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href="#Entrance_into_law_and_politics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Entrance into law and politics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Entrance_into_law_and_politics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Marriage_and_family" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Marriage_and_family"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Marriage and family</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Marriage_and_family-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Marriage and family subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Marriage_and_family-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Jay_family_homes_in_Rye_and_Bedford" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Jay_family_homes_in_Rye_and_Bedford"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Jay family homes in Rye and Bedford</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Jay_family_homes_in_Rye_and_Bedford-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Personal_views" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Personal_views"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Personal views</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Personal_views-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Personal views subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Personal_views-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Slavery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Slavery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Slavery</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Slavery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Religion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-During_the_American_Revolution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#During_the_American_Revolution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>During the American Revolution</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-During_the_American_Revolution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-As_a_diplomat" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#As_a_diplomat"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>As a diplomat</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-As_a_diplomat-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle As a diplomat subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-As_a_diplomat-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Minister_to_Spain" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Minister_to_Spain"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Minister to Spain</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Minister_to_Spain-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Peace_Commissioner" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Peace_Commissioner"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Peace Commissioner</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Peace_Commissioner-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Secretary_of_Foreign_Affairs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Secretary_of_Foreign_Affairs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Secretary of Foreign Affairs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Secretary_of_Foreign_Affairs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Federalist_Papers,_1788" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Federalist_Papers,_1788"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span><i>The Federalist Papers</i>, 1788</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Federalist_Papers,_1788-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Jay_Court" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Jay_Court"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>The Jay Court</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-The_Jay_Court-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle The Jay Court subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-The_Jay_Court-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Cases" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cases"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Cases</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cases-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1792_campaign_for_Governor_of_New_York" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1792_campaign_for_Governor_of_New_York"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>1792 campaign for Governor of New York</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1792_campaign_for_Governor_of_New_York-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Jay_Treaty" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Jay_Treaty"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Jay Treaty</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Jay_Treaty-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Governor_of_New_York" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Governor_of_New_York"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Governor of New York</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Governor_of_New_York-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Retirement_from_politics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Retirement_from_politics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Retirement from politics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Retirement_from_politics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Death" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Death"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>Death</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Death-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>Legacy</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Legacy subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Place_names" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Place_names"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14.1</span> <span>Place names</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Place_names-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Geographic_locations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geographic_locations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14.1.1</span> <span>Geographic locations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Geographic_locations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Schools_and_universities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Schools_and_universities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14.1.2</span> <span>Schools and universities</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Schools_and_universities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Postage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Postage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14.2</span> <span>Postage</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Postage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Papers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Papers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14.3</span> <span>Papers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Papers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Popular_media" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Popular_media"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14.4</span> <span>Popular media</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Popular_media-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notable_descendants" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_descendants"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14.5</span> <span>Notable descendants</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notable_descendants-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">16</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">17</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources_and_further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources_and_further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">18</span> <span>Sources and further reading</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Sources_and_further_reading-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Sources and further reading subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Sources_and_further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Primary_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Primary_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">18.1</span> <span>Primary sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Primary_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">19</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">John Jay</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 47 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-47" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">47 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%88%D9%86_%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%8A" title="جون جاي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="جون جاي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Con_Cey" title="Con Cey – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Con Cey" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%AC%DB%8C" title="جان جی – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="جان جی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%94%D0%B6%D1%8D%D0%B9" title="Джон Джэй – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Джон Джэй" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%B9" title="Джон Джей – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Джон Джей" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Jay" title="John Jay – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="John Jay" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Jay" title="John Jay – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="John Jay" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Jay" title="John Jay – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="John Jay" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Jay" title="John Jay – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="John Jay" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Jay" title="John Jay – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="John Jay" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Jay" title="John Jay – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="John Jay" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Jay" title="John Jay – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="John Jay" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Jay" title="John Jay – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="John Jay" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%AC%DB%8C" title="جان جی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="جان جی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Jay" title="John Jay – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="John Jay" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A1%B4_%EC%A0%9C%EC%9D%B4" title="존 제이 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="존 제이" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8B%D5%B8%D5%B6_%D5%8B%D5%A5%D5%B5" title="Ջոն Ջեյ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ջոն Ջեյ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%87" title="जॉन जे – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="जॉन जे" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Jay" title="John Jay – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="John Jay" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Jay" title="John Jay – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="John Jay" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Jay" title="John Jay – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="John Jay" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%92%27%D7%95%D7%9F_%D7%92%27%D7%99%D7%99" title="ג'ון ג'יי – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ג'ון ג'יי" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ioannes_Jay" title="Ioannes Jay – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Ioannes Jay" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C5%BEons_D%C5%BEejs" title="Džons Džejs – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Džons Džejs" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Jay" title="John Jay – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="John Jay" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Jay" title="John Jay – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="John Jay" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%88%D9%86_%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%89_(%D9%85%D8%AD%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%89)" title="جون جاى (محامى) – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="جون جاى (محامى)" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%96%D1%8D%D0%B9" title="Жон Жэй – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Жон Жэй" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Jay" title="John Jay – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="John Jay" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B8%E3%83%A7%E3%83%B3%E3%83%BB%E3%82%B8%E3%82%A7%E3%82%A4" title="ジョン・ジェイ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ジョン・ジェイ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Jay" title="John Jay – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="John Jay" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%AC%D8%A7%DB%8C" title="جان جای – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="جان جای" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Jay" title="John Jay – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="John Jay" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Jay" title="John Jay – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="John Jay" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Jay" title="John Jay – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="John Jay" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%B9,_%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Джей, Джон – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Джей, Джон" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Jay" title="John Jay – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="John Jay" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Jay" title="John Jay – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="John Jay" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="recommended article"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Jay" title="John Jay – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="John Jay" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Jay" title="John Jay – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="John Jay" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%96%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D2%96%D0%B5%D0%B9" title="Җон Җей – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Җон Җей" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Jay" title="John Jay – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="John Jay" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%B9" title="Джон Джей – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Джон Джей" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Jay" title="John Jay – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="John Jay" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Jay" title="John Jay – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="John Jay" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%BA%A6%E7%BF%B0%C2%B7%E6%9D%B0%E4%BC%8A" title="约翰·杰伊 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="约翰·杰伊" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%BA%A6%E7%BF%B0%C2%B7%E6%9D%B0%E4%BC%8A" title="约翰·杰伊 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="约翰·杰伊" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q310847#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/John_Jay" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon 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</div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Founding Father, U.S. Chief Justice 1789 to 1795</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/John_Jay_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="John Jay (disambiguation)">John Jay (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%;"><div class="fn" style="font-size:125%;">John Jay</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:John_Jay_(Gilbert_Stuart_portrait).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/John_Jay_%28Gilbert_Stuart_portrait%29.jpg/220px-John_Jay_%28Gilbert_Stuart_portrait%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="285" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/John_Jay_%28Gilbert_Stuart_portrait%29.jpg/330px-John_Jay_%28Gilbert_Stuart_portrait%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/John_Jay_%28Gilbert_Stuart_portrait%29.jpg/440px-John_Jay_%28Gilbert_Stuart_portrait%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2322" data-file-height="3004" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:normal;padding-top:0.2em;">Portrait by <a href="/wiki/Gilbert_Stuart" title="Gilbert Stuart">Gilbert Stuart</a>, 1794</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">1st <a href="/wiki/Chief_Justice_of_the_United_States" title="Chief Justice of the United States">Chief Justice of the United States</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />October 19, 1789 – June 29, 1795</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Nominated by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/George_Washington" title="George Washington">George Washington</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><i>Office established</i></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/John_Rutledge" title="John Rutledge">John Rutledge</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">2nd <a href="/wiki/Governor_of_New_York" title="Governor of New York">Governor of New York</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />July 1, 1795 – June 30, 1801</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_Governor_of_New_York" title="Lieutenant Governor of New York">Lieutenant</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Van_Rensselaer" title="Stephen Van Rensselaer">Stephen Van Rensselaer</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/George_Clinton_(vice_president)" title="George Clinton (vice president)">George Clinton</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data">George Clinton</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_State" title="United States Secretary of State">United States Secretary of State</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>Acting</b></span><br />September 15, 1789 – March 22, 1790</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">President</th><td class="infobox-data">George Washington</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><i>Office established</i></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Thomas Jefferson</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Foreign_Affairs" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Secretary of Foreign Affairs">United States Secretary of Foreign Affairs</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>Acting</b></span><br />July 27, 1789 – September 15, 1789</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">President</th><td class="infobox-data">George Washington</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><i>Himself</i></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><i>Office abolished</i></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />December 21, 1784 – March 3, 1789</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Appointed by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Congress_of_the_Confederation" title="Congress of the Confederation">Congress of the Confederation</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Robert_R._Livingston" title="Robert R. Livingston">Robert R. Livingston</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><i>Himself</i></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Ambassador_to_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Ambassador to Spain">United States Minister to <span class="nowrap">Spain</span></a> </th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />September 27, 1779 – May 20, 1782</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Appointed by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Second_Continental_Congress" title="Second Continental Congress">Second Continental Congress</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><i>Office established</i></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/William_Short_(American_ambassador)" title="William Short (American ambassador)">William Short</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">6th <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Continental_Congress" title="President of the Continental Congress">President of the Continental Congress</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />December 10, 1778 – September 28, 1779</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Henry_Laurens" title="Henry Laurens">Henry Laurens</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Huntington_(Connecticut_politician)" title="Samuel Huntington (Connecticut politician)">Samuel Huntington</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">Delegate from New York <span class="avoidwrap" style="display:inline-block;">to the <a href="/wiki/Second_Continental_Congress" title="Second Continental Congress">Second Continental Congress</a></span></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />December 7, 1778 – September 28, 1779</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Philip_Livingston" title="Philip Livingston">Philip Livingston</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data">Robert R. Livingston</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />May 10, 1775 – May 22, 1776</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><i>Seat established</i></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><i>Seat abolished</i></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">Delegate from <a href="/wiki/Province_of_New_York" title="Province of New York">New York</a> <span class="avoidwrap" style="display:inline-block;">to the <a href="/wiki/First_Continental_Congress" title="First Continental Congress">First Continental Congress</a></span></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />September 5, 1774 – October 26, 1774</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><i>Seat established</i></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><i>Seat abolished</i></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Personal details</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1745-12-23</span>)</span>December 23, 1745<br /><a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a>, <a href="/wiki/Province_of_New_York" title="Province of New York">Province of New York</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">May 17, 1829<span style="display:none">(1829-05-17)</span> (aged 83)<br /><a href="/wiki/Bedford_(town),_New_York" title="Bedford (town), New York">Bedford, New York</a>, U.S.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Political party</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Federalist_Party" title="Federalist Party">Federalist</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1151524712">.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-ws{display:inline;white-space:nowrap}</style> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;margin-top:1px;white-space:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Sarah_Livingston_Jay" title="Sarah Livingston Jay">Sarah Livingston</a></div> <div class="marriage-line-margin2px"></div> <div style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:1px;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> 1774; died 1802)<wbr /></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Children</th><td class="infobox-data">6, including <a href="/wiki/Peter_Augustus_Jay_(lawyer)" title="Peter Augustus Jay (lawyer)">Peter</a> and <a href="/wiki/William_Jay_(jurist)" title="William Jay (jurist)">William</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Relatives</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="#Notable_descendants">Jay family</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Van_Cortlandt_family" title="Van Cortlandt family">Van Cortlandt family</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Education</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Columbia_University" title="Columbia University">King's College</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Arts" title="Bachelor of Arts">BA</a>, <a href="/wiki/Master_of_Arts" title="Master of Arts">MA</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Signature</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:John_Jay_Signature2.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="John Jay's signature"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/John_Jay_Signature2.svg/128px-John_Jay_Signature2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="128" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/John_Jay_Signature2.svg/192px-John_Jay_Signature2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/John_Jay_Signature2.svg/256px-John_Jay_Signature2.svg.png 2x" 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screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of the <a href="/wiki/Category:Politics" title="Category:Politics">Politics series</a></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="border-top:1px #fafafa solid; border-bottom:1px #fafafa solid; background:#efefef; background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000); padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Republicanism" title="Republicanism">Republicanism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);;color: var(--color-base)">Concepts</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abolition_of_monarchy" title="Abolition of monarchy">Anti-monarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-corruption" title="Anti-corruption">Anti-corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_society" title="Civil society">Civil society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civic_virtue" title="Civic virtue">Civic virtue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consent_of_the_governed" title="Consent of the governed">Consent of the governed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democracy" title="Democracy">Democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratization" title="Democratization">Democratization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberty#Republican_liberty" title="Liberty">Liberty as non-domination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixed_government" title="Mixed government">Mixed government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_representation" title="Political representation">Political representation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_sovereignty" title="Popular sovereignty">Popular sovereignty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_participation_(decision_making)" title="Public participation (decision making)">Public participation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic" title="Republic">Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Res_publica" title="Res publica">Res publica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rule_of_law" title="Rule of law">Rule of law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-governance" title="Self-governance">Self-governance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separation_of_powers" title="Separation of powers">Separation of powers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_contract" title="Social contract">Social contract</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_equality" title="Social equality">Social equality</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);;color: var(--color-base)">Schools</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Classical_republicanism" title="Classical republicanism">Classical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_republicanism" title="Modern republicanism">Modern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_republicanism" class="mw-redirect" title="Federal republicanism">Federal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kemalism" title="Kemalism">Kemalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khomeinism" title="Khomeinism">Khomeinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nasserism" title="Nasserism">Nasserism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republicanism#Neo-republicanism" title="Republicanism">Neo-republicanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venizelism" title="Venizelism">Venizelism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);;color: var(--color-base)">Types</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Autonomous_republic" title="Autonomous republic">Autonomous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capitalist_republic" title="Capitalist republic">Capitalist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_republic" title="Christian republic">Christian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_republic" title="Democratic republic">Democratic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_republic" title="Federal republic">Federal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_parliamentary_republic" title="Federal parliamentary republic">Federal parliamentary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_empire" title="Republican empire">Imperial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_republic" title="Islamic republic">Islamic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_republic" title="Parliamentary republic">Parliamentary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_republic" title="People's republic">People's</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_republic" title="Revolutionary republic">Revolutionary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secular_republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Secular republic">Secular</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sister_republic" title="Sister republic">Sister</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_republic" title="Soviet republic">Soviet</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);;color: var(--color-base)">Philosophers</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hannah_Arendt" title="Hannah Arendt">Arendt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julian_Baggini" title="Julian Baggini">Baggini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9s_Bello" title="Andrés Bello">Bello</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Bentham" title="Jeremy Bentham">Bentham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Bodin" title="Jean Bodin">Bodin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlo_Cattaneo" title="Carlo Cattaneo">Cattaneo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sophie_Grace_Chappell" title="Sophie Grace Chappell">Chappell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cicero" title="Cicero">Cicero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marquis_de_Condorcet" title="Marquis de Condorcet">Condorcet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_Crick" title="Bernard Crick">Crick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin" title="Benjamin Franklin">Franklin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Harrington_(author)" title="James Harrington (author)">Harrington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ted_Honderich" title="Ted Honderich">Honderich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Jefferson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immanuel_Kant" title="Immanuel Kant">Kant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Locke" title="John Locke">Locke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niccol%C3%B2_Machiavelli" title="Niccolò Machiavelli">Machiavelli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Madison" title="James Madison">Madison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Mazzini" title="Giuseppe Mazzini">Mazzini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Stuart_Mill" title="John Stuart Mill">Mill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montesquieu" title="Montesquieu">Montesquieu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Paine" title="Thomas Paine">Paine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_Pettit" title="Philip Pettit">Pettit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polybius" title="Polybius">Polybius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Jacques_Rousseau" title="Jean-Jacques Rousseau">Rousseau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Sandel" title="Michael Sandel">Sandel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algernon_Sidney" title="Algernon Sidney">Sidney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cass_Sunstein" title="Cass Sunstein">Sunstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexis_de_Tocqueville" title="Alexis de Tocqueville">Tocqueville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigel_Warburton" title="Nigel Warburton">Warburton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Wollstonecraft" title="Mary Wollstonecraft">Wollstonecraft</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);;color: var(--color-base)">Politicians</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gerry_Adams" title="Gerry Adams">Adams (Gerry)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Adams" title="John Adams">Adams (John)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk" title="Mustafa Kemal Atatürk">Atatürk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manuel_Aza%C3%B1a" title="Manuel Azaña">Azaña</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Bartley" title="Jonathan Bartley">Bartley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tony_Benn" title="Tony Benn">Benn (Tony)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natalie_Bennett" title="Natalie Bennett">Bennett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mhairi_Black" title="Mhairi Black">Black</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sim%C3%B3n_Bol%C3%ADvar" title="Simón Bolívar">Bolívar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Burgon" title="Richard Burgon">Burgon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronnie_Campbell" title="Ronnie Campbell">Campbell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maggie_Chapman" title="Maggie Chapman">Chapman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katy_Clark" title="Katy Clark">Clark (Katy)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Clarke_(Irish_republican)" title="Tom Clarke (Irish republican)">Clarke (Tom)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Connolly" title="James Connolly">Connolly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oliver_Cromwell" title="Oliver Cromwell">Cromwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ian_Davidson_(Scottish_politician)" title="Ian Davidson (Scottish politician)">Davidson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Drakeford" title="Mark Drakeford">Drakeford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Etherington" title="Bill Etherington">Etherington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linda_Fabiani" title="Linda Fabiani">Fabiani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Ferguson_(politician)" title="Mark Ferguson (politician)">Ferguson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Flynn_(politician)" title="Paul Flynn (politician)">Flynn (Paul)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Flynn" title="Stephen Flynn">Flynn (Stephen)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Galloway" title="George Galloway">Galloway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9on_Gambetta" title="Léon Gambetta">Gambetta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Garibaldi" title="Giuseppe Garibaldi">Garibaldi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_de_Gaulle" title="Charles de Gaulle">de Gaulle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ross_Greer" title="Ross Greer">Greer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jules_Gr%C3%A9vy" title="Jules Grévy">Grévy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nia_Griffith" title="Nia Griffith">Griffith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Griffiths_(Welsh_politician)" title="John Griffiths (Welsh politician)">Griffiths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Harvie" title="Patrick Harvie">Harvie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Derek_Hatton" title="Derek Hatton">Hatton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_H%C3%A9bert" title="Jacques Hébert">Hébert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kelvin_Hopkins" title="Kelvin Hopkins">Hopkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julian_Huppert" title="Julian Huppert">Huppert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhun_ap_Iorwerth" title="Rhun ap Iorwerth">Iorwerth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glenda_Jackson" title="Glenda Jackson">Jackson</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Jay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Jefferson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elin_Jones" title="Elin Jones">Jones (Elin)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lynne_Jones" title="Lynne Jones">Jones (Lynne)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benito_Ju%C3%A1rez" title="Benito Juárez">Juárez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosie_Kane" title="Rosie Kane">Kane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini" title="Ruhollah Khomeini">Khomeini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ugo_La_Malfa" title="Ugo La Malfa">La Malfa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clive_Lewis_(politician)" title="Clive Lewis (politician)">Lewis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln">Lincoln</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caroline_Lucas" title="Caroline Lucas">Lucas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gillian_Mackay" title="Gillian Mackay">Mackay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Lyon_Mackenzie" title="William Lyon Mackenzie">Mackenzie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Madison" title="James Madison">Madison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magid_Magid" title="Magid Magid">Magid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ann_McKechin" title="Ann McKechin">McKechin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chris_Mullin_(politician)" title="Chris Mullin (politician)">Mullin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doug_Naysmith" title="Doug Naysmith">Naysmith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethel_Mannin" title="Ethel Mannin">Mannin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_McDonnell" title="John McDonnell">McDonnell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lisa_Nandy" title="Lisa Nandy">Nandy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jawaharlal_Nehru" title="Jawaharlal Nehru">Nehru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Pound" title="Stephen Pound">Pound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Prescott" title="John Prescott">Prescott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ken_Ritchie" title="Ken Ritchie">Ritchie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maximilien_Robespierre" title="Maximilien Robespierre">Robespierre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bethan_Sayed" title="Bethan Sayed">Sayed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ken_Skates" title="Ken Skates">Skates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dennis_Skinner" title="Dennis Skinner">Skinner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lorna_Slater" title="Lorna Slater">Slater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andy_Slaughter" title="Andy Slaughter">Slaughter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cat_Smith" title="Cat Smith">Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Spadolini" title="Giovanni Spadolini">Spadolini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sun_Yat-sen" title="Sun