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<li id="toc-Project_inception_and_initial_releases" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Project_inception_and_initial_releases"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Project inception and initial releases</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Project_inception_and_initial_releases-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-License_change_and_departure_of_Daniel_Micay" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#License_change_and_departure_of_Daniel_Micay"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>License change and departure of Daniel Micay</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-License_change_and_departure_of_Daniel_Micay-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Android_Pie_and_beyond" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Android_Pie_and_beyond"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Android Pie and beyond</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Android_Pie_and_beyond-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Features_and_compatibility" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Features_and_compatibility"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Features and compatibility</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Features_and_compatibility-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reception" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reception"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Reception</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reception-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Influence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Influence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Influence</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Influence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a 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data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vevent"><caption class="infobox-title summary">CopperheadOS</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Copperhead_logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Copperhead logo" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Copperhead_logo.svg/100px-Copperhead_logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Copperhead_logo.svg/150px-Copperhead_logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Copperhead_logo.svg/200px-Copperhead_logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:CopperheadOS_homescreen.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/CopperheadOS_homescreen.png/300px-CopperheadOS_homescreen.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="533" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/CopperheadOS_homescreen.png/450px-CopperheadOS_homescreen.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/CopperheadOS_homescreen.png/600px-CopperheadOS_homescreen.png 2x" data-file-width="1080" data-file-height="1920" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Screenshot of CopperheadOS on a Nexus 5X</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Programmer" title="Programmer">Developer</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Copperhead</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">OS family</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Unix-like" title="Unix-like">Unix-like</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Working state</th><td class="infobox-data">Current</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Source model</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Closed_source" class="mw-redirect" title="Closed source">Closed source</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Software_release_life_cycle" title="Software release life cycle">Latest release</a></th><td class="infobox-data">13.09.28 / 28 September 2023<span class="noprint">; 13 months ago</span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">2023-09-28</span>)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Marketing target</th><td class="infobox-data">Secure smartphones</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Update method</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Over-the-air_programming" class="mw-redirect" title="Over-the-air programming">Over-the-air (OTA)</a> or sideloaded update packages</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Package_manager" title="Package manager">Package manager</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Android_application_package" class="mw-redirect" title="Android application package">APK</a> with <a href="/wiki/F-Droid" title="F-Droid">F-Droid</a> bundled as a frontend</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Software_license" title="Software license">License</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/CC_BY-NC-SA" class="mw-redirect" title="CC BY-NC-SA">CC BY-NC-SA</a> 4.0</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Official website</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://copperhead.co/android">copperhead<wbr />.co<wbr />/android</a></span> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q26299700#P856" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>CopperheadOS</b> is a <a href="/wiki/Mobile_operating_system" title="Mobile operating system">mobile operating system</a> for <a href="/wiki/Smartphone" title="Smartphone">smartphones</a>, based on the <a href="/wiki/Android_(operating_system)" title="Android (operating system)">Android</a> mobile platform. It adds privacy and security features to the official releases of the <a href="/wiki/Android_Open_Source_Project" class="mw-redirect" title="Android Open Source Project">Android Open Source Project</a> by <a href="/wiki/Google" title="Google">Google</a>. CopperheadOS is developed by Copperhead, a Canadian <a href="/wiki/Information_security" title="Information security">information security</a> company. It is licensed under Creative Commons <a href="/wiki/BY-NC-SA" class="mw-redirect" title="BY-NC-SA">BY-NC-SA</a> 4.0, although its source code is not available for public download. </p><p>CopperheadOS supports smartphones in the Google Pixel product line; other devices are not targeted in order to preserve the resources of the development team. It has several security features not found in stock Android, such as a hardened version of the <a href="/wiki/Linux_kernel" title="Linux kernel">Linux kernel</a>, and the ability to use separate passwords for unlocking the device and for encryption. Rather than use the <a href="/wiki/Google_Play_Store" class="mw-redirect" title="Google Play Store">Google Play Store</a> found on most Android devices, CopperheadOS ships with the <a href="/wiki/F-Droid" title="F-Droid">F-Droid</a> store in order to reduce the risk of users installing malicious apps. </p><p>Development of CopperheadOS began in 2014, and the operating system had an initial alpha release in August 2015. This was followed by a beta release in February 2016, followed by several other releases targeting the <a href="/wiki/Google_Nexus" title="Google Nexus">Google Nexus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Google_Pixel" title="Google Pixel">Pixel</a> phones. The project was initially released under the <a href="/wiki/GNU_General_Public_License" title="GNU General Public License">GNU General Public License</a>, with the project's source code publicly available on <a href="/wiki/GitHub" title="GitHub">GitHub</a>. In October 2016 the license was changed to <a href="/wiki/Creative_Commons_Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike" class="mw-redirect" title="Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike">Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike</a> (BY-NC-SA), and as of June 2020 access to the source code was restricted to members of Copperhead's partner network. