718. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHitzigAlexis1873355–356-12"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHitzigAlexis1873355–356_12-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHitzigAlexis1873">Hitzig & Alexis 1873</a>, pp. 355–356. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrohmeyr2014133-13"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStrohmeyr2014133_13-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFStrohmeyr2014">Strohmeyr 2014</a>, p. 133. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENebel201833-14">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENebel201833_14-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENebel201833_14-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENebel201833_14-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFNebel2018">Nebel 2018</a>, p. 33. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESpitzeder187820-15"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESpitzeder187820_15-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSpitzeder1878">Spitzeder 1878</a>, p. 20. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESpitzeder187820–21-16"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESpitzeder187820–21_16-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSpitzeder1878">Spitzeder 1878</a>, pp. 20–21. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESpitzeder187822-17"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESpitzeder187822_17-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSpitzeder1878">Spitzeder 1878</a>, p. 22. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESpitzeder187824-18">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESpitzeder187824_18-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESpitzeder187824_18-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFSpitzeder1878">Spitzeder 1878</a>, p. 24. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENebel201834-19">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENebel201834_19-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENebel201834_19-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENebel201834_19-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFNebel2018">Nebel 2018</a>, p. 34. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESpitzeder187825–26-20"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESpitzeder187825–26_20-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSpitzeder1878">Spitzeder 1878</a>, pp. 25–26. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENebel201834–35-21"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENebel201834–35_21-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNebel2018">Nebel 2018</a>, pp. 34–35. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESpitzeder187826–30-22"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESpitzeder187826–30_22-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSpitzeder1878">Spitzeder 1878</a>, pp. 26–30. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENebel201835–36-23"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENebel201835–36_23-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNebel2018">Nebel 2018</a>, pp. 35–36. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESpitzeder187830-24">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESpitzeder187830_24-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESpitzeder187830_24-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESpitzeder187830_24-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFSpitzeder1878">Spitzeder 1878</a>, p. 30. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENebel201838-25">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENebel201838_25-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENebel201838_25-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENebel201838_25-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENebel201838_25-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENebel201838_25-4">e</a> <a href="#CITEREFNebel2018">Nebel 2018</a>, p. 38. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHitzigAlexis1873356-26">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHitzigAlexis1873356_26-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHitzigAlexis1873356_26-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFHitzigAlexis1873">Hitzig & Alexis 1873</a>, p. 356. </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNebel2018">Nebel 2018</a>, p. 39: "Ein wenig schönes, eckiges Gericht mit groben Zügen, aus dem eine lange, breitflügelige Nase hervorsteht; breit ist der Mund, spitz das Kinn, die grauen Augen von schwer zu bedeutendem Ausdruck, ein richtiges Mannsweib." </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENebel201839-28">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENebel201839_28-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENebel201839_28-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENebel201839_28-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFNebel2018">Nebel 2018</a>, p. 39. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENebel201838–39-29"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENebel201838–39_29-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNebel2018">Nebel 2018</a>, pp. 38–39. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchumann1995997-30"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchumann1995997_30-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSchumann1995">Schumann 1995</a>, p. 997. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENettersheim201140-31">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENettersheim201140_31-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENettersheim201140_31-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFNettersheim2011">Nettersheim 2011</a>, p. 40. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFreiberger2017-32">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFreiberger2017_32-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFreiberger2017_32-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFreiberger2017_32-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFreiberger2017_32-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFreiberger2017_32-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFreiberger2017_32-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFreiberger2017_32-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFreiberger2017_32-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFreiberger2017_32-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFreiberger2017_32-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFreiberger2017_32-10">k</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFreiberger2017_32-11">l</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFreiberger2017_32-12">m</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFreiberger2017_32-13">n</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFreiberger2017_32-14">o</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFreiberger2017_32-15">p</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFreiberger2017_32-16">q</a> <a href="#CITEREFFreiberger2017">Freiberger 2017</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarper's_Weekly,_15_March1873210-33">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarper's_Weekly,_15_March1873210_33-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarper's_Weekly,_15_March1873210_33-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarper's_Weekly,_15_March1873210_33-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarper's_Weekly,_15_March1873210_33-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarper's_Weekly,_15_March1873210_33-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarper's_Weekly,_15_March1873210_33-5">f</a> <a href="#CITEREFHarper's_Weekly,_15_March1873">Harper's Weekly, 15 March 1873</a>, p. 210. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchumann1995998-34">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchumann1995998_34-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchumann1995998_34-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFSchumann1995">Schumann 1995</a>, p. 998. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPfluger2018-35"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPfluger2018_35-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPfluger2018">Pfluger 2018</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBraunberger2009-36">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBraunberger2009_36-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBraunberger2009_36-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBraunberger2009_36-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBraunberger2009_36-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBraunberger2009_36-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBraunberger2009_36-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBraunberger2009_36-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBraunberger2009_36-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBraunberger2009_36-8">i</a> <a href="#CITEREFBraunberger2009">Braunberger 2009</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchumann1995999-37">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchumann1995999_37-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchumann1995999_37-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchumann1995999_37-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFSchumann1995">Schumann 1995</a>, p. 999. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGlasgow_Herald18734-38">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGlasgow_Herald18734_38-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGlasgow_Herald18734_38-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGlasgow_Herald18734_38-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFGlasgow_Herald1873">Glasgow Herald 1873</a>, p. 4. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFiedler2014290-39"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFiedler2014290_39-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFiedler2014">Fiedler 2014</a>, p. 290. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrohmeyr2014138-40"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStrohmeyr2014138_40-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFStrohmeyr2014">Strohmeyr 2014</a>, p. 138. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKirstein201030-41"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKirstein201030_41-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKirstein2010">Kirstein 2010</a>, p. 30. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENebel201820-42"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENebel201820_42-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNebel2018">Nebel 2018</a>, p. 20. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENettersheim201141-43">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENettersheim201141_43-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENettersheim201141_43-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFNettersheim2011">Nettersheim 2011</a>, p. 41. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPlickert2018-44"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPlickert2018_44-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPlickert2018">Plickert 2018</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBörsen_Zeitung2017-45"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBörsen_Zeitung2017_45-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBörsen_Zeitung2017">Börsen Zeitung 2017</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENebel2018157-46"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENebel2018157_46-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNebel2018">Nebel 2018</a>, p. 157. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrack2018-47"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrack2018_47-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBrack2018">Brack 2018</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarper's_Weekly,_12_April1873290-48"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarper's_Weekly,_12_April1873290_48-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHarper's_Weekly,_12_April1873">Harper's Weekly, 12 April 1873</a>, p. 290. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHales18725-49">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHales18725_49-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHales18725_49-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFHales1872">Hales 1872</a>, p. 5. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavies2018161-50">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavies2018161_50-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavies2018161_50-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFDavies2018">Davies 2018</a>, p. 161. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENebel201870–71-51">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENebel201870–71_51-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENebel201870–71_51-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFNebel2018">Nebel 2018</a>, pp. 70–71. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGörl2015-52">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGörl2015_52-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGörl2015_52-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFGörl2015">Görl 2015</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKillyVierhaus2011422-53">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKillyVierhaus2011422_53-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKillyVierhaus2011422_53-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKillyVierhaus2011422_53-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKillyVierhaus2011422_53-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKillyVierhaus2011422_53-4">e</a> <a href="#CITEREFKillyVierhaus2011">Killy & Vierhaus 2011</a>, p. 422. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrohmeyr2014128-54"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStrohmeyr2014128_54-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFStrohmeyr2014">Strohmeyr 2014</a>, p. 128. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENebel2018102-55"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENebel2018102_55-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNebel2018">Nebel 2018</a>, p. 102. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENebel2018103-56">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENebel2018103_56-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENebel2018103_56-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFNebel2018">Nebel 2018</a>, p. 103. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchumann19951018-57">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchumann19951018_57-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchumann19951018_57-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchumann19951018_57-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchumann19951018_57-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchumann19951018_57-4">e</a> <a href="#CITEREFSchumann1995">Schumann 1995</a>, p. 1018. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchumann19951019-58"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchumann19951019_58-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSchumann1995">Schumann 1995</a>, p. 1019. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchumann19951005–1007-59"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchumann19951005–1007_59-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSchumann1995">Schumann 1995</a>, pp. 1005–1007. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENebel201879–84-60"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENebel201879–84_60-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNebel2018">Nebel 2018</a>, pp. 79–84. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchumann19951006-61">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchumann19951006_61-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchumann19951006_61-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchumann19951006_61-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFSchumann1995">Schumann 1995</a>, p. 1006. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENebel201873-62"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENebel201873_62-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNebel2018">Nebel 2018</a>, p. 73. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENebel201875–76-63"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENebel201875–76_63-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNebel2018">Nebel 2018</a>, pp. 75–76. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENebel201874–75-64"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENebel201874–75_64-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNebel2018">Nebel 2018</a>, pp. 74–75. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrohmeyr2014140-65">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStrohmeyr2014140_65-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStrohmeyr2014140_65-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFStrohmeyr2014">Strohmeyr 2014</a>, p. 140. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchumann19951007-66"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchumann19951007_66-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSchumann1995">Schumann 1995</a>, p. 1007. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENebel201879–80-67">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENebel201879–80_67-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENebel201879–80_67-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFNebel2018">Nebel 2018</a>, pp. 79–80. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrohmeyr2014141-68">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStrohmeyr2014141_68-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStrohmeyr2014141_68-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFStrohmeyr2014">Strohmeyr 2014</a>, p. 141. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEThe_Buffalo_Commercial18721-69"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThe_Buffalo_Commercial18721_69-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFThe_Buffalo_Commercial1872">The Buffalo Commercial 1872</a>, p. 1. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENebel201858,_60,_124-70"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENebel201858,_60,_124_70-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNebel2018">Nebel 2018</a>, pp. 58, 60, 124. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENebel201861–62-71"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENebel201861–62_71-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNebel2018">Nebel 2018</a>, pp. 61–62. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENebel201862-72"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENebel201862_72-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNebel2018">Nebel 2018</a>, p. 62. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENebel201863-73"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENebel201863_73-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNebel2018">Nebel 2018</a>, p. 63. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENebel201863–64-74"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENebel201863–64_74-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNebel2018">Nebel 2018</a>, pp. 63–64. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrohmeyr2014145-75"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStrohmeyr2014145_75-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFStrohmeyr2014">Strohmeyr 2014</a>, p. 145. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENebel201864–65-76"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENebel201864–65_76-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNebel2018">Nebel 2018</a>, pp. 64–65. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEger201530-77"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEger201530_77-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEger2015">Eger 2015</a>, p. 30. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENebel201865–66-78"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENebel201865–66_78-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNebel2018">Nebel 2018</a>, pp. 65–66. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENebel201866–67-79"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENebel201866–67_79-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNebel2018">Nebel 2018</a>, pp. 66–67. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENebel201867–69-80">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENebel201867–69_80-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENebel201867–69_80-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFNebel2018">Nebel 2018</a>, pp. 67–69. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchumann1995995–996-81"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchumann1995995–996_81-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSchumann1995">Schumann 1995</a>, pp. 995–996. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchumann19951000-82">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchumann19951000_82-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchumann19951000_82-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchumann19951000_82-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFSchumann1995">Schumann 1995</a>, p. 1000. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchumann19951017-83">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchumann19951017_83-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchumann19951017_83-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFSchumann1995">Schumann 1995</a>, p. 1017. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchumann19951020-84"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchumann19951020_84-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSchumann1995">Schumann 1995</a>, p. 1020. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENettersheim201142-85"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENettersheim201142_85-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNettersheim2011">Nettersheim 2011</a>, p. 42. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchumann1995991-86"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchumann1995991_86-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSchumann1995">Schumann 1995</a>, p. 991. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrohmeyr2014150-87">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStrohmeyr2014150_87-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStrohmeyr2014150_87-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFStrohmeyr2014">Strohmeyr 2014</a>, p. 150. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENettersheim201144-88">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENettersheim201144_88-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENettersheim201144_88-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENettersheim201144_88-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENettersheim201144_88-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENettersheim201144_88-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENettersheim201144_88-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENettersheim201144_88-6">g</a> <a href="#CITEREFNettersheim2011">Nettersheim 2011</a>, p. 44. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrohmeyr2014151-89"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStrohmeyr2014151_89-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFStrohmeyr2014">Strohmeyr 2014</a>, p. 151. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENebel2018146,_152-90"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENebel2018146,_152_90-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNebel2018">Nebel 2018</a>, pp. 146, 152. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFreisinger_Tagblatt18761-91"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFreisinger_Tagblatt18761_91-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFreisinger_Tagblatt1876">Freisinger Tagblatt 1876</a>, p. 1. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENebel2018150-92">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENebel2018150_92-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENebel2018150_92-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFNebel2018">Nebel 2018</a>, p. 150. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENebel2018150–151-93"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENebel2018150–151_93-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNebel2018">Nebel 2018</a>, pp. 150–151. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENebel2018151-94">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENebel2018151_94-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENebel2018151_94-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENebel2018151_94-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENebel2018151_94-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENebel2018151_94-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENebel2018151_94-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENebel2018151_94-6">g</a> <a href="#CITEREFNebel2018">Nebel 2018</a>, p. 151. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENebel2018152-95">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENebel2018152_95-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENebel2018152_95-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFNebel2018">Nebel 2018</a>, p. 152. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchweiggert2016205-96">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchweiggert2016205_96-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchweiggert2016205_96-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFSchweiggert2016">Schweiggert 2016</a>, p. 205. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENebel2018152–153-97"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENebel2018152–153_97-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNebel2018">Nebel 2018</a>, pp. 152–153. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENebel2018153-98">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENebel2018153_98-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENebel2018153_98-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENebel2018153_98-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENebel2018153_98-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFNebel2018">Nebel 2018</a>, p. 153. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENebel2018154-99">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENebel2018154_99-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENebel2018154_99-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENebel2018154_99-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFNebel2018">Nebel 2018</a>, p. 154. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENerger2017-100"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENerger2017_100-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNerger2017">Nerger 2017</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKaltenegger-101"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKaltenegger_101-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKaltenegger">Kaltenegger</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBayerischer_Rundfunk2010-102"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBayerischer_Rundfunk2010_102-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBayerischer_Rundfunk2010">Bayerischer Rundfunk 2010</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELöwy1873113-103"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELöwy1873113_103-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLöwy1873">Löwy 1873</a>, p. 113. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENebel201858-104"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENebel201858_104-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNebel2018">Nebel 2018</a>, p. 58. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrasberger2015165-105"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrasberger2015165_105-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGrasberger2015">Grasberger 2015</a>, p. 165. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENebel201870-106"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENebel201870_106-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNebel2018">Nebel 2018</a>, p. 70. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENebel201878-107">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENebel201878_107-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENebel201878_107-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENebel201878_107-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFNebel2018">Nebel 2018</a>, p. 78. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENebel201878–79-108"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENebel201878–79_108-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNebel2018">Nebel 2018</a>, pp. 78–79. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENebel2018139-109"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENebel2018139_109-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNebel2018">Nebel 2018</a>, p. 139. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENebel2018139,_148-110"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENebel2018139,_148_110-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNebel2018">Nebel 2018</a>, pp. 139, 148. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJacobi1966-111"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJacobi1966_111-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFJacobi1966">Jacobi 1966</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAugsburger_Allgemeine2010-112"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAugsburger_Allgemeine2010_112-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAugsburger_Allgemeine2010">Augsburger Allgemeine 2010</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERüthli2012-113"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERüthli2012_113-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRüthli2012">Rüthli 2012</a>. </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Adele_Spitzeder&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAugsburger_Allgemeine2010" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.augsburger-allgemeine.de/bayern/Die-Betruegereien-des-Fraeulein-Spitzeder-id8613001.html">"Die Betrügereien des Fräulein Spitzeder"</a>. Augsburger Allgemeine (in German). 11 October 2010. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190113113821/https://www.augsburger-allgemeine.de/bayern/Die-Betruegereien-des-Fraeulein-Spitzeder-id8613001.html">Archived</a> from the original on 13 January 2019. Retrieved 10 January 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Augsburger+Allgemeine&rft.atitle=Die+Betr%C3%BCgereien+des+Fr%C3%A4ulein+Spitzeder&rft.date=2010-10-11&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.augsburger-allgemeine.de%2Fbayern%2FDie-Betruegereien-des-Fraeulein-Spitzeder-id8613001.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdele+Spitzeder" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBachmann" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Bachmann, Christoph. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.historisches-lexikon-bayerns.de/Lexikon/Kriminalf%C3%A4lle_(19./20._Jahrhundert)#Adele_Spitzeder_und_ihre_.22Dachauer_Bank.22">"Kriminalfälle (19./20. Jahrhundert): Adele Spitzeder und ihre "Dachauer Bank""</a>. Historisches Lexikon Bayerns (in German). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180805112734/https://www.historisches-lexikon-bayerns.de/Lexikon/Kriminalf%C3%A4lle_(19./20._Jahrhundert)#Adele_Spitzeder_und_ihre_.22Dachauer_Bank.22">Archived</a> from the original on 5 August 2018. Retrieved 8 January 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Historisches+Lexikon+Bayerns&rft.atitle=Kriminalf%C3%A4lle+%2819.%2F20.+Jahrhundert%29%3A+Adele+Spitzeder+und+ihre+%22Dachauer+Bank%22&rft.aulast=Bachmann&rft.aufirst=Christoph&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.historisches-lexikon-bayerns.de%2FLexikon%2FKriminalf%25C3%25A4lle_%2819.%2F20._Jahrhundert%29%23Adele_Spitzeder_und_ihre_.22Dachauer_Bank.22&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdele+Spitzeder" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBayerischer_Rundfunk2010" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.br.de/radio/bayern2/sendungen/radiowissen/geschichte/adele-spitzeder-sendemanuskript-100~attachment.pdf">"Radio script for "Das Thema: Adele Spitzeder""</a> (PDF). Bayerischer Rundfunk (in German). 23 February 2010. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190215155950/https://www.br.de/radio/bayern2/sendungen/radiowissen/geschichte/adele-spitzeder-sendemanuskript-100~attachment.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 15 February 2019. Retrieved 15 February 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Bayerischer+Rundfunk&rft.atitle=Radio+script+for+%22Das+Thema%3A+Adele+Spitzeder%22&rft.date=2010-02-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.br.de%2Fradio%2Fbayern2%2Fsendungen%2Fradiowissen%2Fgeschichte%2Fadele-spitzeder-sendemanuskript-100~attachment.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdele+Spitzeder" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBörsen_Zeitung2017" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.boersen-zeitung.de/index.php?li=1&artid=2017232805&ersch_datum=2017-12-02&titel=&j=ovv">"Lesetipp: Spiel mit der Gier"</a>. Börsen Zeitung (in German). 2 December 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190119174219/https://www.boersen-zeitung.de/index.php?li=1&artid=2017232805&ersch_datum=2017-12-02&titel=&j=ovv">Archived</a> from the original on 19 January 2019. Retrieved 18 January 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=B%C3%B6rsen+Zeitung&rft.atitle=Lesetipp%3A+Spiel+mit+der+Gier&rft.date=2017-12-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.boersen-zeitung.de%2Findex.php%3Fli%3D1%26artid%3D2017232805%26ersch_datum%3D2017-12-02%26titel%3D%26j%3Dovv&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdele+Spitzeder" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarper's_Weekly,_15_March1873" class="citation journal cs1">Bonner, John; Curtis, George William; Alden, Henry Mills; Conant, Samuel Stillman; Schuyler, Montgomery; Foord, John; Davis, Richard Harding; Schurz, Carl; Nelson, Henry Loomis, eds. (15 March 1873). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4ySERiKHkb4C&pg=PA216">"Adele Spitzeder"</a>. Harper's Weekly. Harper's Magazine Company. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190123223859/https://books.google.de/books?id=4ySERiKHkb4C&pg=PA216">Archived</a> from the original on 23 January 2019. Retrieved 23 January 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Harper%27s+Weekly&rft.atitle=Adele+Spitzeder&rft.date=1873-03-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4ySERiKHkb4C%26pg%3DPA216&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdele+Spitzeder" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarper's_Weekly,_12_April1873" class="citation journal cs1">Bonner, John; Curtis, George William; Alden, Henry Mills; Conant, Samuel Stillman; Schuyler, Montgomery; Foord, John; Davis, Richard Harding; Schurz, Carl; Nelson, Henry Loomis, eds. (12 April 1873). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4ySERiKHkb4C&pg=PA291">"Adele Spitzeder"</a>. Harper's Weekly. Harper's Magazine Company. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190123223859/https://books.google.de/books?id=4ySERiKHkb4C&pg=PA216">Archived</a> from the original on 23 January 2019. Retrieved 23 January 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Harper%27s+Weekly&rft.atitle=Adele+Spitzeder&rft.date=1873-04-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4ySERiKHkb4C%26pg%3DPA291&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdele+Spitzeder" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThe_Buffalo_Commercial1872" class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newspapers.com/image/264653596/">"A German Woodhull"</a>. The Buffalo Commercial. 28 December 1872. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190113113820/https://www.newspapers.com/image/264653596/">Archived</a> from the original on 13 January 2019 – via Newspapers.