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class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Sulla's civil war</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 15 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-15" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">15 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D8%B1%D8%A8_%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A7_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%87%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="حرب سولا الأهلية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="حرب سولا الأهلية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0_%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B6%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%A1%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Втора гражданска война на Сула – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Втора гражданска война на Сула" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sullas_borgerkrig" title="Sullas borgerkrig – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Sullas borgerkrig" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%95%CE%BC%CF%86%CF%8D%CE%BB%CE%B9%CE%BF%CF%82_%CE%A0%CF%8C%CE%BB%CE%B5%CE%BC%CE%BF%CF%82_%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%85_%CE%A3%CF%8D%CE%BB%CE%BB%CE%B1" title="Εμφύλιος Πόλεμος του Σύλλα – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Εμφύλιος Πόλεμος του Σύλλα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primera_guerra_civil_de_la_Rep%C3%BAblica_romana" title="Primera guerra civil de la República romana – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Primera guerra civil de la República romana" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%86_%D8%AC%D9%86%DA%AF_%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%AE%D9%84%DB%8C_%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A7" title="دومین جنگ داخلی سولا – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="دومین جنگ داخلی سولا" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seconde_guerre_civile_entre_Marius_et_Sylla" title="Seconde guerre civile entre Marius et Sylla – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Seconde guerre civile entre Marius et Sylla" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perang_saudara_kedua_Sulla" title="Perang saudara kedua Sulla – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Perang saudara kedua Sulla" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerra_civile_romana_(83-82_a.C.)" title="Guerra civile romana (83-82 a.C.) – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Guerra civile romana (83-82 a.C.)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Segunda_Guerra_Civil_de_Sula" title="Segunda Guerra Civil de Sula – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Segunda Guerra Civil de Sula" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B6%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B2_%D0%94%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BC_%D0%A0%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B5_(83%E2%80%9482_%D0%B4%D0%BE_%D0%BD._%D1%8D.)" title="Гражданская война в Древнем Риме (83—82 до н. э.) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Гражданская война в Древнем Риме (83—82 до н. э.)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%B8_%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BC%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%92%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Други римски грађански рат – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Други римски грађански рат" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drugi_rimski_gra%C4%91anski_rat" title="Drugi rimski građanski rat – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Drugi rimski građanski rat" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sullan_toinen_sis%C3%A4llissota" title="Sullan toinen sisällissota – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Sullan toinen sisällissota" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%8F%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B2_%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BD%D1%8C%D0%BE%D0%BC%D1%83_%D0%A0%D0%B8%D0%BC%D1%96_(83%E2%80%9482_%D0%B4%D0%BE_%D0%BD._%D0%B5.)" title="Громадянська війна в Стародавньому Римі (83—82 до н. е.) – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Громадянська війна в Стародавньому Римі (83—82 до н. е.)" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q521868#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div 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.desktop-float-right{box-sizing:border-box;float:right;clear:right}}.mw-parser-output .infobox.vevent .status>p:first-child{margin:0}</style><table class="infobox vevent" style="width:25.5em;border-spacing:2px;"><tbody><tr><th class="summary" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Sulla's civil war</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Part of the <a href="/wiki/Crisis_of_the_Roman_Republic" title="Crisis of the Roman Republic">Crisis of the Roman Republic</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><table style="width:100%;margin:0;padding:0;border:0;display:inline-table"><tbody><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Date</th><td>83–82 BC<br />Marian resistance in <a href="/wiki/Hispania" title="Hispania">Hispania</a> not completely quelled until 72 BC</td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Location</th><td><div class="location"><a href="/wiki/Italia_(Roman_province)" class="mw-redirect" title="Italia (Roman province)">Italia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sicilia_(Roman_province)" title="Sicilia (Roman province)">Sicily</a>, <a href="/wiki/Africa_(Roman_province)" title="Africa (Roman province)">Africa</a></div></td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Result</th><td class="status"> Sullan victory</td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Belligerents</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> Sullans</td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> Marians</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Commanders and leaders</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <a href="/wiki/Sulla" title="Sulla">Lucius Sulla</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Quintus_Caecilius_Metellus_Pius" title="Quintus Caecilius Metellus Pius">Q. Caecilius Metellus Pius</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Pompey" title="Pompey">Pompey</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Marcus_Licinius_Crassus" title="Marcus Licinius Crassus">Marcus Licinius Crassus</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Marcus_Terentius_Varro_Lucullus" title="Marcus Terentius Varro Lucullus">Marcus Lucullus</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Gnaeus_Cornelius_Dolabella_(consul_81_BC)" class="mw-redirect" title="Gnaeus Cornelius Dolabella (consul 81 BC)">Gn. Cornelius Dolabella</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Marcus_Aemilius_Lepidus_(consul_78_BC)" title="Marcus Aemilius Lepidus (consul 78 BC)">Marcus Aemilius Lepidus</a></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <a href="/wiki/Gnaeus_Papirius_Carbo_(consul_85_BC)" title="Gnaeus Papirius Carbo (consul 85 BC)">Gn. Papirius Carbo</a> <a href="/wiki/Executed" class="mw-redirect" title="Executed"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Old English Text MT',serif"><b>†</b></span></a><br /><a href="/wiki/Gaius_Norbanus" title="Gaius Norbanus">Gaius Norbanus</a> <a href="/wiki/Suicide" title="Suicide"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Old English Text MT',serif"><b>†</b></span></a><br /><a href="/wiki/Gaius_Marius_the_Younger" class="mw-redirect" title="Gaius Marius the Younger">Gaius Marius</a> <a href="/wiki/Suicide" title="Suicide"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Old English Text MT',serif"><b>†</b></span></a><br /><a href="/wiki/Lucius_Cornelius_Scipio_Asiaticus_(consul_83_BC)" title="Lucius Cornelius Scipio Asiaticus (consul 83 BC)">Scipio Asiaticus</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Gaius_Carrinas_(praetor_82_BC)" title="Gaius Carrinas (praetor 82 BC)">Gaius Carrinas</a> <a href="/wiki/Executed" class="mw-redirect" title="Executed"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Old English Text MT',serif"><b>†</b></span></a><br /><a href="/wiki/Gaius_Marcius_Censorinus_(Marian)" title="Gaius Marcius Censorinus (Marian)">G. Marcius Censorinus</a> <a href="/wiki/Executed" class="mw-redirect" title="Executed"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Old English Text MT',serif"><b>†</b></span></a><br /><a href="/wiki/Lucius_Junius_Brutus_Damasippus" title="Lucius Junius Brutus Damasippus">L. Junius Damasippus</a> <a href="/wiki/Executed" class="mw-redirect" title="Executed"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Old English Text MT',serif"><b>†</b></span></a><br /><a href="/wiki/Quintus_Sertorius" title="Quintus Sertorius">Quintus Sertorius</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Pontius_Telesinus" title="Pontius Telesinus">Pontius Telesinus</a> <a href="/wiki/Killed_in_action" title="Killed in action"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Old English Text MT',serif"><b>†</b></span></a><br /><a href="/w/index.php?title=Marcus_Lamponius&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Marcus Lamponius (page does not exist)">Marcus Lamponius</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Strength</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 30,000 men in 83 BC, massively increased by enemy desertions<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrunt1971441_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrunt1971441-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> Over 100,000 men<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrunt1971442–445_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrunt1971442–445-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol 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style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Campaignbox_Sulla%27s_second_civil_war" title="Template talk:Campaignbox Sulla's second civil war"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox_Sulla%27s_second_civil_war" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox Sulla's second civil war"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Sulla&#039;s_civil_war" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span style="line-height:1.6em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink"><span class="wrap">Sulla's civil war</span></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mount_Tifata" title="Battle of Mount Tifata">Mount Tifata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Asio_River_(82_BC)" title="Battle of the Asio River (82 BC)">Asio River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sacriportus" title="Battle of Sacriportus">Sacriportus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sena_G%C3%A1lica_(82_BC)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Sena Gálica (82 BC)">Sena Gálica</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Saturnia_(82_BC)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Saturnia (82 BC) (page does not exist)">Saturnia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Glanis_River_(82_BC)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Glanis River (82 BC) (page does not exist)">Glanis River</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=First_Battle_of_Espolecio&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="First Battle of Espolecio (page does not exist)">Espolecio 1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_Clusium_(82_BC)" class="mw-redirect" title="First Battle of Clusium (82 BC)">Clusium 1</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Second_Battle_of_Espolecio_(82_BC)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Second Battle of Espolecio (82 BC) (page does not exist)">Espolecio 2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Faventia_(82_BC)" title="Battle of Faventia (82 BC)">Faventia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fidentia_(82_BC)" title="Battle of Fidentia (82 BC)">Fidentia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Clusium" title="Second Battle of Clusium">Clusium 2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Colline_Gate" title="Battle of the Colline Gate">Colline Gate</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Preneste_(82_BC)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Siege of Preneste (82 BC) (page does not exist)">Praeneste</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Ne%C3%A1polis_(82_BC)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Siege of Neápolis (82 BC) (page does not exist)">Neápolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Utica_(81_BC)" title="Battle of Utica (81 BC)">Utica</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Norba_Caesarina_(81_BC)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Siege of Norba Caesarina (81 BC) (page does not exist)">Norba Caesarina</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Nola_(81_BC)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Siege of Nola (81 BC) (page does not exist)">Nola</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Volterras&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Siege of Volterras (page does not exist)">Volterras</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Roman_Republican_civil_wars" style="margin:0;float:right;clear:right;width:25.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;margin-left:1em;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks navbox-vertical mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Campaignbox_Roman_Republican_civil_wars" title="Template:Campaignbox Roman Republican civil wars"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Campaignbox_Roman_Republican_civil_wars" title="Template talk:Campaignbox Roman Republican civil wars"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox_Roman_Republican_civil_wars" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox Roman Republican civil wars"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Roman_Republican_civil_wars" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span style="line-height:1.6em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_civil_wars_and_revolts" title="List of Roman civil wars and revolts">Roman Republican <br />civil wars</a></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Servile_War" title="First Servile War">1st Servile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Servile_War" title="Second Servile War">2nd Servile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_War_(91%E2%80%9387_BC)" title="Social War (91–87 BC)">Social</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bellum_Octavianum" title="Bellum Octavianum">Bellum Octavianum</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Sulla's</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sertorian_War" title="Sertorian War">Sertorian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Servile_War" title="Third Servile War">3rd Servile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caesar%27s_civil_war" title="Caesar's civil war">Caesar's</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_Mutina" title="War of Mutina">Mutina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberators%27_civil_war" title="Liberators' civil war">Liberators'</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bellum_Siculum" title="Bellum Siculum">Bellum Siculum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perusine_War" title="Perusine War">Perusine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pompeian%E2%80%93Parthian_invasion_of_40_BC" title="Pompeian–Parthian invasion of 40 BC">Pompeian–Parthian invasion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_Actium" title="War of Actium">Actium</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <p><b>Sulla's civil war</b> was fought between the Roman general <a href="/wiki/Sulla" title="Sulla">Lucius Cornelius Sulla</a> and his opponents, the Cinna-Marius faction (usually called the Marians or the Cinnans after their former leaders <a href="/wiki/Gaius_Marius" title="Gaius Marius">Gaius Marius</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lucius_Cornelius_Cinna" title="Lucius Cornelius Cinna">Lucius Cornelius Cinna</a>), in the years 83–82 BC. The war ended with a <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Colline_Gate_(82_BC)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of the Colline Gate (82 BC)">decisive battle</a> just outside Rome itself. After the war the victorious Sulla made himself <a href="/wiki/Dictator_(Roman)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dictator (Roman)">dictator</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Republic" title="Roman Republic">Roman Republic</a>. </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886046785">.mw-parser-output .toclimit-2 .toclevel-1 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-3 .toclevel-2 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-4 .toclevel-3 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-5 .toclevel-4 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-6 .toclevel-5 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-7 .toclevel-6 ul{display:none}</style><div class="toclimit-3"><meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Prelude">Prelude</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sulla%27s_civil_war&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Prelude"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/March_on_Rome_(88_BC)" title="March on Rome (88 BC)">March on Rome (88 BC)</a></div> <p>Sulla had achieved temporary control of Rome and Marius's exile to <a href="/wiki/Africa_(Roman_province)" title="Africa (Roman province)">Africa</a> following his first march on Rome, but departed soon afterwards to lead the <a href="/wiki/First_Mithridatic_War" title="First Mithridatic War">First Mithridatic War</a>. This departure allowed <a href="/wiki/Gaius_Marius" title="Gaius Marius">Gaius Marius</a> and his son <a href="/wiki/Gaius_Marius_the_younger" class="mw-redirect" title="Gaius Marius the younger">Gaius Marius the younger</a> to return to Rome with an army and, with <a href="/wiki/Lucius_Cornelius_Cinna" title="Lucius Cornelius Cinna">Lucius Cornelius Cinna</a>, to wrest control of Rome back from Sulla's supporter <a href="/wiki/Gnaeus_Octavius_(consul_87_BC)" title="Gnaeus Octavius (consul 87 BC)">Gnaeus Octavius</a> during Sulla's absence. Based on the orders of Marius, some of his soldiers went through Rome killing the leading supporters of Sulla, including Octavius. </p><p>Their heads were exhibited in the Forum. After five days, Cinna ordered his more disciplined troops to kill Marius's rampaging soldiers. All told some 100 Roman nobles had been murdered. Marius declared Sulla's reforms and laws invalid, officially exiled Sulla, had himself elected to Sulla's eastern command, and Cinna and himself elected consuls for the year 86 BC. Marius died a fortnight after and Cinna was left in sole control of Rome. </p><p>Having managed this achievement, the Marians sent out <a href="/wiki/Lucius_Valerius_Flaccus_(consul_86_BC)" title="Lucius Valerius Flaccus (consul 86 BC)">Lucius Valerius Flaccus</a> with an army to relieve Sulla of his command in the east. Flaccus had been given as second in command <a href="/wiki/Gaius_Flavius_Fimbria_(cavalry_prefect)" title="Gaius Flavius Fimbria (cavalry prefect)">Gaius Flavius Fimbria</a>, an individual whom history records had few virtues. According to Plutarch's biography on Sulla, Gaius Flavius Fimbra eventually agitated against his commanding officer and incited the troops to murder Flaccus in 84 BC. </p><p>In the meantime, the two Roman armies camped next to each other, and Sulla, not for the first time, encouraged his soldiers to spread dissension among Flaccus’ army. Many deserted to Sulla before Flaccus had arranged to pack up and move on to north, to threaten Mithridates’ northern dominions. In the meantime Sulla moved to intercept the new <a href="/wiki/Pontic_Greeks" title="Pontic Greeks">Pontic</a> army and end the war at <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Orchomenus" title="Battle of Orchomenus">Orchomenus</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Course">Course</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sulla%27s_civil_war&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Course"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>With Mithridates defeated for the moment and Cinna now dead as a result of a mutiny in Ancona, Sulla was determined to regain control of Rome from his enemies. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Events_of_83_BC">Events of 83 BC</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sulla%27s_civil_war&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Events of 83 BC"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the spring of 83 BC Sulla landed his army in two divisions in southern Italy: one division at <a href="/wiki/Brundisium" class="mw-redirect" title="Brundisium">Brundisium</a> and another at <a href="/wiki/Taranto" title="Taranto">Tarentum</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At Tarentum Sulla made sacrifices to the gods.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As soon as he had set foot in Italy, the outlawed nobles and old Sullan supporters who had survived the Marian-Cinna regime flocked to his banner. The most prominent among them were <a href="/wiki/Quintus_Caecilius_Metellus_Pius" title="Quintus Caecilius Metellus Pius">Quintus Caecilius Metellus Pius</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marcus_Licinius_Crassus" title="Marcus Licinius Crassus">Marcus Licinius Crassus</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Lucius_Marcius_Philippus_(consul_91_BC)" title="Lucius Marcius Philippus (consul 91 BC)">Lucius Marcius Philippus</a>. Metellus and Crassus did so at the head of their own independently-raised armies.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Philippus, who was governing <a href="/wiki/Sardinia" title="Sardinia">Sardinia</a>, secured the island for the Sullan cause.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Gnaeus_Pompeius_Magnus" class="mw-redirect" title="Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus">Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus</a> (Pompey), son of <a href="/wiki/Gnaeus_Pompeius_Strabo" title="Gnaeus Pompeius Strabo">Gnaeus Pompeius Strabo</a>, raised three legions from among his father's veterans in his native <a href="/wiki/Picenum" title="Picenum">Picenum</a> and, defeating and outmanoeuvering the Marian forces, made his way to join Sulla. When Pompey met Sulla, he addressed him as <a href="/wiki/Imperator" title="Imperator">Imperator</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Publius_Cornelius_Cethegus_(political_boss)" title="Publius Cornelius Cethegus (political boss)">Publius Cornelius Cethegus</a>, a firm supporter of Marius, now also joined the Sullan cause.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>To check his enemies' unresisted advance, <a href="/wiki/Gnaeus_Papirius_Carbo_(consul_85_BC)" title="Gnaeus Papirius Carbo (consul 85 BC)">Gnaeus Papirius Carbo (consul 85 BC)</a> sent his newly elected puppet consuls, <a href="/wiki/Gaius_Norbanus" title="Gaius Norbanus">Gaius Norbanus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lucius_Cornelius_Scipio_Asiaticus_(consul_83_BC)" title="Lucius Cornelius Scipio Asiaticus (consul 83 BC)">Cornelius Scipio Asiaticus</a>, both with armies, against Sulla. When Sulla arrived in <a href="/wiki/Campania" title="Campania">Campania</a> he found the consul Norbanus blocking the road to <a href="/wiki/Capua" title="Capua">Capua</a>. Eager not to appear a war-hungry invader, Sulla sent deputations to Norbanus offering to negotiate, but these were rejected. Norbanus then moved to block Sulla's advance at <a href="/wiki/Canusium" class="mw-redirect" title="Canusium">Canusium</a> and became the first to engage him in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mount_Tifata" title="Battle of Mount Tifata">Battle of Mount Tifata</a>. Here Sulla inflicted a crushing defeat on the Marians, with Norbanus losing six thousand of his men to Sulla's seventy. Norbanus withdrew with the remnants of his army to <a href="/wiki/Capua" title="Capua">Capua</a>. Sulla pursued him, but was stopped by Norbanus' consular colleague, Scipio Asiagenus, who was encamped at Capua.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Scipio was unwilling to risk a battle with his opponent's battle-hardened army and welcomed Sulla's offer to negotiate. <a href="/wiki/Quintus_Sertorius" title="Quintus Sertorius">Quintus Sertorius</a>, one of Scipio's legates, did not trust Sulla, and advised Scipio to force a decisive action. Instead, he was sent to Norbanus to explain that an armistice was in force and negotiations were under way. Sertorius made a small detour and captured the town of Suessa, which had gone over to the Sullan faction. When Sulla complained about this breach of trust, Scipio sent back the hostages Sulla had given as a sign of good faith. This behaviour by Scipio outraged Scipio's troops, who were already upset having to face Sulla's veterans. A deal was made between Scipio's soldiers and Sulla and they defected <i>en masse</i>, further swelling his ranks. The Consul and his son were found cowering in their tents and brought to Sulla, who released them after extracting a promise that they would never again fight against him or rejoin Carbo. However, Scipio broke his promise immediately after their release and went straight to Carbo in Rome.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sulla then defeated Norbanus for a second time. Norbanus, however, escaped back to Rome and had Metellus Pius and all other senators marching with Sulla declared enemies of the state. </p><p>In Rome the elections for the consulship of 82 were held; <a href="/wiki/Gaius_Marius_the_Younger" class="mw-redirect" title="Gaius Marius the Younger">Gaius Marius the Younger</a> (the son of the great Gaius Marius) and Gnaeus Papirius Carbo (re-elected for the second time) were elected.<sup id="cite_ref-LTPH1_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LTPH1-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the end of the campaigning season of 83 BC, <a href="/wiki/Marcus_Terentius_Varro_Lucullus" title="Marcus Terentius Varro Lucullus">Marcus Lucullus</a>, one of Sulla's legates, defeated a numerically superior force (50 cohorts to his 16) at <a href="/wiki/Fidentia" class="mw-redirect" title="Fidentia">Fidentia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Events_of_82_BC">Events of 82 BC</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sulla%27s_civil_war&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Events of 82 BC"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The new consuls for the year 82 BC were Gnaeus Papirius Carbo, for his third term, and Gaius Marius the Younger, who was only 26–28 years old at the time.<sup id="cite_ref-LTPH1_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LTPH1-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the respite from campaigning provided by winter, the Marians set about replenishing their forces. <a href="/wiki/Quintus_Sertorius" title="Quintus Sertorius">Quintus Sertorius</a> levied men in <a href="/wiki/Etruria" title="Etruria">Etruria</a>, old veterans of Marius came out of retirement to fight under his son, and the <a href="/wiki/Samnites" title="Samnites">Samnites</a> gathered their warriors in support of Carbo, hoping to destroy Sulla, the man who defeated them in the <a href="/wiki/Social_War_(Italian)" class="mw-redirect" title="Social War (Italian)">Social War</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Meanwhile, Sulla had sent Crassus to recruit troops from among the <a href="/wiki/Marsi" title="Marsi">Marsi</a> and Pompey to raise further legions in Picenum, also recruiting soldiers from <a href="/wiki/Calabria" title="Calabria">Calabria</a> and <a href="/wiki/Apulia" title="Apulia">Apulia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As the campaigning season opened, Sulla advanced along the <a href="/wiki/Via_Latina" title="Via Latina">Via Latina</a> towards the capital and Metellus supported by Pompey led Sullan forces into northern Italy. Carbo threw himself against Metellus whilst the young Marius defended the city of Rome itself.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Marius the Younger marched his army south-east into Campania and met Sulla's forces at Sacriportus (near Signia). After an initial engagement Sulla decided to pitch camp. While Sulla's men were preparing the camp (digging a ditch, throwing up earthworks) Marius suddenly attacked. Sulla's veterans simply stuck their <a href="/wiki/Pilum" title="Pilum">pila</a> into the ground to create a makeshift barricade and drew their swords. When they had organized their battle lines the Sullans counter-attacked. Marius' force were put on the defensive, their left began to waver and five cohorts of foot soldiers and two of horse deserted to Sulla. This cause a general collapse and Marius army scattered in rout. Marius lost 28,000 men (killed, captured, turned coat or fled) while Sulla claimed to have only lost 23 men.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Marius survived the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sacriporto" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Sacriporto">Battle of Sacriportus</a> and retreated with 7,000 men to <a href="/wiki/Praeneste" class="mw-redirect" title="Praeneste">Praeneste</a>. The first to arrive were lucky and could enter through the gates, but as the Sullan forces got closer the terrified townspeople of Praeneste shut the gates. Marius himself had to be hoisted in on a rope, while hundreds of Marians trapped between the walls and the Sullans were massacred. Sulla then left his lieutenant Lucretius Afella besieging Praeneste and moved on the now-undefended Rome.