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=CopperheadOS&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Project_inception_and_initial_releases">Project inception and initial releases</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=CopperheadOS&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Project inception and initial releases"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The CopperheadOS project was started in 2014 by Copperhead, an information security company based in <a href="/wiki/Toronto" title="Toronto">Toronto</a>, Canada. The company was founded in the same year by James Donaldson, the CEO, and Daniel Micay, the CTO and lead developer, and initially served clients in the Canadian legal and intelligence industries. During this work, the founders noticed an absence of secure, <a href="/wiki/Open_source" title="Open source">open-source</a> operating systems for mobile devices, and they created CopperheadOS under an open source license to try to address this need.<sup id="cite_ref-pauli-2016_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pauli-2016-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-twit-279_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-twit-279-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-cryptotech-history_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cryptotech-history-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Copperhead announced the development of CopperheadOS in April 2015. According to the announcement, the operating system was designed to be a "secure-by-default version of <a href="/wiki/Android_(operating_system)" title="Android (operating system)">Android</a>" aimed at privacy-conscious users.<sup id="cite_ref-copperhead-secure-android-rom_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-copperhead-secure-android-rom-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At first, CopperheadOS was licensed under the <a href="/wiki/GNU_General_Public_License" title="GNU General Public License">GNU General Public License</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-cryptotech-licensing_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cryptotech-licensing-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the project's code was located on <a href="/wiki/GitHub" title="GitHub">GitHub</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-schirrmacher_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-schirrmacher-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Copperhead contributed several of their bug fixes and improvements developed for CopperheadOS to the <a href="/wiki/Android_Open_Source_Project" class="mw-redirect" title="Android Open Source Project">Android Open Source Project</a>, the main project for Android development by <a href="/wiki/Google" title="Google">Google</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-armasu-2015_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-armasu-2015-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In August 2015, Copperhead released the first alpha version of CopperheadOS.<sup id="cite_ref-copperhead-alpha_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-copperhead-alpha-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At this point, the project was based on <a href="/wiki/CyanogenMod" title="CyanogenMod">CyanogenMod</a>, and included support for the <a href="/wiki/Google_Nexus_5" class="mw-redirect" title="Google Nexus 5">Google Nexus 5</a> and <a href="/wiki/Samsung_Galaxy_S4" title="Samsung Galaxy S4">Samsung Galaxy S4</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Quiroli-2015_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Quiroli-2015-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was followed by a beta version in February 2016, with support for the Nexus 5, <a href="/wiki/Nexus_9" title="Nexus 9">Nexus 9</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nexus_5X" title="Nexus 5X">Nexus 5X</a>. The beta was based directly on the Android Open Source Project instead of using CyanogenMod, as were subsequent releases. The move away from CyanogenMod and the lack of vendor support led to dropping support for the Samsung Galaxy S4.<sup id="cite_ref-corbet-2016_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-corbet-2016-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In May 2016, Copperhead launched an online store where the Nexus 5X could be purchased directly with CopperheadOS pre-loaded. The <a href="/wiki/Nexus_6P" title="Nexus 6P">Nexus 6P</a> was made available for purchase from the store in July of the same year.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="License_change_and_departure_of_Daniel_Micay">License change and departure of Daniel Micay</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=CopperheadOS&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: License change and departure of Daniel Micay"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>From October 2016, for versions of CopperheadOS based on Android 7.0 Nougat, Copperhead changed the CopperheadOS license to the <a href="/wiki/Creative_Commons_Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike" class="mw-redirect" title="Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike">Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike</a> (BY-NC-SA) license.<sup id="cite_ref-cryptotech-licensing_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cryptotech-licensing-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Donaldson, this was to prevent other companies from using the CopperheadOS code without paying Copperhead for licensing, in order to keep the project sustainable.<sup id="cite_ref-cryptotech-licensing_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cryptotech-licensing-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Copperhead began selling <a href="/wiki/Google_Pixel" title="Google Pixel">Google Pixel</a> phones pre-loaded with CopperheadOS in March 2017, in addition to their lineup of Nexus phones.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For Nexus devices, users could download and install CopperheadOS for free;<sup id="cite_ref-lynch-2017_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lynch-2017-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> however, this option was not made available for Pixel phones.<sup id="cite_ref-conway-2017_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-conway-2017-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For Pixel phones, users could either buy a phone from the Copperhead store with CopperheadOS pre-loaded, or send their own phone to Copperhead for the operating system to be installed on it. This was done to prevent violations of CopperheadOS's non-commercial license; Copperhead competitors had been selling Nexus phones with CopperheadOS installed without obtaining a commercial license, and Copperhead wanted to avoid this issue with the Pixel.<sup id="cite_ref-conway-2017_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-conway-2017-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The issue came to a head in November the same year, when Copperhead briefly shut down the update server for Nexus devices in order to stop the continued license violations. The company restored the update server after two days.<sup id="cite_ref-conway-2017_15-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-conway-2017-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Copperhead released an alpha version of CopperheadOS for the <a href="/wiki/Pixel_2" title="Pixel 2">Pixel 2</a> and Pixel 2 XL in January 2018. Official releases for the Pixel 2 and 2 XL were marked as "for internal use", and could not be downloaded from the Copperhead website without authentication. This maintained the status quo of only Nexus releases being available for public download.<sup id="cite_ref-wright-2018_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wright-2018-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Disagreements between the two founders over business policy became increasingly heated over the first few months of 2018, and led to Donaldson firing Micay in June of that year.