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Buffalo+Commercial&rft.atitle=A+German+Woodhull&rft.date=1872-12-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newspapers.com%2Fimage%2F264653596%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdele+Spitzeder" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrack2018" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Brack, Kathrin (12 June 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ovb-online.de/weltspiegel/bayern/mutter-anlagebetrugs-9944039.html">"Die Mutter des Anlagebetrugs"</a>. OVB Online (in German). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190113062834/https://www.ovb-online.de/weltspiegel/bayern/mutter-anlagebetrugs-9944039.html">Archived</a> from the original on 13 January 2019. Retrieved 10 January 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=OVB+Online&rft.atitle=Die+Mutter+des+Anlagebetrugs&rft.date=2018-06-12&rft.aulast=Brack&rft.aufirst=Kathrin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ovb-online.de%2Fweltspiegel%2Fbayern%2Fmutter-anlagebetrugs-9944039.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdele+Spitzeder" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBraunberger2009" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Braunberger, Gerald (6 June 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.faz.net/1.817984">"Serie Finanzskandale (19): Adele Spitzeder: Die Schauspielerin, die sich als Bankerin versuchte"</a>. Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung (in German). <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0174-4909">0174-4909</a>. Retrieved 10 January 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Frankfurter+Allgemeine+Zeitung&rft.atitle=Serie+Finanzskandale+%2819%29%3A+Adele+Spitzeder%3A+Die+Schauspielerin%2C+die+sich+als+Bankerin+versuchte&rft.date=2009-06-06&rft.issn=0174-4909&rft.aulast=Braunberger&rft.aufirst=Gerald&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.faz.net%2F1.817984&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdele+Spitzeder" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavies2018" class="citation book cs1">Davies, Hannah Catherine (20 November 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=aWNbDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT161">Transatlantic Speculations: Globalization and the Panics of 1873</a>. Columbia University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-231-54621-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-231-54621-8"><bdi>978-0-231-54621-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Transatlantic+Speculations%3A+Globalization+and+the+Panics+of+1873&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=2018-11-20&rft.isbn=978-0-231-54621-8&rft.aulast=Davies&rft.aufirst=Hannah+Catherine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DaWNbDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT161&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdele+Spitzeder" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEger2015" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Eger, Anke (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zURoCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA30">Die Kriminologie des Kapitalanlagebetruges: Am Beispiel von Ponzi Schemes</a> (in German). Diplomica Verlag. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-95934-742-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-95934-742-6"><bdi>978-3-95934-742-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Die+Kriminologie+des+Kapitalanlagebetruges%3A+Am+Beispiel+von+Ponzi+Schemes&rft.pub=Diplomica+Verlag&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-3-95934-742-6&rft.aulast=Eger&rft.aufirst=Anke&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DzURoCgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA30&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdele+Spitzeder" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFiedler2014" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Fiedler, Teja (1 September 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UlUTBAAAQBAJ&pg=PT290">Mia san mia: Die andere Geschichte Bayerns</a> (in German). Piper ebooks. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-492-96796-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-492-96796-9"><bdi>978-3-492-96796-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mia+san+mia%3A+Die+andere+Geschichte+Bayerns&rft.pub=Piper+ebooks&rft.date=2014-09-01&rft.isbn=978-3-492-96796-9&rft.aulast=Fiedler&rft.aufirst=Teja&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUlUTBAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT290&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdele+Spitzeder" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFreiberger2017" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Freiberger, Harald (11 November 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sueddeutsche.de/muenchen/schneeballsystem-es-begann-in-der-au-1.3743735">"Diese Frau hat den Betrug per "Schneeballsystem" groß gemacht"</a>. sueddeutsche.de (in German). <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0174-4917">0174-4917</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180504093333/http://www.sueddeutsche.de/muenchen/schneeballsystem-es-begann-in-der-au-1.3743735">Archived</a> from the original on 4 May 2018. Retrieved 8 January 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=sueddeutsche.de&rft.atitle=Diese+Frau+hat+den+Betrug+per+%22Schneeballsystem%22+gro%C3%9F+gemacht&rft.date=2017-11-11&rft.issn=0174-4917&rft.aulast=Freiberger&rft.aufirst=Harald&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sueddeutsche.de%2Fmuenchen%2Fschneeballsystem-es-begann-in-der-au-1.3743735&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdele+Spitzeder" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFreisinger_Tagblatt1876" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=o1UCgLzrVRwC&pg=PP293">"Ausgabe 209, 12. September 1876"</a>. Freisinger Tagblatt (in German). No. 209. Münchener Zeitungsverlag. 12 September 1876.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Freisinger+Tagblatt&rft.atitle=Ausgabe+209%2C+12.+September+1876&rft.issue=209&rft.date=1876-09-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Do1UCgLzrVRwC%26pg%3DPP293&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdele+Spitzeder" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGlasgow_Herald1873" class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newspapers.com/clip/27581970/glasgow_herald/">"Tuesday Morning, Aug. 5"</a>. Glasgow Herald. 5 August 1873. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190124152305/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/27581970/glasgow_herald/">Archived</a> from the original on 24 January 2019. Retrieved 24 January 2019 – via Newspapers.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Glasgow+Herald&rft.atitle=Tuesday+Morning%2C+Aug.+5&rft.date=1873-08-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newspapers.com%2Fclip%2F27581970%2Fglasgow_herald%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdele+Spitzeder" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGörl2015" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Görl, Wolfgang (22 September 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sueddeutsche.de/muenchen/betrug-schnelles-geld-1.2659638">"Schnelles Geld"</a>. Süddeutsche Zeitung (in German). <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0174-4917">0174-4917</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190207020239/https://www.sueddeutsche.de/muenchen/betrug-schnelles-geld-1.2659638">Archived</a> from the original on 7 February 2019. Retrieved 5 February 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=S%C3%BCddeutsche+Zeitung&rft.atitle=Schnelles+Geld&rft.date=2015-09-22&rft.issn=0174-4917&rft.aulast=G%C3%B6rl&rft.aufirst=Wolfgang&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sueddeutsche.de%2Fmuenchen%2Fbetrug-schnelles-geld-1.2659638&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdele+Spitzeder" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrasberger2015" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Grasberger, Thomas (22 June 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rQKCBwAAQBAJ&pg=PT165">Flins: Das Geld des Südens</a> (in German). Kösel-Verlag. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-641-16064-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-641-16064-7"><bdi>978-3-641-16064-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Flins%3A+Das+Geld+des+S%C3%BCdens&rft.pub=K%C3%B6sel-Verlag&rft.date=2015-06-22&rft.isbn=978-3-641-16064-7&rft.aulast=Grasberger&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DrQKCBwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT165&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdele+Spitzeder" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHales1872" class="citation news cs1">Hales, William King, ed. (3 December 1872). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newspapers.com/clip/27582016/daily_news/">"Tuesday, December 3, 1872"</a>. Daily News. p. 5. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190124152313/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/27582016/daily_news/">Archived</a> from the original on 24 January 2019. Retrieved 24 January 2019 – via Newspapers.