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R38 (New York City Subway car) - Wikipedia

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</div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Retired class of New York City Subway car</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox hProduct"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above fn" style="color:; background-color:;">R38</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:NYCSubway4143.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/NYCSubway4143.jpg/250px-NYCSubway4143.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/NYCSubway4143.jpg/375px-NYCSubway4143.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/NYCSubway4143.jpg/500px-NYCSubway4143.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">An R38 train on the <b><a href="/wiki/C_(New_York_City_Subway_service)" title="C (New York City Subway service)">C</a></b> at <a href="/wiki/Kingston%E2%80%93Throop_Avenues_station" title="Kingston–Throop Avenues station">Kingston–Throop Avenues</a></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:R38_4028_interior.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/R38_4028_interior.jpg/250px-R38_4028_interior.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/R38_4028_interior.jpg/375px-R38_4028_interior.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/R38_4028_interior.jpg/500px-R38_4028_interior.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Interior of an R38 car</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">In service</th><td class="infobox-data">1966–2009</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Manufacturer</th><td class="infobox-data brand"><a href="/wiki/St._Louis_Car_Company" title="St. Louis Car Company">St. Louis Car Company</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Built at</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/St._Louis,_Missouri" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Louis, Missouri">St. Louis, Missouri</a>, USA</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Constructed</th><td class="infobox-data">1966–1967</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Entered service</th><td class="infobox-data">August 23, 1966</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Refurbished</th><td class="infobox-data">1987–1988<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Scrapped</th><td class="infobox-data">2008–2009</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Number built</th><td class="infobox-data">200</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Number preserved</th><td class="infobox-data">2</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Number scrapped</th><td class="infobox-data">198</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Successor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/R160_(New_York_City_Subway_car)" title="R160 (New York City Subway car)">R160</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Formation</th><td class="infobox-data">Married Pairs</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Fleet numbers</th><td class="infobox-data">3950–4149</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Capacity</th><td class="infobox-data">50 (seated)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Operators</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/New_York_City_Subway" title="New York City Subway">New York City Subway</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color:; background-color:;">Specifications</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Car body construction</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Carbon_steel" title="Carbon steel">Carbon steel</a> body <a href="/wiki/Stainless_steel" title="Stainless steel">stainless steel </a> skin.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Car length</th><td class="infobox-data">60&#160;ft (18.29&#160;m)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Width</th><td class="infobox-data">10&#160;ft (3.05&#160;m)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Height</th><td class="infobox-data">12.08&#160;ft (3.68&#160;m)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Railway_platform_height" title="Railway platform height">Platform height</a></th><td class="infobox-data">3.76&#160;ft (1.15&#160;m)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Doors</th><td class="infobox-data">8 sets of 45 inch wide side doors per car</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Maximum speed</th><td class="infobox-data">55&#160;mph (89&#160;km/h)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Weight</th><td class="infobox-data">77,420&#160;lb (35,117&#160;kg)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Traction system</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/General_Electric" title="General Electric">General Electric</a> SCM 17KG192AE2/H7 propulsion system</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Traction_motor" title="Traction motor">Traction motors</a></th><td class="infobox-data">General Electric 1257E1</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Power output</th><td class="infobox-data">115&#160;hp (86&#160;kW) per