<sup id="cite_ref-perrone-2018_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-perrone-2018-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-de-2018_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-de-2018-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Micay responded by posting his dismissal notice on <a href="/wiki/Reddit" title="Reddit">Reddit</a>, and by deleting the cryptographic keys necessary to release updates for the project.<sup id="cite_ref-perrone-2018_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-perrone-2018-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-mocanu-2018_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mocanu-2018-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Micay said that he considered "the company and infrastructure to be compromised", and that he would "prevent [Donaldson] from harming any users".<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Copperhead failed to provide CopperheadOS updates for several months afterwards.<sup id="cite_ref-de-2018_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-de-2018-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Micay continued the development of the open source parts of CopperheadOS as the Android Hardening project, which was later rebranded as <a href="/wiki/GrapheneOS" title="GrapheneOS">GrapheneOS</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Donaldson, as of February 2019 he and Micay were in a legal dispute over the incident.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Android_Pie_and_beyond">Android Pie and beyond</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=CopperheadOS&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Android Pie and beyond"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The next release of CopperheadOS following Micay's departure was in March 2019; this version was based on <a href="/wiki/Android_Pie" title="Android Pie">Android Pie</a> (9), and had support for the Pixel, Pixel XL, Pixel 2 and Pixel 2 XL. Pixel devices pre-installed with CopperheadOS could be purchased from Copperhead's website.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was followed in February 2020 with a version of CopperheadOS based on Android 10, available for the Pixel 2 and Pixel 2 XL.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As of June 2020, CopperheadOS sources and installation files were no longer available for public download and could only be obtained from Copperhead's partner network. Copperhead cites "mass violation of Copperhead's non-Commercial licensing" as the reason for this change.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Copperhead released a version of CopperheadOS based on <a href="/wiki/Android_11" title="Android 11">Android 11</a> in November 2020.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was followed with a version based on <a href="/wiki/Android_12" title="Android 12">Android 12</a> in February 2022. This version added support for the <a href="/wiki/Pixel_4a" title="Pixel 4a">Pixel 4a</a>, the Pixel 4a 5G, the <a href="/wiki/Pixel_5" title="Pixel 5">Pixel 5</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Pixel_5a" title="Pixel 5a">Pixel 5a</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Pixel_6" title="Pixel 6">Pixel 6</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In February 2023, the project added support for <a href="/wiki/Pixel_6a" title="Pixel 6a">Pixel 6a</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pixel_7" title="Pixel 7">Pixel 7</a> with the <a href="/wiki/Android_13" title="Android 13">Android 13</a> update.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Features_and_compatibility">Features and compatibility</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=CopperheadOS&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Features and compatibility"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>CopperheadOS is focused on hardening the Android operating system to make it more difficult for attackers to exploit any potential security vulnerabilities. In a 2016 interview, Copperhead CEO James Donaldson said, "The point of it is to increase the amount of resources an attacker needs to expend<span class="nowrap"> </span>... to the point where hopefully they will just give up."<sup id="cite_ref-pauli-2016_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pauli-2016-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The operating system features several security improvements over stock Android related to how programs interact with <a href="/wiki/Computer_memory" title="Computer memory">memory</a>. It implements the <a href="/wiki/PaX" class="mw-redirect" title="PaX">PaX</a> security patches for the <a href="/wiki/Linux_kernel" title="Linux kernel">Linux kernel</a>, which improves resistance against executing code that has managed to find its way into writeable memory.<sup id="cite_ref-corbet-2016_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-corbet-2016-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It also features improved <a href="/wiki/Address_space_layout_randomization" title="Address space layout randomization">address space layout randomization</a>, a version of <a href="/wiki/Malloc" class="mw-redirect" title="Malloc">malloc</a> with better memory layout randomization, and more secure <a href="/wiki/SELinux" class="mw-redirect" title="SELinux">SELinux</a> policies.<sup id="cite_ref-corbet-2016_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-corbet-2016-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-porup-2016-1_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-porup-2016-1-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> CopperheadOS also features <a href="/wiki/Verified_boot" class="mw-redirect" title="Verified boot">verified boot</a>, which protects against malware taking over the boot process or the recovery process of the device.<sup id="cite_ref-porup-2016-2_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-porup-2016-2-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There are also various changes from stock Android in user-facing features. CopperheadOS separates the password used to unlock the device from the device's encryption password; users can use a relatively simple password to unlock their devices, but if the wrong password is entered five times in a row, the device reboots and the encryption password must be entered, which would be presumably more difficult for an attacker to guess.<sup id="cite_ref-corbet-2016_10-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-corbet-2016-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The operating system ships with the <a href="/wiki/F-Droid" title="F-Droid">F-Droid</a> store, from which users can install open-source applications, instead of the <a href="/wiki/Google_Play_Store" class="mw-redirect" title="Google Play Store">Google Play Store</a> usually found on Android phones. This is intended to prevent users from unknowingly installing malicious apps on their devices.<sup id="cite_ref-pauli-2016_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pauli-2016-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The project supports <a href="/wiki/Smartphone" title="Smartphone">smartphones</a> in the Google Pixel product line. This is done to preserve Copperhead's development resources, and to enable quick patching when Google releases security updates.