Yat-sen">Sun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dick_Taverne" title="Dick Taverne">Taverne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eleftherios_Venizelos" title="Eleftherios Venizelos">Venizelos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Wilson_(Scottish_politician)" title="Bill Wilson (Scottish politician)">Wilson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leanne_Wood" title="Leanne Wood">Wood</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);;color: var(--color-base)">Theoretical works</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Republic_(Plato)" title="Republic (Plato)">Republic</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(c. 375 BC)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/De_re_publica" title="De re publica">De re publica</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(54–51 BC)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Discourses_on_Livy" title="Discourses on Livy">Discourses on Livy</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1531)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Tenure_of_Kings_and_Magistrates" title="The Tenure of Kings and Magistrates">The Tenure of Kings and Magistrates</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1649)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Commonwealth_of_Oceana" title="The Commonwealth of Oceana">The Commonwealth of Oceana</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1656)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Discourses_Concerning_Government" title="Discourses Concerning Government">Discourses Concerning Government</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1698)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Spirit_of_Law" title="The Spirit of Law">The Spirit of Law</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1748)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Discourse_on_Inequality" title="Discourse on Inequality">Discourse on Inequality</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1755)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Social_Contract" title="The Social Contract">The Social Contract</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1762)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Federalist_Papers" title="The Federalist Papers">The Federalist Papers</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1787–1788)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rights_of_Man" title="Rights of Man">Rights of Man</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1791)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Perpetual_Peace:_A_Philosophical_Sketch" title="Perpetual Peace: A Philosophical Sketch">Perpetual Peace: A Philosophical Sketch</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1794)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Democracy_in_America" title="Democracy in America">Democracy in America</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1835–1840)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/On_Revolution" title="On Revolution">On Revolution</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1963)</span></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);;color: var(--color-base)">History</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Republic" title="Roman Republic">Roman Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ga%E1%B9%87asa%E1%B9%85gha" title="Gaṇasaṅgha"><span title="Sanskrit-language romanization"><i lang="sa-Latn">Gaṇasaṅgha</i></span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_Athens" title="Classical Athens">Classical Athens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Venice" title="Republic of Venice">Republic of Venice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Genoa" title="Republic of Genoa">Republic of Genoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Florence" title="Republic of Florence">Republic of Florence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Republic" title="Dutch Republic">Dutch Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Revolution" title="American Revolution">American Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_American_wars_of_independence" title="Spanish American wars of independence">Spanish American wars of independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trienio_Liberal" title="Trienio Liberal">Trienio Liberal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Revolution_of_1848" title="French Revolution of 1848">French Revolution of 1848</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/5_October_1910_revolution" title="5 October 1910 revolution">5 October 1910 revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1911_Revolution" title="1911 Revolution">Chinese Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Revolution" title="Russian Revolution">Russian Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Revolution_of_1918%E2%80%931919" class="mw-redirect" title="German Revolution of 1918–1919">German Revolution of 1918–1919</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_War_of_Independence" title="Turkish War of Independence">Turkish War of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_Revolution_of_1921" title="Mongolian Revolution of 1921">Mongolian Revolution of 1921</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/11_September_1922_Revolution" title="11 September 1922 Revolution">11 September 1922 Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1935_Greek_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat_attempt" class="mw-redirect" title="1935 Greek coup d'état attempt">1935 Greek coup d'état attempt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Civil_War" title="Spanish Civil War">Spanish 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href="/wiki/Template:Republicanism_sidebar" title="Template:Republicanism sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Republicanism_sidebar" title="Template talk:Republicanism sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Republicanism_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Republicanism sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>John Jay</b> (December 23 [<a href="/wiki/Old_Style_and_New_Style_dates" title="Old Style and New Style dates">O.S.</a> December 12], 1745 – May 17, 1829) was an American statesman, diplomat, <a href="/wiki/Abolitionism_in_the_United_States" title="Abolitionism in the United States">abolitionist</a>, signatory of the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(1783)" title="Treaty of Paris (1783)">Treaty of Paris</a>, and a <a href="/wiki/Founding_Father_of_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Founding Father of the United States">Founding Father of the United States</a>. He served from 1789 to 1795 as the first <a href="/wiki/Chief_Justice_of_the_United_States" title="Chief Justice of the United States">chief justice of the United States</a> and from 1795 to 1801 as the second <a href="/wiki/Governor_of_New_York" title="Governor of New York">governor of New York</a>. Jay directed <a href="/wiki/Foreign_policy_of_the_United_States" title="Foreign policy of the United States">U.S. foreign policy</a> for much of the 1780s and was an important leader of the <a href="/wiki/Federalist_Party" title="Federalist Party">Federalist Party</a> after the ratification of the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_United_States" title="Constitution of the United States">United States Constitution</a> in 1788. </p><p>Jay was born into a wealthy family of merchants and New York City government officials of <a href="/wiki/French_Americans" title="French Americans">French</a> <a href="/wiki/Huguenots" title="Huguenots">Huguenot</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Americans" title="Dutch Americans">Dutch descent</a>. He became a lawyer and joined the New York Committee of Correspondence, organizing American opposition to <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Great_Britain" title="Kingdom of Great Britain">British</a> policies such as the <a href="/wiki/Intolerable_Acts" title="Intolerable Acts">Intolerable Acts</a> in the leadup to the <a href="/wiki/American_Revolution" title="American Revolution">American Revolution</a>. Jay was elected to the <a href="/wiki/First_Continental_Congress" title="First Continental Congress">First Continental Congress</a>, where he signed the <a href="/wiki/Continental_Association" title="Continental Association">Continental Association</a>, and to the <a href="/wiki/Second_Continental_Congress" title="Second Continental Congress">Second Continental Congress</a>, where he served as <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Continental_Congress" title="President of the Continental Congress">its president</a>. From 1779 to 1782, Jay served as the <a href="/wiki/List_of_ambassadors_of_the_United_States_to_Spain" title="List of ambassadors of the United States to Spain">ambassador to Spain</a>; he persuaded <a href="/wiki/History_of_Spain_(1700%E2%80%931810)" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Spain (1700–1810)">Spain</a> to provide financial aid to the fledgling United States. He also served as a negotiator of the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(1783)" title="Treaty of Paris (1783)">Treaty of Paris</a>, in which Britain recognized American independence. Following the end of the war, Jay served as <a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Foreign_Affairs" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Secretary of Foreign Affairs">Secretary of Foreign Affairs</a>, directing United States foreign policy under the <a href="/wiki/Articles_of_Confederation" title="Articles of Confederation">Articles of Confederation</a> government. He also served as the first <a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_State" title="United States Secretary of State">Secretary of State</a> on an interim basis. </p><p>A proponent of strong, centralized government, Jay worked to ratify the United States Constitution in New York in 1788. He was a co-author of <i><a href="/wiki/The_Federalist_Papers" title="The Federalist Papers">The Federalist Papers</a></i> along with <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Hamilton" title="Alexander Hamilton">Alexander Hamilton</a> and <a href="/wiki/James_Madison" title="James Madison">James Madison</a>, and wrote five of the eighty-five essays. After the establishment of the new federal government, Jay was appointed by President <a href="/wiki/George_Washington" title="George Washington">George Washington</a> the first Chief Justice of the United States, serving from 1789 to 1795. The <a href="/wiki/Jay_Court" title="Jay Court">Jay Court</a> experienced a light workload, deciding just four cases over six years. In 1794, while serving as chief justice, Jay negotiated the highly controversial <a href="/wiki/Jay_Treaty" title="Jay Treaty">Jay Treaty</a> with Britain. Jay received a handful of <a href="/wiki/List_of_people_who_received_an_electoral_vote_in_the_United_States_Electoral_College" title="List of people who received an electoral vote in the United States Electoral College">electoral votes</a> in three of the first four presidential elections but never undertook a serious bid for the presidency. </p><p>Jay served as the governor of New York from 1795 to 1801. Although he successfully passed <a href="/wiki/Gradual_emancipation_(United_States)" title="Gradual emancipation (United States)">gradual emancipation</a> legislation as governor of the state, he owned five slaves as late as 1800. In the waning days of President <a href="/wiki/John_Adams" title="John Adams">John Adams</a>' administration, Jay was confirmed by the Senate for another term as chief justice, but he declined the position and retired to his farm in <a href="/wiki/Westchester_County,_New_York" title="Westchester County, New York">Westchester County, New York</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life">Early life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Jay&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Family_History">Family History</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Jay&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Family History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Jays, a prominent merchant family in New York City, were descendants of Huguenots who had sought refuge in New York to escape religious persecution in France. In 1685, the <a href="/wiki/Edict_of_Nantes" title="Edict of Nantes">Edict of Nantes</a> had been <a href="/wiki/Edict_of_Fontainebleau" title="Edict of Fontainebleau">revoked</a>, thereby abolishing the civil and legal rights of <a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestants</a>, and the French Crown proceeded to confiscate their property. Among those affected was Jay's paternal grandfather, Auguste Jay. He moved from France to <a href="/wiki/Charleston,_South_Carolina" title="Charleston, South Carolina">Charleston, South Carolina</a>, and then New York, where he built a successful merchant empire.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Jay's father, Peter Jay (1704–1782), born in New York City in 1704, became a wealthy trader in furs, wheat, timber, and other commodities.<sup id="cite_ref-stahr-p1-5_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-stahr-p1-5-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Jay's mother was Mary Van Cortlandt (1705–1777), of Dutch ancestry, who had married Peter Jay in 1728 in the Dutch Church.<sup id="cite_ref-stahr-p1-5_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-stahr-p1-5-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They had ten children together, seven of whom survived into adulthood.<sup id="cite_ref-jayuni_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jayuni-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mary's father, <a href="/wiki/Jacobus_Van_Cortlandt" title="Jacobus Van Cortlandt">Jacobus Van Cortlandt</a>, was born in <a href="/wiki/New_Amsterdam" title="New Amsterdam">New Amsterdam</a> in 1658. Cortlandt served in the New York Assembly, was twice elected as <a href="/wiki/Mayor_of_New_York_City" title="Mayor of New York City">mayor of New York City</a>, and held a variety of judicial and military offices. Both Mary and his son Frederick Cortlandt married into the Jay family. </p><p>Jay was born on December 23, 1745 (following the <a href="/wiki/Gregorian_calendar" title="Gregorian calendar">Gregorian calendar</a>, December 12 following the <a href="/wiki/Julian_calendar" title="Julian calendar">Julian calendar</a>), in New York City; three months later the family moved to <a href="/wiki/Rye,_New_York" title="Rye, New York">Rye, New York</a>. Peter Jay had retired from business following a <a href="/wiki/Smallpox" title="Smallpox">smallpox</a> epidemic; two of his children contracted the disease and suffered total blindness.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Education">Education</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Jay&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Jay spent his childhood in Rye. He was educated there by his mother until he was eight years old, when he was sent to <a href="/wiki/New_Rochelle,_New_York" title="New Rochelle, New York">New Rochelle</a> to study under Anglican priest Pierre Stoupe.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1756, after three years, he returned to homeschooling in Rye under the tutelage of his mother and George Murray. In 1760, 14-year-old Jay entered King's College (later renamed <a href="/wiki/Columbia_College_(New_York)" class="mw-redirect" title="Columbia College (New York)">Columbia College</a>) in New York City.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There he made many influential friends, including his closest friend, <a href="/wiki/Robert_R._Livingston" title="Robert R. Livingston">Robert Livingston</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Jay took the same political stand as his father, a staunch <a href="/wiki/Whiggism" title="Whiggism">Whig</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Upon graduating in 1764<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> he became a law clerk for Benjamin Kissam, a prominent lawyer, politician, and sought-after instructor in the law. In addition to Jay, Kissam's students included <a href="/wiki/Lindley_Murray" title="Lindley Murray">Lindley Murray</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-jayuni_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jayuni-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Three years later, in 1767, as was the tradition at the time, Jay was promoted to <a href="/wiki/Master_of_Arts_(Oxford,_Cambridge,_and_Dublin)#Historical_examples_at_other_colleges" title="Master of Arts (Oxford, Cambridge, and Dublin)">Master of Arts</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Entrance_into_law_and_politics">Entrance into law and politics</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Jay&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Entrance into law and politics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1768, after <a href="/wiki/Reading_law" title="Reading law">reading law</a> and being <a href="/wiki/Admission_to_the_bar_in_the_United_States" title="Admission to the bar in the United States">admitted to the bar</a> of New York, Jay, with the money from the government, established a legal practice and worked there until he opened his own law office in 1771.<sup id="cite_ref-jayuni_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jayuni-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was a member of the New York <a href="/wiki/Committees_of_correspondence" title="Committees of correspondence">Committee of Correspondence</a> in 1774<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and became its secretary, which was his first public role in the revolution. </p><p> Jay represented the "Radical Whig" faction that was interested in protecting <a href="/wiki/Right_to_property" title="Right to property">property rights</a> and in preserving the rule of law, while resisting what it regarded as British violations of colonial rights.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This faction feared the prospect of <a href="/wiki/Mob_rule" title="Mob rule">mob rule</a>. Jay believed the British tax measures were wrong and thought Americans were morally and legally justified in resisting them, but as a delegate to the <a href="/wiki/First_Continental_Congress" title="First Continental Congress">First Continental Congress</a> in 1774,<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Jay sided with those who wanted conciliation with Parliament. Events such as the <a href="/wiki/Burning_of_Norfolk" title="Burning of Norfolk">burning of Norfolk</a> in January 1776 pushed Jay to support the <a href="/wiki/Patriot_(American_Revolution)" title="Patriot (American Revolution)">Patriot</a> camp. With the outbreak of the <a href="/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War" title="American Revolutionary War">American Revolutionary War</a>, he worked tirelessly for the revolutionary cause and acted to suppress <a href="/wiki/Loyalist_(American_Revolution)" title="Loyalist (American Revolution)">Loyalists</a>. Jay evolved into first a moderate and then an ardent <a href="/wiki/Patriot_(American_Revolution)" title="Patriot (American Revolution)">Patriot</a>, because he had decided that all the colonies' efforts at reconciliation with Britain were fruitless and that the struggle for independence was inevitable.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1780, Jay was elected a member of the <a href="/wiki/American_Philosophical_Society" title="American Philosophical Society">American Philosophical Society</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:John_Jay_Diploma.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/John_Jay_Diploma.jpg/220px-John_Jay_Diploma.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="238" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/John_Jay_Diploma.jpg/330px-John_Jay_Diploma.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/John_Jay_Diploma.jpg/440px-John_Jay_Diploma.jpg 2x" data-file-width="768" data-file-height="832" /></a><figcaption>Master of Arts diploma awarded to John Jay in 1767</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Marriage_and_family">Marriage and family</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Jay&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Marriage and family"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jay,_Mrs._John_(3-4_length_profile)_-_NARA_-_532934.tif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Jay%2C_Mrs._John_%283-4_length_profile%29_-_NARA_-_532934.tif/lossy-page1-170px-Jay%2C_Mrs._John_%283-4_length_profile%29_-_NARA_-_532934.tif.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="216" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Jay%2C_Mrs._John_%283-4_length_profile%29_-_NARA_-_532934.tif/lossy-page1-255px-Jay%2C_Mrs._John_%283-4_length_profile%29_-_NARA_-_532934.tif.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Jay%2C_Mrs._John_%283-4_length_profile%29_-_NARA_-_532934.tif/lossy-page1-340px-Jay%2C_Mrs._John_%283-4_length_profile%29_-_NARA_-_532934.tif.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2362" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption>Drawing of Sarah Jay by <a href="/wiki/Robert_Edge_Pine" title="Robert Edge Pine">Robert Edge Pine</a></figcaption></figure> <p>On April 28, 1774, Jay married Sarah Van Brugh Livingston, eldest daughter of the <a href="/wiki/Governor_of_New_Jersey" title="Governor of New Jersey">New Jersey Governor</a> <a href="/wiki/William_Livingston" title="William Livingston">William Livingston</a>. At the time of the marriage, Livingston was seventeen years old and Jay was twenty-eight.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Together they had six children: <a href="/wiki/Peter_Augustus_Jay_(lawyer)" title="Peter Augustus Jay (lawyer)">Peter Augustus</a>, Susan, Maria, Ann, <a href="/wiki/William_Jay_(jurist)" title="William Jay (jurist)">William</a>, and Sarah Louisa. She accompanied Jay to Spain and later was with him in Paris, where they and their children resided with Benjamin Franklin at Passy.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Jay's brother-in-law Henry Brock Livingston was lost at sea through the disappearance of the <a href="/wiki/Continental_Navy" title="Continental Navy">Continental Navy</a> ship <i><a href="/wiki/USS_Saratoga_(1780)" title="USS Saratoga (1780)">Saratoga</a></i> during the Revolutionary War. While Jay was in Paris, as a diplomat to France, his father died. This event forced extra responsibility onto Jay. His brother and sister Peter and Anna, both blinded by smallpox in childhood,<sup id="cite_ref-timeline_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-timeline-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> became his responsibility. His brother Augustus suffered from mental disabilities that required Jay to provide both financial and emotional support. His brother Fredrick was in constant financial trouble, causing Jay additional stress. Meanwhile, his brother James was in direct opposition in the political arena, joining the Loyalist faction of the New York State Senate at the outbreak of the Revolutionary War, which made him an embarrassment to Jay's family.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Jay_Estate_in_Rye,_NY.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/The_Jay_Estate_in_Rye%2C_NY.jpg/220px-The_Jay_Estate_in_Rye%2C_NY.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/The_Jay_Estate_in_Rye%2C_NY.jpg/330px-The_Jay_Estate_in_Rye%2C_NY.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/The_Jay_Estate_in_Rye%2C_NY.jpg/440px-The_Jay_Estate_in_Rye%2C_NY.jpg 2x" data-file-width="893" data-file-height="624" /></a><figcaption>Jay's childhood home in Rye, New York is a <a href="/wiki/New_York_State_Historic_Site" class="mw-redirect" title="New York State Historic Site">New York State Historic Site</a> and Westchester County Park</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Jay_family_homes_in_Rye_and_Bedford">Jay family homes in Rye and Bedford</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Jay&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Jay family homes in Rye and Bedford"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>From the age of three months old until he attended Kings College in 1760, Jay was raised in Rye,<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> on a farm acquired by his father Peter in 1745 that overlooked <a href="/wiki/Long_Island_Sound" title="Long Island Sound">Long Island Sound</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After negotiating the Treaty of Paris that ended the Revolutionary War, Jay returned to his childhood home to celebrate with his family and friends in July 1784.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Jay inherited this property upon the death of his older brother Peter in 1813 after Jay had already established himself at Katonah. He conveyed the Rye property to his eldest son, Peter Augustus Jay, in 1822. </p><p>What remains of the original 400-acre (1.6 km<sup>2</sup>) property is a 23-acre (93,000 m<sup>2</sup>) parcel called the <a href="/wiki/Jay_Estate" title="Jay Estate">Jay Estate</a>. In the center rises the 1838 Peter Augustus Jay House, built by Peter Augustus Jay over the footprint of his father's ancestral home, "The Locusts"; pieces of the original 18th-century farmhouse, were incorporated into the 19th-century structure. Stewardship of the site and several of its buildings for educational use was entrusted in 1990 by the New York State Board of Regents to the <a href="/wiki/Jay_Heritage_Center" title="Jay Heritage Center">Jay Heritage Center</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2013, the non-profit Jay Heritage Center was also awarded stewardship and management of the site's landscape which includes a meadow and gardens.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:John_Jay_Homestead_2007.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/John_Jay_Homestead_2007.jpg/220px-John_Jay_Homestead_2007.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="134" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/John_Jay_Homestead_2007.jpg/330px-John_Jay_Homestead_2007.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/John_Jay_Homestead_2007.jpg/440px-John_Jay_Homestead_2007.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1748" data-file-height="1066" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/John_Jay_Homestead_State_Historic_Site" title="John Jay Homestead State Historic Site">Jay's retirement home</a> near <a href="/wiki/Katonah,_New_York" title="Katonah, New York">Katonah, New York</a> is a <a href="/wiki/New_York_State_Historic_Site" class="mw-redirect" title="New York State Historic Site">New York State Historic Site</a></figcaption></figure> <p>As an adult, Jay inherited land from his grandparents and built Bedford House, located near <a href="/wiki/Katonah,_New_York" title="Katonah, New York">Katonah, New York</a>, where he moved in 1801 with his wife Sarah to pursue retirement. This property passed down to their younger son William Jay and his descendants. It was acquired by New York State in 1958 and named "The John Jay Homestead". Today this 62 acre park is preserved as the <a href="/wiki/John_Jay_Homestead_State_Historic_Site" title="John Jay Homestead State Historic Site">John Jay Homestead State Historic Site</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Both homes in Rye and Katonah have been designated <a href="/wiki/National_Historic_Landmark" title="National Historic Landmark">National Historic Landmarks</a> and are open to the public for tours and programs. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Personal_views">Personal views</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Jay&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Personal views"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Slavery">Slavery</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Jay&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Slavery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_New_York" class="mw-redirect" title="Slavery in New York">Slavery in New York</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1224211176">.mw-parser-output .quotebox{background-color:#F9F9F9;border:1px solid #aaa;box-sizing:border-box;padding:10px;font-size:88%;max-width:100%}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft{margin:.5em 1.4em .8em 0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright{margin:.5em 0 .8em 1.4em}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.centered{overflow:hidden;position:relative;margin:.5em auto .8em auto}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft span,.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright span{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox>blockquote{margin:0;padding:0;border-left:0;font-family:inherit;font-size:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-title{text-align:center;font-size:110%;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote>:first-child{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote:last-child>:last-child{margin-bottom:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:before{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" “ ";vertical-align:-45%;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:after{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" ” ";line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .left-aligned{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .right-aligned{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .center-aligned{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quote-title,.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quotebox-quote{display:block}.mw-parser-output .quotebox cite{display:block;font-style:normal}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .quotebox{width:100%!important;margin:0 0 .8em!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="quotebox pullquote floatright" style="width:28%; ;"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> <p>Every man of every color and description has a natural right to freedom. </p> </blockquote> <p style="padding-bottom: 0;"><cite class="left-aligned" style="">—John Jay, February 27, 1792</cite></p> </div> <p>The Jay family participated significantly in the <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_slave_trade" title="Atlantic slave trade">slave trade</a>, as investors and traders as well as slaveholders. For example, the New York Slavery Records Index records Jay's father and paternal grandfather as investors in at least 11 slave ships that delivered more than 120 slaves to New York between 1717 and 1733.<sup id="cite_ref-Benton2017_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Benton2017-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> John Jay himself purchased, owned, rented out and <a href="/wiki/Manumission" title="Manumission">manumitted</a> at least 17 slaves during his lifetime.<sup id="cite_ref-Jones2021_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jones2021-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He is not known to have owned or invested in any <a href="/wiki/Slave_ship" title="Slave ship">slave ships</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Benton2017_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Benton2017-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1783, one of Jay's slaves, a woman named <a href="/wiki/Abigail_(slave)" title="Abigail (slave)">Abigail</a>, attempted to escape in Paris, but was found, imprisoned, and died soon after from illness.<sup id="cite_ref-Jones2021_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jones2021-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Jay was irritated by her escape attempt, suggesting that she be left in prison for some time. To his biographer Walter Stahr, this reaction indicates that "however much [Jay] disliked slavery in the abstract, he could not understand why one of <i>his</i> slaves would run away."<sup id="cite_ref-:1_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Despite being a founder of the <a href="/wiki/New_York_Manumission_Society" title="New York Manumission Society">New York Manumission Society</a>, Jay is recorded as owning five slaves in the 1790 and 1800 U.S. censuses. He freed all but one by the 1810 census. Rather than advocating for immediate emancipation, he continued to purchase enslaved people and to <a href="/wiki/Manumission" title="Manumission">manumit them</a> once he considered their work to "have afforded a reasonable retribution."<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Abolitionism following the American Revolution contained some <a href="/wiki/Quakers" title="Quakers">Quaker</a> and <a href="/wiki/Methodism" title="Methodism">Methodist</a> principles of Christian brotherly love but was also influenced by concerns about the growth of the Black population within the United States and the "degradation" of Black people under slavery.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1774, Jay drafted the "Address to the People of Great Britain",<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which compared American slavery to unpopular British policies.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Such comparisons between American slavery and British policies had been made regularly by Patriots starting with <a href="/wiki/James_Otis_Jr." title="James Otis Jr.">James Otis Jr.</a>, and took little account of the far harsher reality of slavery.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Jay was the founder and president of the New York Manumission Society in 1785, which organized boycotts against newspapers and merchants involved in the slave trade and provided legal counsel to free Blacks.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Society helped enact the 1799 law for gradual emancipation of slaves in New York, which Jay signed into law as governor. "An Act for the Gradual Abolition of Slavery" provided that, from July 4, 1799, all children born to slave parents would be free (subject to lengthy apprenticeships) and that slave exports would be prohibited. These same children would be required to serve the mother's owner until age 28 for males and age 25 for females. It did not provide government payment of compensation to slave owners but failed to free people who were already enslaved as of 1799. The act provided legal protection and assistance for free Blacks kidnapped for the purposes of being sold into slavery.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> All slaves were emancipated by July 4, 1827.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the close <a href="/wiki/1792_New_York_gubernatorial_election" title="1792 New York gubernatorial election">1792 gubernatorial election</a>, Jay's antislavery work was thought to hurt his election chances in upstate New York Dutch areas, where slavery was still practiced.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1794, in the process of negotiating the Jay Treaty with the British, Jay angered many Southern slave owners when he dropped their demands for compensation for American slaves who had been freed and transported by the British to other areas after the Revolution.<sup id="cite_ref-columbiajaytreaty_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-columbiajaytreaty-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religion">Religion</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Jay&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Religion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Jay was a member of the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_England" title="Church of England">Church of England</a> and later of the <a href="/wiki/Episcopal_Church_(United_States)" title="Episcopal Church (United States)">Protestant Episcopal Church in America</a> after the American Revolution. Since 1785, Jay had been a warden of <a href="/wiki/Trinity_Church_(Manhattan)" title="Trinity Church (Manhattan)">Trinity Church, New York</a>. As Congress's Secretary for Foreign Affairs, he supported the proposal after the Revolution that the <a href="/wiki/Archbishop_of_Canterbury" title="Archbishop of Canterbury">Archbishop of Canterbury</a> approve the ordination of bishops for the Episcopal Church in the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-jaypaper_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jaypaper-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He argued unsuccessfully in the provincial convention for a prohibition against <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholics</a> holding office.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While considering New York's Constitution, Jay also suggested erecting "a wall of brass around the country for the exclusion of Catholics."<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Jay, who served as vice-president (1816–1821) and president (1821–1827) of the <a href="/wiki/American_Bible_Society" title="American Bible Society">American Bible Society</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>believed that the most effective way of ensuring world peace was through propagation of the Christian gospel. In a letter addressed to Pennsylvania House of Representatives member <a href="/wiki/John_Murray_(congressman)" title="John Murray (congressman)">John Murray</a>, dated October 12, 1816, Jay wrote, "<i>Real</i> Christians will abstain from violating the rights of others, and therefore will not provoke war. Almost all nations have peace or war at the will and pleasure of rulers whom they do not elect, and who are not always wise or virtuous. Providence has given to our people the choice of their rulers, and it is the duty, as well as the privilege and interest, of our Christian nation to select and prefer Christians for their rulers."<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He also expressed a belief that the moral precepts of Christianity were necessary for good government, saying, "No human society has ever been able to maintain both order and freedom, both cohesiveness and liberty apart from the moral precepts of the Christian Religion. Should our Republic ever forget this fundamental precept of governance, we will then, be surely doomed."<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint noexcerpt Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS"><span title="Citation is unreliable. (February 2024)">better source needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="During_the_American_Revolution">During the American Revolution</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Jay&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: During the American Revolution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1224211176"><div class="quotebox pullquote floatright" style="width:25%; ;"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> <p>Those who own the country ought to govern it. </p> </blockquote> <p style="padding-bottom: 0;"><cite class="left-aligned" style="">—John Jay<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></p> </div> <p>Having established a reputation as a reasonable moderate in New York, Jay was elected to serve as delegate to the First and Second <a href="/wiki/Continental_Congress" title="Continental Congress">Continental Congresses</a> which debated whether the colonies should declare independence. Jay was originally in favor of rapprochement. He helped write the <a href="/wiki/Olive_Branch_Petition" title="Olive Branch Petition">Olive Branch Petition</a> which urged the British government to reconcile with the colonies. As the necessity and inevitability of war became evident, Jay threw his support behind the revolution and the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Declaration_of_Independence" title="United States Declaration of Independence">Declaration of Independence</a>. Jay's views became more radical as events unfolded; he became an ardent separatist and attempted to move New York towards that cause. </p><p>In 1774, upon the conclusion of the Continental Congress, Jay elected to return to New York.<sup id="cite_ref-columbiaJayNY_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-columbiaJayNY-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There he served on New York City's <a href="/wiki/Committee_of_Sixty" title="Committee of Sixty">Committee of Sixty</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> where he attempted to enforce a non-importation agreement passed by the First Continental Congress.