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Upon his defeat Marius sent word to the praetor Lucius Junius Brutus Damasippus in Rome, to kill any remaining Sullan sympathisers left before Sulla could take the city. Damasippus called a meeting of the Senate and there, in the Curia itself, the marked men were cut down by assassins. Some, such as <a href="/wiki/Lucius_Domitius_Ahenobarbus_(consul_94_BC)" title="Lucius Domitius Ahenobarbus (consul 94 BC)">Lucius Domitius Ahenobarbus</a> were killed on the senate steps as they tried to flee, and the <a href="/wiki/Pontifex_Maximus" class="mw-redirect" title="Pontifex Maximus">Pontifex Maximus</a>, chief priest of Rome, <a href="/wiki/Quintus_Mucius_Scaevola_Pontifex" title="Quintus Mucius Scaevola Pontifex">Quintus Mucius Scaevola</a> was murdered in the <a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Vesta" title="Temple of Vesta">Temple of Vesta</a>; the bodies of the murdered were then thrown into the <a href="/wiki/Tiber" title="Tiber">Tiber</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Meanwhile in the north, Metellus working in tandem with Pompey fought the consul Carbo and his legates <a href="/wiki/Gaius_Carrinas_(praetor_82_BC)" title="Gaius Carrinas (praetor 82 BC)">Gaius Carrinas</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gaius_Marcius_Censorinus_(Marian)" title="Gaius Marcius Censorinus (Marian)">Gaius Marcius Censorinus</a>. Metellus defeated Carrinas at the River Aesis, only to be blockaded by Carbo himself. Upon hearing that Marius the Younger had been defeated at Sacriportus, Carbo withdrew to <a href="/wiki/Ariminum" class="mw-redirect" title="Ariminum">Ariminum</a>, severely harassed by cavalry attacks on his rearguard by Pompey. Some time later Metellus and Pompey defeated Censorinus near <a href="/wiki/Sena_Gallica" class="mw-redirect" title="Sena Gallica">Sena Gallica</a> and sacked the town.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Naples" title="Naples">Neapolis</a> fell to the Sullans through treachery; virtually the whole population was massacred. Consequently, Appian remarks that the towns nearest to Rome surrendered without a fight.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As Sulla surrounded Rome with his troops, the gates were opened by the people and he took Rome without a fight, the remaining Marians having fled.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Most of southern Italy now belonged to Sulla, though some cities, such as Praeneste, remained under siege. Sulla now set out for <a href="/wiki/Etruria" title="Etruria">Etruria</a> to the north.<sup id="cite_ref-PMC140_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PMC140-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sulla divided his army in two, sending one division to <a href="/wiki/Saturnia" title="Saturnia">Saturnia</a> by way of the <a href="/wiki/Via_Clodia" title="Via Clodia">Via Clodia</a> while he commanded the other division to <a href="/wiki/Clusium" title="Clusium">Clusium</a> along the <a href="/wiki/Via_Cassia" title="Via Cassia">Via Cassia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-LTS175_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LTS175-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Carbo decided to take on Sulla himself. Their two armies met near Clussium, where an indecisive all-day battle was fought. The next day Sulla retreated because he was informed that the Samnites and Lucanians were threatening Afella's army at Praeneste.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The other Sullan force had meanwhile been completely successful, defeating its opponent near Saturnia.<sup id="cite_ref-LTS175_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LTS175-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lucius Marcius Philippus enjoyed another success on <a href="/wiki/Sardinia" title="Sardinia">Sardinia</a>, slowly winning the island for the Sullan cause.<sup id="cite_ref-LTS175_23-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LTS175-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Marcus Lucullus, bottled up in <a href="/wiki/Placentia,_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="Placentia, Italy">Placentia</a>, was able to break the siege. Norbanus coming to the rescue of the besiegers tried to surprise Lucullus by a forced-march, but Lucullus was ready for him and slaughtered his exhausted troops.<sup id="cite_ref-PMC141_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PMC141-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Having taken and looted the town of Sena, Crassus and Pompey severely defeated Carrinas who had marched against them, killing 3,000 Marian soldiers and forcing him to seek refuge in <a href="/wiki/Spoletium" class="mw-redirect" title="Spoletium">Spoletium</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-LP2_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LP2-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On his way to Praeneste, Sulla was able to ambush reinforcement on their way to Carrinas in Spoletium, killing 2,000 Marian soldiers.<sup id="cite_ref-LP2_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LP2-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Carbo sent another army from Etruria to raise the siege of Praeneste. They were ambushed along the way by Pompey, who forced them back.<sup id="cite_ref-PMC141_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PMC141-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A Marian attack on Metellus near <a href="/wiki/Faventia" class="mw-redirect" title="Faventia">Faventia</a> went horribly wrong for them. This caused the Lucanians in Norbanus' army to contemplate to defect to Sulla. Their commander, a man called Albinovanus, hatched a plan with the Sullans to assassinate Norbanus and his senior officers (to show his good faith). At a feast Albinovanus had organized Norbanus' officers were murdered. Norbanus was unable to attend the feast and survived. After the assassination and the Lucanians defection, Ariminum went over to Sulla as well. Norbanus abandoned his army and fled from Italy.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Meanwhile, Sulla and his army had arrived at the siege of Praeneste. He blocked an attempt by Damasippus to reach Marius the Younger. After Damasippus failure Carbo lost heart and fled to Sicily. With their leader gone, the remainder of the Marian forces united for one final stand.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Samnite general Pontius Telesinus and the Lucanian general Marcus Lamponius, commanding a very large army of Samnites and Lucanians, were trying to get to Praeneste to break the Sullan siege. Unfortunately for them, Sulla and his army put themselves in their path in a very defensible position. Damasippus, Censorinus and Carrinas then joined their men with the Samnites and Lucanians and together they decided to march on Rome. When Sulla found out he immediately pursued them.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Outside the walls of Rome, the last decisive battle of the civil war, the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Colline_Gate_(82_BC)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of the Colline Gate (82 BC)">Battle of the Colline Gate</a>, took place; Sulla, after a very hard-fought and drawn-out battle, emerged victorious. It was afterwards estimated that ca. 50,000 men lost their lives on the battlefield that day.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Damasippus, Carrinas and Censorinus were brought to Sulla the following day and executed. Their heads and those of Lamponius and Telesinus were displayed to Marius at Praeneste.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Sulla subsequently entered Rome as a saviour (he had saved Rome from the Samnites, Rome's ancient enemy). A meeting of the Senate was convened in the <a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Bellona_(Rome)" class="mw-redirect" title="Temple of Bellona (Rome)">Temple of Bellona</a>; as Sulla was addressing the senators, the sound of terrified screams drifted in from the <a href="/wiki/Campus_Martius" title="Campus Martius">Campus Martius</a>. Sulla calmed the senators by attributing the screams to 'some criminals that are receiving correction.' In reality, what the Senate had heard was the sound of 8,000 prisoners who had surrendered the previous day being executed on Sulla's orders; none of the captured were spared from execution.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Soon after the Battle of the Colline Gate, Sulla had himself declared <a href="/wiki/Dictator_(Roman)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dictator (Roman)">Dictator</a>, and now held supreme power over the Republic.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Marius tried to escape through the drains under Praeneste, but failed and committed suicide. The town surrendered; most of the defenders were executed, but Sulla spared the lives of its Roman citizens.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sulla and his lieutenants then campaigned all through Italy, mopping up the remaining resistance. The cities of <a href="/wiki/Aesernia" class="mw-redirect" title="Aesernia">Aesernia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Norba" title="Norba">Norba</a> and <a href="/wiki/Volterra" title="Volterra">Volterrae</a>, all Marian strongholds were destroyed.