<sup id="cite_ref-balog-2018_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-balog-2018-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As of September 2022<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=CopperheadOS&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, the supported phones are the <a href="/wiki/Pixel_3a" title="Pixel 3a">Pixel 3a</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Pixel_3a_XL" class="mw-redirect" title="Pixel 3a XL">Pixel 3a XL</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Pixel_4" title="Pixel 4">Pixel 4</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Pixel_4_XL" class="mw-redirect" title="Pixel 4 XL">Pixel 4 XL</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Pixel_4a" title="Pixel 4a">Pixel 4a</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Pixel_4a_(5G)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pixel 4a (5G)">Pixel 4a 5G</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Pixel_5" title="Pixel 5">Pixel 5</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Pixel_5a" title="Pixel 5a">Pixel 5a</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Pixel_6" title="Pixel 6">Pixel 6</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Reception">Reception</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=CopperheadOS&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Reception"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In January 2018, Tarus Balog of opensource.com was favorably impressed by features in CopperheadOS, but he found the lack of Google applications difficult, and was confused by licensing terms and conditions. Balog said he initially used a Nexus 6P because available Pixel and Pixel XL phones from Copperhead were too expensive. At that time source code was available, but he was unable to successfully complete his own build.<sup id="cite_ref-balog-2018_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-balog-2018-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Influence">Influence</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=CopperheadOS&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Influence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 2016, <a href="/wiki/The_Tor_Project" title="The Tor Project">The Tor Project</a> released a prototype smartphone based on CopperheadOS named the <a href="/wiki/Tor_Phone" class="mw-redirect" title="Tor Phone">Tor Phone</a>, which gave users the ability to route their network connections through <a href="/wiki/Tor_(anonymity_network)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tor (anonymity network)">Tor</a> for anonymity. CopperheadOS was chosen for its focus on security, in particular its use of verified boot and its prevention of system apps being overridden by apps from the Google Play Store. The prototype only worked on Google Nexus and Pixel hardware, and had many unfinished pieces.<sup id="cite_ref-porup-2016-2_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-porup-2016-2-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=CopperheadOS&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_custom_Android_distributions" title="List of custom Android distributions">List of custom Android distributions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Security-focused_operating_system" title="Security-focused operating system">Security-focused operating system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guardian_Project_(software)" title="Guardian Project (software)">Guardian Project</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=CopperheadOS&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-pauli-2016-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-pauli-2016_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pauli-2016_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pauli-2016_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 20,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Opensource.com&rft.atitle=CopperheadOS%3A+Security+features%2C+installing+apps%2C+and+more&rft.date=2018-01-29&rft.aulast=Balog&rft.aufirst=Tarus&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopensource.com%2Farticle%2F18%2F1%2Fcopperheados-delivers-mobile-freedom-privacy-and-security&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACopperheadOS" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://copperhead.co/android/docs/devices/#support-status">"Device comparison"</a>. Copperhead. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220508090301/https://copperhead.co/android/docs/devices/#support-status">Archived</a> from the original on May 8, 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 25,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Device+comparison&rft.pub=Copperhead&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcopperhead.co%2Fandroid%2Fdocs%2Fdevices%2F%23support-status&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACopperheadOS" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVerma2016" class="citation web cs1">Verma, Adarsh (November 25, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fossbytes.com/tor-phone-secure-android-copperhead/">"Tor Phone Is The "Super-secure Version Of Android", Developed By Tor Project"</a>. <i>Fossbytes</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 28,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Fossbytes&rft.atitle=Tor+Phone+Is+The+%22Super-secure+Version+Of+Android%22%2C+Developed+By+Tor+Project&rft.date=2016-11-25&rft.aulast=Verma&rft.aufirst=Adarsh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffossbytes.com%2Ftor-phone-secure-android-copperhead%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACopperheadOS" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=CopperheadOS&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="official-website"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://copperhead.co/android">Official website</a></span></span> <span class="mw-valign-text-top" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q26299700#P856" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://github.com/copperheados">CopperheadOS</a> on <a href="/wiki/GitHub" title="GitHub">GitHub</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style 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system)">Android</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Android_Go" title="Android Go">Android Go</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_Android_Go_products" title="Comparison of Android Go products">Comparison of products</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Android_software_development" title="Android software development">Software <br /> development</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Programming_tool" title="Programming tool">Development tools</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Official</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Android_Runtime" title="Android Runtime">Android Runtime</a> (ART)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Android_SDK" title="Android SDK">Software development kit</a> (SDK) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Android_Debug_Bridge" title="Android Debug Bridge">Android Debug Bridge</a> (ADB)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fastboot" title="Fastboot">Fastboot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Android_App_Bundle" title="Android App Bundle">Android App Bundle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apk_(file_format)" title="Apk (file format)">Android application package</a> (APK)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bionic_(software)" title="Bionic (software)">Bionic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dalvik_(software)" title="Dalvik (software)">Dalvik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Firebase" title="Firebase">Firebase</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Google_Cloud_Messaging" title="Google Cloud Messaging">Google Cloud Messaging</a> (GCM)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Firebase_Cloud_Messaging" title="Firebase Cloud Messaging">Firebase Cloud Messaging</a> (FCM)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Mobile_Services" title="Google Mobile Services">Google Mobile Services</a> (GMS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Android_NDK" title="Android NDK">Native development kit</a> (NDK)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Android_Open_Accessory_Development_Kit" class="mw-redirect" title="Android Open Accessory Development Kit">Open accessory development kit</a> (OADK)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/RenderScript" title="RenderScript">RenderScript</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skia_Graphics_Engine" title="Skia Graphics