<sup id="cite_ref-columbiaJayNY_54-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-columbiaJayNY-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Jay was elected to the third <a href="/wiki/New_York_Provincial_Congress" title="New York Provincial Congress">New York Provincial Congress</a>, where he drafted the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_New_York,_1777" class="mw-redirect" title="Constitution of New York, 1777">Constitution of New York, 1777</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> his duties as a New York Congressman prevented him from voting on or signing the Declaration of Independence.<sup id="cite_ref-columbiaJayNY_54-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-columbiaJayNY-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Jay served for several months on the New York Committee to Detect and Defeat Conspiracies, which monitored and combated Loyalist activity.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> New York's Provincial Congress elected Jay the Chief Justice of the <a href="/wiki/New_York_Supreme_Court" title="New York Supreme Court">New York Supreme Court of Judicature</a> on May 8, 1777,<sup id="cite_ref-columbiaJayNY_54-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-columbiaJayNY-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which he served on for two years.<sup id="cite_ref-columbiaJayNY_54-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-columbiaJayNY-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Continental Congress turned to Jay, a political adversary of the previous president <a href="/wiki/Henry_Laurens" title="Henry Laurens">Henry Laurens</a>, only three days after Jay became a delegate and elected him President of the Continental Congress. In previous congresses, Jay had moved from a position of seeking conciliation with Britain to advocating separation sooner than Laurens. Eight states voted for Jay and four for Laurens. Jay served as <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Continental_Congress" title="President of the Continental Congress">President of the Continental Congress</a> from December 10, 1778, to September 28, 1779. It was a largely ceremonial position without real power, and indicated the resolve of the majority and the commitment of the Continental Congress.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="As_a_diplomat">As a diplomat</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Jay&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: As a diplomat"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Minister_to_Spain">Minister to Spain</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Jay&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Minister to Spain"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On September 27, 1779, Jay was appointed <a href="/wiki/List_of_ambassadors_of_the_United_States_to_Spain" title="List of ambassadors of the United States to Spain">Minister to Spain</a>. His mission was to get financial aid, commercial treaties and recognition of American independence. The royal court of Spain refused to officially receive Jay as the Minister of the United States,<sup id="cite_ref-state1_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-state1-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as it refused to recognize American independence until 1783, fearing that such recognition could spark revolution in <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Empire" title="Spanish Empire">their own colonies</a>. Jay, however, convinced Spain to loan $170,000 to the U.S. government.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He departed Spain on May 20, 1782.<sup id="cite_ref-state1_60-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-state1-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Peace_Commissioner">Peace Commissioner</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Jay&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Peace Commissioner"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(1783)" title="Treaty of Paris (1783)">Treaty of Paris (1783)</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Treaty_of_Paris_by_Benjamin_West_1783.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Treaty_of_Paris_by_Benjamin_West_1783.jpg/250px-Treaty_of_Paris_by_Benjamin_West_1783.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="194" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Treaty_of_Paris_by_Benjamin_West_1783.jpg/375px-Treaty_of_Paris_by_Benjamin_West_1783.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Treaty_of_Paris_by_Benjamin_West_1783.jpg/500px-Treaty_of_Paris_by_Benjamin_West_1783.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="932" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(painting)" title="Treaty of Paris (painting)">The Treaty of Paris</a></i>, by <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_West" title="Benjamin West">Benjamin West</a> (1783) (Jay stands farthest to the left). The British delegation refused to pose for the painting, leaving it unfinished.</figcaption></figure> <p>On June 23, 1782, Jay reached Paris, where negotiations to end the <a href="/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War" title="American Revolutionary War">American Revolutionary War</a> would take place.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin" title="Benjamin Franklin">Benjamin Franklin</a> was the most experienced diplomat of the group, and thus Jay wished to lodge near him, in order to learn from him.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The United States agreed to negotiate with Britain separately, then with France.<sup id="cite_ref-State_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-State-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In July 1782, the <a href="/wiki/Earl_of_Shelburne" title="Earl of Shelburne">Earl of Shelburne</a> offered the Americans independence, but Jay rejected the offer on the grounds that it did not recognize American independence during the negotiations; Jay's dissent halted negotiations until the fall.<sup id="cite_ref-State_64-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-State-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The final treaty dictated that the United States would have <a href="/wiki/Newfoundland_and_Labrador" title="Newfoundland and Labrador">Newfoundland</a> fishing rights, Britain would acknowledge the United States as independent and would withdraw its troops in exchange for the United States ending the seizure of <a href="/wiki/Loyalist_(American_Revolution)" title="Loyalist (American Revolution)">Loyalist</a> property and honoring private debts.<sup id="cite_ref-State_64-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-State-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The treaty granted the United States independence, but left many border regions in dispute, and many of its provisions were not enforced.<sup id="cite_ref-State_64-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-State-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> John Adams credited Jay with having the central role in the negotiations noting he was "of more importance than any of the rest of us."<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Jay's peacemaking skills were further applauded by New York Mayor <a href="/wiki/James_Duane" title="James Duane">James Duane</a> on October 4, 1784. At that time, Jay was summoned from his family seat in Rye to receive "the Freedom" of New York City as a tribute to his successful negotiations.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Secretary_of_Foreign_Affairs">Secretary of Foreign Affairs</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Jay&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Secretary of Foreign Affairs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gilbert_Stuart_-_John_Jay_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Gilbert_Stuart_-_John_Jay_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/200px-Gilbert_Stuart_-_John_Jay_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="253" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Gilbert_Stuart_-_John_Jay_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/300px-Gilbert_Stuart_-_John_Jay_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Gilbert_Stuart_-_John_Jay_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/400px-Gilbert_Stuart_-_John_Jay_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 2x" data-file-width="7968" data-file-height="10096" /></a><figcaption>Jay as he appears at the <a href="/wiki/National_Portrait_Gallery_(United_States)" title="National Portrait Gallery (United States)">National Portrait Gallery</a> in Washington, D.C.</figcaption></figure> <p>Jay served as the second <a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Foreign_Affairs" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Secretary of Foreign Affairs">Secretary of Foreign Affairs</a> from 1784 to 1789, when in September, Congress passed a law giving certain additional domestic responsibilities to the new department and changing its name to the Department of State. Jay served as acting <a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_State" title="United States Secretary of State">Secretary of State</a> until March 22, 1790. Jay sought to establish a strong and durable American foreign policy: to seek the recognition of the young independent nation by powerful and established foreign European powers; to establish a stable American currency and credit supported at first by financial loans from European banks; to pay back America's creditors and to quickly pay off the country's heavy War-debt; to secure the infant nation's territorial boundaries under the most-advantageous terms possible and against possible incursions by the Indians, Spanish, the French and the English; to solve regional difficulties among the colonies themselves; to secure Newfoundland fishing rights; to establish a robust maritime trade for American goods with new economic trading partners; to protect American trading vessels against piracy; to preserve America's reputation at home and abroad; and to hold the country together politically under the fledgling <a href="/wiki/Articles_of_Confederation" title="Articles of Confederation">Articles of Confederation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="The_Federalist_Papers,_1788"><span id="The_Federalist_Papers.2C_1788"></span><i>The Federalist Papers</i>, 1788</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Jay&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: The Federalist Papers, 1788"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1224211176"><div class="quotebox pullquote floatright" style="width:28%; ;"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> <p>With equal pleasure I have as often taken notice, that Providence has been pleased to give this one connected country, to one united people; a people descended from the same ancestors, speaking the same language, professing the same religion, attached to the same principles of government, very similar in their manners and customs, and who, by their joint counsels, arms and efforts, fighting side by side throughout a long and bloody war, have nobly established their general Liberty and Independence. </p> </blockquote> <p style="padding-bottom: 0;"><cite class="left-aligned" style="">—John Jay, <a href="/wiki/Federalist_No._2" title="Federalist No. 2">Federalist No. 2</a><sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></p> </div> <p>Jay believed his responsibility was not matched by a commensurate level of authority, so he joined <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Hamilton" title="Alexander Hamilton">Alexander Hamilton</a> and <a href="/wiki/James_Madison" title="James Madison">James Madison</a> in advocating for a stronger government than the one dictated by the <a href="/wiki/Articles_of_Confederation" title="Articles of Confederation">Articles of Confederation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-jayuni_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jayuni-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-findlawjay_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-findlawjay-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He argued in his "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hdl.loc.gov/loc.rbc/bdsdcc.c0501">Address to the People of the State of New-York, on the Subject of the Federal Constitution</a>" that the Articles of Confederation were too weak and an ineffective form of government, contending: </p> <blockquote><p>The Congress under the Articles of Confederation may make war, but are not empowered to raise men or money to carry it on—they may make peace, but without power to see the terms of it observed—they may form alliances, but without ability to comply with the stipulations on their part—they may enter into treaties of commerce, but without power to [e]nforce them at home or abroad ... —In short, they may consult, and deliberate, and recommend, and make requisitions, and they who please may regard them.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Jay did not attend the <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_Convention_(United_States)" title="Constitutional Convention (United States)">Constitutional Convention</a> but joined Hamilton and Madison in aggressively arguing in favor of the creation of a new and more powerful, centralized but balanced system of government. Writing under the shared pseudonym of "Publius",<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> they articulated this vision in <i><a href="/wiki/The_Federalist_Papers" title="The Federalist Papers">The Federalist Papers</a></i>, a series of eighty-five articles written to persuade New York state convention members to ratify the proposed <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_United_States" title="Constitution of the United States">Constitution of the United States</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Jay wrote the second, third, fourth, fifth, and sixty-fourth articles. The second through the fifth are on the topic "Dangers from Foreign Force and Influence". The sixty-fourth discusses the role of the Senate in making foreign treaties.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="The_Jay_Court">The Jay Court</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Jay&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: The Jay Court"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Jay_Court" title="Jay Court">Jay Court</a></div> <p>In September 1789, Jay declined <a href="/wiki/George_Washington" title="George Washington">George Washington</a>'s offer of the position of Secretary of State (which was technically a new position but would have continued Jay's service as Secretary of Foreign Affairs). Washington responded by offering him the new title, which Washington stated "must be regarded as the keystone of our political fabric," as <a href="/wiki/Chief_Justice_of_the_United_States" title="Chief Justice of the United States">Chief Justice of the United States</a>, which Jay accepted. Washington officially nominated Jay on September 24, 1789, the same day he signed the <a href="/wiki/Judiciary_Act_of_1789" title="Judiciary Act of 1789">Judiciary Act of 1789</a> (which created the position of Chief Justice) into law.<sup id="cite_ref-findlawjay_72-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-findlawjay-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Jay was unanimously confirmed by the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">US Senate</a> on September 26, 1789; Washington signed and sealed Jay's commission the same day. Jay swore his oath of office on October 19, 1789.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Washington also nominated <a href="/wiki/John_Rutledge" title="John Rutledge">John Rutledge</a>, <a href="/wiki/William_Cushing" title="William Cushing">William Cushing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Robert_H._Harrison" title="Robert H. Harrison">Robert Harrison</a>, <a href="/wiki/James_Wilson_(Founding_Father)" title="James Wilson (Founding Father)">James Wilson</a>, and <a href="/wiki/John_Blair_Jr." title="John Blair Jr.">John Blair Jr.</a> as <a href="/wiki/Associate_Justice_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States">Associate Judges</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-society_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-society-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Harrison declined the appointment, however, and Washington appointed <a href="/wiki/James_Iredell" title="James Iredell">James Iredell</a> to fill the final seat on the Court.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Jay would later serve with <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Johnson_(jurist)" class="mw-redirect" title="Thomas Johnson (jurist)">Thomas Johnson</a>,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> who took Rutledge's seat,<sup id="cite_ref-society2_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-society2-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/William_Paterson_(judge)" title="William Paterson (judge)">William Paterson</a>, who took Johnson's seat.<sup id="cite_ref-society2_80-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-society2-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While Chief Justice, Jay was elected a Fellow of the <a href="/wiki/American_Academy_of_Arts_and_Sciences" title="American Academy of Arts and Sciences">American Academy of Arts and Sciences</a> in 1790.<sup id="cite_ref-AAAS_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AAAS-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Jay served as Circuit Justice for the <a href="/wiki/United_States_circuit_court" title="United States circuit court">Eastern Circuit</a> from the Spring of 1790, until the Spring of 1792.<sup id="cite_ref-FJC_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FJC-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He served as Circuit Justice for the Middle Circuit from the Spring of 1793, until the Spring of 1794.<sup id="cite_ref-FJC_82-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FJC-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Court's business through its first three years primarily involved the establishment of rules and procedure; reading of commissions and admission of attorneys to the bar; and the Justices' duties in "riding circuit", or presiding over cases in the <a href="/wiki/Circuit_courts" class="mw-redirect" title="Circuit courts">circuit courts</a> of the various federal judicial districts. No convention then precluded the involvement of Supreme Court Justices in political affairs, and Jay used his light workload as a Justice to participate freely in the business of Washington's administration. </p><p>Jay used his circuit riding to spread word throughout the states of Washington's commitment to neutrality and published reports of French minister <a href="/wiki/Edmond-Charles_Genet" class="mw-redirect" title="Edmond-Charles Genet">Edmond-Charles Genet</a>'s campaign to win American support for France. However, Jay also established an early precedent for the Court's independence in 1790, when Treasury Secretary <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Hamilton" title="Alexander Hamilton">Alexander Hamilton</a> wrote to Jay requesting the Court's endorsement of legislation that would assume the debts of the states. Jay replied that the Court's business was restricted to ruling on the constitutionality of cases being tried before it and refused to allow it to take a position for or against the legislation.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>For his work as chief justice, Jay was awarded an honorary <a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_Law" title="Doctor of Law">Doctor of Laws</a> degree by the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Edinburgh" title="University of Edinburgh">University of Edinburgh</a> on May 17, 1792.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cases">Cases</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Jay&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Cases"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1224211176"><div class="quotebox pullquote floatright" style="width:300px; ;"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> <p>[T]he people are the sovereign of this country, and consequently ... fellow citizens and joint sovereigns cannot be degraded by appearing with each other in their own courts to have their controversies determined. The people have reason to prize and rejoice in such valuable privileges, and they ought not to forget that nothing but the free course of constitutional law and government can ensure the continuance and enjoyment of them. For the reasons before given, I am clearly of opinion that a State is suable by citizens of another State. </p> </blockquote> <p style="padding-bottom: 0;"><cite class="left-aligned" style="">—John Jay in the court opinion of <i><a href="/wiki/Chisholm_v._Georgia" title="Chisholm v. Georgia">Chisholm v. Georgia</a></i><sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></p> </div> <p>The Jay Court's first case did not occur until early in the Court's third term, with <i><a href="/wiki/West_v._Barnes" title="West v. Barnes">West v. Barnes</a></i> (1791). The Court had an early opportunity to establish the principle of <a href="/wiki/Judicial_review_in_the_United_States" title="Judicial review in the United States">judicial review in the United States</a> with the case, which involved a <a href="/wiki/Rhode_Island" title="Rhode Island">Rhode Island</a> state statute permitting the lodging of a debt payment in <a href="/wiki/Paper_currency" class="mw-redirect" title="Paper currency">paper currency</a>. Instead of grappling with the constitutionality of the law, however, the Court unanimously decided the case on procedural grounds, strictly interpreting statutory requirements.<sup id="cite_ref-society_78-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-society-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i><a href="/wiki/Hayburn%27s_Case" title="Hayburn's Case">Hayburn's Case</a></i> (1792) concerned whether a federal statute could require the courts to decide whether petitioning <a href="/wiki/Veterans" class="mw-redirect" title="Veterans">veterans</a> of the <a href="/wiki/American_Revolution" title="American Revolution">American Revolution</a> qualified for pensions, a non-judicial function. The Jay Court wrote a letter to President Washington to say that determining whether petitioners qualified was an "act ... not of a judicial nature"<sup id="cite_ref-hayburnopinion_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hayburnopinion-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and that because the statute allowed the <a href="/wiki/Legislative_branch" class="mw-redirect" title="Legislative branch">legislative branch</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Executive_branch" class="mw-redirect" title="Executive branch">executive branch</a> to revise the court's ruling, the statute violated the <a href="/wiki/Separation_of_powers_under_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Separation of powers under the United States Constitution">separation of powers</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_United_States" title="Constitution of the United States">US Constitution</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-hayburnopinion_87-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hayburnopinion-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <i><a href="/wiki/Chisholm_v._Georgia" title="Chisholm v. Georgia">Chisholm v. Georgia</a></i> (1793), the Jay Court had to decide if suits against state governments by state citizens could be heard in federal court.<sup id="cite_ref-chisholmoyez_90-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chisholmoyez-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In a 4–1 ruling (Iredell dissented, and Rutledge did not participate), the Jay Court ruled in favor of two <a href="/wiki/South_Carolina" title="South Carolina">South Carolina</a> <a href="/wiki/Loyalist_(American_Revolution)" title="Loyalist (American Revolution)">Loyalists</a> whose land had been seized by Georgia. That ruling sparked debate, as it implied that old debts must be paid to Loyalists.<sup id="cite_ref-society_78-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-society-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The ruling was overturned when the <a href="/wiki/Eleventh_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Eleventh Amendment to the United States Constitution">Eleventh Amendment</a> was ratified, which stated that a state could not be sued by a citizen of another state or foreign country.<sup id="cite_ref-jayuni_3-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jayuni-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-society_78-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-society-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The case was brought again to the Supreme Court in <i><a href="/wiki/Georgia_v._Brailsford_(1794)" title="Georgia v. Brailsford (1794)">Georgia v. Brailsford</a></i>, and the Court reversed its decision.<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, Jay's original <i>Chisholm</i> decision established that states were subject to <a href="/wiki/Judicial_review" title="Judicial review">judicial review</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-chisholmoyez_90-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chisholmoyez-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <i><a href="/wiki/Georgia_v._Brailsford_(1794)" title="Georgia v. Brailsford (1794)">Georgia v. Brailsford</a></i> (1794), the Court upheld jury instructions stating "you [jurors] have ... a right to take upon yourselves to ... determine the law as well as the fact in controversy." Jay noted for the jury the "good old rule, that on questions of fact, it is the province of the jury, on questions of law, it is the province of the court to decide," but that amounted to no more than a presumption that the judges were correct about the law. Ultimately, "both objects [the law and the facts] are lawfully within your power of decision."<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="1792_campaign_for_Governor_of_New_York">1792 campaign for Governor of New York</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Jay&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: 1792 campaign for Governor of New York"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1792, Jay was the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Federalist_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Federalist Party">Federalist</a> <a href="/wiki/New_York_gubernatorial_elections" title="New York gubernatorial elections">candidate</a> for governor of New York, but he was defeated by <a href="/wiki/Democratic-Republican_Party" title="Democratic-Republican Party">Democratic-Republican</a> <a href="/wiki/George_Clinton_(vice_president)" title="George Clinton (vice president)">George Clinton</a>. Jay received more votes than George Clinton; but, on technicalities, the votes of <a href="/wiki/Otsego_County,_New_York" title="Otsego County, New York">Otsego</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tioga_County,_New_York" title="Tioga County, New York">Tioga</a> and <a href="/wiki/Clinton_County,_New_York" title="Clinton County, New York">Clinton</a> counties were disqualified and, therefore, not counted, giving George Clinton a slight plurality.<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The State constitution said that the cast votes shall be delivered to the <a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_State_of_New_York" title="Secretary of State of New York">secretary of state</a> "by the sheriff or his deputy"; but, for example, the Otsego County Sheriff's term had expired, so that legally, at the time of the election, the office of Sheriff was vacant and the votes could not be brought to the State capital. Clinton partisans in the State legislature, the State courts, and Federal offices were determined not to accept any argument that this would, in practice, violate the constitutional right to vote of the voters in these counties. Consequently, these votes were disqualified.<sup id="cite_ref-Sullivan_1927_p1492-93_97-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sullivan_1927_p1492-93-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Jay_Treaty">Jay Treaty</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Jay&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Jay Treaty"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Jay%27s_Treaty" class="mw-redirect" title="Jay's Treaty">Jay's Treaty</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jay%27s-treaty.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Jay%27s-treaty.jpg/170px-Jay%27s-treaty.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="278" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Jay%27s-treaty.jpg/255px-Jay%27s-treaty.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cd/Jay%27s-treaty.jpg 2x" data-file-width="334" data-file-height="546" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Jay_Treaty" title="Jay Treaty">Jay Treaty</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Relations with Britain verged on war in 1794. British exports dominated the U.S. market, while American exports were hamstrung by British trade restrictions and tariffs. Britain still occupied northern forts that they had agreed to abandon in the Treaty of Paris, as the Americans had refused to pay debts owed to British creditors or halt the confiscation of Loyalist properties. In addition, the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Navy" title="Royal Navy">Royal Navy</a> impressed U.S. sailors who were alleged to be British deserters from the Navy, and seized almost 300 American merchant ships who were trading with the <a href="/wiki/French_West_Indies" title="French West Indies">French West Indies</a> between 1793 and 1794.<sup id="cite_ref-statejaytreaty_98-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-statejaytreaty-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Madison proposed a trade war, "[a] direct system of commercial hostility with Great Britain," assuming that Britain was so weakened by its war with France that it would agree to American terms and not declare war.<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Washington rejected that policy and sent Jay as a special envoy to Great Britain to negotiate a new treaty; Jay remained Chief Justice. Washington had <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Hamilton" title="Alexander Hamilton">Alexander Hamilton</a> write instructions for Jay that were to guide him in the negotiations.<sup id="cite_ref-Kafer_p._87_100-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kafer_p._87-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In March 1795, the resulting treaty, known as the <a href="/wiki/Jay_Treaty" title="Jay Treaty">Jay Treaty</a>, was brought to <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia" title="Philadelphia">Philadelphia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Kafer_p._87_100-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kafer_p._87-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When Hamilton, in an attempt to maintain good relations, informed Britain that the United States would not join the <a href="/wiki/Second_League_of_Armed_Neutrality" title="Second League of Armed Neutrality">Second League of Armed Neutrality</a>, Jay lost most of his leverage. The treaty resulted in Britain withdrawing from their northwestern forts<sup id="cite_ref-earlyamerica_101-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-earlyamerica-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and granted the U.S. "<a href="/wiki/Most_favored_nation" class="mw-redirect" title="Most favored nation">most favored nation</a>" status.<sup id="cite_ref-statejaytreaty_98-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-statejaytreaty-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> U.S. merchants were also granted restricted commercial access to the <a href="/wiki/British_West_Indies" title="British West Indies">British West Indies</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-statejaytreaty_98-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-statejaytreaty-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The treaty did not resolve American grievances about neutral shipping rights and impressment,<sup id="cite_ref-columbiajaytreaty_46-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-columbiajaytreaty-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the <a href="/wiki/Democratic-Republican" class="mw-redirect" title="Democratic-Republican">Democratic-Republicans</a> denounced it, but Jay, as Chief Justice, decided not to take part in the debates.<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Royal Navy's continued impressment of American citizens would be a cause of the <a href="/wiki/War_of_1812" title="War of 1812">War of 1812</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The failure to receive compensation for American slaves which were freed by the British and transported away during the Revolutionary War "was a major reason for the bitter Southern opposition".<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Jefferson and Madison, fearing that a commercial alliance with aristocratic Britain might undercut American republicanism, led the opposition. However, Washington put his prestige behind the treaty, and Hamilton and the Federalists mobilized public opinion.<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Senate ratified the treaty by a 20–10 vote, exactly by the two-thirds majority required.<sup id="cite_ref-statejaytreaty_98-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-statejaytreaty-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-earlyamerica_101-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-earlyamerica-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Democratic-Republicans were incensed at what they perceived as a betrayal of American interests, and Jay was denounced by protesters with such graffiti as "Damn John Jay! Damn everyone who won't damn John Jay!! Damn everyone that won't put lights in his windows and sit up all night damning John Jay!!!" One newspaper editor wrote, "John Jay, ah! the arch traitor – seize him, drown him, burn him, flay him alive."<sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Jay himself quipped that he could travel at night from Boston to Philadelphia solely by the light of his burning effigies.<sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Governor_of_New_York">Governor of New York</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Jay&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Governor of New York"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:JJay.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/JJay.png/170px-JJay.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="202" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/JJay.png/255px-JJay.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/JJay.png/340px-JJay.png 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="2375" /></a><figcaption>Gubernatorial portrait of Jay</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:John_Jay_Certificate_of_Election_as_Gov._of_NY_1795.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/John_Jay_Certificate_of_Election_as_Gov._of_NY_1795.jpg/170px-John_Jay_Certificate_of_Election_as_Gov._of_NY_1795.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="426" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/John_Jay_Certificate_of_Election_as_Gov._of_NY_1795.jpg/255px-John_Jay_Certificate_of_Election_as_Gov._of_NY_1795.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/John_Jay_Certificate_of_Election_as_Gov._of_NY_1795.jpg/340px-John_Jay_Certificate_of_Election_as_Gov._of_NY_1795.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1195" data-file-height="2994" /></a><figcaption>Certificate of Election of Jay as Governor of New York (June 6, 1795)</figcaption></figure> <p>While in Britain, Jay was elected in May 1795, as the second governor of <a href="/wiki/New_York_(state)" title="New York (state)">New York</a> (succeeding <a href="/wiki/George_Clinton_(vice_president)" title="George Clinton (vice president)">George Clinton</a>) as a <a href="/wiki/Federalist_Party_(United_States)" class="mw-redirect" title="Federalist Party (United States)">Federalist</a>. He resigned from the Supreme Court service on June 29, 1795, and served six years as governor until 1801. </p><p>As governor, he received a proposal from Hamilton to <a href="/wiki/Gerrymander" class="mw-redirect" title="Gerrymander">gerrymander</a> New York for the presidential election of 1796; he marked the letter "Proposing a measure for party purposes which it would not become me to adopt", and filed it without replying.<sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> President <a href="/wiki/John_Adams" title="John Adams">John Adams</a> then renominated him to the Supreme Court; the Senate quickly confirmed him, but he declined, citing his own poor health<sup id="cite_ref-findlawjay_72-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-findlawjay-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the court's lack of "the energy, weight and dignity which are essential to its affording due support to the national government."<sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After Jay's rejection of the position, Adams successfully nominated <a href="/wiki/John_Marshall" title="John Marshall">John Marshall</a> as Chief Justice. </p><p>While governor, Jay ran in the <a href="/wiki/1796_United_States_presidential_election" title="1796 United States presidential election">1796 presidential election</a>, winning five electoral votes, and in the <a href="/wiki/1800_United_States_presidential_election" title="1800 United States presidential election">1800 election</a> he won one vote cast to prevent a tie between the two main Federalist candidates. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Retirement_from_politics">Retirement from politics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Jay&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Retirement from politics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1801, Jay declined both the Federalist renomination for governor and a Senate-confirmed nomination to resume his former office as Chief Justice of the United States and retired to the life of a farmer in <a href="/wiki/Westchester_County,_New_York" title="Westchester County, New York">Westchester County, New York</a>. Soon after his retirement, his wife died.<sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Jay remained in good health, continued to farm and, with one notable exception, stayed out of politics.<sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1819, he wrote a letter condemning Missouri's bid for admission to the union as a slave state, saying that slavery "ought not to be introduced nor permitted in any of the new states."<sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Midway through Jay's retirement in 1814, both he and his son <a href="/wiki/Peter_Augustus_Jay_(lawyer)" title="Peter Augustus Jay (lawyer)">Peter Augustus Jay</a> were elected members of the <a href="/wiki/American_Antiquarian_Society" title="American Antiquarian Society">American Antiquarian Society</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Death">Death</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Jay&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Death"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On the night of May 14, 1829, Jay was stricken with <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/palsy" class="extiw" title="wikt:palsy">palsy</a>, probably caused by a stroke. He lived for three more days, dying in <a href="/wiki/Bedford_(town),_New_York" title="Bedford (town), New York">Bedford, New York</a>, on May 17.<sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was the last surviving President of the Continental Congress and also the last surviving delegate to the First Continental Congress. Jay had chosen to be buried in Rye, where he lived as a boy. In 1807, he had transferred the remains of his wife Sarah Livingston and those of his colonial ancestors from the family vault in the Bowery in Manhattan to Rye, establishing a private cemetery. Today, the Jay Cemetery is an integral part of the <a href="/wiki/Boston_Post_Road_Historic_District_(Rye,_New_York)" title="Boston Post Road Historic District (Rye, New York)">Boston Post Road Historic District</a>, adjacent to the historic <a href="/wiki/Jay_Heritage_Center" title="Jay Heritage Center">Jay Estate</a>. The Cemetery is maintained by the Jay descendants and closed to the public. It is the oldest active cemetery associated with a figure from the American Revolution. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Jay&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:John_Jay_15c_1958_issue.