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Aftermath_81_BC">Aftermath 81 BC</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sulla%27s_civil_war&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Aftermath 81 BC"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The survivors of the Marian cause were given refuge on <a href="/wiki/Sicily" title="Sicily">Sicily</a> by <a href="/wiki/Marcus_Perperna_Veiento" title="Marcus Perperna Veiento">Marcus Perperna</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Africa_(Roman_province)" title="Africa (Roman province)">Africa</a> by <a href="/wiki/Gnaeus_Domitius_Ahenobarbus_(died_81_BC)" title="Gnaeus Domitius Ahenobarbus (died 81 BC)">Domitius Ahenobarbus</a> and in Spain by <a href="/wiki/Quintus_Sertorius" title="Quintus Sertorius">Quintus Sertorius</a>. Sulla sent Pompey to Sicily with a large force (six legions, 120 warships and 800 transport ships). According to Plutarch, Perpenna fled and left Sicily to Pompey. Carbo was soon discovered and arrested by Pompey, who "treated Carbo in his misfortunes with an unnatural insolence", taking Carbo in fetters to a tribunal he presided over, examining him closely "to the distress and vexation of the audience", and finally, sentencing him to death.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Domitius Ahenobarbus held the <a href="/wiki/Roman_province_of_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman province of Africa">Roman province of Africa</a> (modern day Tunisia) for the Marians. While Pompey was still in Sicily, Sulla sent him orders to capture Africa as well. Pompey sailed to Utica (the province's Capital) and there <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Utica_(81_BC)" title="Battle of Utica (81 BC)">he defeated Domitius</a>. King <a href="/wiki/Hiarbas_(king)" title="Hiarbas (king)">Hiarbas</a> of <a href="/wiki/Numidia" title="Numidia">Numidia</a>, who was an ally of Domitius, was captured and executed and <a href="/wiki/Hiempsal_II" title="Hiempsal II">Hiempsal II</a> restored to the throne of Numidia.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sulla sent <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gaius_Annius_Luscus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gaius Annius Luscus (page does not exist)">Gaius Annius Luscus</a> with several legions to take the Spanish provinces from Quintus Sertorius. After a brief resistance Sertorius and his men were expelled from the Iberian peninsula. Unfortunately for the Sullans, Sertorius would be back the following year (see: <a href="/wiki/Sertorian_War" title="Sertorian War">Sertorian War</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Result">Result</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sulla%27s_civil_war&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Result"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_reforms_of_Sulla" title="Constitutional reforms of Sulla">Constitutional reforms of Sulla</a></div> <p>As a result of this war, Sulla was installed as <a href="/wiki/Lucius_Cornelius_Sulla#Dictatorship_and_Constitutional_Reforms" class="mw-redirect" title="Lucius Cornelius Sulla">dictator of Rome</a>, but many Italian towns and cities were heavily damaged: for instance, Sullan forces inflicted extensive damage upon <a href="/wiki/Forl%C3%AC" title="Forlì">Forlì</a> (<i>Forum Livii</i>), which had allied with Marius. The reconstruction took decades. </p><p>In total control of Rome and Italy, Sulla instituted a series of <a href="/wiki/Proscription" title="Proscription">proscriptions</a> (a program of executing those whom he perceived as <a href="/wiki/Enemy_of_the_state" title="Enemy of the state">enemies of the state</a> and confiscating their property). </p> <blockquote><p>Sulla immediately proscribed eighty persons without communicating with any magistrate. As this caused a general murmur, he let one day pass, and then proscribed two hundred and twenty more, and again on the third day as many. In an harangue to the people, he said, with reference to these measures, that he had proscribed all he could think of, and as to those who now escaped his memory, he would proscribe them at some future time.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>The proscriptions are widely perceived as a response to similar killings which Marius and Cinna had implemented while they controlled the Republic during Sulla's absence. Proscribing or outlawing every one of those whom he perceived to have acted against the best interests of the Republic while he was in the East, Sulla ordered some 1,500 nobles (<i>i.e.,</i> senators and <a href="/wiki/Equestrian_(Roman)" class="mw-redirect" title="Equestrian (Roman)">equites</a>) executed, although it is estimated that as many as 9,000 people were killed.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The purge went on for several months. Helping or sheltering a proscribed person was punishable by death, while killing a proscribed person was rewarded. Family members of the proscribed were not excluded from punishment, and slaves were not excluded from rewards. As a result, "husbands were butchered in the arms of their wives, sons in the arms of their mothers".<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The majority of the proscribed had not been enemies of Sulla, but instead were killed for their property, which was confiscated and auctioned off. The proceeds from auctioned property more than made up for the cost of rewarding those who killed the proscribed, making Sulla even wealthier. Possibly to protect himself from future political retribution, Sulla had the sons and grandsons of the proscribed banned from running for political office, a restriction not removed for over 30 years. </p><p>The young <a href="/wiki/Julius_Caesar" title="Julius Caesar">Gaius Julius Caesar</a>, as Cinna's son-in-law, became one of Sulla's targets and fled the city. He was saved through the efforts of his relatives, many of whom were Sulla's supporters, but Sulla noted in his memoirs that he regretted sparing Caesar's life, because of the young man's notorious ambition. The historian <a href="/wiki/Suetonius" title="Suetonius">Suetonius</a> records that when agreeing to spare Caesar, Sulla warned those who were pleading his case that he would become a danger to them in the future, saying: "In this Caesar there are many Mariuses."<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Sulla, who opposed the <a href="/wiki/Gracchi" class="mw-redirect" title="Gracchi">Gracchian</a> <i>popularis</i> reforms, was an optimate; though his coming to the side of the traditional Senate originally could be described as more reactionary when dealing with the Tribunate and legislative bodies, while more visionary when reforming the court system, governorships and membership of the Senate.<sup id="cite_ref-Abbott,_104_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Abbott,_104-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As such, he sought to strengthen the aristocracy, and thus the Senate.<sup id="cite_ref-Abbott,_104_43-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Abbott,_104-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sulla retained his earlier reforms, which required senatorial approval before any bill could be submitted to the <a href="/wiki/Plebeian_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="Plebeian Council">Plebeian Council</a> (the principal popular assembly), and which had also restored the older, more aristocratic <a href="/wiki/Servian_constitution" title="Servian constitution">"Servian" organization</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Centuriate_Assembly" class="mw-redirect" title="Centuriate Assembly">Centuriate Assembly</a> (assembly of soldiers).<sup id="cite_ref-Abbott,_103_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Abbott,_103-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sulla, himself a patrician and thus ineligible for election to the office of <a href="/wiki/Tribune" title="Tribune">Plebeian Tribune</a>, thoroughly disliked the office. As Sulla viewed the office, the Tribunate was especially dangerous and his intention was to not only deprive the Tribunate of power, but also of prestige. (Sulla himself had been officially deprived of his eastern command through the underhand activities of a tribune.) Over the previous three hundred years, the tribunes had directly challenged the patrician class and attempted to deprive it of power in favor of the plebeian class. Through Sulla's reforms to the Plebeian Council, tribunes lost the power to initiate legislation. Sulla then prohibited ex-tribunes from ever holding any other office, so ambitious individuals would no longer seek election to the Tribunate, since such an election would end their political career.<sup id="cite_ref-Abbott,_105_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Abbott,_105-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Finally, Sulla revoked the power of the tribunes to veto acts of the Senate, although he left intact the tribunes' power to protect individual Roman citizens. </p><p>Sulla then increased the number of magistrates elected in any given year,<sup id="cite_ref-Abbott,_104_43-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Abbott,_104-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and required that all newly elected <a href="/wiki/Quaestor" title="Quaestor">quaestors</a> gain automatic membership in the Senate. These two reforms were enacted primarily to allow Sulla to increase the size of the Senate from 300 to 600 senators. This also removed the need for the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Censor" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Censor">censor</a> to draw up a list of senators, since there were always more than enough former magistrates to fill the senate.<sup id="cite_ref-Abbott,_104_43-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Abbott,_104-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To further solidify the prestige and authority of the Senate, Sulla transferred the control of the courts from the equites, who had held control since the Gracchi reforms, to the senators. This, along with the increase in the number of courts, further added to the power that was already held by the senators.