Engine">Skia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AdMob" title="AdMob">AdMob</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Material_Design" title="Material Design">Material Design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Font" title="Font">Fonts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Droid_(typeface)" title="Droid (typeface)">Droid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roboto" title="Roboto">Roboto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noto_fonts" title="Noto fonts">Noto</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Developers" title="Google Developers">Google Developers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/OpenBinder" title="OpenBinder">OpenBinder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apache_Harmony" title="Apache Harmony">Apache Harmony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OpenJDK" title="OpenJDK">OpenJDK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gradle" title="Gradle">Gradle</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Integrated_development_environment" title="Integrated development environment">Integrated<br />development<br />environments</a> (IDE)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Android_Studio" title="Android Studio">Android Studio</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/IntelliJ_IDEA" title="IntelliJ IDEA">IntelliJ IDEA</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eclipse_(software)" title="Eclipse (software)">Eclipse</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eclipse_(software)#Android_Development_Tools" title="Eclipse (software)">Android Development Tools</a> (ADT)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/App_Inventor_for_Android" class="mw-redirect" title="App Inventor for Android">App Inventor</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Programming_language" title="Programming language">Languages</a>, <a href="/wiki/Database" title="Database">databases</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Java_(programming_language)" title="Java (programming language)">Java</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kotlin_(programming_language)" title="Kotlin (programming language)">Kotlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/XML" title="XML">XML</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C_(programming_language)" title="C (programming language)">C</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C%2B%2B" title="C++">C++</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SQLite" title="SQLite">SQLite</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Virtual_reality" title="Virtual reality">Virtual reality</a> (VR)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Google_Cardboard" title="Google Cardboard">Cardboard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Daydream" title="Google Daydream">Daydream</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Events, <a href="/wiki/Community_of_practice" title="Community of practice">communities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Google_I/O" title="Google I/O">Google I/O</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Android_Developer_Challenge" title="Android Developer Challenge">Developer Challenge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Android_Developer_Lab" title="Android Developer Lab">Developer Lab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Android_Open_Source_Project" class="mw-redirect" title="Android Open Source Project">Android Open Source Project</a> (AOSP)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Android_version_history" title="Android version history">Releases</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Android_Cupcake" title="Android Cupcake">Cupcake (1.5)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Android_Donut" title="Android Donut">Donut (1.6)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Android_Eclair" title="Android Eclair">Eclair (2.0–2.1)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Android_Froyo" title="Android Froyo">Froyo (2.2)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Android_Gingerbread" title="Android Gingerbread">Gingerbread (2.3)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Android_Honeycomb" title="Android Honeycomb">Honeycomb (3.x)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Android_Ice_Cream_Sandwich" title="Android Ice Cream Sandwich">Ice Cream Sandwich (4.0)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Android_Jelly_Bean" title="Android Jelly Bean">Jelly Bean (4.1–4.3)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Android_KitKat" title="Android KitKat">KitKat (4.4)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Android_Lollipop" title="Android Lollipop">Lollipop (5.x)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Android_Marshmallow" title="Android Marshmallow">Marshmallow (6.0)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Android_Nougat" title="Android Nougat">Nougat (7.x)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Android_Oreo" title="Android Oreo">Oreo (8.x)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Android_Pie" title="Android Pie">Pie (9)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Android_10" title="Android 10">10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Android_11" title="Android 11">11</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Android_12" title="Android 12">12</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Android_13" title="Android 13">13</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Android_14" title="Android 14">14</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Android_15" title="Android 15">15</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Android_16" title="Android 16">16</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Derivatives</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Android_Automotive" title="Android Automotive">Android Automotive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Android_Things" title="Android Things">Android Things</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Android_TV" title="Android TV">TV</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Android_TV_devices" title="List of Android TV devices">devices</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wear_OS" title="Wear OS">Wear OS</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Devices</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Google_Pixel" title="Google Pixel">Pixel</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pixel_C" title="Pixel C">C</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pixel_(1st_generation)" title="Pixel (1st generation)">Pixel & Pixel XL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pixel_2" title="Pixel 2">2 & 2 XL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pixel_3" title="Pixel 3">3 & 3 XL</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pixel_3a" title="Pixel 3a">3a & 3a XL</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pixel_4" title="Pixel 4">4 & 4 XL</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pixel_4a" title="Pixel 4a">4a & 4a (5G)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pixel_5" title="Pixel 5">5</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pixel_5a" title="Pixel 5a">5a</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pixel_6" title="Pixel 6">6 & 6 Pro</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pixel_6a" title="Pixel 6a">6a</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pixel_7" title="Pixel 7">7 & 7 Pro</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pixel_7a" title="Pixel 7a">7a</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pixel_Fold" title="Pixel Fold">Fold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pixel_Tablet" title="Pixel Tablet">Tablet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pixel_8" title="Pixel 8">8 & 8 Pro</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pixel_8a" title="Pixel 8a">8a</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pixel_8" title="Pixel 8">9, 9 Pro & 9 