axle</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Railway_brake" title="Railway brake">Braking system(s)</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Westinghouse_Air_Brake_Company" title="Westinghouse Air Brake Company">Westinghouse Air Brake Company</a> E2 "SMEE" Braking System, <a href="/wiki/American_Steel_Foundries" class="mw-redirect" title="American Steel Foundries">American Steel Foundries</a> simplex unit cylinder clasp (tread) brake</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Track_gauge" title="Track gauge">Track gauge</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1154941027">.mw-parser-output .frac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .frac .num,.mw-parser-output .frac .den{font-size:80%;line-height:0;vertical-align:super}.mw-parser-output .frac .den{vertical-align:sub}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}</style><span class="nowrap">4&#160;ft&#160;<span class="frac">8<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">1</span>&#8260;<span class="den">2</span></span>&#160;in</span> (<span class="nowrap">1,435&#160;mm</span>) <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Standard_gauge" class="mw-redirect" title="Standard gauge">standard gauge</a></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>R38</b> was a <a href="/wiki/New_York_City_Subway" title="New York City Subway">New York City Subway</a> car model built by the <a href="/wiki/St._Louis_Car_Company" title="St. Louis Car Company">St. Louis Car Company</a> from 1966 to 1967 for the <a href="/wiki/Independent_Subway_System" title="Independent Subway System">IND</a>/<a href="/wiki/Brooklyn%E2%80%93Manhattan_Transit_Corporation" title="Brooklyn–Manhattan Transit Corporation">BMT</a> <a href="/wiki/B_Division_(New_York_City_Subway)" title="B Division (New York City Subway)">B Division</a>. Two hundred were built in <a href="/wiki/Twin_unit" title="Twin unit">married pairs</a>. In addition, the R38s were built to supply extra trains for service changes resulting from the 1967 opening of the <a href="/wiki/Chrystie_Street_Connection" title="Chrystie Street Connection">Chrystie Street Connection</a>. Moreover, the R38 was the first subway car fleet to have <a href="/wiki/Air_conditioning" title="Air conditioning">air conditioning</a> installed. </p><p>The first R38s entered service on August 23, 1966. In 1987–1988,<sup id="cite_ref-erausa.org_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-erausa.org-2"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> all R38s were rebuilt by <a href="/wiki/General_Electric" title="General Electric">General Electric</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-erausa.org_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-erausa.org-2"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/R160_(New_York_City_Subway_car)" title="R160 (New York City Subway car)">R160</a> order replaced the entire fleet of R38s, the last of which ran on March 18, 2009. After retirement, all cars but one pair, which is preserved by the <a href="/wiki/New_York_Transit_Museum" title="New York Transit Museum">New York Transit Museum</a>, were stripped and sunken as <a href="/wiki/Artificial_reef" title="Artificial reef">artificial reefs</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Description">Description</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=R38_(New_York_City_Subway_car)&amp;action=edit&amp;section=1" title="Edit section: Description"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The R38s were numbered 3950–4149. The cars were arranged in "married pairs" of two cars semi-permanently coupled together by a <a href="/wiki/Drawbar_(haulage)" title="Drawbar (haulage)">drawbar</a>. Even-numbered cars were known as "B" cars, while odd-numbered cars were known as "A" cars. </p><p>The R38 was the second subway car order to be built with stainless steel exteriors, the first being the <a href="/wiki/R32_(New_York_City_Subway_car)" title="R32 (New York City Subway car)">R32</a> order in 1964. The cars were built with aluminium roofs, vandal-proof fiberglass seats, and with indirect fluorescent lighting, which also provided illumination of the advertisement cards as well, a similar setup to the last 150 R32 cars delivered in 1965 numbered 3800–3949.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-3"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Due to the similarities between both fleets, R38s often operated in mixed-consists with R32s. </p><p>The R38 was the first successful subway car fleet to have <a href="/wiki/Air_conditioning" title="Air conditioning">air conditioning</a> installed after earlier prototypes failed on older subway cars. The last ten cars delivered (4140–4149) came factory equipped with Stone-Safety 10-ton split system air conditioning system featuring the compressor/condenser units mounted under the cars, while the evaporator units were installed on the top interior ends of the car in 1967.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> The first six air conditioned cars came into service on the <a href="/wiki/F_(New_York_City_Subway_service)" title="F (New York City Subway service)">F</a> train on July 19, 1967.