<sup id="cite_ref-Abbott,_105_45-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Abbott,_105-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sulla also codified, and thus established definitively, the <i><a href="/wiki/Cursus_honorum" title="Cursus honorum">cursus honorum</a></i>,<sup id="cite_ref-Abbott,_105_45-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Abbott,_105-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which required an individual to reach a certain age and level of experience before running for any particular office. Sulla also wanted to reduce the risk that a future general might attempt to seize power, as he himself had done. To this end he reaffirmed the requirement that any individual wait for ten years before being re-elected to any office. Sulla then established a system where all consuls and praetors served in Rome during their year in office, and then commanded a provincial army as a governor for the year after they left office.<sup id="cite_ref-Abbott,_105_45-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Abbott,_105-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Finally, in a demonstration of his absolute power, Sulla expanded the "<a href="/wiki/Pomerium" title="Pomerium">Pomerium</a>", the sacred boundary of Rome, unchanged since the time of the kings.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sulla's reforms both looked to the past (often re-passing former laws) and regulated for the future, particularly in his redefinition of <a href="/wiki/Law_of_majestas" title="Law of majestas">majestas</a> (treason) laws and in his reform of the Senate. </p><p>Near the end of 81 BC, Sulla, true to his traditionalist sentiments, resigned his dictatorship, disbanded his legions and re-established normal consular government. He stood for office (with <a href="/wiki/Metellus_Pius" class="mw-redirect" title="Metellus Pius">Metellus Pius</a>) and won election as consul for the following year, 80 BC. He dismissed his <a href="/wiki/Lictor" title="Lictor">lictors</a> and walked unguarded in the Forum, offering to give account of his actions to any citizen.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In a manner that the historian <a href="/wiki/Suetonius" title="Suetonius">Suetonius</a> thought arrogant, Julius Caesar would later mock Sulla for resigning the dictatorship.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sulla%27s_civil_war&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrunt1971441-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrunt1971441_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrunt1971">Brunt 1971</a>, p. 441.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrunt1971442–445-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrunt1971442–445_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrunt1971">Brunt 1971</a>, pp. 442–445.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lynda Telford, <i>Sulla: A Dictator Reconsidered</i>, p. 158; Philip Matyszak, <i>Cataclysm 90 BC</i>, p. 133; John Leach, <i>Pompey the Great</i>. p. 24.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lynda Telford, <i>Sulla: A Dictator Reconsidered</i>, pp 157–158.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lynda Telford, <i>Sulla: A Dictator Reconsidered</i>, pp 158–159; John Leach, <i>Pompey the Great</i>. p. 25.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Philip Matyszak, <i>Cataclysm 90 BC</i>, p. 136.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lynda Telford, <i>Sulla: A Dictator Reconsidered</i>, p.159; John Leach, <i>Pompey the Great</i>. pp 24–25; Tom Holland, Rubicon, p. 90; <a href="/wiki/Plutarch" title="Plutarch">Plutarch</a>, <i>Life of Pompey</i>, 8.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lynda Telford, <i>Sulla: A Dictator Reconsidered</i>, p.160.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lynda Telford, <i>Sulla: A Dictator Reconsidered</i>, p.162; John Leach, <i>Pompey the Great</i>. p. 25; Philip Matyszak, <i>Cataclysm 90 BC</i>, p. 133.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lynda Telford, <i>Sulla: A Dictator Reconsidered</i>, pp 162–165; John Leach, <i>Pompey the Great</i>. p. 25; Philip Matyszak, <i>Cataclysm 90 BC</i>, pp 133–134; Philip Matyszak, <i>Sertorius</i>, pp 32–33.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-LTPH1-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-LTPH1_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-LTPH1_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Lynda Telford, <i>Sulla: A Dictator Reconsidered</i>, p. 166; Philip Matyszak, <i>Cataclysm 90 BC</i>, p. 137.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Philip Matyszak, <i>Cataclysm 90 BC</i>, p. 163; Plutarch, <i>Life of Sulla</i>, 28.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lynda Telford, <i>Sulla: A Dictator Reconsidered</i>, pp 165–167.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lynda Telford, <i>Sulla: A Dictator Reconsidered</i>, pp 166–167; John Leach, <i>Pompey the Great</i>. p. 25.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">John Leach, <i>Pompey the Great</i>. p. 26; Lynda Telford, <i>Sulla: A Dictator Reconsidered</i>, p. 168; Philip Matyszak, <i>Cataclysm 90 BC</i>, p. 137.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lynda Telford, <i>Sulla: A Dictator Reconsidered</i>, pp 170–172; Philip Matyszak, <i>Cataclysm 90 BC</i>, pp 138–139.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lynda Telford, <i>Sulla: A Dictator Reconsidered</i>, p. 172; Philip Matyszak, <i>Cataclysm 90 BC</i>, p. 139.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lynda Telford, <i>Sulla: A Dictator Reconsidered</i>, pp 172–173; Philip Matyszak, <i>Cataclysm 90 BC</i>, pp 139–140; <a href="/wiki/Appian" title="Appian">Appian</a>, <i>Civil Wars</i>, 1.88.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lynda Telford, <i>Sulla: A Dictator Reconsidered</i>, p. 169; Philip Matyszak, <i>Cataclysm 90 BC</i>, p. 139; John Leach, <i>Pompey the Great</i>. p. 26.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Philip Matyszak, <i>Cataclysm 90 BC</i>, p. 140; Appian, <i>Civil Wars</i>, 1.87.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lynda Telford, <i>Sulla: A Dictator Reconsidered</i>, p. 174.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-PMC140-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-PMC140_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Philip Matyszak, <i>Cataclysm 90 BC</i>, p. 140.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-LTS175-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-LTS175_23-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-LTS175_23-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-LTS175_23-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Lynda Telford, <i>Sulla: A Dictator Reconsidered</i>, p. 175.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lynda Telford, <i>Sulla: A Dictator Reconsidered</i>, p. 175; Philip Matyszak, <i>Cataclysm 90 BC</i>, p. 141.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-PMC141-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-PMC141_25-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PMC141_25-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Philip Matyszak, <i>Cataclysm 90 BC</i>, p. 141.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-LP2-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-LP2_26-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-LP2_26-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Lynda Telford, <i>Sulla: A Dictator Reconsidered</i>, p. 176; Philip Matyszak, <i>Cataclysm 90 BC</i>, p. 141.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lynda Telford, <i>Sulla: A Dictator Reconsidered</i>, pp 176–177; Philip Matyszak, <i>Cataclysm 90 BC</i>, pp 141–142.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lynda Telford, <i>Sulla: A Dictator Reconsidered</i>, p. 177; Philip Matyszak, <i>Cataclysm 90 BC</i>, pp 142–143.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lynda Telford, <i>Sulla: A Dictator Reconsidered</i>, pp 177–178; Philip Matyszak, <i>Cataclysm 90 BC</i>, pp 142–143; John Leach, <i>Pompey the Great</i>, p. 27.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lynda Telford, <i>Sulla: A Dictator Reconsidered</i>, pp 179–181; Philip Matyszak, <i>Cataclysm 90 BC</i>, pp 144–147; Tom Holland, <i>Rubicon</i>, p. 92; John Leach, <i>Pompey the Great</i>, p. 27; Philip Matyszak, <i>Sertorius</i>, p. 55; Plutarch, <i>Life of Sulla</i>, 29; Velleius Paterculus, <i>History</i>, 2.27.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Philip Matyszak, <i>Cataclysm 90 BC</i>, p. 148.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lynda Telford, <i>Sulla: A Dictator Reconsidered</i>, p. 182; Philip Matyszak, <i>Cataclysm 90 BC</i>, pp 149–150; Tom Holland, <i>Rubicon</i>, pp 92–97.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Tom Holland, <i>Rubicon</i>, pp 102–103; Philip Matyszak, <i>Cataclysm 90 BC</i>, p. 149.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lynda Telford, <i>Sulla: A Dictator Reconsidered</i>, p. 185; Philip Matyszak, <i>Cataclysm 90 BC</i>, p. 149.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Philip Matyszak, <i>Cataclysm 90 BC</i>, pp 153–153.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">John Leach, <i>Pompey the Great</i>, pp 28–29; Plutarch, <i>The Life of Pompey</i>, 10.3.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">John Leach, <i>Pompey the Great</i>, pp 29–31; Plutarch, <i>Life of Pompey</i>, 12.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Philip Matyszak, <i>Sertorius and the Struggle for Spain</i>, p. 56; Plutarch, <i>Life of Sertorius</i>, 7.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Plutarch, <i>Life of Sulla</i>, 31.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cicero, <a href="/wiki/Anthony_Everitt" title="Anthony Everitt">Anthony Everitt</a>, p.41.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Plutarch, <i>Roman Lives.