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/John_Jay_15c_1958_issue.JPG/170px-John_Jay_15c_1958_issue.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="196" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/John_Jay_15c_1958_issue.JPG/255px-John_Jay_15c_1958_issue.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/John_Jay_15c_1958_issue.JPG/340px-John_Jay_15c_1958_issue.JPG 2x" data-file-width="732" data-file-height="844" /></a><figcaption>John Jay 15¢ <a href="/wiki/Liberty_Issue" title="Liberty Issue">Liberty Issue</a> postage stamp, 1958</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Place_names">Place names</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Jay&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Place names"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Geographic_locations">Geographic locations</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Jay&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Geographic locations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Several geographical locations within his home state of <a href="/wiki/New_York_(state)" title="New York (state)">New York</a> were named for him, including the colonial <a href="/wiki/Fort_Jay" title="Fort Jay">Fort Jay</a> on <a href="/wiki/Governors_Island" title="Governors Island">Governors Island</a> and <a href="/wiki/John_Jay_Park" title="John Jay Park">John Jay Park</a> in Manhattan which was designed in part by his great-great-granddaughter <a href="/wiki/Mary_Rutherfurd_Jay" title="Mary Rutherfurd Jay">Mary Rutherfurd Jay</a>. Other places named for him include the towns of Jay in <a href="/wiki/Jay,_Maine" title="Jay, Maine">Maine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jay,_New_York" title="Jay, New York">New York</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Jay,_Vermont" title="Jay, Vermont">Vermont</a>; <a href="/wiki/Jay_County,_Indiana" title="Jay County, Indiana">Jay County, Indiana</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-115" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Mount_John_Jay" title="Mount John Jay">Mount John Jay</a>, also known as Boundary Peak 18, a summit on the border between Alaska and <a href="/wiki/British_Columbia" title="British Columbia">British Columbia</a>, Canada, is also named for him,<sup id="cite_ref-116" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-117" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as is <a href="/wiki/Jay_Peak_(Vermont)" title="Jay Peak (Vermont)">Jay Peak</a> in northern Vermont.<sup id="cite_ref-118" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Schools_and_universities">Schools and universities</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Jay&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Schools and universities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/John_Jay_College_of_Criminal_Justice" title="John Jay College of Criminal Justice">John Jay College of Criminal Justice</a>, formerly known as the College of Police Science at <a href="/wiki/City_University_of_New_York" title="City University of New York">City University of New York</a>, was renamed for Jay in 1964. </p><p>At <a href="/wiki/Columbia_University" title="Columbia University">Columbia University</a>, exceptional undergraduates are designated <a href="/wiki/John_Jay_Scholars" class="mw-redirect" title="John Jay Scholars">John Jay Scholars</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-119" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and one of that university's undergraduate dormitories is known as <a href="/wiki/John_Jay_Hall" title="John Jay Hall">John Jay Hall</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-120" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The university also hands out the <a href="/wiki/John_Jay_Award" class="mw-redirect" title="John Jay Award">John Jay Awards</a> to outstanding alumni of <a href="/wiki/Columbia_College_(New_York)" class="mw-redirect" title="Columbia College (New York)">Columbia College</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-121" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In suburban <a href="/wiki/Pittsburgh" title="Pittsburgh">Pittsburgh</a>, the John Jay Center houses the School of Engineering, Mathematics and Science at <a href="/wiki/Robert_Morris_University" title="Robert Morris University">Robert Morris University</a>. </p><p>High schools named after Jay include: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Jay_Educational_Campus_(Brooklyn)" class="mw-redirect" title="John Jay Educational Campus (Brooklyn)">John Jay Educational Campus</a> (<a href="/wiki/Brooklyn,_New_York" class="mw-redirect" title="Brooklyn, New York">Brooklyn, New York</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Jay_High_School_(Cross_River,_New_York)" title="John Jay High School (Cross River, New York)">John Jay High School</a> (<a href="/wiki/Cross_River,_New_York" title="Cross River, New York">Cross River, New York</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Jay_High_School_(Hopewell_Junction,_New_York)" title="John Jay High School (Hopewell Junction, New York)">John Jay High School</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hopewell_Junction,_New_York" title="Hopewell Junction, New York">Hopewell Junction, New York</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Jay_High_School_(San_Antonio)" title="John Jay High School (San Antonio)">John Jay High School</a> (<a href="/wiki/San_Antonio,_Texas" class="mw-redirect" title="San Antonio, Texas">San Antonio, Texas</a>)</li></ul></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Postage">Postage</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Jay&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Postage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:John_Jay_Dedication_%26_Cancellation_by_Rye_Post_Office_-_September_5,_1936.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/John_Jay_Dedication_%26_Cancellation_by_Rye_Post_Office_-_September_5%2C_1936.jpg/170px-John_Jay_Dedication_%26_Cancellation_by_Rye_Post_Office_-_September_5%2C_1936.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="177" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/John_Jay_Dedication_%26_Cancellation_by_Rye_Post_Office_-_September_5%2C_1936.jpg/255px-John_Jay_Dedication_%26_Cancellation_by_Rye_Post_Office_-_September_5%2C_1936.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/John_Jay_Dedication_%26_Cancellation_by_Rye_Post_Office_-_September_5%2C_1936.jpg/340px-John_Jay_Dedication_%26_Cancellation_by_Rye_Post_Office_-_September_5%2C_1936.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1487" data-file-height="1546" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Rye,_New_York" title="Rye, New York">Rye, New York</a> Post Office Dedication Stamp and cancellation, September 5, 1936</figcaption></figure> <p>In Jay's hometown of <a href="/wiki/Rye,_New_York" title="Rye, New York">Rye, New York</a>, the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Post_Office_(Rye,_New_York)" title="United States Post Office (Rye, New York)">Rye Post Office</a> issued a special cancellation stamp on September 5, 1936. To further commemorate Jay, a group led by Congresswoman <a href="/wiki/Caroline_Love_Goodwin_O%27Day" title="Caroline Love Goodwin O'Day">Caroline Love Goodwin O'Day</a> commissioned painter <a href="/wiki/Guy_Pene_du_Bois" class="mw-redirect" title="Guy Pene du Bois">Guy Pene du Bois</a> to create a mural for the post office's lobby, with federal funding from the <a href="/wiki/Works_Progress_Administration" title="Works Progress Administration">Works Progress Administration</a>. Titled <i>John Jay at His Home</i>, the mural was completed in 1938. </p><p>On December 12, 1958, the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Postal_Service" title="United States Postal Service">United States Postal Service</a> released a 15¢ <a href="/wiki/Liberty_Issue" title="Liberty Issue">Liberty Issue</a> postage stamp honoring Jay.<sup id="cite_ref-122" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Papers">Papers</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Jay&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Papers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/The_Selected_Papers_of_John_Jay" title="The Selected Papers of John Jay">The Selected Papers of John Jay</a></div> <p><i><a href="/wiki/The_Selected_Papers_of_John_Jay" title="The Selected Papers of John Jay">The Selected Papers of John Jay</a></i> is an ongoing endeavor by scholars at Columbia University's <a href="/wiki/Rare_Book_%26_Manuscript_Library" class="mw-redirect" title="Rare Book & Manuscript Library">Rare Book and Manuscript Library</a> to organize, transcribe and publish a wide range of politically and culturally important letters authored by and written to Jay that demonstrate the depth and breadth of his contributions as a nation builder. More than 13,000 documents from over 75 university and historical collections have been compiled and photographed to date. A selection of Jay's papers are available in a free searchable database on the <a href="/wiki/Founders_Online" title="Founders Online">Founders Online</a> website maintained by the <a href="/wiki/National_Archives_and_Records_Administration" title="National Archives and Records Administration">National Archives</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-123" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Popular_media">Popular media</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Jay&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Popular media"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>John Jay's childhood home in Rye, "The Locusts", was immortalized by novelist <a href="/wiki/James_Fenimore_Cooper" title="James Fenimore Cooper">James Fenimore Cooper</a> in his first successful novel <i><a href="/wiki/The_Spy_(Cooper_novel)" title="The Spy (Cooper novel)">The Spy</a></i>; this book about counterespionage during the Revolutionary War was based on a tale that Jay told Cooper from his own experience as a spymaster in <a href="/wiki/Westchester_County,_New_York" title="Westchester County, New York">Westchester County</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-124" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-125" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Jay was portrayed by Tim Moyer in the 1984 TV miniseries <i><a href="/wiki/George_Washington_(miniseries)" title="George Washington (miniseries)">George Washington</a></i>. In its 1986 sequel miniseries, <i><a href="/wiki/George_Washington_II:_The_Forging_of_a_Nation" title="George Washington II: The Forging of a Nation">George Washington II: The Forging of a Nation</a></i>, he was portrayed by <a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Kepros" title="Nicholas Kepros">Nicholas Kepros</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Notable_descendants">Notable descendants</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Jay&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Notable descendants"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Jay had six children, including <a href="/wiki/Peter_Augustus_Jay_(lawyer)" title="Peter Augustus Jay (lawyer)">Peter Augustus Jay</a> and abolitionist <a href="/wiki/William_Jay_(jurist)" title="William Jay (jurist)">William Jay</a>. In later generations, Jay's descendants included physician <a href="/wiki/John_Clarkson_Jay" title="John Clarkson Jay">John Clarkson Jay</a> (1808–1891), lawyer and diplomat <a href="/wiki/John_Jay_(lawyer)" title="John Jay (lawyer)">John Jay</a> (1817–1894), Colonel <a href="/wiki/William_Jay_(Colonel)" class="mw-redirect" title="William Jay (Colonel)">William Jay</a> (1841–1915), diplomat <a href="/wiki/Peter_Augustus_Jay_(diplomat)" title="Peter Augustus Jay (diplomat)">Peter Augustus Jay</a> (1877–1933), writer <a href="/wiki/John_Jay_Chapman" title="John Jay Chapman">John Jay Chapman</a> (1862–1933), philanthropist <a href="/wiki/William_Jay_Schieffelin" title="William Jay Schieffelin">William Jay Schieffelin</a> (1866–1955), banker <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Jay" title="Pierre Jay">Pierre Jay</a> (1870–1949), horticulturalist <a href="/wiki/Mary_Rutherfurd_Jay" title="Mary Rutherfurd Jay">Mary Rutherfurd Jay</a> (1872–1953), and academic <a href="/wiki/John_Jay_Iselin" title="John Jay Iselin">John Jay Iselin</a> (1933–2008). Jay was also a direct ancestor of <a href="/wiki/Adam_von_Trott_zu_Solz" title="Adam von Trott zu Solz">Adam von Trott zu Solz</a> (1909–1944), a resistance fighter against Nazism. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Jay&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Founders_Online" title="Founders Online">Founders Online</a>, database of Jay's papers</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_abolitionist_forerunners" title="List of abolitionist forerunners">List of abolitionist forerunners</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_justices_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="List of justices of the Supreme Court of the United States">List of justices of the Supreme Court of the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases_prior_to_the_Marshall_Court" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases prior to the Marshall Court">List of United States Supreme Court cases prior to the Marshall Court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_justices_by_time_in_office" title="List of United States Supreme Court justices by time in office">List of United States Supreme Court justices by time in office</a></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Jay&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Jay&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pellew, George: "American Statesman John Jay", p. 1. Houghton Mifflin, 1890</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-stahr-p1-5-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-stahr-p1-5_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-stahr-p1-5_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFStahr2006" class="citation book cs1">Stahr, Walter (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yYKRZ2DBDqYC&pg=PA1"><i>John Jay: Founding Father</i></a>. Continuum Publishing Group. pp. 1–5. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8264-1879-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8264-1879-1"><bdi>978-0-8264-1879-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150915183527/https://books.google.com/books?id=yYKRZ2DBDqYC&pg=PA1">Archived</a> from the original on September 15, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 16,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=John+Jay%3A+Founding+Father&rft.pages=1-5&rft.pub=Continuum+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-8264-1879-1&rft.aulast=Stahr&rft.aufirst=Walter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DyYKRZ2DBDqYC%26pg%3DPA1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Jay" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-jayuni-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-jayuni_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-jayuni_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-jayuni_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-jayuni_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-jayuni_3-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.columbia.edu/cu/lweb/digital/jay/biography.html">"A Brief Biography of John Jay"</a>. <i>The Papers of John Jay</i>. Columbia University. 2002. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151127234750/http://www.columbia.edu/cu/lweb/digital/jay/biography.html">Archived</a> from the original on November 27, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 20,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Papers+of+John+Jay&rft.atitle=A+Brief+Biography+of+John+Jay&rft.date=2002&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.columbia.edu%2Fcu%2Flweb%2Fdigital%2Fjay%2Fbiography.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Jay" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Clary, Suzanne. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://issuu.com/westonmagazinegroup/docs/upper_east_side_magazine-53/46">"From a Peppercorn to a Path Through History"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160316033816/https://issuu.com/westonmagazinegroup/docs/upper_east_side_magazine-53/46">Archived</a> March 16, 2016, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. <i>Upper East Side Magazine</i>, Weston Magazine Publishers, Issue 53, October 2014.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cushman, Clare. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QKN2AwAAQBAJ&dq=%22john+jay%22+mother+rye+taught+him+french&pg=PA1">The Supreme Court Justices: Illustrated Biographies, 1789–2012</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150604035244/https://books.google.com/books?id=QKN2AwAAQBAJ&pg=PA1&lpg=PA1&dq=%22john+jay%22+mother+rye+taught+him+french&source=bl&ots=OfBeY4KIu2&sig=AnC9zm63IsvPg3OqeLODdQMaFcY&hl=en&sa=X&ei=zYIEVaTkDYyjNqCugeAH&ved=0CB4Q6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=%22john%20jay%22%20mother%20rye%20taught%20him%20french&f=false">Archived</a> June 4, 2015, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. The Supreme Court Historical Society, SAGE Publications, 2012.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Jay, John (1745–1829)". World of Criminal Justice, Gale. Farmington: Gale, 2002. Credo Reference. Web. September 24, 2012.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Stahr, p. 9</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Stahr, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yYKRZ2DBDqYC&pg=PA12">p. 12</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150910062913/https://books.google.com/books?id=yYKRZ2DBDqYC&pg=PA12">Archived</a> September 10, 2015, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pellew p. 6</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://beatl.barnard.columbia.edu/kingsv1/timeline.htm">Barnard edu</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20010222111109/http://beatl.barnard.columbia.edu/kingsv1/timeline.htm">Archived</a> February 22, 2001, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> retrieved August 31, 2008</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFColumbia_College_(New_York1826" class="citation book cs1">Columbia College (New York, N. Y. ) (1826). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.org/details/62640310R.nlm.nih.gov"><i>Catalogue of Columbia College in the City of New-York : embracing the names of its trustees, officers, and graduates, together with a list of all academical honours conferred by the institution from A.D. 1758 to A.D. 1826, inclusive</i></a>. U.S. National Library of Medicine. New York : Printed by T. and J. Swords.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Catalogue+of+Columbia+College+in+the+City+of+New-York+%3A+embracing+the+names+of+its+trustees%2C+officers%2C+and+graduates%2C+together+with+a+list+of+all+academical+honours+conferred+by+the+institution+from+A.D.+1758+to+A.D.+1826%2C+inclusive&rft.pub=New+York+%3A+Printed+by+T.+and+J.+Swords&rft.date=1826&rft.aulast=Columbia+College+%28New+York&rft.aufirst=N.+Y.+%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2F62640310R.nlm.nih.gov&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Jay" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ushistory.org/Declaration/related/jay.htm">"John Jay"</a>. www.ushistory.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160116172515/http://www.ushistory.org/declaration/related/jay.htm">Archived</a> from the original on January 16, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 21,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=John+Jay&rft.pub=www.ushistory.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ushistory.org%2FDeclaration%2Frelated%2Fjay.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Jay" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Roger J. Champagne, "New York's Radicals and the Coming of Independence." <i>Journal of American History</i> 51.1 (1964): 21-40. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1917932">online</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-8aYPHqTEpzo/UFvgbpWq0CI/AAAAAAAABBc/isFvjTzbMt0/s1600/Jay1.jpg">"John Jay Nomination to the First Continental Congress"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160127080924/http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-8aYPHqTEpzo/UFvgbpWq0CI/AAAAAAAABBc/isFvjTzbMt0/s1600/Jay1.jpg">Archived</a> from the original on January 27, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 26,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=John+Jay+Nomination+to+the+First+Continental+Congress&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2F4.bp.blogspot.com%2F-8aYPHqTEpzo%2FUFvgbpWq0CI%2FAAAAAAAABBc%2FisFvjTzbMt0%2Fs1600%2FJay1.jpg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Jay" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Klein (2000)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.amphilsoc.org/memhist/search?creator=John+Jay&title=&subject=&subdiv=&mem=&year=&year-max=&dead=&keyword=&smode=advanced">"APS Member History"</a>. <i>search.amphilsoc.org</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201030162051/https://search.amphilsoc.org/memhist/search?creator=John+Jay&title=&subject=&subdiv=&mem=&year=&year-max=&dead=&keyword=&smode=advanced">Archived</a> from the original on October 30, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 31,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=search.amphilsoc.org&rft.atitle=APS+Member+History&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsearch.amphilsoc.org%2Fmemhist%2Fsearch%3Fcreator%3DJohn%2BJay%26title%3D%26subject%3D%26subdiv%3D%26mem%3D%26year%3D%26year-max%3D%26dead%3D%26keyword%3D%26smode%3Dadvanced&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Jay" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Urbanities: "The Education of John Jay"." City Journal. (Winter 2010): 15960 words. LexisNexis Academic. Web. Date Accessed: September 26, 2012.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJay1892" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Jay_(lawyer)" title="John Jay (lawyer)">Jay, John</a> (1892). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography/Jay, John"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Appletons%27_Cyclop%C3%A6dia_of_American_Biography/Jay,_John">"Jay, John" </a></span>. In <a href="/wiki/James_Grant_Wilson" title="James Grant Wilson">Wilson, J. G.</a>; <a href="/wiki/John_Fiske_(philosopher)" title="John Fiske (philosopher)">Fiske, J.</a> (eds.). <i><a href="/wiki/Appletons%27_Cyclop%C3%A6dia_of_American_Biography" title="Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography">Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography</a></i>. New York: D. Appleton.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Jay%2C+John&rft.btitle=Appletons%27+Cyclop%C3%A6dia+of+American+Biography&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=D.+Appleton&rft.date=1892&rft.aulast=Jay&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Jay" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-timeline-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-timeline_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDu_Bois2014" class="citation web cs1">Du Bois, John Jay (July 27, 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jsdubois28.com/2014/07/27/jay-family-time-line/">"Jay Family Time Line"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150222014632/http://jsdubois28.com/2014/07/27/jay-family-time-line/">Archived</a> from the original on February 22, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 21,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Jay+Family+Time+Line&rft.date=2014-07-27&rft.aulast=Du+Bois&rft.aufirst=John+Jay&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjsdubois28.com%2F2014%2F07%2F27%2Fjay-family-time-line%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Jay" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Morris, Richard. John Jay: The Winning of the Peace. New York: Harper & Row Publishers, 1980.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1">"Westchester Building, Rye, N.Y.". New York Evening Post. May 13, 1922.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Westchester+Building%2C+Rye%2C+N.Y.&rft.date=1922-05-13&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Jay" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Library of Congress, Local Legacies, The Jay Heritage Center <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://lcweb2.loc.gov/diglib/legacies/loc.afc.afc-legacies.200003400/">http://lcweb2.loc.gov/diglib/legacies/loc.afc.afc-legacies.200003400/</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150402125601/http://lcweb2.loc.gov/diglib/legacies/loc.afc.afc-legacies.200003400/">Archived</a> April 2, 2015, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wilcox, Arthur Russell. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PKQsAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA36"><i>The Bar of Rye Township</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170304131319/https://books.google.com/books?id=PKQsAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA36">Archived</a> March 4, 2017, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. The Knickerbocker Press, New York, 1918.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClement2016" class="citation news cs1">Clement, Douglas P. (March 11, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2016/03/13/nyregion/at-the-jay-heritage-center-in-rye-young-americans.html?_r=0.">"Clement, Douglas P.,"At the Jay Heritage Center in Rye: Young Americans," 'The New York Times,' New York, New York, March 10, 2016"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200522093053/https://www.nytimes.com/2016/03/13/nyregion/at-the-jay-heritage-center-in-rye-young-americans.html?_r=0.">Archived</a> from the original on May 22, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 2,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Clement%2C+Douglas+P.%2C%22At+the+Jay+Heritage+Center+in+Rye%3A+Young+Americans%2C%22+%27The+New+York+Times%2C%27+New+York%2C+New+York%2C+March+10%2C+2016&rft.date=2016-03-11&rft.aulast=Clement&rft.aufirst=Douglas+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2016%2F03%2F13%2Fnyregion%2Fat-the-jay-heritage-center-in-rye-young-americans.html%3F_r%3D0.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Jay" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081201022441/http://www.pace.edu/LawSchool/News/lectures/jaylecture.html">"News and Events: Pace Law School, New York Law School, located in New York 20 miles north of NY City. Environmental Law"</a>. www.pace.edu. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pace.edu/LawSchool/News/lectures/jaylecture.html">the original</a> on December 1, 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 22,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=News+and+Events%3A+Pace+Law+School%2C+New+York+Law+School%2C+located+in+New+York+20+miles+north+of+NY+City.+Environmental+Law.&rft.pub=www.pace.edu&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pace.edu%2FLawSchool%2FNews%2Flectures%2Fjaylecture.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Jay" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://westchestercountyny.iqm2.com/Citizens/Detail_LegiFile.aspx?Frame=&MeetingID=2220&MediaPosition=&ID=5629&CssClass=">Jay Property Estate Restoration/Maintenance</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160127080924/http://westchestercountyny.iqm2.com/Citizens/Detail_LegiFile.aspx?Frame=&MeetingID=2220&MediaPosition=&ID=5629&CssClass=">Archived</a> January 27, 2016, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Westchester County, New York, ACT-2012-173, Adopted November 26, 2012.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cary, Bill. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lohud.com/story/money/real-estate/lohud-real-estate/2015/02/27/jay-gardens-rye-makeover/24061239/">Jay gardens in Rye to get $1.5 million makeover</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150402155225/http://www.lohud.com/story/money/real-estate/lohud-real-estate/2015/02/27/jay-gardens-rye-makeover/24061239/">Archived</a> April 2, 2015, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. <i>The Journal News</i> (Westchester, New York), February 27, 2015.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.johnjayhomestead.org/">"Friends of John Jay Homestead"</a>. www.johnjayhomestead.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081014064742/http://www.johnjayhomestead.org/">Archived</a> from the original on October 14, 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 24,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Friends+of+John+Jay+Homestead&rft.pub=www.johnjayhomestead.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.johnjayhomestead.org%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Jay" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Benton2017-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Benton2017_29-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Benton2017_29-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBentonPeters2017" class="citation web cs1">Benton, Ned; Peters, Judy Lynne (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nyslavery.commons.gc.cuny.edu/slavery-and-the-extended-family-of-john-jay/">"Slavery and the Extended Family of John Jay"</a>. <i>New York Slavery Records Index: Records of Enslaved Persons and Slave Holders in New York from 1525 though the Civil War</i>. New York: <a href="/wiki/John_Jay_College_of_Criminal_Justice" title="John Jay College of Criminal Justice">John Jay College of Criminal Justice</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 27,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=New+York+Slavery+Records+Index%3A+Records+of+Enslaved+Persons+and+Slave+Holders+in+New+York+from+1525+though+the+Civil+War&rft.atitle=Slavery+and+the+Extended+Family+of+John+Jay&rft.date=2017&rft.aulast=Benton&rft.aufirst=Ned&rft.au=Peters%2C+Judy+Lynne&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnyslavery.commons.gc.cuny.edu%2Fslavery-and-the-extended-family-of-john-jay%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Jay" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Jones2021-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Jones2021_30-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jones2021_30-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJones2021" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Martha_S._Jones" title="Martha S. Jones">Jones, Martha S.</a> (November 23, 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2021/11/23/travel/john-jay-paris-abigail-slavery.html">"Enslaved to a Founding Father, She Sought Freedom in France"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Enslaved+to+a+Founding+Father%2C+She+Sought+Freedom+in+France&rft.date=2021-11-23&rft.aulast=Jones&rft.aufirst=Martha+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2021%2F11%2F23%2Ftravel%2Fjohn-jay-paris-abigail-slavery.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Jay" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:1_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStahr2012" class="citation book cs1">Stahr, Walter (2012). "Chapter 8". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/828922149"><i>John Jay: Founding Father</i></a>. New York City: Diversion Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-938120-51-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-938120-51-0"><bdi>978-1-938120-51-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/828922149">828922149</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+8&rft.btitle=John+Jay%3A+Founding+Father&rft.place=New+York+City&rft.pub=Diversion+Books&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F828922149&rft.isbn=978-1-938120-51-0&rft.aulast=Stahr&rft.aufirst=Walter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F828922149&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Jay" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSudderth" class="citation web cs1">Sudderth, Jake. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.columbia.edu/cu/libraries/inside/dev/jay/JaySlavery.html">"John Jay and Slavery"</a>. <i>Columbia University Libraries</i>. New York City: Columbia University. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200207161601/http://www.columbia.edu/cu/libraries/inside/dev/jay/JaySlavery.html">Archived</a> from the original on February 7, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 23,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Columbia+University+Libraries&rft.atitle=John+Jay+and+Slavery&rft.aulast=Sudderth&rft.aufirst=Jake&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.columbia.edu%2Fcu%2Flibraries%2Finside%2Fdev%2Fjay%2FJaySlavery.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Jay" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEverill2013" class="citation book cs1">Everill, B. (2013). <i>Abolition and Empire in Sierra Leone and Liberia</i>. London, England: <a href="/wiki/Palgrave_Macmillan" title="Palgrave Macmillan">Palgrave Macmillan</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1137028679" title="Special:BookSources/978-1137028679"><bdi>978-1137028679</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Abolition+and+Empire+in+Sierra+Leone+and+Liberia&rft.place=London%2C+England&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1137028679&rft.aulast=Everill&rft.aufirst=B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Jay" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFranklin" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin" title="Benjamin Franklin">Franklin, Benjamin</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://founders.archives.gov/documents/Franklin/01-04-02-0080">"Observations Concerning the Increase of Mankind"</a>. <i>Founders' Archives</i>. Washington D.C: <a href="/wiki/National_Archives" class="mw-redirect" title="National Archives">National Archives</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200619053906/https://founders.archives.gov/documents/Franklin/01-04-02-0080">Archived</a> from the original on June 19, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 23,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Founders%27+Archives&rft.atitle=Observations+Concerning+the+Increase+of+Mankind&rft.aulast=Franklin&rft.aufirst=Benjamin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffounders.archives.gov%2Fdocuments%2FFranklin%2F01-04-02-0080&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Jay" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Address_to_the_People_of_Great_Britain"><i>Address to the People of Great Britain</i></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151004002217/https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Address_to_the_People_of_Great_Britain">Archived</a> from the original on October 4, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 2,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Address+to+the+People+of+Great+Britain&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikisource.org%2Fwiki%2FAddress_to_the_People_of_Great_Britain&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Jay" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJay1774" class="citation book cs1">Jay, Jay (1774). <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Address_to_the_People_of_Great_Britain"><i>Address to the People of Great Britain</i></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151004002217/https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Address_to_the_People_of_Great_Britain">Archived</a> from the original on October 4, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 2,</span> 2015</span>. <q>When a Nation, lead to greatness by the hand of Liberty, and possessed of all the Glory that heroism, munificence, and humanity can bestow, descends to the ungrateful task of forging chains for her friends and children, and instead of giving support to Freedom, turns advocate for Slavery and Oppression, there is reason to suspect she has either ceased to be virtuous, or been extremely negligent in the appointment of her Rulers.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Address+to+the+People+of+Great+Britain&rft.date=1774&rft.aulast=Jay&rft.aufirst=Jay&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikisource.org%2Fwiki%2FAddress_to_the_People_of_Great_Britain&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Jay" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBreen2001" class="citation book cs1">Breen, T. H (2001). <i>Tobacco Culture: The Mentality of the Great Tidewater Planters on the Eve of Revolution</i>. Princeton, New Jersey: <a href="/wiki/Princeton_University_Press" title="Princeton University Press">Princeton University Press</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tobacco+Culture%3A+The+Mentality+of+the+Great+Tidewater+Planters+on+the+Eve+of+Revolution&rft.place=Princeton%2C+New+Jersey&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.aulast=Breen&rft.aufirst=T.+H&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Jay" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKennedy1999" class="citation book cs1">Kennedy, Roger G. (1999). <i>Burr, Hamilton, and Jefferson: A Study in Character</i>. Oxford, England: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. p. 92. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0195130553" title="Special:BookSources/978-0195130553"><bdi>978-0195130553</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Burr%2C+Hamilton%2C+and+Jefferson%3A+A+Study+in+Character&rft.place=Oxford%2C+England&rft.pages=92&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0195130553&rft.aulast=Kennedy&rft.aufirst=Roger+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Jay" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcManus2001" class="citation book cs1">McManus, Edgar J. (2001). <i>History of Negro Slavery in New York</i>. New York City: <a href="/wiki/Syracuse_University_Press" title="Syracuse University Press">Syracuse University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0815628941" title="Special:BookSources/978-0815628941"><bdi>978-0815628941</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+Negro+Slavery+in+New+York&rft.place=New+York+City&rft.pub=Syracuse+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0815628941&rft.aulast=McManus&rft.aufirst=Edgar+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Jay" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSudderth2002" class="citation web cs1">Sudderth, Jake (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.columbia.edu/cu/lweb/digital/jay/JaySlavery.html">"John Jay and Slavery"</a>. New York City: <a href="/wiki/Columbia_University" title="Columbia University">Columbia University</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070208183047/http://www.columbia.edu/cu/lweb/digital/jay/JaySlavery.html">Archived</a> from the original on February 8, 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 12,</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=John+Jay+and+Slavery&rft.place=New+York+City&rft.pub=Columbia+University&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=Sudderth&rft.aufirst=Jake&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.columbia.edu%2Fcu%2Flweb%2Fdigital%2Fjay%2FJaySlavery.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Jay" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Paul Finkelman, editor, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cCMbE4KKlX4C&q=1799&pg=RA1-PA237">Encyclopedia of African American History 1619–1895</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150914180046/https://books.google.com/books?id=cCMbE4KKlX4C&pg=RA1-PA237&dq=new+york+law+blacks+kidnapped+slavery&hl=en&sa=X&ei=fxQOUtqQO4fB4AOh24CQCQ&ved=0CDwQ6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q=1799&f=false">Archived</a> September 14, 2015, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, 2006, p. 237</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWood2002" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Gordon_S._Wood" title="Gordon S. Wood">Wood, Gordon S.</a> (2002) [1982]. <i>The American Revolution: A History</i>. New York City: <a href="/wiki/Modern_Library" title="Modern Library">Modern Library</a>. p. 114. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0679640578" title="Special:BookSources/978-0679640578"><bdi>978-0679640578</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+American+Revolution%3A+A+History&rft.place=New+York+City&rft.pages=114&rft.pub=Modern+Library&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0679640578&rft.aulast=Wood&rft.aufirst=Gordon+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Jay" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKolchin2003" class="citation book cs1">Kolchin, Peter (2003) [1993]. <i>American Slavery: 1619–1877</i>. New York City: Hill and Wang. p. 73. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0809016303" title="Special:BookSources/978-0809016303"><bdi>978-0809016303</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=American+Slavery%3A+1619%E2%80%931877&rft.place=New+York+City&rft.pages=73&rft.pub=Hill+and+Wang&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0809016303&rft.aulast=Kolchin&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Jay" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Simon Schama, <i>Rough Passage</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Herbert S. Parmet and Marie B. Hecht, <i>Aaron Burr</i> (1967) p. 76</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-columbiajaytreaty-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-columbiajaytreaty_46-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-columbiajaytreaty_46-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaird" class="citation web cs1">Baird, James. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.columbia.edu/cu/lweb/digital/jay/jaytreaty.html">"The Jay Treaty"</a>. www.columbia.edu. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080709003415/http://www.columbia.edu/cu/lweb/digital/jay/jaytreaty.html">Archived</a> from the original on July 9, 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 22,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Jay+Treaty&rft.pub=www.columbia.edu&rft.aulast=Baird&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.columbia.edu%2Fcu%2Flweb%2Fdigital%2Fjay%2Fjaytreaty.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Jay" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-jaypaper-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-jaypaper_47-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrippen_II2005" class="citation web cs1">Crippen II, Alan R. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.johnjayinstitute.org/index.cfm?get=get.johnjaypaper">"John Jay: An American Wilberforce?"</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Jay_Institute&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John Jay Institute (page does not exist)">John Jay Institute</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061010000432/http://www.johnjayinstitute.org/index.cfm?get=get.johnjaypaper">Archived</a> from the original on October 10, 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 13,</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=John+Jay%3A+An+American+Wilberforce%3F&rft.pub=John+Jay+Institute&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Crippen+II&rft.aufirst=Alan+R.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.johnjayinstitute.org%2Findex.cfm%3Fget%3Dget.johnjaypaper&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Jay" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKaminski2002" class="citation journal cs1">Kaminski, John P. (March 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080327032730/http://www.archives.gov/nhprc/annotation/march-2002/religion-founding-fathers.html">"Religion and the Founding Fathers"</a>. <i>Annotation: The Newsletter of the National Historic Publications and Records Commission</i>. <b>30</b> (1). <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0160-8460">0160-8460</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.archives.gov/nhprc/annotation/march-2002/religion-founding-fathers.html">the original</a> on March 27, 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 25,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Annotation%3A+The+Newsletter+of+the+National+Historic+Publications+and+Records+Commission&rft.atitle=Religion+and+the+Founding+Fathers&rft.volume=30&rft.issue=1&rft.date=2002-03&rft.issn=0160-8460&rft.aulast=Kaminski&rft.aufirst=John+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.archives.gov%2Fnhprc%2Fannotation%2Fmarch-2002%2Freligion-founding-fathers.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Jay" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavis2007" class="citation news cs1">Davis, Kenneth C. (July 3, 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2007/07/03/opinion/03davis.html">"Opinion | The Founding Immigrants"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211108184907/https://www.nytimes.com/2007/07/03/opinion/03davis.html">Archived</a> from the original on November 8, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 8,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Opinion+%7C+The+Founding+Immigrants&rft.date=2007-07-03&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft.aulast=Davis&rft.aufirst=Kenneth+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2007%2F07%2F03%2Fopinion%2F03davis.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Jay" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wallbuilders.com/libissuesarticles.asp?id=47">"John Jay"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130530044514/http://www.wallbuilders.com/LIBissuesArticles.asp?id=47">Archived</a> May 30, 2013, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. <a href="/wiki/WallBuilders" class="mw-redirect" title="WallBuilders">WallBuilders</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJay1833" class="citation book cs1">Jay, William (1833). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=V50EAAAAYAAJ"><i>The Life of John Jay: With Selections from His Correspondence and Miscellaneous Papers</i></a>. New York: J. & J. Harper. p. 376. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8369-6858-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8369-6858-3"><bdi>978-0-8369-6858-3</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 22,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Life+of+John+Jay%3A+With+Selections+from+His+Correspondence+and+Miscellaneous+Papers&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=376&rft.pub=J.+%26+J.+Harper&rft.date=1833&rft.isbn=978-0-8369-6858-3&rft.aulast=Jay&rft.aufirst=William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DV50EAAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Jay" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Loconte, Joseph (September 26, 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.heritage.org/research/lecture/why-religious-values-support-american-values">"Why Religious Values Support American Values"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130514204412/http://www.heritage.org/research/lecture/why-religious-values-support-american-values">Archived</a> May 14, 2013, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Heritage_Foundation" title="The Heritage Foundation">The Heritage Foundation</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBecker1920" class="citation journal cs1">Becker, Carl (1920). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wRYzAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA2">"The Quarterly journal of the New York State Historical Association"</a>. <b>1</b>: 2. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150915220855/https://books.google.com/books?id=wRYzAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA2">Archived</a> from the original on September 15, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 16,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=The+Quarterly+journal+of+the+New+York+State+Historical+Association&rft.volume=1&rft.pages=2&rft.date=1920&rft.aulast=Becker&rft.aufirst=Carl&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DwRYzAQAAIAAJ%26pg%3DPA2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Jay" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Cite journal requires <code class="cs1-code">|journal=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#missing_periodical" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-columbiaJayNY-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-columbiaJayNY_54-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-columbiaJayNY_54-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-columbiaJayNY_54-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-columbiaJayNY_54-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-columbiaJayNY_54-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.columbia.edu/cu/lweb/digital/jay/jayandny.html">"Jay and New York"</a>. <i>The Papers of John Jay</i>. Columbia University. 2002. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080725191759/http://www.columbia.edu/cu/lweb/digital/jay/jayandny.html">Archived</a> from the original on July 25, 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 23,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Papers+of+John+Jay&rft.atitle=Jay+and+New+York&rft.date=2002&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.columbia.edu%2Fcu%2Flweb%2Fdigital%2Fjay%2Fjayandny.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Jay" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Stahr, p. 443</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.courts.state.ny.us/history/elecbook/lincoln/pg9.htm">"The First Constitution, 1777"</a>. <i>The Historical Society of the Courts of the State of New York</i>. New York State Unified Court System. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090806012636/http://www.courts.state.ny.us/history/elecbook/lincoln/pg9.htm">Archived</a> from the original on August 6, 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 23,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Historical+Society+of+the+Courts+of+the+State+of+New+York&rft.atitle=The+First+Constitution%2C+1777.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.courts.state.ny.us%2Fhistory%2Felecbook%2Flincoln%2Fpg9.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Jay" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKetchum2002" class="citation book cs1">Ketchum, Richard M. (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=EsQWBAAAQBAJ"><i>Divided Loyalties: How the American Revolution Came to New York</i></a>. Henry Holt & Co. p. 368. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780805061192" title="Special:BookSources/9780805061192"><bdi>9780805061192</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Divided+Loyalties%3A+How+the+American+Revolution+Came+to+New+York&rft.pages=368&rft.pub=Henry+Holt+%26+Co.&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=9780805061192&rft.aulast=Ketchum&rft.aufirst=Richard+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DEsQWBAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Jay" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nycourts.gov/history/Gallery_C.htm#r_2">"Portrait Gallery"</a>. <i>The Historical Society of the Courts of the State of New York</i>. New York State Unified Court System. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081202034221/http://www.nycourts.gov/history/Gallery_C.htm#r_2">Archived</a> from the original on December 2, 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 23,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Historical+Society+of+the+Courts+of+the+State+of+New+York&rft.atitle=Portrait+Gallery&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nycourts.gov%2Fhistory%2FGallery_C.htm%23r_2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Jay" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCalvin_C._JillsonRick_K._Wilson1994" class="citation book cs1">Calvin C. Jillson; Rick K. Wilson (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=82_KQwDU5eYC&pg=PA88"><i>Congressional Dynamics: Structure, Coordination, and Choice in the First American Congress, 1774–1789</i></a>. Stanford University Press. p. 88. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780804722933" title="Special:BookSources/9780804722933"><bdi>9780804722933</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150915211617/https://books.google.com/books?id=82_KQwDU5eYC&pg=PA88">Archived</a> from the original on September 15, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 16,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Congressional+Dynamics%3A+Structure%2C+Coordination%2C+and+Choice+in+the+First+American+Congress%2C+1774%E2%80%931789&rft.pages=88&rft.pub=Stanford+University+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=9780804722933&rft.au=Calvin+C.+Jillson&rft.au=Rick+K.+Wilson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D82_KQwDU5eYC%26pg%3DPA88&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Jay" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-state1-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-state1_60-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-state1_60-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://2001-2009.state.gov/r/pa/ho/po/com/11278.htm">"United States Department of State: Chiefs of Mission to Spain"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171117213608/https://2001-2009.state.gov/r/pa/ho/po/com/11278.htm">Archived</a> from the original on November 17, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 22,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=United+States+Department+of+State%3A+Chiefs+of+Mission+to+Spain&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2F2001-2009.state.gov%2Fr%2Fpa%2Fho%2Fpo%2Fcom%2F11278.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Jay" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ushistory.org/Declaration/related/jay.htm">"John Jay"</a>. Independence Hall Association. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160116172515/http://www.ushistory.org/declaration/related/jay.htm">Archived</a> from the original on January 16, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 22,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=John+Jay&rft.pub=Independence+Hall+Association&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ushistory.org%2FDeclaration%2Frelated%2Fjay.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Jay" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pellew p. 166</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pellew p. 170</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-State-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-State_64-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-State_64-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-State_64-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-State_64-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://2001-2009.state.gov/r/pa/ho/time/ar/14313.htm">"Treaty of Paris, 1783"</a>. <i>U.S. Department of State</i>. The Office of Electronic Information, Bureau of Public Affairs. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090205233940/http://2001-2009.state.gov/r/pa/ho/time/ar/14313.htm">Archived</a> from the original on February 5, 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 23,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=U.S.+Department+of+State&rft.atitle=Treaty+of+Paris%2C+1783&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2F2001-2009.state.gov%2Fr%2Fpa%2Fho%2Ftime%2Far%2F14313.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Jay" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080929085017/http://www.law.ou.edu/ushistory/paris.shtml">"The Paris Peace Treaty of 1783"</a>. <i>The University of Oklahoma College of Law</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.law.ou.edu/ushistory/paris.shtml">the original</a> on September 29, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+University+of+Oklahoma+College+of+Law&rft.atitle=The+Paris+Peace+Treaty+of+1783&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.law.ou.edu%2Fushistory%2Fparis.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Jay" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pbs.org/newshour/rundown/forgotten-founding-father/">"What you should know about forgotten founding father John Jay"</a>. PBS Newshour. July 4, 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150705151657/https://www.pbs.org/newshour/rundown/forgotten-founding-father/">Archived</a> from the original on July 5, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 25,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=What+you+should+know+about+forgotten+founding+father+John+Jay&rft.pub=PBS+Newshour&rft.date=2015-07-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pbs.org%2Fnewshour%2Frundown%2Fforgotten-founding-father%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Jay" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1">"American Occurrences". Warden & Russell's Massachusetts Sentinel. October 27, 1784.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=American+Occurrences&rft.date=1784-10-27&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Jay" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Whitelock p. 181</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://guides.loc.gov/federalist-papers/text-1-10#s-lg-box-wrapper-25493265">"Federalist Papers: Primary Documents in American History"</a>. <i>Guides.loc.gov</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210714022232/https://guides.loc.gov/federalist-papers/text-1-10#s-lg-box-wrapper-25493265">Archived</a> from the original on July 14, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 14,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Guides.loc.gov&rft.atitle=Federalist+Papers%3A+Primary+Documents+in+American+History&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fguides.loc.gov%2Ffederalist-papers%2Ftext-1-10%23s-lg-box-wrapper-25493265&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Jay" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMillican2014" class="citation book cs1">Millican, Edward (July 15, 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UrEfBgAAQBAJ&dq=One+United+People%3A+The+Federalist+Papers+and+the+National+Idea+By+Edward+Millican+jay+describes+nation&pg=PA58"><i>One United People: The Federalist Papers and the National Idea</i></a>. University Press of Kentucky. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780813161372" title="Special:BookSources/9780813161372"><bdi>9780813161372</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200522093051/https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=UrEfBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA58&lpg=PA58&dq=One+United+People:+The+Federalist+Papers+and+the+National+Idea+By+Edward+Millican+jay+describes+nation&source=bl&ots=1cc75swWQ2&sig=IYLr4ZGxnKfQQqUhjScZt1F-Brc&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiG34T32cfZAhXOjqQKHfpmB4YQ6AEwBXoECAEQAQ#v=onepage&q=One%20United%20People%3A%20The%20Federalist%20Papers%20and%20the%20National%20Idea%20By%20Edward%20Millican%20jay%20describes%20nation&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on May 22, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 28,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=John+Jay+Quotes+-+Federalist+No.+2&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fen.m.wikiquote.org%2Fwiki%2FJohn_Jay&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Jay" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-findlawjay-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-findlawjay_72-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-findlawjay_72-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-findlawjay_72-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://supreme.lp.findlaw.com/supreme_court/justices/pastjustices/jay.html">"John Jay"</a>. <i>Find Law</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080820034645/http://supreme.lp.findlaw.com/supreme_court/justices/pastjustices/jay.html">Archived</a> from the original on August 20, 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 25,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Find+Law&rft.atitle=John+Jay&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsupreme.lp.findlaw.com%2Fsupreme_court%2Fjustices%2Fpastjustices%2Fjay.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Jay" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?ammem/bdsdcc:@field(DOCID+@lit(bdsdccc0501))">"Extract from an Address to the people of the state of New-York, on the subject of the federal Constitution"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 23,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Extract+from+an+Address+to+the+people+of+the+state+of+New-York%2C+on+the+subject+of+the+federal+Constitution.&rft.pub=The+Library+of+Congress&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmemory.loc.gov%2Fcgi-bin%2Fquery%2Fr%3Fammem%2Fbdsdcc%3A%40field%28DOCID%2B%40lit%28bdsdccc0501%29%29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Jay" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wsu.edu/~campbelld/amlit/1751.htm">WSU</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080828232954/http://www.wsu.edu/~campbelld/amlit/1751.htm">Archived</a> August 28, 2008, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> retrieved August 31, 2008</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/rr/program/bib/ourdocs/federalist.html">"The Federalist Papers"</a>. <i>Primary Document in American History</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 21,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Primary+Document+in+American+History&rft.atitle=The+Federalist+Papers&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.loc.gov%2Frr%2Fprogram%2Fbib%2Fourdocs%2Ffederalist.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Jay" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.foundingfathers.info/federalistpapers/jay.htm">"Federalist Papers Authored by John Jay"</a>. <i>Foundingfathers.info</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080821011548/http://www.foundingfathers.info/federalistpapers/jay.htm">Archived</a> from the original on August 21, 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 21,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Foundingfathers.info&rft.atitle=Federalist+Papers+Authored+by+John+Jay&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.foundingfathers.info%2Ffederalistpapers%2Fjay.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Jay" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110805012349/http://judiciary.senate.gov/nominations/SupremeCourt/SupremeCourtHistory.cfm">"The Supreme Court of the United States – History"</a>. United States Senate Committee on the Judiciary. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://judiciary.senate.gov/nominations/SupremeCourt/SupremeCourtHistory.cfm">the original</a> on August 5, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 18,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Supreme+Court+of+the+United+States+%E2%80%93+History&rft.pub=United+States+Senate+Committee+on+the+Judiciary&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjudiciary.senate.gov%2Fnominations%2FSupremeCourt%2FSupremeCourtHistory.cfm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Jay" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-society-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-society_78-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-society_78-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-society_78-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-society_78-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080516013839/http://supremecourthistory.org/02_history/subs_history/02_c01.html">"The Jay Court ... 1789–1793"</a>. <i>The Supreme Court Historical Society</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.supremecourthistory.org/02_history/subs_history/02_c01.html">the original</a> on May 16, 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 21,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Supreme+Court+Historical+Society&rft.atitle=The+Jay+Court+...+1789%E2%80%931793&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.supremecourthistory.org%2F02_history%2Fsubs_history%2F02_c01.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Jay" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lee Epstein, Jeffrey A. Segal, Harold J. Spaeth, and Thomas G. Walker, The Supreme Court Compendium 352 (3d ed. 2003).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-society2-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-society2_80-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-society2_80-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080421142758/http://www.supremecourthistory.org/myweb/fp/courtlist.htm">"Appointees Chart"</a>. <i>The Supreme Court Historical Society</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.supremecourthistory.org/myweb/fp/courtlist.htm">the original</a> on April 21, 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Georgia, 2 U. S. 419 (1793) (Court Opinion)"</a>. <i>Justia & Oyez</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081002111023/http://supreme.justia.com/us/2/419/case.html">Archived</a> from the original on October 2, 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 21,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Justia+%26+Oyez&rft.atitle=Chisholm+v.+Georgia%2C+2+U.+S.+419+%281793%29+%28Court+Opinion%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsupreme.justia.com%2Fus%2F2%2F419%2Fcase.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Jay" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hayburnopinion-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-hayburnopinion_87-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-hayburnopinion_87-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://supreme.justia.com/us/2/409/case.html">"Hayburn's Case, 2 U. S. 409 (1792)"</a>. <i>Justia and Oyez</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081029004546/http://supreme.justia.com/us/2/409/case.html">Archived</a> from the original on October 29, 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 22,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Justia+and+Oyez&rft.atitle=Hayburn%27s+Case%2C+2+U.+S.+409+%281792%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsupreme.justia.com%2Fus%2F2%2F409%2Fcase.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Jay" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPushaw1998" class="citation journal cs1">Pushaw, Robert J. Jr. (November 1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://litigation-essentials.lexisnexis.com/webcd/app?action=DocumentDisplay&crawlid=1&doctype=cite&docid=87+Geo.+L.J.+473&srctype=smi&srcid=3B15&key=f9b5ca2a2d4c0a5abbd7bd66130f993c">"Book Review: Why the Supreme Court Never Gets Any "Dear John" Letters: Advisory Opinions in Historical Perspective: Most Humble Servants: The Advisory Role of Early Judges. By Stewart Jay"</a>. <i>Georgetown Law Journal</i>. <b>87</b>. Bnet: 473. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130928233346/https://litigation-essentials.lexisnexis.com/webcd/app?action=DocumentDisplay&crawlid=1&doctype=cite&docid=87+Geo.+L.J.+473&srctype=smi&srcid=3B15&key=f9b5ca2a2d4c0a5abbd7bd66130f993c">Archived</a> from the original on September 28, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 24,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Georgetown+Law+Journal&rft.atitle=Book+Review%3A+Why+the+Supreme+Court+Never+Gets+Any+%22Dear+John%22+Letters%3A+Advisory+Opinions+in+Historical+Perspective%3A+Most+Humble+Servants%3A+The+Advisory+Role+of+Early+Judges.+By+Stewart+Jay&rft.volume=87&rft.pages=473&rft.date=1998-11&rft.aulast=Pushaw&rft.aufirst=Robert+J.+Jr.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flitigation-essentials.lexisnexis.com%2Fwebcd%2Fapp%3Faction%3DDocumentDisplay%26crawlid%3D1%26doctype%3Dcite%26docid%3D87%2BGeo.%2BL.J.%2B473%26srctype%3Dsmi%26srcid%3D3B15%26key%3Df9b5ca2a2d4c0a5abbd7bd66130f993c&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Jay" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081201025435/http://www.novelguide.com/a/discover/dah_04/dah_04_01862.html">"Hayburn's Case"</a>. <i>Novelguide.com</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.novelguide.com/a/discover/dah_04/dah_04_01862.html">the original</a> on December 1, 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 22,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Novelguide.com&rft.atitle=Hayburn%27s+Case&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.novelguide.com%2Fa%2Fdiscover%2Fdah_04%2Fdah_04_01862.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Jay" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-chisholmoyez-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-chisholmoyez_90-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-chisholmoyez_90-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oyez.org/cases/1789-1850/2us419">"Chisholm v. Georgia, 2 U.S. 419 (1793)"</a>. <i>The Oyez Project</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 6,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Oyez+Project&rft.atitle=Chisholm+v.+Georgia%2C+2+U.S.+419+%281793%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oyez.org%2Fcases%2F1789-1850%2F2us419&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Jay" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://supreme.justia.com/us/3/1/index.html">"Georgia v. Brailsford, Powell & Hopton, 3 U.S. 3 Dall. 1 1 (1794)"</a>. <i>Oyez & Justia</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081210190340/http://supreme.justia.com/us/3/1/index.html">Archived</a> from the original on December 10, 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 21,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Oyez+%26+Justia&rft.atitle=Georgia+v.+Brailsford%2C+Powell+%26+Hopton%2C+3+U.S.+3+Dall.+1+1+%281794%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsupreme.justia.com%2Fus%2F3%2F1%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Jay" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jay.thefreelibrary.com/">"John Jay (1745–1829)"</a>. <i>The Free Library</i>. Farlex. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080509095054/http://jay.thefreelibrary.com/">Archived</a> from the original on May 9, 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 21,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Free+Library&rft.atitle=John+Jay+%281745%E2%80%931829%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjay.thefreelibrary.com%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Jay" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Johnson (2000)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>We the Jury</i> by Jefferey B Abramson, pp. 75–76</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mann, <i>Neighbors and Strangers</i>, pp. 71, 75</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJenkins1846" class="citation book cs1">Jenkins, John (1846). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Gm04AAAAMAAJ&pg=PA42"><i>History of Political Parties in the State of New-York</i></a>. Alden & Markham. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140707040831/http://books.google.com/books?id=Gm04AAAAMAAJ&pg=PA42">Archived</a> from the original on July 7, 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 25,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=U.S.+Department+of+State&rft.atitle=John+Jay%27s+Treaty%2C+1794%E2%80%9395&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2F2001-2009.state.gov%2Fr%2Fpa%2Fho%2Ftime%2Fnr%2F14318.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Jay" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Elkins and McKitrick, p. 405</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kafer_p._87-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kafer_p._87_100-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kafer_p._87_100-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Kafer p. 87</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-earlyamerica-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-earlyamerica_101-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-earlyamerica_101-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090303124249/http://www.earlyamerica.com/earlyamerica/milestones/jaytreaty/">"Jay's Treaty"</a>. <i>Archiving Early America</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.earlyamerica.com/earlyamerica/milestones/jaytreaty/">the original</a> on March 3, 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 25,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Archiving+Early+America&rft.atitle=Jay%27s+Treaty&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.earlyamerica.com%2Fearlyamerica%2Fmilestones%2Fjaytreaty%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Jay" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Estes (2002)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.usahistory.com/wars/1812.htm">"Wars – War of 1812"</a>. <i>USAhistory.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080915132543/http://www.usahistory.com/wars/1812.htm">Archived</a> from the original on September 15, 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 25,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=USAhistory.com&rft.atitle=Wars+%E2%80%93+War+of+1812&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.usahistory.com%2Fwars%2F1812.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Jay" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">quoting Don Fehrenbacher, <i>The Slaveholding Republic</i> (2002) p. 93; Frederick A. Ogg, "Jay's Treaty and the Slavery Interests of the United States". <i>Annual Report of the American Historical Association for the Year 1901</i> (1902) 1:275–86 in JSTOR.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Todd Estes, "Shaping the Politics of Public Opinion: Federalists and the Jay Treaty Debate". <i>Journal of the Early Republic</i> (2000) 20(3): 393–422. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/search?fq=x0:jrnl&q=n2:0275-1275">0275-1275</a>; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3125063">online at JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181007112949/https://www.jstor.org/stable/3125063">Archived</a> October 7, 2018, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWalter_A._McDougall1997" class="citation book cs1">Walter A. McDougall, Walter A. (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Gr6atcdK37EC"><i>Promised Land, Crusader State: The American Encounter with the World Since 1776</i></a>. Houghton Mifflin Books. p. 29. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-395-90132-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-395-90132-8"><bdi>978-0-395-90132-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211108184913/https://books.google.com/books?id=Gr6atcdK37EC">Archived</a> from the original on November 8, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 22,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Promised+Land%2C+Crusader+State%3A+The+American+Encounter+with+the+World+Since+1776&rft.pages=29&rft.pub=Houghton+Mifflin+Books&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-395-90132-8&rft.aulast=Walter+A.+McDougall&rft.aufirst=Walter+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGr6atcdK37EC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Jay" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pbs.org/wnet/supremecourt/democracy/robes_jay.html">"Biographies of the Robes: John Jay"</a>. <i>Supreme Court History: The Court and Democracy</i>. pbs.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150603053518/http://www.pbs.org/wnet/supremecourt/democracy/robes_jay.html">Archived</a> from the original on June 3, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 30,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Supreme+Court+History%3A+The+Court+and+Democracy&rft.atitle=Biographies+of+the+Robes%3A+John+Jay&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pbs.org%2Fwnet%2Fsupremecourt%2Fdemocracy%2Frobes_jay.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Jay" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Monaghan, pp. 419–21; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAdairMarvin_Harvey1955" class="citation journal cs1">Adair, Douglass; Marvin Harvey (April 1955). "Was Alexander Hamilton a Christian Statesman". <i>The William and Mary Quarterly</i>. <b>12</b> (3rd Ser., Vol. 12, No. 2, Alexander Hamilton: 1755–1804). Omohundro Institute of Early American History and Culture: 308–29. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1920511">10.2307/1920511</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1920511">1920511</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+William+and+Mary+Quarterly&rft.atitle=Was+Alexander+Hamilton+a+Christian+Statesman&rft.volume=12&rft.issue=3rd+Ser.%2C+Vol.+12%2C+No.+2%2C+Alexander+Hamilton%3A+1755%E2%80%931804&rft.pages=308-29&rft.date=1955-04&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1920511&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1920511%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Adair&rft.aufirst=Douglass&rft.au=Marvin+Harvey&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Jay" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Laboratory of Justice, The Supreme Court's 200 Year Struggle to Integrate Science and the Law, by David L. Faigman, First edition, 2004, p. 34; Smith, Republic of Letters, 15, 501</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Whitelock p. 327</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Whitelock p. 329</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJay1819" class="citation web cs1">Jay, John (November 17, 1819). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wwwapp.cc.columbia.edu/ldpd/jay/item?mode=item&key=columbia.jay.08767">"John Jay to Elias Boudinot"</a>. <i>The Papers of John Jay</i>. Columbia University.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Papers+of+John+Jay&rft.atitle=John+Jay+to+Elias+Boudinot&rft.date=1819-11-17&rft.aulast=Jay&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwwwapp.cc.columbia.edu%2Fldpd%2Fjay%2Fitem%3Fmode%3Ditem%26key%3Dcolumbia.jay.08767&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Jay" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.americanantiquarian.org/memberlistj">"American Antiquarian Society Members Directory"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190807032813/https://www.americanantiquarian.org/memberlistj">Archived</a> from the original on August 7, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 8,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=American+Antiquarian+Society+Members+Directory&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.americanantiquarian.org%2Fmemberlistj&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Jay" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Whitelock p. 335</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGannett1905" class="citation book cs1">Gannett, Henry (1905). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9V1IAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA168"><i>The Origin of Certain Place Names in the United States</i></a>. Govt. Print. Off. p. 168. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161204084417/https://books.google.com/books?id=9V1IAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA168">Archived</a> from the original on December 4, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 16,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Origin+of+Certain+Place+Names+in+the+United+States&rft.pages=168&rft.pub=Govt.+Print.+Off.&rft.date=1905&rft.aulast=Gannett&rft.aufirst=Henry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9V1IAAAAMAAJ%26pg%3DPA168&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Jay" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://apps.gov.bc.ca/pub/bcgnws/names/8103.html">"John Jay, Mount"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/BC_Geographical_Names" title="BC Geographical Names">BC Geographical Names</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=John+Jay%2C+Mount&rft.btitle=BC+Geographical+Names&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapps.gov.bc.ca%2Fpub%2Fbcgnws%2Fnames%2F8103.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Jay" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://edits.nationalmap.gov/apps/gaz-domestic/public/search/names/1866919">"Mount John Jay"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Geographic_Names_Information_System" title="Geographic Names Information System">Geographic Names Information System</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/United_States_Geological_Survey" title="United States Geological Survey">United States Geological Survey</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_the_Interior" title="United States Department of the Interior">United States Department of the Interior</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Mount+John+Jay&rft.btitle=Geographic+Names+Information+System&rft.pub=United+States+Geological+Survey%2C+United+States+Department+of+the+Interior&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fedits.nationalmap.gov%2Fapps%2Fgaz-domestic%2Fpublic%2Fsearch%2Fnames%2F1866919&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Jay" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGannett,_Henry1905" class="citation book cs1">Gannett, Henry (1905). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9V1IAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA168"><i>The Origin of Certain Place Names in the United States</i></a>. Govt. Print. Off. p. 168. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161204084417/https://books.google.com/books?id=9V1IAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA168">Archived</a> from the original on December 4, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 16,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Origin+of+Certain+Place+Names+in+the+United+States&rft.pages=168&rft.pub=Govt.+Print.+Off.&rft.date=1905&rft.au=Gannett%2C+Henry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9V1IAAAAMAAJ%26pg%3DPA168&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Jay" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.college.columbia.edu/alumni/jj-scholars-program">"John Jay National Scholars Program"</a>. <i>Columbia College Alumni Association</i>. December 14, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 30,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Columbia+College+Alumni+Association&rft.atitle=John+Jay+National+Scholars+Program&rft.date=2016-12-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.college.columbia.edu%2Falumni%2Fjj-scholars-program&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Jay" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://housing.columbia.edu/johnjay">"John Jay Hall | Columbia Housing"</a>. <i>housing.columbia.edu</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 30,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=housing.columbia.edu&rft.atitle=John+Jay+Hall+%7C+Columbia+Housing&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhousing.columbia.edu%2Fjohnjay&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Jay" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.college.columbia.edu/alumni/about/honors/john-jay-awards">"John Jay Awards"</a>. <i>Columbia College Alumni Association</i>. December 14, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 30,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Columbia+College+Alumni+Association&rft.atitle=John+Jay+Awards&rft.date=2016-12-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.college.columbia.edu%2Falumni%2Fabout%2Fhonors%2Fjohn-jay-awards&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Jay" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://usstampgallery.com/view.php?id=7776f8b9dd913610a9767b419953f947d654c1a7">"John Jay Commemorative Stamp"</a>. U.S. Stamp Gallery. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150214141713/http://usstampgallery.com/view.php?id=7776f8b9dd913610a9767b419953f947d654c1a7">Archived</a> from the original on February 14, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 5,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=John+Jay+Commemorative+Stamp&rft.pub=U.S.+Stamp+Gallery&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fusstampgallery.com%2Fview.php%3Fid%3D7776f8b9dd913610a9767b419953f947d654c1a7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Jay" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://founders.archives.gov/about/news#n2020-09-15">"Founders Online News: Papers of John Jay added to Founders Online"</a>. <i>archives.gov</i>. Founders Online, <a href="/wiki/National_Archives_and_Records_Administration" title="National Archives and Records Administration">National Archives and Records Administration</a>. September 15, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 8,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=archives.gov&rft.atitle=Founders+Online+News%3A+Papers+of+John+Jay+added+to+Founders+Online&rft.date=2020-09-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffounders.archives.gov%2Fabout%2Fnews%23n2020-09-15&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Jay" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Clary, Suzanne.<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.myrye.com/my_weblog/2010/11/james-fenimore-cooper-and-spies-in-rye.html">James Fenimore Copper and Spies in Rye</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150402090244/http://www.myrye.com/my_weblog/2010/11/james-fenimore-cooper-and-spies-in-rye.html">Archived</a> April 2, 2015, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. <i>My Rye</i>, 2010.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hicks, Paul. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ryerecord.com/a-little-rye-history/a-little-local-history-the-spymaster-and-the-author.html">The Spymaster and the Author</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150402181802/http://ryerecord.com/a-little-rye-history/a-little-local-history-the-spymaster-and-the-author.html">Archived</a> April 2, 2015, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. <i>The Rye Record,</i> December 7, 2014.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources_and_further_reading">Sources and further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Jay&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Sources and further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBemis1923" class="citation book cs1">Bemis, Samuel F. (1923). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/jaystreatystudyi0000bemi"><i>Jay's Treaty: A Study in Commerce and Diplomacy</i></a></span>. New York City: The Macmillan Company. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8371-8133-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8371-8133-2"><bdi>978-0-8371-8133-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jay%27s+Treaty%3A+A+Study+in+Commerce+and+Diplomacy&rft.place=New+York+City&rft.pub=The+Macmillan+Company&rft.date=1923&rft.isbn=978-0-8371-8133-2&rft.aulast=Bemis&rft.aufirst=Samuel+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fjaystreatystudyi0000bemi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Jay" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Bemis, Samuel Flagg. "John Jay." <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uc1.32106006332446;view=1up;seq=225">[1]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160127080925/http://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uc1.32106006332446;view=1up;seq=225">Archived</a> January 27, 2016, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> in Bemis, ed. <i>The American Secretaries of State and their diplomacy</i> V.1 (1928) pp. 193–298</li> <li>Brecher, Frank W. <i>Securing American Independence: John Jay and the French Alliance.</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=107032616">Praeger, 2003. 327 pp.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120505063035/http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=107032616">Archived</a> May 5, 2012, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li>Casto, William R. <i>The Supreme Court in the Early Republic: The Chief Justiceships of John Jay and Oliver Ellsworth.</i> U. of South Carolina Press, 1995. 267 pp.</li> <li>Combs, Jerald. A. <i>The Jay Treaty: Political Background of Founding Fathers</i> (1970) (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-520-01573-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-520-01573-8">0-520-01573-8</a>); concludes the Federalists "followed the proper policy" because the treaty preserved peace with Britain</li> <li>Dillon, Mark C. <i>The First Chief Justice: John Jay and the Struggle of a New Nation</i> (State University of New York Press, 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.h-net.org/reviews/showrev.php?id=58246">online review</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanley_Elkins" title="Stanley Elkins">Elkins, Stanley M.</a> and Eric McKitrick, <i>The Age of Federalism: The Early American Republic, 1788–1800.</i> (1994), detailed political history</li> <li>Estes, Todd. "John Jay, the Concept of Deference, and the Transformation of Early American Political Culture." <i>Historian</i> (2002) 65(2): 293–317. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/search?fq=x0:jrnl&q=n2:0018-2370">0018-2370</a> see <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/download/74267748/1540-6563.0002220211106-11377-rbkq8k.pdf">online</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged November 2023">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></li> <li>Ferguson, Robert A. "The Forgotten Publius: John Jay and the Aesthetics of Ratification." <i>Early American Literature</i> (1999) 34(3): 223–40. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/search?fq=x0:jrnl&q=n2:0012-8163">0012-8163</a> see <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/25057166">online</a></li> <li>Johnson, Herbert A. "John Jay and the Supreme Court." <i>New York History</i> 2000 81(1): 59–90. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/search?fq=x0:jrnl&q=n2:0146-437X">0146-437X</a></li> <li>Kaminski, John P. "Honor and Interest: John Jay's Diplomacy During the Confederation." <i>New York History</i> (2002) 83(3): 293–327. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/search?fq=x0:jrnl&q=n2:0146-437X">0146-437X</a> see <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/23183397">online</a></li> <li>Kaminski, John P. "Shall We Have a King? John Jay and the Politics of Union." <i>New York History</i> (2000) 81(1): 31–58. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/search?fq=x0:jrnl&q=n2:0146-437X">0146-437X</a> see <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/23181807">online</a></li> <li>Kaminski, John P., and C. Jennifer Lawton. "Duty and Justice at “Every Man's Door”: The Grand Jury Charges of Chief Justice John Jay, 1790–1794." <i>Journal of Supreme Court History</i> 31.3 (2006): 235-251.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKefer2004" class="citation book cs1">Kefer, Peter (2004). <i>Charles Brockden Brown's Revolution and the Birth of American Gothic</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Charles+Brockden+Brown%27s+Revolution+and+the+Birth+of+American+Gothic&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Kefer&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Jay" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Klein, Milton M. "John Jay and the Revolution." <i>New York History</i> (2000) 81(1): 19–30. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/search?fq=x0:jrnl&q=n2:0146-437X">0146-437X</a></li> <li>Littlefield, Daniel C. "John Jay, the Revolutionary Generation, and Slavery" <i>New York History</i> 2000 81(1): 91–132. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/search?fq=x0:jrnl&q=n2:0146-437X">0146-437X</a> see <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/23181809">online</a></li> <li>Magnet, Myron. "The Education of John Jay" <i>City Journal</i> (Winter 2010) 20#1 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.city-journal.org/2010/20_1_urb-john-jay.html">online</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100211112904/http://www.city-journal.org/2010/20_1_urb-john-jay.html">Archived</a> February 11, 2010, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li>Monaghan, Frank. <i>John Jay: Defender of Liberty</i> 1972. on abolitionism</li> <li>Morris, Richard B. <i>The Peacemakers: The Great Powers and American Independence</i> 1965.</li> <li>Morris, Richard B. <i>Seven Who Shaped Our Destiny: The Founding Fathers as Revolutionaries</i> 1973. chapter on Jay</li> <li>Morris, Richard B. <i>Witness at the Creation; Hamilton, Madison, Jay and the Constitution</i> 1985.</li> <li>Morris, Richard B. ed. <i>John Jay: The Winning of the Peace</i> 1980. 9780060130480</li> <li>Perkins, Bradford. <i>The First Rapprochement; England and the United States: 1795–1805</i> Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1955.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStahr2005" class="citation book cs1">Stahr, Walter (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=oHVLBRTz2T0C"><i>John Jay: Founding Father</i></a>. New York & London: Continuum International Publishing Group. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85285-444-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85285-444-7"><bdi>978-1-85285-444-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211020133045/https://books.google.com/books?id=oHVLBRTz2T0C">Archived</a> from the original on October 20, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 14,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=John+Jay%3A+Founding+Father&rft.place=New+York+%26+London&rft.pub=Continuum+International+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-1-85285-444-7&rft.aulast=Stahr&rft.aufirst=Walter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DoHVLBRTz2T0C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Jay" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Primary_sources">Primary sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Jay&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Primary sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Freeman, Landa M., Louise V. North, and Janet M. Wedge, eds. <i>Selected Letters of John Jay and Sarah Livingston Jay: Correspondence by or to the First Chief Justice of the United States and His Wife</i> (2005)</li> <li>Morris, Richard B. ed. <i>John Jay: The Making of a Revolutionary; Unpublished Papers, 1745–1780</i> 1975.</li> <li>Nuxoll, Elizabeth M., and others, eds. <i>The Selected Papers of John Jay</i> (University of Virginia Press; 2010–2022) Seven-volume edition of Jay's incoming and outgoing correspondence; also online. see article on <i><a href="/wiki/The_Selected_Papers_of_John_Jay" title="The Selected Papers of John Jay">The Selected Papers of John Jay</a></i></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Jay&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style 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Wikiquote</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/26px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="26" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/39px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/51px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Author:John_Jay_(1745-1829)" class="extiw" title="s:Author:John Jay (1745-1829)">Texts</a> from Wikisource</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/27px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="15" 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Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oyez.org" class="mw-redirect" title="Oyez.org">Oyez Project</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oyez.org/justices/john_jay/">U.S. Supreme Court media on John Jay.</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/author/15">Works by John Jay</a> at <a href="/wiki/Project_Gutenberg" title="Project Gutenberg">Project Gutenberg</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/search.php?query=%28%28subject%3A%22Jay%2C%20John%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22John%20Jay%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Jay%2C%20John%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22John%20Jay%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Jay%2C%20J%2E%22%20OR%20title%3A%22John%20Jay%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Jay%2C%20John%22%20OR%20description%3A%22John%20Jay%22%29%20OR%20%28%221745-1829%22%20AND%20Jay%29%29%20AND%20%28-mediatype:software%29">Works by or about John Jay</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://librivox.org/author/6222">Works by John Jay</a> at <a href="/wiki/LibriVox" title="LibriVox">LibriVox</a> (public domain audiobooks) <span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/15px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/23px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/30px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://metalibri.wikidot.com/authors:john-jay">John Jay at MetaLibri</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.senate.gov/vtour/jay.htm">John Jay bust, by John Frazee (1790–1852), Marble, circa 1831, Size: 24" h., Catalog No. 21.00010, S-141, Old Supreme Court Chamber, U.S. Senate Collection, Office of Senate Curator.</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130507174050/http://www.columbia.edu/cu/lweb/digital/exhibitions/constitution/essay.html">Essay: John Jay and the Constitution</a> Online exhibition for Constitution Day 2005, based on the notes of Professor Richard B. Morris (1904–1989) and his staff, originally prepared for volume 3 of the <i>Papers of John Jay.</i></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20080315053526/http://www.columbia.edu/cgi-bin/cul/resolve?AVE8231">The Papers of John Jay</a> An image database and indexing tool comprising some 13,000 documents scanned chiefly from photocopies of original documents from the Rare Book & Manuscript Library, Columbia University in the City of New York and approximately 90 other institutions.</li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #ccccff;">Political offices </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Henry_Laurens" title="Henry Laurens">Henry Laurens</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Continental_Congress" title="President of the Continental Congress">President of the Continental Congress</a> </b><br />1778–1779 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Huntington_(Connecticut_politician)" title="Samuel Huntington (Connecticut politician)">Samuel Huntington</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Robert_R._Livingston" title="Robert R. Livingston">Robert R. Livingston</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Foreign_Affairs" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Secretary of Foreign Affairs">United States Secretary of Foreign Affairs</a> </b><br />1784–1789 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;"><b>Office abolished </b> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b>New office</b> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_State" title="United States Secretary of State">United States Secretary of State</a> (acting) </b><br />1789–1790 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Thomas Jefferson</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/George_Clinton_(vice_president)" title="George Clinton (vice president)">George Clinton</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Governor_of_New_York" title="Governor of New York">Governor of New York</a> </b><br />1795–1801 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/George_Clinton_(vice_president)" title="George Clinton (vice president)">George Clinton</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #FFBF00;">Party political offices </th></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b>First</b> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Federalist_Party" title="Federalist Party">Federalist</a> nominee for <a href="/wiki/Governor_of_New_York" title="Governor of New York">Governor of New York</a> </b><br /><a href="/wiki/1792_New_York_gubernatorial_election" title="1792 New York gubernatorial election">1792</a>, <a href="/wiki/1795_New_York_gubernatorial_election" title="1795 New York gubernatorial election">1795</a>, <a href="/wiki/1798_New_York_gubernatorial_election" title="1798 New York gubernatorial election">1798</a> </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Van_Rensselaer" title="Stephen Van Rensselaer">Stephen Van Rensselaer</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #DDCEF2;">Legal offices </th></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b>New seat</b> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Chief_Justice_of_the_United_States" title="Chief Justice of the United States">Chief Justice of the United States</a> </b><br />1789–1795 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/John_Rutledge" title="John Rutledge">John Rutledge</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #FACEFF;">Diplomatic posts </th></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b>New office</b> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/United_States_Ambassador_to_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Ambassador to Spain">United States Minister to Spain</a> </b><br />1779–1782 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/William_Carmichael_(diplomat)" title="William Carmichael (diplomat)">William Carmichael</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #DAA520;">Academic offices </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/George_Clinton_(vice_president)" title="George Clinton (vice president)">George Clinton</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Board_of_Regents_of_the_University_of_the_State_of_New_York#Chancellors" title="Board of Regents of the University of the State of New York">Chancellor of the University of the State of New York</a> </b><br />1796–1801 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/George_Clinton_(vice_president)" title="George Clinton (vice president)">George Clinton</a></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="John_Jay" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:John_Jay" title="Template:John Jay"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:John_Jay" title="Template talk:John Jay"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:John_Jay" title="Special:EditPage/Template:John Jay"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="John_Jay" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">John Jay</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Governor_of_New_York" title="Governor of New York">2nd Governor of New York</a>, 1795-1801</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Chief_Justice_of_the_United_States" title="Chief Justice of the United States">1st Chief Justice of the United States</a>, 1789-1795</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_State" title="United States Secretary of State">United States Secretary of State</a>, 1789-90</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Foreign_Affairs" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Secretary of Foreign Affairs">United States Secretary of Foreign Affairs</a>, 1784-1789</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Minister_to_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Minister to Spain">United States Minister to Spain</a>, 1779-1782</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Continental_Congress" title="President of the Continental Congress">President of the Continental Congress</a>, 1778-79</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Founding_Fathers_of_the_United_States" title="Founding Fathers of the United States">Founding of the<br />United States</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Continental_Association" title="Continental Association">Continental Association</a> (1774, signed)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petition_to_the_King" title="Petition to the King">Petition to the King</a> (1774, signed)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olive_Branch_Petition" title="Olive Branch Petition">Olive Branch Petition</a> (1775)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Committee_of_Secret_Correspondence" title="Committee of Secret Correspondence">Committee of Secret Correspondence</a> (1775-76)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_New_York" title="Constitution of New York">New York Constitution</a> (1777)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(1783)" title="Treaty of Paris (1783)">Treaty of Paris</a> (1783)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Federalist_Papers" title="The Federalist Papers">The Federalist Papers</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Federalist_Papers_by_John_Jay" title="Category:Federalist Papers by John Jay">papers, 1787-88</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jay_Court" title="Jay Court">Jay Court, Chief Justice of the Supreme Court</a> (1789-1795, <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases_prior_to_the_Marshall_Court" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases prior to the Marshall Court">cases</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_York_Manumission_Society" title="New York Manumission Society">New York Manumission Society</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_Free_School" title="African Free School">African Free School</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jay%E2%80%93Gardoqui_Treaty" title="Jay–Gardoqui Treaty">Jay–Gardoqui Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jay_Treaty" title="Jay Treaty">Jay Treaty</a> (1794)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other writings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Letters_to_the_inhabitants_of_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Letters to the inhabitants of Canada">Letters to the inhabitants of Canada</a> (1775)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_Circular_Letter" title="New York Circular Letter">New York Circular Letter</a> (1788)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Selected_Papers_of_John_Jay" title="The Selected Papers of John Jay">The Selected Papers of John Jay</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Homes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jay_Estate" title="Jay Estate">Jay Estate</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jay_Heritage_Center" title="Jay Heritage Center">Jay Heritage Center</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Jay_Homestead_State_Historic_Site" title="John Jay Homestead State Historic Site">John Jay Homestead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_House_(New_York_City)" title="Government House (New York City)">Government House</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Namesakes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Jay" title="Fort Jay">Fort Jay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Jay_College_of_Criminal_Justice" title="John Jay College of Criminal Justice">John Jay College of Criminal Justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Jay_Hall" title="John Jay Hall">John Jay Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Jay_Park" title="John Jay Park">John Jay Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jay,_New_York" title="Jay, New York">Jay, New York</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jay,_Vermont" title="Jay, Vermont">Jay, Vermont</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Family</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sarah_Livingston_Jay" title="Sarah Livingston Jay">Sarah Livingston Jay (wife)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Augustus_Jay_(lawyer)" title="Peter Augustus Jay (lawyer)">Peter Jay (son)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Jay_(jurist)" title="William Jay (jurist)">William Jay (son)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Clarkson_Jay" title="John Clarkson Jay">John Clarkson Jay (grandson)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Jay_(lawyer)" title="John Jay (lawyer)">John Jay (grandson)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Jay" title="James Jay">James Jay (brother)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacobus_Van_Cortlandt" title="Jacobus Van Cortlandt">Jacobus Van Cortlandt (grandfather)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Federalist_Party" title="Federalist Party">Federalist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arbitration" title="Arbitration">Arbitration</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(painting)" title="Treaty of Paris (painting)">Treaty of Paris</a></i> (1783 painting)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Alexander_Hamilton_(Boston)" title="Statue of Alexander Hamilton (Boston)">Boston relief portrait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Founders_Online" title="Founders Online">Founders Online</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Founding_Fathers_of_the_United_States" title="Founding Fathers of the United States">Founding Fathers of the United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="The_Federalist_Papers" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Federalist_Papers" title="Template:Federalist Papers"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Federalist_Papers" title="Template talk:Federalist Papers"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Federalist_Papers" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Federalist Papers"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="The_Federalist_Papers" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><i><a href="/wiki/The_Federalist_Papers" title="The Federalist Papers">The Federalist Papers</a></i></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Authors</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Hamilton" title="Alexander Hamilton">Alexander Hamilton</a> <a href="/wiki/Category:Federalist_Papers_by_Alexander_Hamilton" title="Category:Federalist Papers by Alexander Hamilton">(papers)</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/James_Madison" title="James Madison">James Madison</a> <a href="/wiki/Category:Federalist_Papers_by_James_Madison" title="Category:Federalist Papers by James Madison">(papers)</a></dd> <dd><a class="mw-selflink selflink">John Jay</a> <a href="/wiki/Category:Federalist_Papers_by_John_Jay" title="Category:Federalist Papers by John Jay">(papers)</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Papers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Federalist_No._1" title="Federalist No. 1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalist_No._2" title="Federalist No. 2">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalist_No._3" title="Federalist No. 3">3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalist_No._4" title="Federalist No. 4">4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalist_No._5" title="Federalist No. 5">5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalist_No._6" title="Federalist No. 6">6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalist_No._7" title="Federalist No. 7">7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalist_No._8" title="Federalist No. 8">8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalist_No._9" title="Federalist No. 9">9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalist_No._10" title="Federalist No. 10">10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalist_No._11" title="Federalist No. 11">11</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalist_No._12" title="Federalist No. 12">12</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalist_No._13" title="Federalist No. 13">13</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalist_No._14" title="Federalist No. 14">14</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalist_No._15" title="Federalist No. 15">15</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalist_No._16" title="Federalist No. 16">16</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalist_No._17" title="Federalist No. 17">17</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalist_No._18" title="Federalist No. 18">18</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalist_No._19" title="Federalist No. 19">19</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalist_No._20" title="Federalist No. 20">20</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalist_No._21" title="Federalist No. 21">21</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalist_No._22" title="Federalist No. 22">22</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalist_No._23" title="Federalist No. 23">23</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalist_No._24" title="Federalist No. 24">24</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalist_No._25" title="Federalist No. 25">25</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalist_No._26" title="Federalist No. 26">26</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalist_No._27" title="Federalist No. 27">27</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalist_No._28" title="Federalist No. 28">28</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalist_No._29" title="Federalist No. 29">29</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalist_No._30" title="Federalist No. 30">30</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalist_No._31" title="Federalist No. 31">31</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalist_No._32" title="Federalist No. 32">32</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalist_No._33" title="Federalist No. 33">33</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalist_No._34" title="Federalist No. 34">34</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalist_No._35" title="Federalist No. 35">35</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalist_No._36" title="Federalist No. 36">36</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalist_No._37" title="Federalist No. 37">37</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalist_No._38" title="Federalist No. 38">38</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalist_No._39" title="Federalist No. 39">39</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalist_No._40" title="Federalist No. 40">40</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalist_No._41" title="Federalist No. 41">41</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalist_No._42" title="Federalist No. 42">42</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalist_No._43" title="Federalist No. 43">43</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalist_No._44" title="Federalist No. 44">44</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalist_No._45" title="Federalist No. 45">45</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalist_No._46" title="Federalist No. 46">46</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalist_No._47" title="Federalist No. 47">47</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalist_No._48" title="Federalist No. 48">48</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalist_No._49" title="Federalist No. 49">49</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalist_No._50" title="Federalist No. 50">50</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalist_No._51" title="Federalist No. 51">51</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalist_No._52" title="Federalist No. 52">52</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalist_No._53" title="Federalist No. 53">53</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalist_No._54" title="Federalist No. 54">54</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalist_No._55" title="Federalist No. 55">55</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalist_No._56" title="Federalist No. 56">56</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalist_No._57" title="Federalist No. 57">57</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalist_No._58" title="Federalist No. 58">58</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalist_No._59" title="Federalist No. 59">59</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalist_No._60" title="Federalist No. 60">60</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalist_No._61" title="Federalist No. 61">61</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalist_No._62" title="Federalist No. 62">62</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalist_No._63" title="Federalist No. 63">63</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalist_No._64" title="Federalist No. 64">64</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalist_No._65" title="Federalist No. 65">65</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalist_No._66" title="Federalist No. 66">66</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalist_No._67" title="Federalist No. 67">67</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalist_No._68" title="Federalist No. 68">68</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalist_No._69" title="Federalist No. 69">69</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalist_No._70" title="Federalist No. 70">70</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalist_No._71" title="Federalist No. 71">71</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalist_No._72" title="Federalist No. 72">72</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalist_No._73" title="Federalist No. 73">73</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalist_No._74" title="Federalist No. 74">74</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalist_No._75" title="Federalist No. 75">75</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalist_No._76" title="Federalist No. 76">76</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalist_No._77" title="Federalist No. 77">77</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalist_No._78" title="Federalist No. 78">78</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalist_No._79" title="Federalist No. 79">79</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalist_No._80" title="Federalist No. 80">80</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalist_No._81" title="Federalist No. 81">81</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalist_No._82" title="Federalist No. 82">82</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalist_No._83" title="Federalist No. 83">83</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalist_No._84" title="Federalist No. 84">84</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalist_No._85" title="Federalist No. 85">85</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_United_States" title="Constitution of the United States">Constitution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_drafting_and_ratification_of_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Timeline of drafting and ratification of the United States Constitution">timeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Independent_Journal" title="The Independent Journal">The Independent Journal</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Publius_Valerius_Poplicola" title="Publius Valerius Poplicola">Publius Valerius Publicola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Federalist_Papers" title="Anti-Federalist Papers">Anti-Federalist Papers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Complete_Anti-Federalist" title="The Complete Anti-Federalist">complete</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:The_Federalist_Papers" title="Category:The Federalist Papers">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:History" title="Portal:History">Portal:History</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Federalist" class="extiw" title="wikisource:The Federalist"><i>The Federalist</i></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Continental_Association" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Continental_Association" title="Template:Continental Association"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Continental_Association" title="Template talk:Continental Association"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Continental_Association" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Continental Association"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Continental_Association" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Continental_Association" title="Continental Association">Continental Association</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Signatories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">President of Congress</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Peyton_Randolph" title="Peyton Randolph">Peyton Randolph</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">New Hampshire</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Sullivan_(general)" title="John Sullivan (general)">John Sullivan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nathaniel_Folsom" title="Nathaniel Folsom">Nathaniel Folsom</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Massachusetts Bay</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Cushing" title="Thomas Cushing">Thomas Cushing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Adams" title="Samuel Adams">Samuel Adams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Adams" title="John Adams">John Adams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Treat_Paine" title="Robert Treat Paine">Robert Treat Paine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Rhode Island</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Hopkins_(politician)" title="Stephen Hopkins (politician)">Stephen Hopkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Ward_(Rhode_Island_politician)" title="Samuel Ward (Rhode Island politician)">Samuel Ward</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Connecticut</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eliphalet_Dyer" title="Eliphalet Dyer">Eliphalet Dyer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Sherman" title="Roger