CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html><html lang="en-US"><head><title>Just a moment...</title><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8"><meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=Edge"><meta name="robots" content="noindex,nofollow"><meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width,initial-scale=1"><style>*{box-sizing:border-box;margin:0;padding:0}html{line-height:1.15;-webkit-text-size-adjust:100%;color:#313131;font-family:system-ui,-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,Segoe UI,Roboto,Helvetica Neue,Arial,Noto Sans,sans-serif,Apple Color Emoji,Segoe UI Emoji,Segoe UI Symbol,Noto Color Emoji}body{display:flex;flex-direction:column;height:100vh;min-height:100vh}.main-content{margin:8rem auto;max-width:60rem;padding-left:1.5rem}@media (width <= 720px){.main-content{margin-top:4rem}}.h2{font-size:1.5rem;font-weight:500;line-height:2.25rem}@media (width <= 720px){.h2{font-size:1.25rem;line-height:1.5rem}}#challenge-error-text{background-image:url(data:image/svg+xml;base64,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);background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:contain;padding-left:34px}@media (prefers-color-scheme:dark){body{background-color:#222;color:#d9d9d9}}</style><meta http-equiv="refresh" content="120"></head><body class="no-js"><div class="main-wrapper" role="main"><div class="main-content"><noscript><div class="h2"><span id="challenge-error-text">Enable JavaScript and cookies to continue</span></div></noscript></div></div><script>(function(){window._cf_chl_opt={cvId: '3',cZone: "publications.waset.org",cType: 'non-interactive',cRay: '9135469dbc0a9cb9',cH: 'O0sfJ88ol_QOExkCoNBKStJV1xqT6ADE71HTUNTITE0-1739790048-1.2.1.1-JqRcxS6l_yrfmW2nk2N7rlegfy3cy3vedzPRH.Zi7TBhKUyrLOO6DO3H6zd.2F42',cUPMDTk: "\/abstracts\/96059\/energy-absorption-characteristic-of-a-coupler-rubber-buffer-used-in-rail-vehicles?__cf_chl_tk=QzN43Lu2FJCceslAnF.idKBoq4FEezjjS3LVbb0fB4o-1739790048-1.0.1.1-qBTq9FX5ZeJehf4fjoptGIUjomDudXOwPtpdjkHBECc",cFPWv: 'b',cITimeS: '1739790048',cTTimeMs: '1000',cMTimeMs: '120000',cTplC: 0,cTplV: 5,cTplB: 'cf',cK: "",fa: "\/abstracts\/96059\/energy-absorption-characteristic-of-a-coupler-rubber-buffer-used-in-rail-vehicles?