</i> Oxford University Press, 1999, translation by Robin Waterfield. p 210</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Suetonius, <i>The Life of Julius Caesar</i>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Suetonius/12Caesars/Julius*.html#1">1</a>; Plutarch, <i>The Life of Caesar </i>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Plutarch/Lives/Caesar*.html">1</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Abbott,_104-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Abbott,_104_43-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Abbott,_104_43-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Abbott,_104_43-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Abbott,_104_43-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Abbott, 104</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Abbott,_103-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Abbott,_103_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Abbott, 103</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Abbott,_105-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Abbott,_105_45-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Abbott,_105_45-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Abbott,_105_45-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Abbott,_105_45-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Abbott, 105</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">LacusCurtius, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Gazetteer/Places/Europe/Italy/Lazio/Roma/Rome/_Texts/PLATOP*/Pomerium.html"><i>Pomerium</i></a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Plutarch, <i>Sulla</i>, 34</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Arthur Keaveney, <i>Sulla: The Last Republican</i>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Z0Ykf4G40EMC&dq=sulla+dismissed+his+lictors&pg=PA165">p. 165</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Suetonius, <i>Julius</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Suetonius/12Caesars/Julius*.html#77">77</a>. "... No less arrogant were his public utterances, which Titus Ampius records: that the state was nothing, a mere name without body or form; that Sulla did not know his A. B. C. when he laid down his dictatorship; that men ought now to be more circumspect in addressing him, and to regard his word as law. So far did he go in his presumption, that when a soothsayer once reported direful inwards [sic] without a heart, he said: "They will be more favourable when I wish it; it should not be regarded as a portent, if a beast has no heart ..."</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFBrunt1971" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Peter_Brunt" title="Peter Brunt">Brunt, P.A.</a> (1971). <i>Italian Manpower 225 B.C.–A.D. 14</i>. Oxford: Clarendon Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-814283-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-814283-8"><bdi>0-19-814283-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Italian+Manpower+225+B.C.%E2%80%93A.D.+14&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Clarendon+Press&rft.date=1971&rft.isbn=0-19-814283-8&rft.aulast=Brunt&rft.aufirst=P.A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASulla%27s+civil+war" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSampson2013" class="citation book cs1">Sampson, Gareth C. (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hTIRBQAAQBAJ"><i>The Collapse of Rome: Marius, Sulla and the First Civil War</i></a>. Barnsley: Pen & Sword Military. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84884-326-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84884-326-4"><bdi>978-1-84884-326-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Collapse+of+Rome%3A+Marius%2C+Sulla+and+the+First+Civil+War&rft.place=Barnsley&rft.pub=Pen+%26+Sword+Military&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-84884-326-4&rft.aulast=Sampson&rft.aufirst=Gareth+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DhTIRBQAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASulla%27s+civil+war" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Sulla" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Sulla" title="Template:Sulla"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Sulla" title="Template talk:Sulla"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Sulla" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Sulla"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Sulla" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Sulla" title="Sulla">Sulla</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Military career</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Early campaigns</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jugurthine_War" title="Jugurthine War">Jugurthine War</a> (<a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Cirta" title="Second Battle of Cirta">2nd Cirta</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cimbrian_War" title="Cimbrian War">Cimbrian War</a> (<a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Vercellae" title="Battle of Vercellae">Vercellae</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_War_(91%E2%80%9387_BC)" title="Social War (91–87 BC)">Social War</a> (<a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Nola_(89_BC)" title="Battle of Nola (89 BC)">Nola</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_on_Rome_(88_BC)" title="March on Rome (88 BC)">March on Rome</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/First_Mithridatic_War" title="First Mithridatic War">First Mithridatic War</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Athens_and_Piraeus_(87%E2%80%9386_BC)" title="Siege of Athens and Piraeus (87–86 BC)">Siege of Athens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Chaeronea_(86_BC)" title="Battle of Chaeronea (86 BC)">Chaeronea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Orchomenus" title="Battle of Orchomenus">Orchomenus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Dardanos" title="Treaty of Dardanos">Treaty of Dardanos</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Civil War</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mount_Tifata" title="Battle of Mount Tifata">Mount Tifata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sacriporto" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Sacriporto">Sacriportus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sena_Gallica_(82_BC)" title="Battle of Sena Gallica (82 BC)">Sena Gallica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_Clusium_(82_BC)" class="mw-redirect" title="First Battle of Clusium (82 BC)">Clusium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Colline_Gate" title="Battle of the Colline Gate">Colline Gate</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Legislative activity</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sulla%27s_proscription" title="Sulla's proscription">Proscription</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lex_Valeria_(82_BC)" title="Lex Valeria (82 BC)"><i>Lex Valeria</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_reforms_of_Sulla" title="Constitutional reforms of Sulla">Constitutional reforms</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lex_Cornelia_de_maiestate" title="Lex Cornelia de maiestate">Lex Cornelia de maiestate</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lex_Cornelia_de_sicariis_et_veneficis" title="Lex Cornelia de sicariis et veneficis">Lex Cornelia de sicariis et veneficis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lex_Cornelia_annalis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lex Cornelia annalis (page does not exist)">Lex Cornelia annalis</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Works</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Memoirs_of_Sulla&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Memoirs of Sulla (page does not exist)">Memoirs of Sulla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curia_Hostilia" title="Curia Hostilia">Curia Hostilia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Hercules_Custos" title="Temple of Hercules Custos">Temple of Hercules Custos</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Family</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Wives</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Julia_(wife_of_Sulla)" title="Julia (wife of Sulla)">Julia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aelia_(wife_of_Sulla)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aelia (wife of Sulla) (page does not exist)">Aelia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cloelia_(wife_of_Sulla)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cloelia (wife of Sulla) (page does not exist)">Cloelia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caecilia_Metella_(daughter_of_Delmaticus)" title="Caecilia Metella (daughter of Delmaticus)">Caecilia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valeria_(wife_of_Sulla)" title="Valeria (wife of Sulla)">Valeria</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Children</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cornelia_(wife_of_Livianus)" title="Cornelia (wife of Livianus)">Cornelia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faustus_Cornelius_Sulla_(quaestor_54_BC)" title="Faustus Cornelius Sulla (quaestor 54 BC)">Faustus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fausta_Cornelia" title="Fausta Cornelia">Fausta Cornelia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornelia_Postuma" title="Cornelia Postuma">Cornelia Postuma</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nicopolis_(Roman)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nicopolis (Roman)">Nicopolis</a> (mistress)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metrobius" title="Metrobius">Metrobius</a> (lover)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornelius_Epicadus" title="Cornelius Epicadus">Epicadus</a> (freedman)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucius_Cornelius_Chrysogonus" title="Lucius Cornelius Chrysogonus">Chrysogonus</a> (freedman)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Legacy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Parallel_Lives" title="Parallel Lives">Parallel Lives</a></i> (<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Plutarch%27s_Lives_(Clough)/Life_of_Sylla" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Plutarch's Lives (Clough)/Life of Sylla">Sulla</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silla_(opera)" class="mw-redirect" title="Silla (opera)"><i>Silla</i></a> (<a href="/wiki/George_Frideric_Handel" title="George Frideric Handel">Handel</a>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Silla_(Graun)" title="Silla (Graun)">Silla</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Carl_Heinrich_Graun" title="Carl Heinrich Graun">Graun</a>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lucio_Silla" title="Lucio Silla">Lucio Silla</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Amadeus_Mozart" title="Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart">Mozart</a>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Masters_of_Rome" title="Masters of Rome">Masters of Rome</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/The_First_Man_in_Rome" title="The First Man in Rome"><i>The First Man in Rome</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Grass_Crown_(novel)" title="The Grass Crown (novel)"><i>The Grass Crown</i></a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><b><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span></b> <b><a href="/wiki/Category:Sulla" title="Category:Sulla">Category</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Ancient_Roman_wars" style=";wide;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Ancient_Roman_Wars" title="Template:Ancient Roman Wars"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Ancient_Roman_Wars" title="Template talk:Ancient Roman Wars"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ancient_Roman_Wars" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Ancient Roman Wars"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Ancient_Roman_wars" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_external_wars_and_battles" title="List of Roman external wars and battles">Ancient Roman wars</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Campaign_history_of_the_Roman_military" title="Campaign history of the Roman military">Wars of the<br />Roman Republic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roman_expansion_in_Italy" title="Roman expansion in Italy">Roman conquest of Italy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roman%E2%80%93Etruscan_Wars" title="Roman–Etruscan Wars">Roman–Etruscan Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman-Aequian_wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman-Aequian wars">Roman-Aequian wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman%E2%80%93Latin_wars" title="Roman–Latin wars">Roman–Latin wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_conquest_of_the_Hernici" title="Roman conquest of the Hernici">Roman–Hernician wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman%E2%80%93Volscian_wars" title="Roman–Volscian wars">Roman–Volscian wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman%E2%80%93Sabine_wars" title="Roman–Sabine wars">Roman–Sabine wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samnite_Wars" title="Samnite Wars">Samnite Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyrrhic_War" title="Pyrrhic War">Pyrrhic War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_War_(91%E2%80%9387_BC)" title="Social War (91–87 BC)">Social War</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman%E2%80%93Gallic_wars" title="Roman–Gallic wars">Roman–Gallic wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punic_Wars" title="Punic Wars">Punic Wars</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Punic_War" title="First Punic War">First</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Punic_War" title="Second Punic War">Second</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Punic_War" title="Third Punic War">Third</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illyro-Roman_Wars" title="Illyro-Roman Wars">Illyro-Roman Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macedonian_Wars" title="Macedonian Wars">Macedonian Wars</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Macedonian_War" title="First Macedonian War">First</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Macedonian_War" title="Second Macedonian War">Second</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Macedonian_War" title="Third Macedonian War">Third</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Macedonian_War" title="Fourth Macedonian War">Fourth</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman%E2%80%93Seleucid_war" title="Roman–Seleucid war">Roman–Seleucid war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galatian_War" title="Galatian War">Galatian War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_conquest_of_the_Iberian_Peninsula" title="Roman conquest of the Iberian Peninsula">Roman conquest of the Iberian Peninsula</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Celtiberian_Wars" title="Celtiberian Wars">Celtiberian Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lusitanian_War" title="Lusitanian War">Lusitanian War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Numantine_War" title="Numantine War">Numantine War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sertorian_War" title="Sertorian War">Sertorian War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cantabrian_Wars" title="Cantabrian Wars">Cantabrian Wars</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achaean_War" title="Achaean War">Achaean War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jugurthine_War" title="Jugurthine War">Jugurthine War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cimbrian_War" title="Cimbrian War">Cimbrian War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Servile_Wars" title="Servile Wars">Servile Wars</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Servile_War" title="First Servile War">First</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Servile_War" title="Second Servile War">Second</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Servile_War" title="Third Servile War">Third</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bellum_Octavianum" title="Bellum Octavianum">Bellum Octavianum</a></i></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Sulla's civil war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mithridatic_Wars" title="Mithridatic Wars">Mithridatic Wars</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Mithridatic_War" title="First Mithridatic War">First</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Mithridatic_War" title="Second Mithridatic War">Second</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Mithridatic_War" title="Third Mithridatic War">Third</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallic_Wars" title="Gallic Wars">Gallic Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julius_Caesar%27s_invasions_of_Britain" title="Julius Caesar's invasions of Britain">Julius Caesar's invasions of Britain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman%E2%80%93Parthian_Wars" title="Roman–Parthian Wars">Roman–Parthian Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caesar%27s_civil_war" title="Caesar's civil war">Caesar's civil war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_Mutina" title="War of Mutina">War of Mutina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberators%27_civil_war" title="Liberators' civil war">Liberators' civil war</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bellum_Siculum" title="Bellum Siculum">Bellum Siculum</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perusine_War" title="Perusine War">Perusine War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_Actium" title="War of Actium">War of Actium</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Campaign_history_of_the_Roman_military" title="Campaign history of the Roman military">Wars of the<br />Roman Empire</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chronology_of_warfare_between_the_Romans_and_Germanic_peoples" title="Chronology of warfare between the Romans and Germanic peoples">Germanic wars</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marcomannic_Wars" title="Marcomannic Wars">Marcomannic Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_War_(376%E2%80%93382)" title="Gothic War (376–382)">Gothic War</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_conquest_of_Britain" title="Roman conquest of Britain">Roman conquest of Britain</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boudican_revolt" title="Boudican revolt">Boudican revolt</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman%E2%80%93Parthian_War_of_58%E2%80%9363" title="Roman–Parthian War of 58–63">Armenian War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Year_of_the_Four_Emperors" title="Year of the Four Emperors">Civil war of 69</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish%E2%80%93Roman_wars" title="Jewish–Roman wars">Jewish–Roman wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domitian%27s_Dacian_War" title="Domitian's Dacian War">Domitian's Dacian War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trajan%27s_Dacian_Wars" title="Trajan's Dacian Wars">Trajan's Dacian Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman%E2%80%93Persian_Wars" title="Roman–Persian Wars">Roman–Persian Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crisis_of_the_Third_Century" title="Crisis of the Third Century">Civil wars of the Third Century</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_the_Western_Roman_Empire" title="Fall of the Western Roman Empire">Wars of the fall of the Western Roman Empire</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div><b><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_ancient_Rome" title="Military history of ancient Rome">Military history of ancient Rome</a></b></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sulla%27s_civil_war&oldid=1249152688">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sulla%27s_civil_war&oldid=1249152688</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" 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