Sherman">Roger Sherman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silas_Deane" title="Silas Deane">Silas Deane</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">New York</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Isaac_Low" title="Isaac Low">Isaac Low</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Alsop" title="John Alsop">John Alsop</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">John Jay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Duane" title="James Duane">James Duane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_Livingston" title="Philip Livingston">Philip Livingston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Floyd" title="William Floyd">William Floyd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Wisner" title="Henry Wisner">Henry Wisner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon_Boerum" title="Simon Boerum">Simon Boerum</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">New Jersey</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/James_Kinsey" title="James Kinsey">James Kinsey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Livingston" title="William Livingston">William Livingston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Crane_(Continental_Congress)" title="Stephen Crane (Continental Congress)">Stephen Crane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Smith_(Continental_Congress)" title="Richard Smith (Continental Congress)">Richard Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_De_Hart" title="John De Hart">John De Hart</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pennsylvania</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Galloway" title="Joseph Galloway">Joseph Galloway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Dickinson" title="John Dickinson">John Dickinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Humphreys" title="Charles Humphreys">Charles Humphreys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Mifflin" title="Thomas Mifflin">Thomas Mifflin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Biddle" title="Edward Biddle">Edward Biddle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Morton_(American_politician)" title="John Morton (American politician)">John Morton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Ross_(American_politician)" title="George Ross (American politician)">George Ross</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">The Lower Counties</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caesar_Rodney" title="Caesar Rodney">Caesar Rodney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_McKean" title="Thomas McKean">Thomas McKean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Read_(American_politician,_born_1733)" title="George Read (American politician, born 1733)">George Read</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Maryland</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_Tilghman" title="Matthew Tilghman">Matthew Tilghman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Johnson_(jurist)" class="mw-redirect" title="Thomas Johnson (jurist)">Thomas Johnson, Junr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Paca" title="William Paca">William Paca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Chase" title="Samuel Chase">Samuel Chase</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Virginia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Henry_Lee" title="Richard Henry Lee">Richard Henry Lee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Washington" title="George Washington">George Washington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Henry" title="Patrick Henry">Patrick Henry, Junr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Bland" title="Richard Bland">Richard Bland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Harrison_V" title="Benjamin Harrison V">Benjamin Harrison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Pendleton" title="Edmund Pendleton">Edmund Pendleton</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">North Carolina</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_Hooper" title="William Hooper">William Hooper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Hewes" title="Joseph Hewes">Joseph Hewes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Caswell" title="Richard Caswell">Richard Caswell</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">South Carolina</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Middleton" title="Henry Middleton">Henry Middleton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Lynch_(statesman)" title="Thomas Lynch (statesman)">Thomas Lynch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Gadsden" title="Christopher Gadsden">Christopher Gadsden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Rutledge" title="John Rutledge">John Rutledge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Rutledge" title="Edward Rutledge">Edward Rutledge</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Virginia_Association" title="Virginia Association">Virginia Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fairfax_Resolves" title="Fairfax Resolves">Fairfax Resolves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suffolk_Resolves" title="Suffolk Resolves">Suffolk Resolves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Continental_Congress" title="First Continental Congress">First Continental Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Declaration_and_Resolves_of_the_First_Continental_Congress" title="Declaration and Resolves of the First Continental Congress">Declaration and Resolves of the First Continental Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Thomson" title="Charles Thomson">Charles Thomson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Journals_of_the_Continental_Congress" title="Journals of the Continental Congress">Journals of the Continental Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carpenters%27_Hall" title="Carpenters' Hall">Carpenters' Hall</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Display</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Archives_Building" title="National Archives Building">National Archives</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charters_of_Freedom" title="Charters of Freedom">Rotunda for the Charters of Freedom</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="(←_1792)_1796_United_States_presidential_election_(1800_→)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:1796_United_States_presidential_election" title="Template:1796 United States presidential election"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:1796_United_States_presidential_election" title="Template talk:1796 United States presidential election"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:1796_United_States_presidential_election" title="Special:EditPage/Template:1796 United States presidential election"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="(←_1792)_1796_United_States_presidential_election_(1800_→)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">(<a href="/wiki/1792_United_States_presidential_election" title="1792 United States presidential election">← 1792</a>) <a href="/wiki/1796_United_States_presidential_election" title="1796 United States presidential election">1796 United States presidential election</a> (<a href="/wiki/1800_United_States_presidential_election" title="1800 United States presidential election">1800 →</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:right;font-weight:normal;;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #EA9978;"><b><a href="/wiki/Federalist_Party" title="Federalist Party">Federalist Party</a></b></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Nominees</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>President: <a href="/wiki/John_Adams" title="John Adams">John Adams</a></b></li> <li><b>Vice President: <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Pinckney" title="Thomas Pinckney">Thomas Pinckney</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other candidates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oliver_Ellsworth" title="Oliver Ellsworth">Oliver Ellsworth</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">John Jay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Iredell" title="James Iredell">James Iredell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Johnston" title="Samuel Johnston">Samuel Johnston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Cotesworth_Pinckney" title="Charles Cotesworth Pinckney">Charles Cotesworth Pinckney</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:right;font-weight:normal;;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #008000;"><b><a href="/wiki/Democratic-Republican_Party" title="Democratic-Republican Party">Democratic-Republican Party</a></b></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Nominees</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>President: <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Thomas Jefferson</a></b> (elected Vice President)</li> <li><b>Vice President: <a href="/wiki/Aaron_Burr" title="Aaron Burr">Aaron Burr</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other candidates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Adams" title="Samuel Adams">Samuel Adams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Clinton_(vice_president)" title="George Clinton (vice president)">George Clinton</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><b>Other 1796 elections</b>: <a href="/wiki/1796_and_1797_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections" class="mw-redirect" title="1796 and 1797 United States House of Representatives elections">House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1796_and_1797_United_States_Senate_elections" class="mw-redirect" title="1796 and 1797 United States Senate elections">Senate</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Justices_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:SCOTUS_Justices" title="Template:SCOTUS Justices"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:SCOTUS_Justices" title="Template talk:SCOTUS Justices"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:SCOTUS_Justices" title="Special:EditPage/Template:SCOTUS Justices"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Justices_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Justices of the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Supreme Court of the United States">Supreme Court of the United States</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd flatlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><div id="Chief_justices" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Chief_Justice_of_the_United_States" title="Chief Justice of the United States">Chief justices</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align:left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 22em;"> <ol><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">John Jay</a> (<a href="/wiki/Jay_Court" title="Jay Court">1789–1795</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases_by_the_Jay_Court" class="mw-redirect" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases by the Jay Court">cases</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Rutledge" title="John Rutledge">John Rutledge</a> (<a href="/wiki/Rutledge_Court" title="Rutledge Court">1795</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases_by_the_Rutledge_Court" class="mw-redirect" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases by the Rutledge Court">cases</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oliver_Ellsworth" title="Oliver Ellsworth">Oliver Ellsworth</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ellsworth_Court" title="Ellsworth Court">1796–1800</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases_by_the_Ellsworth_Court" class="mw-redirect" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases by the Ellsworth Court">cases</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Marshall" title="John Marshall">John Marshall</a> (<a href="/wiki/Marshall_Court" title="Marshall Court">1801–1835</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases_by_the_Marshall_Court" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases by the Marshall Court">cases</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_B._Taney" title="Roger B. Taney">Roger B. Taney</a> (<a href="/wiki/Taney_Court" title="Taney Court">1836–1864</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases_by_the_Taney_Court" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases by the Taney Court">cases</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salmon_P._Chase" title="Salmon P. Chase">Salmon P. Chase</a> (<a href="/wiki/Chase_Court" title="Chase Court">1864–1873</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases_by_the_Chase_Court" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases by the Chase Court">cases</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morrison_Waite" title="Morrison Waite">Morrison Waite</a> (<a href="/wiki/Waite_Court" title="Waite Court">1874–1888</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases_by_the_Waite_Court" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases by the Waite Court">cases</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melville_Fuller" title="Melville Fuller">Melville Fuller</a> (<a href="/wiki/Fuller_Court" title="Fuller Court">1888–1910</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases_by_the_Fuller_Court" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases by the Fuller Court">cases</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Douglass_White" title="Edward Douglass White">Edward Douglass White</a> (<a href="/wiki/White_Court_(justices)" title="White Court (justices)">1910–1921</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases_by_the_White_Court" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases by the White Court">cases</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Howard_Taft" title="William Howard Taft">William Howard Taft</a> (<a href="/wiki/Taft_Court" title="Taft Court">1921–1930</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases_by_the_Taft_Court" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases by the Taft Court">cases</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Evans_Hughes" title="Charles Evans Hughes">Charles Evans Hughes</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hughes_Court" title="Hughes Court">1930–1941</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases_by_the_Hughes_Court" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases by the Hughes Court">cases</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harlan_F._Stone" title="Harlan F. Stone">Harlan F. Stone</a> (<a href="/wiki/Stone_Court" title="Stone Court">1941–1946</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases_by_the_Stone_Court" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases by the Stone Court">cases</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fred_M._Vinson" title="Fred M. Vinson">Fred M. Vinson</a> (<a href="/wiki/Vinson_Court" title="Vinson Court">1946–1953</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases_by_the_Vinson_Court" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases by the Vinson Court">cases</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earl_Warren" title="Earl Warren">Earl Warren</a> (<a href="/wiki/Warren_Court" title="Warren Court">1953–1969</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases_by_the_Warren_Court" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases by the Warren Court">cases</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warren_E._Burger" title="Warren E. Burger">Warren E. Burger</a> (<a href="/wiki/Burger_Court" title="Burger Court">1969–1986</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases_by_the_Burger_Court" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases by the Burger Court">cases</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Rehnquist" title="William Rehnquist">William Rehnquist</a> (<a href="/wiki/Rehnquist_Court" title="Rehnquist Court">1986–2005</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases_by_the_Rehnquist_Court" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases by the Rehnquist Court">cases</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Roberts" title="John Roberts">John Roberts</a> (<a href="/wiki/Roberts_Court" title="Roberts Court">2005–present</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases_by_the_Roberts_Court" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases by the Roberts Court">cases</a></i>)</li></ol> </div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Seal_of_the_United_States_Supreme_Court.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Seal_of_the_United_States_Supreme_Court.svg/80px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Supreme_Court.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Seal_of_the_United_States_Supreme_Court.svg/120px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Supreme_Court.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Seal_of_the_United_States_Supreme_Court.svg/160px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Supreme_Court.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="720" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd flatlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><div id="Associate_justices" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Associate_Justice_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States">Associate justices</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align:left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 16em;"> <ol><li><span style="background-color: #eeeeff;color:black;"><a href="/wiki/John_Rutledge" title="John Rutledge">J. Rutledge</a>* (1790–1791)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Cushing" title="William Cushing">Cushing</a> (1790–1810)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Wilson_(Founding_Father)" title="James Wilson (Founding Father)">Wilson</a> (1789–1798)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Blair_Jr." title="John Blair Jr.">Blair</a> (1790–1795)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Iredell" title="James Iredell">Iredell</a> (1790–1799)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Johnson_(judge)" title="Thomas Johnson (judge)">T. Johnson</a> (1792–1793)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Paterson_(judge)" title="William Paterson (judge)">Paterson</a> (1793–1806)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Chase" title="Samuel Chase">S. Chase</a> (1796–1811)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bushrod_Washington" title="Bushrod Washington">Washington</a> (1798–1829)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Moore" title="Alfred Moore">Moore</a> (1800–1804)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Johnson_(judge)" title="William Johnson (judge)">W. Johnson</a> (1804–1834)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Brockholst_Livingston" title="Henry Brockholst Livingston">Livingston</a> (1807–1823)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Todd" title="Thomas Todd">Todd</a> (1807–1826)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Duvall" title="Gabriel Duvall">Duvall</a> (1811–1835)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Story" title="Joseph Story">Story</a> (1812–1845)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smith_Thompson" title="Smith Thompson">Thompson</a> (1823–1843)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Trimble" title="Robert Trimble">Trimble</a> (1826–1828)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_McLean" title="John McLean">McLean</a> (1829–1861)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Baldwin_(judge)" title="Henry Baldwin (judge)">Baldwin</a> (1830–1844)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Moore_Wayne" class="mw-redirect" title="James Moore Wayne">Wayne</a> (1835–1867)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_P._Barbour" title="Philip P. Barbour">Barbour</a> (1836–1841)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Catron" title="John Catron">Catron</a> (1837–1865)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_McKinley" title="John McKinley">McKinley</a> (1838–1852)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_V._Daniel" title="Peter V. Daniel">Daniel</a> (1842–1860)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Nelson" title="Samuel Nelson">Nelson</a> (1845–1872)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levi_Woodbury" title="Levi Woodbury">Woodbury</a> (1845–1851)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Cooper_Grier" title="Robert Cooper Grier">Grier</a> (1846–1870)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Robbins_Curtis" title="Benjamin Robbins Curtis">Curtis</a> (1851–1857)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Archibald_Campbell" title="John Archibald Campbell">Campbell</a> (1853–1861)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nathan_Clifford" title="Nathan Clifford">Clifford</a> (1858–1881)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noah_Haynes_Swayne" title="Noah Haynes Swayne">Swayne</a> (1862–1881)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Freeman_Miller" title="Samuel Freeman Miller">Miller</a> (1862–1890)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Davis_(Supreme_Court_justice)" title="David Davis (Supreme Court justice)">Davis</a> (1862–1877)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Johnson_Field" title="Stephen Johnson Field">Field</a> (1863–1897)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Strong_(Pennsylvania_judge)" class="mw-redirect" title="William Strong (Pennsylvania judge)">Strong</a> (1870–1880)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_P._Bradley" title="Joseph P. Bradley">Bradley</a> (1870–1892)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ward_Hunt" title="Ward Hunt">Hunt</a> (1873–1882)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Marshall_Harlan" title="John Marshall Harlan">J. M. Harlan</a> (1877–1911)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Burnham_Woods" title="William Burnham Woods">Woods</a> (1881–1887)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanley_Matthews_(judge)" title="Stanley Matthews (judge)">Matthews</a> (1881–1889)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horace_Gray" title="Horace Gray">Gray</a> (1882–1902)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Blatchford" title="Samuel Blatchford">Blatchford</a> (1882–1893)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucius_Quintus_Cincinnatus_Lamar" title="Lucius Quintus Cincinnatus Lamar">L. Lamar</a> (1888–1893)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_J._Brewer" title="David J. Brewer">Brewer</a> (1890–1910)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Billings_Brown" title="Henry Billings Brown">Brown</a> (1891–1906)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Shiras_Jr." title="George Shiras Jr.">Shiras</a> (1892–1903)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howell_E._Jackson" title="Howell E. Jackson">H. Jackson</a> (1893–1895)</li> <li><span style="background-color: #eeeeff;color:black;"><a href="/wiki/Edward_Douglass_White" title="Edward Douglass White">E. White</a>* (1894–1910)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rufus_W._Peckham" title="Rufus W. Peckham">Peckham</a> (1896–1909)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_McKenna" title="Joseph McKenna">McKenna</a> (1898–1925)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oliver_Wendell_Holmes_Jr." title="Oliver Wendell Holmes Jr.">Holmes</a> (1902–1932)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_R._Day" title="William R. Day">Day</a> (1903–1922)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Henry_Moody" title="William Henry Moody">Moody</a> (1906–1910)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horace_Harmon_Lurton" title="Horace Harmon Lurton">Lurton</a> (1910–1914)</li> <li><span style="background-color: #eeeeff;color:black;"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Evans_Hughes" title="Charles Evans Hughes">Hughes</a>* (1910–1916)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willis_Van_Devanter" title="Willis Van Devanter">Van Devanter</a> (1911–1937)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Rucker_Lamar" title="Joseph Rucker Lamar">J. Lamar</a> (1911–1916)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahlon_Pitney" title="Mahlon Pitney">Pitney</a> (1912–1922)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Clark_McReynolds" title="James Clark McReynolds">McReynolds</a> (1914–1941)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Brandeis" title="Louis Brandeis">Brandeis</a> (1916–1939)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Hessin_Clarke" title="John Hessin Clarke">Clarke</a> (1916–1922)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Sutherland" title="George Sutherland">Sutherland</a> (1922–1938)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierce_Butler_(judge)" title="Pierce Butler (judge)">Butler</a> (1923–1939)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Terry_Sanford" title="Edward Terry Sanford">Sanford</a> (1923–1930)</li> <li><span style="background-color: #eeeeff;color:black;"><a href="/wiki/Harlan_F._Stone" title="Harlan F. Stone">Stone</a>* (1925–1941)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Owen_Roberts" title="Owen Roberts">O. Roberts</a> (1930–1945)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_N._Cardozo" title="Benjamin N. Cardozo">Cardozo</a> (1932–1938)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugo_Black" title="Hugo Black">Black</a> (1937–1971)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanley_Forman_Reed" title="Stanley Forman Reed">Reed</a> (1938–1957)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Felix_Frankfurter" title="Felix Frankfurter">Frankfurter</a> (1939–1962)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_O._Douglas" title="William O. Douglas">Douglas</a> (1939–1975)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Murphy" title="Frank Murphy">Murphy</a> (1940–1949)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_F._Byrnes" title="James F. Byrnes">Byrnes</a> (1941–1942)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_H._Jackson" title="Robert H. Jackson">R. Jackson</a> (1941–1954)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wiley_Rutledge" title="Wiley Rutledge">W. Rutledge</a> (1943–1949)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harold_H._Burton" title="Harold H. Burton">Burton</a> (1945–1958)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_C._Clark" title="Tom C. Clark">Clark</a> (1949–1967)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sherman_Minton" title="Sherman Minton">Minton</a> (1949–1956)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Marshall_Harlan_II" title="John Marshall Harlan II">J. M. Harlan II</a> (1955–1971)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_J._Brennan_Jr." title="William J. Brennan Jr.">Brennan</a> (1956–1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Evans_Whittaker" title="Charles Evans Whittaker">Whittaker</a> (1957–1962)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potter_Stewart" title="Potter Stewart">Stewart</a> (1958–1981)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byron_White" title="Byron White">B. White</a> (1962–1993)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Goldberg" title="Arthur Goldberg">Goldberg</a> (1962–1965)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abe_Fortas" title="Abe Fortas">Fortas</a> (1965–1969)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thurgood_Marshall" title="Thurgood Marshall">T. Marshall</a> (1967–1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_Blackmun" title="Harry Blackmun">Blackmun</a> (1970–1994)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lewis_F._Powell_Jr." title="Lewis F. Powell Jr.">Powell</a> (1972–1987)</li> <li><span style="background-color: #eeeeff;color:black;"><a href="/wiki/William_Rehnquist" title="William Rehnquist">Rehnquist</a>* (1972–1986)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Paul_Stevens" title="John Paul Stevens">Stevens</a> (1975–2010)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandra_Day_O%27Connor" title="Sandra Day O'Connor">O'Connor</a> (1981–2006)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonin_Scalia" title="Antonin Scalia">Scalia</a> (1986–2016)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Kennedy" title="Anthony Kennedy">Kennedy</a> (1988–2018)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Souter" title="David Souter">Souter</a> (1990–2009)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clarence_Thomas" title="Clarence Thomas">Thomas</a> (1991–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruth_Bader_Ginsburg" title="Ruth Bader Ginsburg">Ginsburg</a> (1993–2020)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Breyer" title="Stephen Breyer">Breyer</a> (1994–2022)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Alito" title="Samuel Alito">Alito</a> (2006–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sonia_Sotomayor" title="Sonia Sotomayor">Sotomayor</a> (2009–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elena_Kagan" title="Elena Kagan">Kagan</a> (2010–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neil_Gorsuch" title="Neil Gorsuch">Gorsuch</a> (2017–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brett_Kavanaugh" title="Brett Kavanaugh">Kavanaugh</a> (2018–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amy_Coney_Barrett" title="Amy Coney Barrett">Barrett</a> (2020–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ketanji_Brown_Jackson" title="Ketanji Brown Jackson">K. Jackson</a> (2022–present)</li></ol> </div> <div style="text-align: center;"><span style="background-color: #eeeeff;color:black;">*<i>Also served as Chief Justice of the United States</i></span></div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Seal_of_the_United_States_Supreme_Court.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Seal_of_the_United_States_Supreme_Court.svg/80px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Supreme_Court.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Seal_of_the_United_States_Supreme_Court.svg/120px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Supreme_Court.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Seal_of_the_United_States_Supreme_Court.svg/160px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Supreme_Court.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="720" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Presidents_of_the_Continental_Congress" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Presidents_of_the_Continental_Congress" title="Template:Presidents of 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style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Peyton_Randolph" title="Peyton Randolph">Peyton Randolph</a> (1774)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Henry_Middleton" title="Henry Middleton">Henry Middleton</a> (1774)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Second_Continental_Congress" title="Second Continental Congress">Second Continental Congress</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Peyton_Randolph" title="Peyton Randolph">Peyton Randolph</a> (1775)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/John_Hancock" title="John Hancock">John Hancock</a> (1775–1777)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Henry_Laurens" title="Henry Laurens">Henry Laurens</a> (1777–1778)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">John Jay</a> (1778–1779)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Huntington_(Connecticut_politician)" title="Samuel Huntington (Connecticut politician)">Samuel Huntington</a> (1779–1781)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Congress_of_the_Confederation" title="Congress of the Confederation">Confederation Congress</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Huntington_(Connecticut_politician)" title="Samuel Huntington (Connecticut politician)">Samuel Huntington</a> (1781)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_McKean" title="Thomas McKean">Thomas McKean</a> (1781)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/John_Hanson" title="John Hanson">John Hanson</a> (1781–1782)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Elias_Boudinot" title="Elias Boudinot">Elias Boudinot</a> (1782–1783)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Mifflin" title="Thomas Mifflin">Thomas Mifflin</a> (1783–1784)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Henry_Lee" title="Richard Henry Lee">Richard Henry Lee</a> (1784–1785)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/John_Hancock" title="John Hancock">John Hancock</a> (1785–1786)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Nathaniel_Gorham" title="Nathaniel Gorham">Nathaniel Gorham</a> (1786–1787)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Arthur_St._Clair" title="Arthur St. Clair">Arthur St. Clair</a> (1787)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Cyrus_Griffin" title="Cyrus Griffin">Cyrus Griffin</a> (1788)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Governors_and_lieutenant_governors_of_New_York" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Governors_of_New_York" title="Template:Governors of New York"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Governors_of_New_York" title="Template talk:Governors of New York"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Governors_of_New_York" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Governors of New York"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Governors_and_lieutenant_governors_of_New_York" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Governor_of_New_York" title="Governor of New York">Governors</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_Governor_of_New_York" title="Lieutenant Governor of New York">lieutenant governors</a> of <a href="/wiki/New_York_(state)" title="New York (state)">New York</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Governors</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/George_Clinton_(vice_president)" title="George Clinton (vice president)">G. Clinton</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Jay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Clinton_(vice_president)" title="George Clinton (vice president)">G. Clinton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morgan_Lewis_(governor)" title="Morgan Lewis (governor)">Lewis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_D._Tompkins" title="Daniel D. Tompkins">Tompkins</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/John_Tayler" title="John Tayler">Tayler</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DeWitt_Clinton" title="DeWitt Clinton">D. Clinton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_C._Yates" title="Joseph C. Yates">Yates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DeWitt_Clinton" title="DeWitt Clinton">D. Clinton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nathaniel_Pitcher" title="Nathaniel Pitcher">Pitcher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Van_Buren" title="Martin Van Buren">Van Buren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enos_T._Throop" title="Enos T. Throop">Throop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_L._Marcy" title="William L. Marcy">Marcy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_H._Seward" title="William H. Seward">Seward</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_C._Bouck" title="William C. Bouck">Bouck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silas_Wright" title="Silas Wright">Wright</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Young_(governor)" title="John Young (governor)">Young</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamilton_Fish" title="Hamilton Fish">Fish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington_Hunt" title="Washington Hunt">Hunt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horatio_Seymour" title="Horatio Seymour">Seymour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myron_H._Clark" title="Myron H. Clark">Clark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_A._King" title="John A. King">King</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edwin_D._Morgan" title="Edwin D. Morgan">Morgan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horatio_Seymour" title="Horatio Seymour">Seymour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reuben_Fenton" title="Reuben Fenton">Fenton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_T._Hoffman" title="John T. Hoffman">Hoffman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Adams_Dix" title="John Adams Dix">J. Adams Dix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_J._Tilden" title="Samuel J. Tilden">Tilden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucius_Robinson" title="Lucius Robinson">Robinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alonzo_B._Cornell" title="Alonzo B. Cornell">Cornell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grover_Cleveland" title="Grover Cleveland">Cleveland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_B._Hill" title="David B. Hill">Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roswell_P._Flower" title="Roswell P. Flower">Flower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levi_P._Morton" title="Levi P. Morton">Morton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_S._Black" title="Frank S. Black">Black</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Theodore Roosevelt">T. Roosevelt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Odell_(politician)" title="Benjamin Odell (politician)">Odell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_W._Higgins" title="Frank W. Higgins">Higgins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Evans_Hughes" title="Charles Evans Hughes">Hughes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horace_White" title="Horace White">White</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Alden_Dix" title="John Alden Dix">J. Alden Dix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Sulzer" title="William Sulzer">Sulzer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_H._Glynn" title="Martin H. Glynn">Glynn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Seymour_Whitman" title="Charles Seymour Whitman">Whitman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al_Smith" title="Al Smith">Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nathan_L._Miller" title="Nathan L. Miller">Miller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al_Smith" title="Al Smith">Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">F. Roosevelt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_H._Lehman" title="Herbert H. Lehman">Lehman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Poletti" title="Charles Poletti">Poletti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_E._Dewey" title="Thomas E. Dewey">Dewey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W._Averell_Harriman" title="W. Averell Harriman">Harriman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nelson_Rockefeller" title="Nelson Rockefeller">Rockefeller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malcolm_Wilson_(politician)" title="Malcolm Wilson (politician)">Wilson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Carey" title="Hugh Carey">Carey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mario_Cuomo" title="Mario Cuomo">M. Cuomo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Pataki" title="George Pataki">Pataki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eliot_Spitzer" title="Eliot Spitzer">Spitzer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Paterson" title="David Paterson">Paterson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Cuomo" title="Andrew Cuomo">A. Cuomo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kathy_Hochul" title="Kathy Hochul">Hochul</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="2" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Flag_of_the_Governor_of_New_York.svg/100px-Flag_of_the_Governor_of_New_York.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="60" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Flag_of_the_Governor_of_New_York.svg/150px-Flag_of_the_Governor_of_New_York.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Flag_of_the_Governor_of_New_York.svg/200px-Flag_of_the_Governor_of_New_York.