__cf_chl_f_tk=QzN43Lu2FJCceslAnF.idKBoq4FEezjjS3LVbb0fB4o-1739790048-1.0.1.1-qBTq9FX5ZeJehf4fjoptGIUjomDudXOwPtpdjkHBECc",md: "33OHmR4d_YrAUOyHXeZUk8x4rgrMRMvO6KP3Uku1nfg-1739790048-1.2.1.1-sm.pp_HswyUFmbbT7WSYDKlHFBtZbylJvO3iHBrBrVDL_Iv7stFHfvtkshRadUFO1Hb8mDIPgEtvNgnqWCVD_ISmFNtp1MA3mOYErrB7Aofzwakyt...WsGws1MchPCd3FF7i6_a_nEyKTN34T3DQ.UqNrVxpxIh6sYlsfVP3ngKCYIeGz4hgNjdZTlfeHF_GpISsHHFdZoiWvQqeYByxlnNr1OejR6vYaTI5Z.Iox7BZ4GBh4ROGvWcglqm.QGiayI8HF_uRAp8Huzf6VyD34q7N1bPzjb3vc2YOOvycnTsWut7RSw1jzvh2fwefz_XR3WwXCVd1U0p.qS8J8E7C5AdO5MNg8BXi.2pIBlGWwsB9mhlU5PR4B0SX6bmk0hV1WDbvFvVusnVeUrZd4Izce_xJ6SrgVeQoQHzRnQhWm9Y9OMal2Ddt6Cms2c.FWEunnzEpzQcnHPtmGD3rnX1dO3I6H5cpAh03SnDbT_6vE4vAARGoIczLbxytNwVd0y4zHs8qiYhbWT3Ffhf_auwb5idlnCrW.luhxFBIkARScjMqy3y2HT.W7NFNbqGt5s_91ZQtyZAhloh_ToGjVjLTdPD85kawQtr5Tr0PkL3jBGpxsQr9reWnm5UGaPh1HBEx8Prk75uN2NlfkoFQz1Gc.HVji1IwYWYx1NlOCnsRhASZg4yq.mxfKqQECMH0RIfFRqvzJQSIbkNO44HJeLCKp5RKEJMGjbp2Cy7lzqBqOjWDfp0bShA3As5ztaWk0cwO2xfgrrPMmCKhDnjw0W_P5ltlhV3kstBU6mM9O9bxPoIuS8sd0yWznv932IO3PeJsBkLBJh7gSn83Zw1jKmQcjhIlw2mg0W.iWSwaBbtmvr5j.LP9j7qdgQP0yFWTuO3g5LHqjmvZK8PntUKaUutjLaSv2MDWWfeKGBY26q.EuKwaVfMFShoCxwsdAmVdWsE.i90c85fZcDOF_AnRI7cX7xsRQgJrQtVO_KGHwfSzfdCJHw2g_lpF05Uoui3XYju.X4ZnlvmFESKGST_k8aLf13nSxINaP6AwOOy6nigSVUUzemBCvysy7LouxpHQDhmAfErUg8zhpVMkK3NJoTK9U03fIU1fR6z8_6Avu3Fa.SilYE6_KHaIq5V6g4_er.MbvGzgXZdzXuuz.uKycwOy4IMcbV7_0IRigoa6zmDf.vnExVIxPx8HagGDcCR3tHoHiVzxon621PA1Ci3CnbetH5E8I4Xm.RaTucng_qjkI_wL27CFXZC7V20YNEDe8gWXkitRZj1nwYHYNRRXpJFfMmALM.74E.znIVF9Uvc2hQPYooWukmaXJvZhGvU8zSfiF3nUBY3A_viS9CarQetT3_eLMxnCfsMeL0DGlIK5ywUujNMVk0SbFjMvulAtLCq7Jbpeqg8_YUraOzi_VSyezV4Mz43xdOKwokMMaLzxUgzIhm7b5pT3G5i58n9gV9EqMapa1KGfpYXWJTIABz_IKjsUh1H7oSk3BgSnpCM1PwLiOdH3WBkM_aP8wg5QBc.lxmtyWBD5y3cRXxIAYL6ASd1kuOhTW1FuAjAQWV7Owj.Rf4TVImRd7rt1aQsSsEQ9fwU27nqygfj6pzn5yuDPpxKUvDWWxmQmWUw0Ix8eZvkMZ1swD1xIcyrL5uv9RQvJcp93jhr8uRIoZ.mn1FA4juFt6dMD2KEyGOHdvGmOP1Vi3o9HYiI7MB_tEMIjroy8VyDg0lsGkAa.h8kipleUlBgZvxl_.hzReuWxR3fe555Z4cfFvgMIocTMDw0.20aPHC_o0EDr_JC6ST2o8Doxp7wYqXhWE3h8_ymkCCkKf9GPdzDrKXKsJNw5m98KguFhb04dSKLmzSB0miIxEsF81gtlp7XjcifneNdMweM96VxWYs7p4hpEf08bN0QgC9FOefNWzip6SBb2bdHqYApasUWJY8EjGOVplyYjo0cq6ynnl3yjS_KXxf8FH72pVSPlL1dxwJ4DtqmHHQWk1Nsu3MsTZr7yXLoyOQ_8opk6X.YLjC1551JLDqGrdRIaYcdAVLENEpRKvf2IEsIR2L_44HKOm.1YA4xhrjIJREU.LNSfJ9ojQCBpNXqEUxn799ntQakbD9juKd71evCPPVKGg",mdrd: "bsB7UOtPM4.Pgn1iz3qfAeaSO7TOdGm3eNAQgL0.H6o-1739790048-1.2.1.1-sG.8PmLN3xeO0l54urskR361AH9H0q7.i4PnrklHmhQtRDYZyvAC7XDA6CLsH2n0cbRLFmdJGM5v7TQhi4Fi1tPdjl9hEhOpejZCB4tZ3uwShTnbDFdtY_V28g9rHkFRTep.k81pQ00o98jINlT0EiMho1xBrRbZSltEr0lUQ09ttppqK5DFA8zu5NB8398ZO4S8JNk9.9zI33E0C8A2WfCNHzsXBPneFS.NwtjRcDb.xdJ8MVdDjFYlZvroTJZijfARX8TQN0HAw0_f2yUuoHumR4OvOrp4djWCk6EGX.38fLJZ4JNOnAyqwzEU8232dy5VKDgrDFr1K8rHeur6hkEMOEGpBTYYgjFG1l.qiL45k6kO_jKaBpVLVBmCTnsKqIortjVPnubC9xBl9uyy.cQNNZrybYEfppIMSqcnF4X2gzwgLX8u3fHY2xCyXT8LtDbgDwvXcIorYyK9tUGizLx2qIm3W8QmNhobivNBxN6o12wAbFZ38m_i.Bjltt7KRR8biPOM036okEX4SolQzQ9mH3jEiot1FwQpDOtxKRszNbf2e.cbv59RlsYiTbC4MF1jDnM7