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> The six-week experiment was a success after past failures, and air conditioning would soon, but not immediately, become standard equipment on new rolling stock built for the system, since the first 200 <a href="/wiki/R40_(New_York_City_Subway_car)" title="R40 (New York City Subway car)">R40</a> cars were built without air conditioning. The air conditioned cars cost $40,000 more than the non-air conditioned cars.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> From this point on, the <a href="/wiki/New_York_City_Transit_Authority" title="New York City Transit Authority">New York City Transit Authority</a> began adopting air conditioning as standard equipment on all new cars, and older model cars were retrofitted with AC units to make life much more bearable throughout the subway system. The Stone-Safety Air Conditioning system was adopted from their standard railroad and commuter coach air conditioning systems, and it proved very successful. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=R38_(New_York_City_Subway_car)&amp;action=edit&amp;section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In March 1965, the New York City Transit Authority, continuing its program of car replacement, ordered 200 additional cars for the B Division from the <a href="/wiki/St._Louis_Car_Company" title="St. Louis Car Company">St. Louis Car Company</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> These cars were the first to replace cars for the IND since it started operation in 1932. They also supplied extra trains for the <a href="/wiki/Chrystie_Street_Connection" title="Chrystie Street Connection">Chrystie Street Connection</a>, which opened on November 27, 1967. St. Louis was chosen after the first three bids were deemed as too high, with the cost savings totalling $500,000.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-3"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>The first two trains of R38s were placed in service at <a href="/wiki/Queens_Plaza_station" title="Queens Plaza station">Queens Plaza</a> after a brief introductory ceremony attended by Mayor <a href="/wiki/John_V._Lindsay" class="mw-redirect" title="John V. Lindsay">John V. Lindsay</a>, NYCTA Chairman Joseph O'Grady, and NYCTA Commissioners Joseph Gilhooly and Daniel T. Scannell on the <a href="/wiki/E_(New_York_City_Subway_service)" title="E (New York City Subway service)">E</a> and <a href="/wiki/F_(New_York_City_Subway_service)" title="F (New York City Subway service)">F</a> on August 23, 1966. Though there were controversies about diverting these cars from their original assignment for the <a href="/wiki/D_(New_York_City_Subway_service)" title="D (New York City Subway service)">D</a>, it was decided to introduce the R38s on the <a href="/wiki/IND_Queens_Boulevard_Line" title="IND Queens Boulevard Line">IND Queens Boulevard Line</a>, as the line was short of cars and the <a href="/wiki/R1%E2%80%939_fleet" title="R1–9 fleet">R1–9s</a> assigned to <a href="/wiki/Jamaica_Yard" class="mw-redirect" title="Jamaica Yard">Jamaica Yard</a> were in a bad state of disrepair. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Overhaul_and_mishaps">Overhaul and mishaps</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=R38_(New_York_City_Subway_car)&amp;action=edit&amp;section=3" title="Edit section: Overhaul and mishaps"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Cars 3990–3991 &amp; 4000–4001 were involved in an incident on June 11, 1972, at the bumper blocks within the relay area east of the <a href="/wiki/Jamaica%E2%80%93179th_Street_station" title="Jamaica–179th Street station">Jamaica–179 Street Terminal</a>. These cars were stored in very heavily damaged condition at <a href="/wiki/Coney_Island_Yard" class="mw-redirect" title="Coney Island Yard">Coney Island Yard</a> until they were scrapped in 1983.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1987–1988,<sup id="cite_ref-erausa.org_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-erausa.org-2"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> the 196 remaining R38s were rebuilt by <a href="/wiki/General_Electric" title="General Electric">General Electric</a> at its <a href="/wiki/Buffalo,_New_York" title="Buffalo, New York">Buffalo, New York</a> facility. During the rebuilding process, the R38s were fully equipped with air conditioning systems. Prior to rebuilding, the R38s featured mylar curtain route signs on their bulkheads displaying the service bullet and destination, similar to past B-Division R-type cars. After rebuilding, they received Luminator <a href="/wiki/Flip-disc_display" title="Flip-disc display">flipdot</a> signs that displayed the service letter only, since the air conditioning evaporators mounted on the interior car ends made it rather difficult to change the front route and destination rollsigns. The distinctive "EXP" (express) and "LOCAL" marker lights were also removed. Like the R32s, the rollsigns on the sides of the cars were updated and retained. </p><p>The first ten R38s were sent to <a href="/wiki/General_Electric" title="General Electric">General Electric</a> in early January 1987, along with ten <a href="/wiki/R32_(New_York_City_Subway_car)" title="R32 (New York City Subway car)">R32s</a>. The first rebuilt train of R38s (cars 3992/3, 4018/9, 4048/9, 4092/3, and 4132/3) entered service on the <a href="/wiki/A_(New_York_City_Subway_service)" title="A (New York City Subway service)">A</a> on May 28, 1987. The last unrebuilt train of R38s made its last trip on the <a href="/wiki/A_(New_York_City_Subway_service)" title="A (New York City Subway service)">A</a> before being sent out to be rebuilt on July 11, 1988. By December 28, 1988, all rebuilt R38s were in service.