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="450" /></span></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lieutenant<br />governors</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Van_Cortlandt" title="Pierre Van Cortlandt">Van Cortlandt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Van_Rensselaer" title="Stephen Van Rensselaer">S. Van Rensselaer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeremiah_Van_Rensselaer" title="Jeremiah Van Rensselaer">J. Van Rensselaer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Broome_(politician)" title="John Broome (politician)">Broome</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/John_Tayler" title="John Tayler">Tayler</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DeWitt_Clinton" title="DeWitt Clinton">Clinton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Tayler" title="John Tayler">Tayler</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Philetus_Swift" title="Philetus Swift">Swift</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Tayler" title="John Tayler">Tayler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erastus_Root" title="Erastus Root">Root</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Tallmadge_Jr." title="James Tallmadge Jr.">Tallmadge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nathaniel_Pitcher" title="Nathaniel Pitcher">Pitcher</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Peter_R._Livingston" title="Peter R. Livingston">P. Livingston</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Charles_Dayan" title="Charles Dayan">Dayan</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enos_T._Throop" title="Enos T. Throop">Throop</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Charles_Stebbins" title="Charles Stebbins">Stebbins</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/William_M._Oliver" title="William M. Oliver">Oliver</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Philip_Livingston" title="Edward Philip Livingston">E. Livingston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Tracy_(New_York_politician)" title="John Tracy (New York politician)">Tracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luther_Bradish" title="Luther Bradish">Bradish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_S._Dickinson" title="Daniel S. Dickinson">Dickinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Addison_Gardiner" title="Addison Gardiner">Gardiner</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Albert_Lester" title="Albert Lester">Lester</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamilton_Fish" title="Hamilton Fish">Fish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_W._Patterson" title="George W. Patterson">Patterson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanford_E._Church" title="Sanford E. Church">Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Jarvis_Raymond" title="Henry Jarvis Raymond">Raymond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_R._Selden" title="Henry R. Selden">Selden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Campbell_(New_York_politician)" title="Robert Campbell (New York politician)">Campbell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_R._Floyd-Jones" title="David R. Floyd-Jones">Floyd-Jones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_G._Alvord" title="Thomas G. Alvord">Alvord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stewart_L._Woodford" title="Stewart L. Woodford">Woodford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allen_C._Beach" title="Allen C. Beach">Beach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_C._Robinson" title="John C. Robinson">Robinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Dorsheimer" title="William Dorsheimer">Dorsheimer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Gilbert_Hoskins" title="George Gilbert Hoskins">Hoskins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_B._Hill" title="David B. Hill">Hill</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dennis_McCarthy_(congressman)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dennis McCarthy (congressman)">McCarthy</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_F._Jones" title="Edward F. Jones">Jones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_F._Sheehan" title="William F. Sheehan">Sheehan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_T._Saxton" title="Charles T. Saxton">Saxton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timothy_L._Woodruff" title="Timothy L. Woodruff">Woodruff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_W._Higgins" title="Frank W. Higgins">Higgins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_Linn_Bruce" title="Matthew Linn Bruce">Bruce</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/John_Raines" title="John Raines">Raines</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lewis_Stuyvesant_Chanler" title="Lewis Stuyvesant Chanler">Chanler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horace_White" title="Horace White">White</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/George_H._Cobb" title="George H. Cobb">Cobb</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_F._Conway" title="Thomas F. Conway">Conway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_H._Glynn" title="Martin H. Glynn">Glynn</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Robert_F._Wagner" title="Robert F. Wagner">Wagner</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Schoeneck" title="Edward Schoeneck">Schoeneck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_C._Walker" title="Harry C. Walker">Walker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeremiah_Wood" title="Jeremiah Wood">Wood</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Clayton_R._Lusk" title="Clayton R. Lusk">Lusk</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_R._Lunn" title="George R. Lunn">Lunn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seymour_Lowman" title="Seymour Lowman">Lowman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edwin_Corning" title="Edwin Corning">Corning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_H._Lehman" title="Herbert H. Lehman">Lehman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M._William_Bray" title="M. William Bray">Bray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Poletti" title="Charles Poletti">Poletti</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Joe_R._Hanley" title="Joe R. Hanley">Hanley</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_W._Wallace" title="Thomas W. Wallace">Wallace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joe_R._Hanley" title="Joe R. Hanley">Hanley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_C._Moore_(politician)" title="Frank C. Moore (politician)">Moore</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Arthur_H._Wicks" title="Arthur H. Wicks">Wicks</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Walter_J._Mahoney" title="Walter J. Mahoney">Mahoney</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_DeLuca" title="George DeLuca">DeLuca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malcolm_Wilson_(politician)" title="Malcolm Wilson (politician)">Wilson</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Warren_M._Anderson" title="Warren M. Anderson">Anderson</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Anne_Krupsak" title="Mary Anne Krupsak">Krupsak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mario_Cuomo" title="Mario Cuomo">M. Cuomo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_DelBello" title="Alfred DelBello">DelBello</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Warren_M._Anderson" title="Warren M. Anderson">Anderson</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stan_Lundine" title="Stan Lundine">Lundine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Betsy_McCaughey" title="Betsy McCaughey">McCaughey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Donohue" title="Mary Donohue">Donohue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Paterson" title="David Paterson">Paterson</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Bruno" title="Joseph Bruno">Bruno</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dean_Skelos" title="Dean Skelos">Skelos</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Malcolm_Smith_(U.S._politician)" class="mw-redirect" title="Malcolm Smith (U.S. politician)">Smith</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pedro_Espada_Jr." title="Pedro Espada Jr.">Espada</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Ravitch" title="Richard Ravitch">Ravitch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Duffy_(politician)" title="Robert Duffy (politician)">Duffy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kathy_Hochul" title="Kathy Hochul">Hochul</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Andrea_Stewart-Cousins" title="Andrea Stewart-Cousins">Stewart-Cousins</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brian_Benjamin" title="Brian Benjamin">Benjamin</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Andrea_Stewart-Cousins" title="Andrea Stewart-Cousins">Stewart-Cousins</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Delgado" title="Antonio Delgado">Delgado</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><i>Italics</i> indicate acting officeholders</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="United_States_secretaries_of_state" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:United_States_Secretaries_of_State" title="Template:United States Secretaries of State"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:United_States_Secretaries_of_State" title="Template talk:United States Secretaries of State"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:United_States_Secretaries_of_State" title="Special:EditPage/Template:United States Secretaries of State"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="United_States_secretaries_of_state" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_secretaries_of_state_of_the_United_States" title="List of secretaries of state of the United States">United States secretaries of state</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_secretaries_of_state_of_the_United_States" title="List of secretaries of state of the United States">Secretary of Foreign Affairs</a><br />1781–1789</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Robert_R._Livingston" title="Robert R. Livingston">R. Livingston</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Jay</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="2" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Flag_of_the_United_States_Secretary_of_State.svg/75px-Flag_of_the_United_States_Secretary_of_State.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="56" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Flag_of_the_United_States_Secretary_of_State.svg/113px-Flag_of_the_United_States_Secretary_of_State.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Flag_of_the_United_States_Secretary_of_State.svg/150px-Flag_of_the_United_States_Secretary_of_State.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="320" data-file-height="240" /></span></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_State" title="United States Secretary of State">Secretary of State</a><br />1789–present</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Jefferson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Randolph" title="Edmund Randolph">Randolph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timothy_Pickering" title="Timothy Pickering">Pickering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Marshall" title="John Marshall">J. Marshall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Madison" title="James Madison">Madison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Smith_(Cabinet_member)" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert Smith (Cabinet member)">Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Monroe" title="James Monroe">Monroe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Quincy_Adams" title="John Quincy Adams">Adams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Clay" title="Henry Clay">Clay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Van_Buren" title="Martin Van Buren">Van Buren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Livingston" title="Edward Livingston">E. Livingston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_McLane" title="Louis McLane">McLane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Forsyth_(politician)" title="John Forsyth (politician)">Forsyth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Webster" title="Daniel Webster">Webster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abel_P._Upshur" title="Abel P. Upshur">Upshur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_C._Calhoun" title="John C. Calhoun">Calhoun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Buchanan" title="James Buchanan">Buchanan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_M._Clayton" title="John M. Clayton">Clayton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Webster" title="Daniel Webster">Webster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Everett" title="Edward Everett">Everett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_L._Marcy" title="William L. Marcy">Marcy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lewis_Cass" title="Lewis Cass">Cass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeremiah_S._Black" title="Jeremiah S. Black">Black</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_H._Seward" title="William H. Seward">Seward</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elihu_B._Washburne" title="Elihu B. Washburne">Washburne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamilton_Fish" title="Hamilton Fish">Fish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_M._Evarts" title="William M. Evarts">Evarts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_G._Blaine" title="James G. Blaine">Blaine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_T._Frelinghuysen" title="Frederick T. Frelinghuysen">Frelinghuysen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_F._Bayard" title="Thomas F. Bayard">Bayard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_G._Blaine" title="James G. Blaine">Blaine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_W._Foster" title="John W. Foster">Foster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Q._Gresham" title="Walter Q. Gresham">Gresham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Olney" title="Richard Olney">Olney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Sherman" title="John Sherman">Sherman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_R._Day" title="William R. Day">Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Hay" title="John Hay">Hay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elihu_Root" title="Elihu Root">Root</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Bacon" title="Robert Bacon">Bacon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philander_C._Knox" title="Philander C. Knox">Knox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Jennings_Bryan" title="William Jennings Bryan">Bryan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Lansing" title="Robert Lansing">Lansing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bainbridge_Colby" title="Bainbridge Colby">Colby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Evans_Hughes" title="Charles Evans Hughes">Hughes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_B._Kellogg" title="Frank B. Kellogg">Kellogg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_L._Stimson" title="Henry L. Stimson">Stimson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cordell_Hull" title="Cordell Hull">Hull</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Stettinius_Jr." title="Edward Stettinius Jr.">Stettinius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_F._Byrnes" title="James F. Byrnes">Byrnes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_C._Marshall" title="George C. Marshall">G. Marshall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dean_Acheson" title="Dean Acheson">Acheson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Foster_Dulles" title="John Foster Dulles">Dulles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Herter" title="Christian Herter">Herter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dean_Rusk" title="Dean Rusk">Rusk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_P._Rogers" title="William P. Rogers">Rogers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Kissinger" title="Henry Kissinger">Kissinger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyrus_Vance" title="Cyrus Vance">Vance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Muskie" title="Edmund Muskie">Muskie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Haig" title="Alexander Haig">Haig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Shultz" title="George Shultz">Shultz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Baker" title="James Baker">Baker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Eagleburger" title="Lawrence Eagleburger">Eagleburger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warren_Christopher" title="Warren Christopher">Christopher</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_international_trips_made_by_Warren_Christopher_as_United_States_Secretary_of_State" title="List of international trips made by Warren Christopher as United States Secretary of State">trips</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madeleine_Albright" title="Madeleine Albright">Albright</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_international_trips_made_by_Madeleine_Albright_as_United_States_Secretary_of_State" title="List of international trips made by Madeleine Albright as United States Secretary of State">trips</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colin_Powell" title="Colin Powell">Powell</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_international_trips_made_by_Colin_Powell_as_United_States_Secretary_of_State" title="List of international trips made by Colin Powell as United States Secretary of State">trips</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Condoleezza_Rice" title="Condoleezza Rice">Rice</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Condoleezza_Rice%27s_tenure_as_Secretary_of_State" title="Condoleezza Rice's tenure as Secretary of State">tenure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_international_trips_made_by_Condoleezza_Rice_as_United_States_Secretary_of_State" title="List of international trips made by Condoleezza Rice as United States Secretary of State">trips</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hillary_Clinton" title="Hillary Clinton">Clinton</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hillary_Clinton%27s_tenure_as_Secretary_of_State" title="Hillary Clinton's tenure as Secretary of State">tenure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_international_trips_made_by_Hillary_Clinton_as_United_States_Secretary_of_State" title="List of international trips made by Hillary Clinton as United States Secretary of State">trips</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Kerry" title="John Kerry">Kerry</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_international_trips_made_by_John_Kerry_as_United_States_Secretary_of_State" title="List of international trips made by John Kerry as United States Secretary of State">trips</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rex_Tillerson" title="Rex Tillerson">Tillerson</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_international_trips_made_by_Rex_Tillerson_as_United_States_Secretary_of_State" title="List of international trips made by Rex Tillerson as United States Secretary of State">trips</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mike_Pompeo" title="Mike Pompeo">Pompeo</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_international_trips_made_by_Mike_Pompeo_as_United_States_Secretary_of_State" title="List of international trips made by Mike Pompeo as United States Secretary of State">trips</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antony_Blinken" title="Antony Blinken">Blinken</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_international_trips_made_by_Antony_Blinken_as_United_States_Secretary_of_State" title="List of international trips made by Antony Blinken as United States Secretary of State">trips</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><a href="/wiki/List_of_international_trips_made_by_secretaries_of_state_of_the_United_States" title="List of international trips made by secretaries of state of the United States">List of international trips made by secretaries of state of the United States</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=United_States&#124;link=United_States_United_States_Ambassadors_to_Spain_23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Spain&#124;link=Spain" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:US_Ambassadors_to_Spain" title="Template:US Ambassadors to Spain"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:US_Ambassadors_to_Spain" title="Template talk:US Ambassadors to Spain"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:US_Ambassadors_to_Spain" title="Special:EditPage/Template:US Ambassadors to Spain"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=United_States&#124;link=United_States_United_States_Ambassadors_to_Spain_23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Spain&#124;link=Spain" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/List_of_ambassadors_of_the_United_States_to_Spain" title="List of ambassadors of the United States to Spain">United States Ambassadors to Spain</a> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain"><img alt="Spain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/23px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/35px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/45px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500" /></a></span></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ministers Plenipotentiary<br />to Spain<br />(1779–1825)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Jay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Carmichael_(diplomat)" title="William Carmichael (diplomat)">Carmichael</a> <small>(<i>chargé d'affaires</i>)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Short_(American_ambassador)" title="William Short (American ambassador)">Short</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Humphreys_(soldier)" title="David Humphreys (soldier)">Humphreys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Pinckney_(governor)" title="Charles Pinckney (governor)">Pinckney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_W._Erving" title="George W. Erving">Erving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_W._Erving" title="George W. Erving">Erving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Forsyth_(politician)" title="John Forsyth (politician)">Forsyth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Nelson_(American_politician)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hugh Nelson (American politician)">Nelson</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Envoy Extraordinary and<br />Minister Plenipotentiary <br />to Spain<br />(1825–1913)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Hill_Everett" title="Alexander Hill Everett">Everett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornelius_P._Van_Ness" title="Cornelius P. Van Ness">Van Ness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Eaton_(politician)" title="John Eaton (politician)">Eaton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aaron_Vail" title="Aaron Vail">Vail</a> <small>(<i>chargé d'affaires</i>)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington_Irving" title="Washington Irving">Irving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romulus_Mitchell_Saunders" class="mw-redirect" title="Romulus Mitchell Saunders">Saunders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Moreau_Barringer" title="Daniel Moreau Barringer">Barringer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Soul%C3%A9" title="Pierre Soulé">Soulé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustus_C._Dodge" title="Augustus C. Dodge">Dodge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Preston_(Kentucky_soldier)" title="William Preston (Kentucky soldier)">Preston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Schurz" title="Carl Schurz">Schurz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustav_Koerner" title="Gustav Koerner">Koerner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_P._Hale" title="John P. Hale">Hale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Sickles" title="Daniel Sickles">Sickles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caleb_Cushing" title="Caleb Cushing">Cushing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Russell_Lowell" title="James Russell Lowell">Lowell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucius_Fairchild" title="Lucius Fairchild">Fairchild</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hannibal_Hamlin" title="Hannibal Hamlin">Hamlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_W._Foster" title="John W. Foster">Foster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jabez_Lamar_Monroe_Curry" class="mw-redirect" title="Jabez Lamar Monroe Curry">Curry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perry_Belmont" title="Perry Belmont">Belmont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_W._Palmer" title="Thomas W. Palmer">Palmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Burd_Grubb_Jr." title="Edward Burd Grubb Jr.">Grubb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A._Loudon_Snowden" title="A. Loudon Snowden">Snowden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hannis_Taylor" title="Hannis Taylor">Taylor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stewart_L._Woodford" title="Stewart L. Woodford">Woodford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bellamy_Storer_(politician,_born_1847)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bellamy Storer (politician, born 1847)">Storer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Sherburne_Hardy" title="Arthur Sherburne Hardy">Hardy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Miller_Collier" title="William Miller Collier">Collier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Clay_Ide" title="Henry Clay Ide">Ide</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ambassador Extraordinary<br />and Plenipotentiary<br />to Spain<br />(1913–present)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Edward_Willard" title="Joseph Edward Willard">Willard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyrus_Woods" title="Cyrus Woods">Woods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Pollock_Moore" title="Alexander Pollock Moore">Moore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ogden_H._Hammond" title="Ogden H. Hammond">Hammond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irwin_B._Laughlin" title="Irwin B. Laughlin">Laughlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude_Bowers" class="mw-redirect" title="Claude Bowers">Bowers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H._Freeman_Matthews" title="H. Freeman Matthews">Matthews</a> <small>(<i>chargé d'affaires</i>)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_W._Weddell" title="Alexander W. Weddell">Weddell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlton_J._H._Hayes" title="Carlton J. H. Hayes">Hayes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norman_Armour" title="Norman Armour">Armour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_Bonsal" title="Philip Bonsal">Bonsal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_T._Culbertson" class="mw-redirect" title="Paul T. Culbertson">Culbertson</a> <small>(<i>chargé d'affaires</i>)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanton_Griffis" title="Stanton Griffis">Griffis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lincoln_MacVeagh" title="Lincoln MacVeagh">MacVeagh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Clement_Dunn" title="James Clement Dunn">Dunn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Davis_Lodge" title="John Davis Lodge">Lodge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Joseph_Drexel_Biddle_Jr." title="Anthony Joseph Drexel Biddle Jr.">Biddle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_F._Woodward" title="Robert F. Woodward">Woodward</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angier_Biddle_Duke" title="Angier Biddle Duke">Duke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_F._Wagner_Jr." title="Robert F. Wagner Jr.">Wagner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_C._Hill" title="Robert C. Hill">Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horacio_Rivero_Jr." title="Horacio Rivero Jr.">Rivero</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bruce_Penn&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bruce Penn (page does not exist)">Penn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wells_Stabler" title="Wells Stabler">Stabler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terence_Todman" title="Terence Todman">Todman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_O._Enders" title="Thomas O. Enders">Enders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reginald_Bartholomew" title="Reginald Bartholomew">Bartholomew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Zappala" title="Joseph Zappala">Zappala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Goodwin_Capen_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="Richard Goodwin Capen Jr.">Capen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_N._Gardner" title="Richard N. Gardner">Gardner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_L._Romero" title="Edward L. Romero">Romero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Argyros" title="George Argyros">Argyros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eduardo_Aguirre_(diplomat)" title="Eduardo Aguirre (diplomat)">Aguirre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alan_Solomont" title="Alan Solomont">Solomont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Costos" title="James Costos">Costos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duke_Buchan" title="Duke Buchan">Buchan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julissa_Reynoso_Pantale%C3%B3n" title="Julissa Reynoso Pantaleón">Pantaleón</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Federalist_Party" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Federalist_Party" title="Template:Federalist Party"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Federalist_Party" title="Template talk:Federalist Party"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Federalist_Party" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Federalist Party"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Federalist_Party" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Federalist_Party" title="Federalist Party">Federalist Party</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Federalist_Era" title="Federalist Era">Federalist Era</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/American_School_(economics)" title="American School (economics)">American School</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/First_Party_System" title="First Party System">First Party System</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_George_Washington" title="Presidency of George Washington">Presidency of George Washington</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_John_Adams" title="Presidency of John Adams">Presidency of John Adams</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Federalist_Party#Presidential_elections" title="Federalist Party">Presidential<br />tickets</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1796_United_States_presidential_election" title="1796 United States presidential election">1796</a>: <a href="/wiki/John_Adams" title="John Adams">Adams</a>/<a href="/wiki/Thomas_Pinckney" title="Thomas Pinckney">T. Pinckney</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1800_United_States_presidential_election" title="1800 United States presidential election">1800</a>: <a href="/wiki/John_Adams" title="John Adams">Adams</a>/<a href="/wiki/Charles_Cotesworth_Pinckney" title="Charles Cotesworth Pinckney">C. Pinckney</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1804_United_States_presidential_election" title="1804 United States presidential election">1804</a>: <a href="/wiki/Charles_Cotesworth_Pinckney" title="Charles Cotesworth Pinckney">C. Pinckney</a>/<a href="/wiki/Rufus_King" title="Rufus King">King</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1808_United_States_presidential_election" title="1808 United States presidential election">1808</a>: <a href="/wiki/Charles_Cotesworth_Pinckney" title="Charles Cotesworth Pinckney">C. Pinckney</a>/<a href="/wiki/Rufus_King" title="Rufus King">King</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1812_United_States_presidential_election" title="1812 United States presidential election">1812</a>: <a href="/wiki/DeWitt_Clinton" title="DeWitt Clinton">Clinton</a>/<a href="/wiki/Jared_Ingersoll" title="Jared Ingersoll">Ingersoll</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1816_United_States_presidential_election" title="1816 United States presidential election">1816</a>: <a href="/wiki/Rufus_King" title="Rufus King">King</a>/<a href="/wiki/John_Eager_Howard" title="John Eager Howard">Howard</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Speaker_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="Speaker of the United States House of Representatives">U.S. House<br />speakers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Muhlenberg" title="Frederick Muhlenberg">Frederick Muhlenberg</a> (1789–1791)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Trumbull_Jr." title="Jonathan Trumbull Jr.">Jonathan Trumbull Jr.</a> (1791–1793)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Dayton" title="Jonathan Dayton">Jonathan Dayton</a> (1795–1799)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Theodore_Sedgwick" title="Theodore Sedgwick">Theodore Sedgwick</a> (1799–1801)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_the_United_States" title="Cabinet of the United States">U.S. Cabinet</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_State" title="United States Secretary of State">State</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">John Jay</a> (1789–1790)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Randolph" title="Edmund Randolph">Edmund Randolph</a> (1794–1795)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Timothy_Pickering" title="Timothy Pickering">Timothy Pickering</a> (1795–1800)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Lee_(Attorney_General)" title="Charles Lee (Attorney General)">Charles Lee</a> (1800)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/John_Marshall" title="John Marshall">John Marshall</a> (1800–1801)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Rush" title="Richard Rush">Richard Rush</a> (1817)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_the_Treasury" title="United States Secretary of the Treasury">Treasury</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Hamilton" title="Alexander Hamilton">Alexander Hamilton</a> (1789–1795)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Oliver_Wolcott_Jr." title="Oliver Wolcott Jr.">Oliver Wolcott Jr.</a> (1795–1801)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Dexter" title="Samuel Dexter">Samuel Dexter</a> (1801)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_War" title="United States Secretary of War">War</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Henry_Knox" title="Henry Knox">Henry Knox</a> (1789–1795)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Timothy_Pickering" title="Timothy Pickering">Timothy Pickering</a> (1795)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/James_McHenry" title="James McHenry">James McHenry</a> (1796–1800)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Dexter" title="Samuel Dexter">Samuel Dexter</a> (1800–1801)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Attorney_General" title="United States Attorney General">Attorney General</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Randolph" title="Edmund Randolph">Edmund Randolph</a> (1789–1794)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/William_Bradford_(Attorney_General)" title="William Bradford (Attorney General)">William Bradford</a> (1794–1795)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Lee_(Attorney_General)" title="Charles Lee (Attorney General)">Charles Lee</a> (1795–1801)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Rush" title="Richard Rush">Richard Rush</a> (1814–1817)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_the_Navy" title="United States Secretary of the Navy">Navy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Stoddert" title="Benjamin Stoddert">Benjamin Stoddert</a> (1798–1801)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link 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Jefferson">Thomas Jefferson</a> (1790–1793)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Randolph" title="Edmund Randolph">Edmund Randolph</a> (1794–1795)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timothy_Pickering" title="Timothy Pickering">Timothy Pickering</a> (1795–1797)</li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Gilbert_Stuart_Williamstown_Portrait_of_George_Washington.jpg/100px-Gilbert_Stuart_Williamstown_Portrait_of_George_Washington.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="121" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Gilbert_Stuart_Williamstown_Portrait_of_George_Washington.jpg/150px-Gilbert_Stuart_Williamstown_Portrait_of_George_Washington.jpg 1.5x, 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class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Knox" title="Henry Knox">Henry Knox</a> (1789–1794)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timothy_Pickering" title="Timothy Pickering">Timothy Pickering</a> (1795)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_McHenry" title="James McHenry">James McHenry</a> (1796–1797)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Attorney_General" title="United States Attorney General">Attorney General</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Randolph" title="Edmund Randolph">Edmund Randolph</a> (1789–1794)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Bradford_(Attorney_General)" title="William Bradford (Attorney General)">William Bradford</a> (1794–1795)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Lee_(Attorney_General)" 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href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000108985703">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/49254995">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/40483/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJj8QMhrPDBwdGgkjRdPcP">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118841696">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n79088877">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12104333c">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12104333c">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00522957">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Jay, John"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.sbn.it/nome/RAVV062472">Italy</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35244062">Australia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=jn19990004005&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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href="https://libris.kb.se/ljx016z437kv5nr">Sweden</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810572531105606">Poland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=495/167284">Vatican</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007273084905171">Israel</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058529328906706">Catalonia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.kbr.be/LIBRARY/doc/AUTHORITY/14769130">Belgium</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA00776955?l=en">CiNii</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=J000065">US Congress</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/879645">Trove</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd118841696.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/118841696">DDB</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/029409276">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10581348">NARA</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6hj7b4k">SNAC</a></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6gx4fqs">2</a></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rism.online/people/30085340">RISM</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> 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