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Daily+News&rft.atitle=Tuesday%2C+December+3%2C+1872&rft.pages=5&rft.date=1872-12-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newspapers.com%2Fclip%2F27582016%2Fdaily_news%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdele+Spitzeder" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFADB1893" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Historische Commission bei der königl. Akademie der Wissenschaften (1893). <a class="external text" href="https://de.wikisource.org/wiki/ADB:Spitzeder,_Josef">Spitzeder, Joseph</a>. Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie (in German). Vol. 35 (1. ed.). Duncker & Humblot. p. 217. Retrieved 8 June 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Spitzeder%2C+Joseph&rft.series=Allgemeine+Deutsche+Biographie&rft.pages=217&rft.edition=1.&rft.pub=Duncker+%26+Humblot&rft.date=1893&rft.au=Historische+Commission+bei+der+k%C3%B6nigl.+Akademie+der+Wissenschaften&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fde.wikisource.org%2Fwiki%2FADB%3ASpitzeder%2C_Josef&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdele+Spitzeder" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHitzigAlexis1873" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Julius_Eduard_Hitzig" title="Julius Eduard Hitzig">Hitzig, Julius Eduard</a>; <a href="/wiki/Willibald_Alexis" title="Willibald Alexis">Alexis, Willibald</a>, eds. (1873). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.suedfriedhof-muenchen.de/wiki/der-neue-pitaval-1873-t_1723/">"Adele Spitzeder"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.digitale-sammlungen.de/en/view/bsb11039845?page=371">Der neue Pitaval: Eine Sammlung der interessantesten Criminalgeschichten aller Länder aus älterer und neuerer Zeit</a> (in German). Vol. 8. Brockhaus. pp. 355–434.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Adele+Spitzeder&rft.btitle=Der+neue+Pitaval%3A+Eine+Sammlung+der+interessantesten+Criminalgeschichten+aller+L%C3%A4nder+aus+%C3%A4lterer+und+neuerer+Zeit&rft.pages=355-434&rft.pub=Brockhaus&rft.date=1873&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.suedfriedhof-muenchen.de%2Fwiki%2Fder-neue-pitaval-1873-t_1723%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdele+Spitzeder" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJacobi1966" class="citation news cs1">Jacobi, Johannes (28 October 1966). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.zeit.de/1966/44/bayerische-gaudi/komplettansicht">"Bayerische Gaudi"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Die_Zeit" title="Die Zeit">Die Zeit</a>. Retrieved 21 April 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Die+Zeit&rft.atitle=Bayerische+Gaudi&rft.date=1966-10-28&rft.aulast=Jacobi&rft.aufirst=Johannes&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.zeit.de%2F1966%2F44%2Fbayerische-gaudi%2Fkomplettansicht&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdele+Spitzeder" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKaltenegger" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Kaltenegger, Reiner. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190505190457/https://www.suedfriedhof-muenchen.de/wiki/18-14-26-maurer-spitzeder-schmid-spitzeder/">"Grab der Familien Maurer-Spitzeder & Schmid & Spitzeder"</a>. Alter Südfriedhof München (in German). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.suedfriedhof-muenchen.de/wiki/18-14-26-maurer-spitzeder-schmid-spitzeder/">the original</a> on 5 May 2019. Retrieved 5 May 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Alter+S%C3%BCdfriedhof+M%C3%BCnchen&rft.atitle=Grab+der+Familien+Maurer-Spitzeder+%26+Schmid+%26+Spitzeder&rft.aulast=Kaltenegger&rft.aufirst=Reiner&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.suedfriedhof-muenchen.de%2Fwiki%2F18-14-26-maurer-spitzeder-schmid-spitzeder%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdele+Spitzeder" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKillyVierhaus2011" class="citation book cs1">Killy, Walther; Vierhaus, Rudolf (30 November 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0-hrRQvGV7sC&pg=PA422">Directory of German Biography</a>. Vol. 9. Walter de Gruyter. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-11-096629-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-11-096629-9"><bdi>978-3-11-096629-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Directory+of+German+Biography&rft.pub=Walter+de+Gruyter&rft.date=2011-11-30&rft.isbn=978-3-11-096629-9&rft.aulast=Killy&rft.aufirst=Walther&rft.au=Vierhaus%2C+Rudolf&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0-hrRQvGV7sC%26pg%3DPA422&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdele+Spitzeder" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKirstein2010" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Kirstein, Ulrich (10 February 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8OdiMQLw1nUC&pg=PT30">Börsenpsychologie: simplified</a> (in German). FinanzBuch Verlag. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-86248-241-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-86248-241-2"><bdi>978-3-86248-241-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=B%C3%B6rsenpsychologie%3A+simplified&rft.pub=FinanzBuch+Verlag&rft.date=2010-02-10&rft.isbn=978-3-86248-241-2&rft.aulast=Kirstein&rft.aufirst=Ulrich&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8OdiMQLw1nUC%26pg%3DPT30&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdele+Spitzeder" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLöwy1873" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Löwy, Salomon, ed. (1873). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yXNO2VRxd8wC&pg=PP113">"Teplitzer Revue"</a> (in German). Wächter. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190113113821/https://books.google.de/books?id=yXNO2VRxd8wC&pg=PP113">Archived</a> from the original on 13 January 2019. Retrieved 13 January 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Teplitzer+Revue&rft.date=1873&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DyXNO2VRxd8wC%26pg%3DPP113&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdele+Spitzeder" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNebel2018" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Nebel, Julian (2018). Adele Spitzeder: der größte Bankenbetrug aller Zeiten (in German). FinanzBuch Verlag. FBV, FinanzBuch Verlag. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-95972-048-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-95972-048-9"><bdi>978-3-95972-048-9</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1012845220">1012845220</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Adele+Spitzeder%3A+der+gr%C3%B6%C3%9Fte+Bankenbetrug+aller+Zeiten&rft.pub=FBV%2C+FinanzBuch+Verlag&rft.date=2018&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1012845220&rft.isbn=978-3-95972-048-9&rft.aulast=Nebel&rft.aufirst=Julian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdele+Spitzeder" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNerger2017" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Nerger, Klaus (7 August 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170807172514/http://knerger.de/html/spitzedesonstige_64.html">"Das Grab von Adele Spitzeder"</a> (in German). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://knerger.de/html/spitzedesonstige_64.html">the original</a> on 7 August 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Das+Grab+von+Adele+Spitzeder&rft.date=2017-08-07&rft.aulast=Nerger&rft.aufirst=Klaus&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fknerger.de%2Fhtml%2Fspitzedesonstige_64.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdele+Spitzeder" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNettersheim2011" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Nettersheim, Christoph (2011). "Die Mutter des Schneeballsystems". Schrecklich nette Frauen: 30 kriminell gute Portraits [The mother of the pyramid scheme] (in German). Bucher Verlag. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-7658-1883-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-7658-1883-7"><bdi>978-3-7658-1883-7</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/767757034">767757034</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Die+Mutter+des+Schneeballsystems&rft.btitle=Schrecklich+nette+Frauen%3A+30+kriminell+gute+Portraits&rft.pub=Bucher+Verlag&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F767757034&rft.isbn=978-3-7658-1883-7&rft.aulast=Nettersheim&rft.aufirst=Christoph&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdele+Spitzeder" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPfluger2018" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Pfluger, Bettina (10 March 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://apps.derstandard.de/privacywall/story/2000075697335/wenn-das-geld-spielerisch-in-der-pyramide-versinkt">"Wenn das Geld spielerisch in der Pyramide versinkt"</a>. Der Standard (in Austrian German). Retrieved 6 June 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Der+Standard&rft.atitle=Wenn+das+Geld+spielerisch+in+der+Pyramide+versinkt&rft.date=2018-03-10&rft.aulast=Pfluger&rft.aufirst=Bettina&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapps.derstandard.de%2Fprivacywall%2Fstory%2F2000075697335%2Fwenn-das-geld-spielerisch-in-der-pyramide-versinkt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdele+Spitzeder" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPlickert2018" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Plickert, Philip (14 May 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200530144406/https://fazarchiv.faz.net/document/FAZ__FD1201805145306346?offset=&all=">"Ein Schneeballsystem: Adele Spitzeders wunderbare Geldvermehrung"</a>. Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung (in German). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fazarchiv.faz.net/document/FAZ__FD1201805145306346?offset=&all=">the original</a> on 30 May 2020. Retrieved 18 January 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Frankfurter+Allgemeine+Zeitung&rft.atitle=Ein+Schneeballsystem%3A+Adele+Spitzeders+wunderbare+Geldvermehrung&rft.date=2018-05-14&rft.aulast=Plickert&rft.aufirst=Philip&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffazarchiv.faz.net%2Fdocument%2FFAZ__FD1201805145306346%3Foffset%3D%26all%3D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdele+Spitzeder" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRüthli2012" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Rüthli, Eva Rose (11 January 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sueddeutsche.de/medien/ard-film-die-verfuehrerin-adele-spitzeder-mutter-des-anlagebetrugs-1.1254781">"Mutter des Anlagebetrugs"</a>. sueddeutsche.de (in German). <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0174-4917">0174-4917</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181214115652/https://www.sueddeutsche.de/medien/ard-film-die-verfuehrerin-adele-spitzeder-mutter-des-anlagebetrugs-1.1254781">Archived</a> from the original on 14 December 2018. Retrieved 10 January 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=sueddeutsche.de&rft.atitle=Mutter+des+Anlagebetrugs&rft.date=2012-01-11&rft.issn=0174-4917&rft.aulast=R%C3%BCthli&rft.aufirst=Eva+Rose&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sueddeutsche.de%2Fmedien%2Fard-film-die-verfuehrerin-adele-spitzeder-mutter-des-anlagebetrugs-1.1254781&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdele+Spitzeder" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchumann1995" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Schumann, Dirk (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://periodika.digitale-sammlungen.de/zblg/kapitel/zblg58_kap39">"Der Fall Adele Spitzeder 1872. Eine Studie zur Mentalität der 'kleinen Leute' in der Gründerzeit"</a>. Zeitschrift für Bayerische Landesgeschichte (in German). 58: 991–1026. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304203833/http://periodika.digitale-sammlungen.de/zblg/kapitel/zblg58_kap39">Archived</a> from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 8 January 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Zeitschrift+f%C3%BCr+Bayerische+Landesgeschichte&rft.atitle=Der+Fall+Adele+Spitzeder+1872.+Eine+Studie+zur+Mentalit%C3%A4t+der+%27kleinen+Leute%27+in+der+Gr%C3%BCnderzeit&rft.volume=58&rft.pages=991-1026&rft.date=1995&rft.aulast=Schumann&rft.aufirst=Dirk&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fperiodika.digitale-sammlungen.de%2Fzblg%2Fkapitel%2Fzblg58_kap39&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdele+Spitzeder" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchweiggert2016" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Schweiggert, Alfons (20 April 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LjoBDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA205">Ludwig II. und die Frauen</a> (in German). Allitera Verlag. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-86906-823-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-86906-823-7"><bdi>978-3-86906-823-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ludwig+II.+und+die+Frauen&rft.pub=Allitera+Verlag&rft.date=2016-04-20&rft.isbn=978-3-86906-823-7&rft.aulast=Schweiggert&rft.aufirst=Alfons&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLjoBDAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA205&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdele+Spitzeder" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSpitzeder1878" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Spitzeder, Adele (1878). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://play.google.com/books/reader?id=NL2Thtboj1EC">Geschichte meines Lebens</a> (in German). Stuttgarter Verlagscomptoir – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Geschichte+meines+Lebens&rft.pub=Stuttgarter+Verlagscomptoir&rft.date=1878&rft.aulast=Spitzeder&rft.aufirst=Adele&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fplay.google.com%2Fbooks%2Freader%3Fid%3DNL2Thtboj1EC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdele+Spitzeder" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStrohmeyr2014" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Strohmeyr, Armin (8 December 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TDszBQAAQBAJ&pg=PT151">Geheimnisvolle Frauen: Rebellinnen, Mätressen, Hochstaplerinnen</a> (in German). Piper ebooks. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-492-96775-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-492-96775-4"><bdi>978-3-492-96775-4</bdi></a> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Geheimnisvolle+Frauen%3A+Rebellinnen%2C+M%C3%A4tressen%2C+Hochstaplerinnen&rft.pub=Piper+ebooks&rft.date=2014-12-08&rft.isbn=978-3-492-96775-4&rft.aulast=Strohmeyr&rft.aufirst=Armin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTDszBQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT151&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdele+Spitzeder" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWährisch2010" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Währisch, Renate (23 February 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.br.de/radio/bayern2/sendungen/radiowissen/geschichte/adele-spitzeder-thema-100.html">"Das Thema"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.br.de/radio/bayern2/sendungen/radiowissen/geschichte/adele-spitzeder-dossier-100.html">Skandalbankerin zu München</a> (in German). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140825054111/http://www.br.de/radio/bayern2/sendungen/radiowissen/geschichte/adele-spitzeder-thema-100.html">Archived</a> from the original on 25 August 2014. Retrieved 10 January 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Das+Thema&rft.btitle=Skandalbankerin+zu+M%C3%BCnchen&rft.date=2010-02-23&rft.aulast=W%C3%A4hrisch&rft.aufirst=Renate&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.br.de%2Fradio%2Fbayern2%2Fsendungen%2Fradiowissen%2Fgeschichte%2Fadele-spitzeder-thema-100.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdele+Spitzeder" class="Z3988"> <code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: <code class="cs1-code">|website=</code> ignored (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#periodical_ignored" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWinkler2010" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Winkler, Richard (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd119388987.html#ndbcontent">"Spitzeder (seit etwa 1876 auch Vio), Adele (Adelheid) Luise"</a>. Neue Deutsche Biographie, Band 24 (in German).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Spitzeder+%28seit+etwa+1876+auch+Vio%29%2C+Adele+%28Adelheid%29+Luise&rft.btitle=Neue+Deutsche+Biographie%2C+Band+24&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Winkler&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.deutsche-biographie.de%2Fpnd119388987.html%23ndbcontent&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdele+Spitzeder" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Adele_Spitzeder&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Adele_Spitzeder" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Adele Spitzeder">Adele Spitzeder</a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://portal.dnb.de/opac.htm?method=simpleSearch&cqlMode=true&query=idn%3D119388987">Literature by and about Adele Spitzeder</a> in the <a href="/wiki/German_National_Library" title="German National Library">German National Library</a> catalogue</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q354506#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q354506#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q354506#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000116072402">ISNI</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/22950258">VIAF</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1955211/">FAST</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJpv3q7Kb6BYPBrPch7CQq">WorldCat</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/119388987">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/no2011037695">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=jo2015886279&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p315489324">Netherlands</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bmlo.de/s3957">BMLO</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd119388987.