<sup id="cite_ref-erausa.org_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-erausa.org-2"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Retirement">Retirement</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=R38_(New_York_City_Subway_car)&amp;action=edit&amp;section=4" title="Edit section: Retirement"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:R38_4028_(Picture_2).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/R38_4028_%28Picture_2%29.jpg/220px-R38_4028_%28Picture_2%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/R38_4028_%28Picture_2%29.jpg/330px-R38_4028_%28Picture_2%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/R38_4028_%28Picture_2%29.jpg/440px-R38_4028_%28Picture_2%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption>R38 4028 at Brighton Beach on the <i>Train of Many Metals</i></figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/R160_(New_York_City_Subway_car)" title="R160 (New York City Subway car)">R160</a> order replaced the entire fleet of R38s. Cars 4088/9 was the first pair of R38s to be stripped and sunken as artificial reefs on March 5, 2008; they were retired for unknown reasons in the early 2000s and stored at the 207th Street Yard.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> The rest of the fleet was gradually phased out from October 31, 2008, until the last pair, cars 4098–4099, made its final trip on the <a href="/wiki/C_(New_York_City_Subway_service)" title="C (New York City Subway service)">C</a> on March 18, 2009, in a mixed consist with three R32 pairs. After retirement, all cars except for 4028–4029 were stripped and sunken as <a href="/wiki/Artificial_reef" title="Artificial reef">artificial reefs</a>. </p><p>Cars 4028–4029 are preserved for the <a href="/wiki/New_York_Transit_Museum" title="New York Transit Museum">New York Transit Museum</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> They were restored to operating status in 2013–2014 and have been operating on New York City Transit Museum-sponsored excursions since August 3, 2014, specifically on the <i><a href="/wiki/Train_of_Many_Metals" title="Train of Many Metals">Train of Many Metals</a></i> (<i>TOMM</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_popular_culture">In popular culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=R38_(New_York_City_Subway_car)&amp;action=edit&amp;section=5" title="Edit section: In popular culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Movies">Movies</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=R38_(New_York_City_Subway_car)&amp;action=edit&amp;section=6" title="Edit section: Movies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>The opening scene of a 1977 movie <i><a href="/wiki/Saturday_Night_Fever" title="Saturday Night Fever">Saturday Night Fever</a></i> shows a train of R38s on the <a href="/wiki/B_(New_York_City_Subway_service)" title="B (New York City Subway service)">B</a>, prior to refurbishment.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></li> <li>The scene on a subway train in a 1988 movie <i><a href="/wiki/Coming_to_America" title="Coming to America">Coming to America</a></i> was shot on an R38 on the <a href="/wiki/E_(New_York_City_Subway_service)" title="E (New York City Subway service)">E</a>, also prior to refurbishment.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></li> <li>The subway scene in a 1988 movie <i><a href="/wiki/Crocodile_Dundee_II" title="Crocodile Dundee II">Crocodile Dundee II</a></i> features an R38 train on the <a href="/wiki/A_(New_York_City_Subway_service)" title="A (New York City Subway service)">A</a>, after refurbishment.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></li> <li>The subway scene in a 1990 movie <i><a href="/wiki/Ghost_(1990_film)" title="Ghost (1990 film)">Ghost</a></i> features an R38 train on the <a href="/wiki/A_(New_York_City_Subway_service)" title="A (New York City Subway service)">A</a>, also after refurbishment.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></li> <li>The subway scene in a 2002 movie <i><a href="/wiki/Men_in_Black_II" title="Men in Black II">Men in Black II</a></i>, features an alien entering a tunnel. Once there, it attacks and devours most of a subway train (which is a combination of <a href="/wiki/R32_(New_York_City_Subway_car)" title="R32 (New York City Subway car)">R32</a> and R38 cars) until <a href="/wiki/Agent_J" title="Agent J">Agent J</a> destroys it. He is then seen walking out of the station, <a href="/wiki/81st_Street_%E2%80%93_Museum_of_Natural_History_(IND_Eighth_Avenue_Line)" class="mw-redirect" title="81st Street – Museum of Natural History (IND Eighth Avenue Line)">81st Street – Museum of Natural History</a>, on the <a href="/wiki/C_(New_York_City_Subway_service)" title="C (New York City Subway service)">C</a>. This movie also depicts the R38s after refurbishment.