Pro XL</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pixel_9_Pro_Fold" title="Pixel 9 Pro Fold">9 Pro Fold</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Google_Nexus" title="Google Nexus">Nexus</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nexus_One" title="Nexus One">One</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nexus_S" title="Nexus S">S</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galaxy_Nexus" title="Galaxy Nexus">Galaxy Nexus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nexus_4" title="Nexus 4">4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nexus_10" title="Nexus 10">10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nexus_Q" title="Nexus Q">Q</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nexus_5" title="Nexus 5">5</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nexus_5X" title="Nexus 5X">5X</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nexus_6" title="Nexus 6">6</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nexus_6P" title="Nexus 6P">6P</a></li></ul></li> <li>7 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nexus_7_(2012)" title="Nexus 7 (2012)">2012</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nexus_7_(2013)" title="Nexus 7 (2013)">2013</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nexus_9" title="Nexus 9">9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nexus_Player" title="Nexus Player">Player</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Google_Play_edition_devices" title="List of Google Play edition devices">Play edition</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HTC_One_(M7)" title="HTC One (M7)">HTC One (M7)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HTC_One_(M8)" title="HTC One (M8)">HTC One (M8)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LG_G_Pad_8.3" title="LG G Pad 8.3">LG G Pad 8.3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moto_G_(1st_generation)" title="Moto G (1st generation)">Moto G</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samsung_Galaxy_S4" title="Samsung Galaxy S4">Samsung Galaxy S4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sony_Xperia_Z_Ultra" title="Sony Xperia Z Ultra">Sony Xperia Z Ultra</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Android_One" title="Android One">Android One</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Android_smartphones" title="List of Android smartphones">other smartphones</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_custom_Android_distributions" title="List of custom Android distributions">Custom <br /> distributions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AliOS" title="AliOS">AliOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Android-x86" title="Android-x86">Android-x86</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Remix_OS" title="Remix OS">Remix OS</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AOKP" title="AOKP">AOKP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baidu_Yi" title="Baidu Yi">Baidu Yi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barnes_%26_Noble_Nook" title="Barnes & Noble Nook">Barnes & Noble Nook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CalyxOS" title="CalyxOS">CalyxOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ColorOS" title="ColorOS">ColorOS</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Realme" title="Realme">realme UI</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">CopperheadOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EMUI" title="EMUI">EMUI</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Honor_(brand)" title="Honor (brand)">Magic UI</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_OS" title="Fire OS">Fire OS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meizu#Flyme" title="Meizu">Flyme OS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GrapheneOS" title="GrapheneOS">GrapheneOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xiaomi_HyperOS" title="Xiaomi HyperOS">Xiaomi HyperOS</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/MIUI" title="MIUI">MIUI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/POCO_(company)" class="mw-redirect" title="POCO (company)">MIUI for POCO</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LeWa_OS" title="LeWa OS">LeWa OS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LineageOS" title="LineageOS">LineageOS</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki//e/_(operating_system)" title="/e/ (operating system)">/e/</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CrDroid" title="CrDroid">CrDroid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CyanogenMod" title="CyanogenMod">CyanogenMod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DivestOS" title="DivestOS">DivestOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iod%C3%A9OS" title="IodéOS">iodéOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kali_NetHunter" title="Kali NetHunter">Kali NetHunter</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LiteOS" title="LiteOS">LiteOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meta_Horizon_OS" title="Meta Horizon OS">Meta Horizon OS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MicroG" title="MicroG">MicroG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nokia_X_family#Nokia_X_software_platform" title="Nokia X family">Nokia X software platform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OmniROM" title="OmniROM">OmniROM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OPhone" title="OPhone">OPhone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OxygenOS" title="OxygenOS">OxygenOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PixelExperience" title="PixelExperience">PixelExperience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Pixel#Pixel_UI_(Pixel_Launcher)" title="Google Pixel">Pixel UI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Replicant_(operating_system)" title="Replicant (operating system)">Replicant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resurrection_Remix_OS" title="Resurrection Remix OS">Resurrection Remix OS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SlimRoms" title="SlimRoms">SlimRoms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TCL_Technology" title="TCL Technology">TCL UI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ubuntu_for_Android" class="mw-redirect" title="Ubuntu for Android">Ubuntu for Android</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/XobotOS" title="XobotOS">XobotOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lenovo_smartphones" title="Lenovo smartphones">ZUI</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Booting and<br />recovery</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Booting_process_of_Android_devices" title="Booting process of Android devices">Booting process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Android_recovery_mode" title="Android recovery mode">Recovery mode</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/TWRP_(software)" title="TWRP (software)">TWRP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ClockworkMod" title="ClockworkMod">ClockworkMod</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fastboot" title="Fastboot">Fastboot</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/API" title="API">APIs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Google_Maps" title="Google Maps">Google Maps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Play_Services" title="Google Play Services">Google Play Services</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/SafetyNet_API" title="SafetyNet API">SafetyNet</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Search" title="Google Search">Google Search</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Alternative <a href="/wiki/User_interface" title="User interface">UIs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asus_ZenUI" class="mw-redirect" title="Asus ZenUI">Asus ZenUI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ColorOS" title="ColorOS">ColorOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EMUI" title="EMUI">EMUI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meizu#Flyme" title="Meizu">Flyme