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/119388987">DDB</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rism.online/people/149301">RISM</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Adele_Spitzeder&oldid=1256805758">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Adele_Spitzeder&oldid=1256805758</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1832_births" title="Category:1832 births">1832 births</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1895_deaths" title="Category:1895 deaths">1895 deaths</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Actresses_from_the_Kingdom_of_Prussia" title="Category:Actresses from the Kingdom of Prussia">Actresses from the Kingdom of Prussia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Women_singers_from_the_Kingdom_of_Prussia" title="Category:Women singers from the Kingdom of Prussia">Women singers from the Kingdom of Prussia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:German_bankers" title="Category:German bankers">German bankers</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:19th-century_German_actresses" title="Category:19th-century German actresses">19th-century German actresses</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:German_lesbian_actresses" title="Category:German lesbian actresses">German lesbian actresses</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:German_lesbian_musicians" title="Category:German lesbian musicians">German lesbian musicians</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:German_stage_actresses" title="Category:German stage actresses">German stage actresses</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:19th-century_German_women_singers" title="Category:19th-century German women singers">19th-century German women singers</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:German_fraudsters" title="Category:German fraudsters">German fraudsters</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Actresses_from_Berlin" title="Category:Actresses from Berlin">Actresses from Berlin</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Confidence_tricksters" title="Category:Confidence tricksters">Confidence tricksters</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:German_LGBTQ_singers" title="Category:German LGBTQ singers">German LGBTQ singers</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Lesbian_singers" title="Category:Lesbian singers">Lesbian singers</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_September_2019" title="Category:Use dmy dates from September 2019">Use dmy dates from September 2019</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_using_gadget_WikiMiniAtlas" title="Category:Pages using gadget WikiMiniAtlas">Pages using gadget WikiMiniAtlas</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_hCards" title="Category:Articles with hCards">Articles with hCards</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_with_German_IPA" title="Category:Pages with German IPA">Pages with German IPA</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_specifically_marked_weasel-worded_phrases_from_September_2024" title="Category:Articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases from September 2024">Articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases from September 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_German-language_sources_(de)" title="Category:CS1 German-language sources (de)">CS1 German-language sources (de)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_Austrian_German-language_sources_(de-at)" title="Category:CS1 Austrian German-language sources (de-at)">CS1 Austrian German-language sources (de-at)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_errors:_periodical_ignored" title="Category:CS1 errors: periodical ignored">CS1 errors: periodical ignored</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Commons_category_link_is_on_Wikidata" title="Category:Commons category link is on Wikidata">Commons category link is on Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Featured_articles" title="Category:Featured articles">Featured articles</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 11 November 2024, at 17:31 (UTC).</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Adele_Spitzeder&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-78f4c97c5d-9rhws","wgBackendResponseTime":159,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"1.469","walltime":"1.715","ppvisitednodes":{"value":19268,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":167232,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":22714,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":17,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":9,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":0,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":190526,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 1540.058 1 -total"," 35.09% 540.477 231 Template:Sfn"," 10.18% 156.804 1 Template:Infobox_person"," 9.02% 138.961 18 Template:Cite_book"," 7.88% 121.370 1 Template:IPA"," 6.39% 98.412 260 Template:Main_other"," 6.15% 94.640 1 Template:Short_description"," 6.12% 94.201 1 Template:Authority_control"," 3.94% 60.749 4 Template:Br_separated_entries"," 3.65% 56.225 11 Template:Cite_news"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.932","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":18278035,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"anchor_id_list = table#1 {\n [\"CITEREFADB1893\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAlbrecht-Weinberger1956\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAugsburger_Allgemeine2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBachmann\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBayerischer_Rundfunk2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBrack2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBraunberger2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBörsen_Zeitung2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDavies2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEger2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFiedler2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFreiberger2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFreisinger_Tagblatt1876\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGlasgow_Herald1873\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGrasberger2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGörl2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHales1872\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHarper\u0026#039;s_Weekly,_12_April1873\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHarper\u0026#039;s_Weekly,_15_March1873\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHitzigAlexis1873\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJacobi1966\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKaltenegger\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKillyVierhaus2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKirstein2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLöwy1873\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNebel2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNerger2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNettersheim2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPfluger2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPlickert2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRehn2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRüthli2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchumann1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchweiggert2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSpitzeder1878\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStrohmeyr2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThe_Buffalo_Commercial1872\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWinkler2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWährisch2010\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Birth date\"] = 1,\n [\"By whom\"] = 1,\n [\"Circa\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 18,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 3,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 11,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 8,\n [\"Commons category\"] = 1,\n [\"Coord\"] = 1,\n [\"DEFAULTSORT:Spitzeder, Adele\"] = 1,\n [\"DNB-Portal\"] = 1,\n [\"Featured article\"] = 1,\n [\"Harvid\"] = 4,\n [\"Harvnb\"] = 1,\n [\"IPA\"] = 1,\n [\"ISBN\"] = 3,\n [\"Ill\"] = 6,\n [\"Infobox person\"] = 1,\n [\"Refbegin\"] = 1,\n [\"Refend\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 231,\n [\"SfnRef\"] = 5,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Use dmy dates\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\n"},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-6d94db5ff4-4rlkn","timestamp":"20241128203321","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Adele Spitzeder","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Adele_Spitzeder","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q354506","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q354506","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2019-01-07T19:07:05Z","dateModified":"2024-11-11T17:31:08Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/3\/31\/Adele_Spitzeder_-_Die_Gartenlaube.jpg","headline":"German woman con artist, actress and folk singer (1832\u20131895)"}</script> </body> </html>