KFOhOIImyBWknqTCPD_WIQauijeM.p2T52ey.RTGYpzJhwKUak6stzgC7JIIH0g4f0D_eYm4Yu3.LP4IuGJ8eJVYJXfS1b4GZGum9aI3LPbUSFolKpVQtMJKokadJnDlh0s2Fvr0KSg2z9iI8cjfgQrJZnfDlUpatmsnJa8Kco2NOpvt.HFZ1cu2b9Q_w_LhaIjbf3nom2h9_8SmYzFLtICvJPzfdwQ5_FTCpEgP6A5U3Sw4LMkn.6jHExoYr0oa9RkrPIAY50PIYuGSK43cxh38.xzNxv5eoZl6SXWJj7awK2S7hprnnfHXUtQ9uetV578LTyeR5cM.yp8hiKCuZiBGNczu26cVeRm.M9RaGnxtB.ZOCHxSxRqVtQwT7OFXdRnerYvUyVC0i7EAoeBxs.7vbXwphikF0aJHMXRj22UqDktjxUGjAYG_NJiKI3zMXUKDBbxHJmMARU7uU78kzDu4rdMKCWkpGt79pDvnzQYlfg.K7CEdkpY31H_I5PitRecZe8rfsnbI2v1rp6_xQJkpoNwDh6_2DsX5IlzOHAIp6zheNt3t7TZosBFa8h3lsQgk_wQ.RTFsFQ3tlwHVlM6cvxaRRRR7fQjxmuFKnaNZd262WvhaxT5..n56mYYtcDx7yDg5v5mVejP9Mh0kKBIiQ__Q87_EpGy6wHqozvDdvLQY49q6tJjljVlNNTuF9_CAKswLbKwdD_Rf1dfQxLRLQg6qSsKJTWKTPd4ggqREG8cCQ.aUTRXE_hwoqUWQUqbUW1Q26gVqnXMw4dwM9IKt_BP8Zd8O6dRNbV7i_u_wVUMhL7MoGJPpRwQubakkX7F6eKP4fe1Sfif_NpSl5o.Ra667og45u9IKGtiGEE.PJV8tcQQp0bBlmqxPM9774oRlxZPSLu4nnhbQNoo5YX4e1Gjlar7wI87rk4gBmaeHNTO7zQ8pg1_dtgY1z2KWAUV.iJ22M3s2a42a5wg9NY3yc4gX_GjgGBCvwu0tZt97pQPmQAtKNw8INhPZUja8CWLO8nYh8NmA.Vl4K_ZmMh9zeLlJqO8iLqmgHAaoO.Wjh83gVQ6KmjD1gs_oSd5OBOhwD5dACMEp3Gqpo9Ut2O8dmrfwgOHzytEuADu2wIn2tODOYEthfAR7wgsGcAlPC0C.Lz8eYqSyUUdzKKhFYR661BOICWBjWjtQRzHEqWcCvjR9h7DGKbnLzr9eZGhpSSPa8nNW394g7pw09WX0dAGJ0f5jWvn4Z33ekanSCzIilWkZzo_f3MM22mR5MgvhhYnucvWHhmLijcAsaoqEra5lWUmazoxKZjg1XUZWoBkqfKW5w_9jCsiih5pH76KZdOdEnhXGJ1sjjiGrpw1eMJySVopIggCzNey4KnVGGcSg6.kweBGfsPQidn9mkIqTqJhOdUDOR.MxKQ"};var cpo = document.createElement('script');cpo.src = '/cdn-cgi/challenge-platform/h/b/orchestrate/chl_page/v1?ray=9135469dbc0a9cb9';window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash = location.hash === '' && location.href.indexOf('#') !== -1 ? '#' : location.hash;window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUQuery = location.search === '' && location.href.slice(0, location.href.length - window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash.length).indexOf('?') !== -1 ? '?' : location.search;if (window.history && window.history.replaceState) {var ogU = location.pathname + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUQuery + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash;history.replaceState(null, null, "\/abstracts\/96059\/energy-absorption-characteristic-of-a-coupler-rubber-buffer-used-in-rail-vehicles?__cf_chl_rt_tk=QzN43Lu2FJCceslAnF.idKBoq4FEezjjS3LVbb0fB4o-1739790048-1.0.1.1-qBTq9FX5ZeJehf4fjoptGIUjomDudXOwPtpdjkHBECc" + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash);cpo.onload = function() {history.replaceState(null, null, ogU);}}document.getElementsByTagName('head')[0].appendChild(cpo);}());</script></body></html>