OS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hive_UI" title="Hive UI">XOLO Hive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HTC_Sense" title="HTC Sense">HTC Sense</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LG_UX" title="LG UX">LG UX</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Optimus_UI" title="Optimus UI">Optimus UI</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motoblur" title="Motoblur">Motoblur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One_UI" title="One UI">One UI</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Samsung_Experience" title="Samsung Experience">Experience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TouchWiz" title="TouchWiz">TouchWiz</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OxygenOS" title="OxygenOS">OxygenOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Pixel#Pixel_UI_(Pixel_Launcher)" title="Google Pixel">Pixel UI</a></li> <li>Xperia UI</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Rooting_(Android)" title="Rooting (Android)">Rooting</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/SuperSU" title="SuperSU">SuperSU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magisk_(software)" title="Magisk (software)">Magisk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingo_Root" title="Kingo Root">Kingo Root</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_custom_Android_distributions" title="List of custom Android distributions">Custom distributions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_features_in_Android" title="List of features in Android">Features</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_free_and_open-source_Android_applications" title="List of free and open-source Android applications">Free and open-source applications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Android_apps_by_Google" title="List of Android apps by Google">Google apps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Android_launchers" title="List of Android launchers">Launchers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Android_OS_articles" title="Index of Android OS articles">Index of articles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Androidland" title="Androidland">Androidland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chromecast" title="Chromecast">Chromecast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google" title="Google">Google</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_Java_and_Android_API" title="Comparison of Java and Android API">Java vs. Android API</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Android_lawn_statues" title="Android lawn statues">Lawn statues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BlueStacks" title="BlueStacks">BlueStacks</a></li> <li>Legal issues <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Google_LLC_v._Oracle_America,_Inc." title="Google LLC v. Oracle America, Inc.">Google v. Oracle</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smartphone_patent_wars" title="Smartphone patent wars">smartphone patent wars</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Android_(operating_system)_development_software" title="Category:Android (operating system) development software">Category:Android development</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Mobile_telecommunications" title="Category:Mobile telecommunications">Category:Mobile telecommunications</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Software" class="mw-redirect" title="Portal:Software">Software portal</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Telecommunication" title="Portal:Telecommunication">Telecommunication portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Mobile_operating_systems" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Mobile_operating_systems" title="Template:Mobile operating systems"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Mobile_operating_systems" title="Template talk:Mobile operating systems"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Mobile_operating_systems" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Mobile operating systems"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Mobile_operating_systems" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Mobile_operating_system" title="Mobile operating system">Mobile operating systems</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_mobile_operating_systems" title="Comparison of mobile operating systems">Mobile OS comparisons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_open-source_mobile_phones" title="List of open-source mobile phones">Open-source mobile phones / OSes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_Handset_Alliance" title="Open Handset Alliance">Open Handset Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_Mobile_Alliance" title="Open Mobile Alliance">Open Mobile Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mobile_app_distribution_platforms" title="List of mobile app distribution platforms">Mobile app distributions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_app_development" title="Mobile app development">Mobile app development</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Linux</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Linux_Kernel" class="mw-redirect" title="Linux Kernel">Linux Kernel</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>Active</b>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Android_(operating_system)" title="Android (operating system)">Android</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_custom_Android_distributions" title="List of custom Android distributions">forks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Android_Go" title="Android Go">Android Go</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wear_OS" title="Wear OS">Wear OS</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EMUI" title="EMUI">EMUI</a>/<a href="/wiki/HarmonyOS" title="HarmonyOS">HarmonyOS</a> (Linux kernel subsystem)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/ChromeOS" title="ChromeOS">ChromeOS</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ChromeOS_Flex" class="mw-redirect" title="ChromeOS Flex">ChromeOS Flex</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KaiOS" title="KaiOS">KaiOS</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HMD_Global#Smart_Feature_OS" title="HMD Global">Smart Feature OS</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amazon_Kindle" title="Amazon Kindle">Kindle firmware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LuneOS" title="LuneOS">LuneOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maemo#Maemo_Leste" title="Maemo">Maemo Leste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tizen" title="Tizen">Tizen</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><b>Defunct</b>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bada_(operating_system)" title="Bada (operating system)">Bada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Firefox_OS" title="Firefox OS">Firefox OS</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/B2G_OS" class="mw-redirect" title="B2G OS">B2G OS</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MeeGo" title="MeeGo">MeeGo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MontaVista" title="MontaVista">MontaVista</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/MotoMagx" title="MotoMagx">MotoMagx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobilinux" title="Mobilinux">Mobilinux</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OpenEmbedded" title="OpenEmbedded">OpenEmbedded</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C3%85ngstr%C3%B6m_distribution" title="Ångström distribution">Ångström</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Openmoko_Linux" title="Openmoko Linux">Openmoko Linux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/QtMoko" class="mw-redirect" title="QtMoko">QtMoko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SHR_(operating_system)" title="SHR (operating system)">SHR</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OpenEZX" title="OpenEZX">OpenEZX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WebOS" title="WebOS">WebOS</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/GNU" title="GNU">GNU</a>/<a href="/wiki/Linux" title="Linux">Linux</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>Active</b>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fedora_Linux" title="Fedora Linux">Fedora Mobility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manjaro" title="Manjaro">Manjaro ARM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PostmarketOS" title="PostmarketOS">postmarketOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PureOS" title="PureOS">PureOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sailfish_OS" title="Sailfish OS">Sailfish OS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SteamOS" title="SteamOS">SteamOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ubuntu_Touch" title="Ubuntu Touch">Ubuntu Touch</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/UBports" class="mw-redirect" title="UBports">UBports</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobian" title="Mobian">Mobian</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><b>Defunct</b>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maemo" title="Maemo">Maemo</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mer_(software_distribution)" title="Mer (software distribution)">Mer</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moblin" title="Moblin">Moblin</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/XNU" title="XNU">XNU</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/IOS" title="IOS">iOS</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/IPadOS" title="IPadOS">iPadOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WatchOS" title="WatchOS">watchOS</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/BridgeOS" title="BridgeOS">bridgeOS</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/QNX" title="QNX">QNX</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/BlackBerry_10" title="BlackBerry 10">BlackBerry 10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BlackBerry_Tablet_OS" title="BlackBerry Tablet OS">BlackBerry Tablet OS</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Windows" title="Microsoft Windows">Microsoft<br />Windows</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Windows_XP_editions#Tablet_PC_Edition" title="Windows XP editions">Windows XP Tablet PC Edition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Mobile" title="Windows Mobile">Windows Mobile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Phone" title="Windows Phone">Windows Phone</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Phone_7" title="Windows Phone 7">7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Phone_8" title="Windows Phone 8">8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Phone_8.1" title="Windows Phone 8.1">8.1</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_RT" title="Windows RT">Windows RT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_10_Mobile" title="Windows 10 Mobile">Windows 10 Mobile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_8" title="Windows 8">Windows 8</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Windows_8.1" title="Windows 8.1">Windows 8.1</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_10" title="Windows 10">Windows 10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_11" title="Windows 11">Windows 11</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Zircon_(microkernel)" class="mw-redirect" title="Zircon (microkernel)">Zircon</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fuchsia_(operating_system)" title="Fuchsia (operating system)">Fuchsia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/FreeBSD" title="FreeBSD">FreeBSD</a>/<a href="/wiki/NetBSD" title="NetBSD">NetBSD</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/PlayStation_Vita_system_software" title="PlayStation Vita system software">PlayStation Vita system software</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/OpenHarmony" title="OpenHarmony">OpenHarmony</a>/<a href="/wiki/HarmonyOS_NEXT" title="HarmonyOS NEXT">HarmonyOS NEXT</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>Active</b>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/OpenHarmony" title="OpenHarmony">OpenHarmony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HarmonyOS" title="HarmonyOS">HarmonyOS</a> (<a href="/wiki/HarmonyOS_NEXT" title="HarmonyOS NEXT">HarmonyOS NEXT</a>)</li></ul></li> <li><b>Defunct</b>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/EMUI" title="EMUI">EMUI</a> (Non GMS based)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/LiteOS" title="LiteOS">LiteOS</a></li> <li>Huawei Band OS</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/FreeRTOS" title="FreeRTOS">FreeRTOS</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Amazfit OS <ul><li>Zepp OS</li></ul></li> <li>MIUI Band OS</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nintendo" title="Nintendo">Nintendo system software</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nintendo_3DS_system_software" title="Nintendo 3DS system software">Nintendo 3DS system software</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nintendo_DSi_system_software" title="Nintendo DSi system software">Nintendo DSi system software</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nintendo_Switch_system_software" title="Nintendo Switch system software">Nintendo Switch system software</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Minix_3" title="Minix 3">Minix 3</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Intel_Management_Engine" title="Intel Management Engine">Intel Management Engine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Symbian" title="Symbian">Symbian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/S60_(software_platform)" title="S60 (software platform)">S60</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Series_80_(software_platform)" title="Series 80 (software platform)">S80</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Series_90_(software_platform)" title="Series 90 (software platform)">S90</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UIQ" title="UIQ">UIQ</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Binary_Runtime_Environment_for_Wireless" title="Binary Runtime Environment for Wireless">Binary Runtime Environment for Wireless</a> (BREW)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/BlackBerry_OS" title="BlackBerry OS">BlackBerry OS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EPOC_(operating_system)" title="EPOC (operating system)">EPOC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GEOS_(16-bit_operating_system)" title="GEOS (16-bit operating system)">GEOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magic_Cap" title="Magic Cap">Magic Cap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nokia_Asha_platform" title="Nokia Asha platform">Nokia Asha platform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PalmDOS" class="mw-redirect" title="PalmDOS">PalmDOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palm_OS" title="Palm OS">Palm OS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PlayStation_Portable_system_software" title="PlayStation Portable system software">PlayStation Portable system software</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Series_30" title="Series 30">S30</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Series_30%2B" title="Series 30+">S30+</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Series_40" title="Series 40">S40</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sony_Ericsson_Java_Platform" title="Sony Ericsson Java Platform">Sony Ericsson Java Platform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ThreadX" title="ThreadX">ThreadX</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" 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