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Video_games">Video games</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=R38_(New_York_City_Subway_car)&amp;action=edit&amp;section=7" title="Edit section: Video games"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>The trains in the video game <i><a href="/wiki/Grand_Theft_Auto_IV" title="Grand Theft Auto IV">Grand Theft Auto IV</a></i> are based on the R38s.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=R38_(New_York_City_Subway_car)&amp;action=edit&amp;section=8" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">2012-03-bulletin.pdf</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-erausa.org-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-erausa.org_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-erausa.org_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-erausa.org_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-erausa.org_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation 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.cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210423020022/https://erausa.org/pdf/bulletin/2012/2012-03-bulletin.pdf">"Archived copy"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://erausa.org/pdf/bulletin/2012/2012-03-bulletin.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2021-04-23<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-04-23</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Archived+copy&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ferausa.org%2Fpdf%2Fbulletin%2F2012%2F2012-03-bulletin.pdf&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AR38+%28New+York+City+Subway+car%29" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_archived_copy_as_title" title="Category:CS1 maint: archived copy as title">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPerlmutter1965" class="citation news cs1">Perlmutter, Emanuel (March 3, 1965). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1965/03/03/archives/200-cars-on-ind-to-be-replaced-cost-is-put-at-225-million-central.html">"200 cars on IND to be replaced; Cost Is Put at $22.5 Million -- Central Adds Units"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/New_York_Times" class="mw-redirect" title="New York Times">New York Times</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180726172445/https://www.nytimes.com/1965/03/03/archives/200-cars-on-ind-to-be-replaced-cost-is-put-at-225-million-central.html">Archived</a> from the original on July 26, 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 27,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=New+York+Times&amp;rft.atitle=200+cars+on+IND+to+be+replaced%3B+Cost+Is+Put+at+%2422.5+Million+--+Central+Adds+Units&amp;rft.date=1965-03-03&amp;rft.issn=0362-4331&amp;rft.aulast=Perlmutter&amp;rft.aufirst=Emanuel&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1965%2F03%2F03%2Farchives%2F200-cars-on-ind-to-be-replaced-cost-is-put-at-225-million-central.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AR38+%28New+York+City+Subway+car%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1967/06/26/archives/airconditioned-train-to-get-subway-test.html">"Air-Conditioned Train To Get Subway Test"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. June 26, 1967. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190331154223/https://www.nytimes.com/1967/06/26/archives/airconditioned-train-to-get-subway-test.html">Archived</a> from the original on March 31, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 27,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&amp;rft.atitle=Air-Conditioned+Train+To+Get+Subway+Test&amp;rft.date=1967-06-26&amp;rft.issn=0362-4331&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1967%2F06%2F26%2Farchives%2Fairconditioned-train-to-get-subway-test.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AR38+%28New+York+City+Subway+car%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>New York City Transit's Facts &amp; Figures Celebrating 90 Years of Subway Service 1904–1994</i>. New York City Transit. 1994. p.&#160;3.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=New+York+City+Transit%27s+Facts+%26+Figures+Celebrating+90+Years+of+Subway+Service+1904%E2%80%931994&amp;rft.pages=3&amp;rft.pub=New+York+City+Transit&amp;rft.date=1994&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AR38+%28New+York+City+Subway+car%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTeltsch1967" class="citation news cs1">Teltsch, Kathleen (September 5, 1967). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1967/09/05/archives/airconditioning-a-hit-on-subway-riders-young-and-old-find-coolness.html">"AIR-CONDITIONING A HIT ON SUBWAY; Riders Young and Old Find Coolness on the 'F' Train"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180726172300/https://www.nytimes.com/1967/09/05/archives/airconditioning-a-hit-on-subway-riders-young-and-old-find-coolness.html">Archived</a> from the original on July 26, 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 27,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&amp;rft.atitle=AIR-CONDITIONING+A+HIT+ON+SUBWAY%3B+Riders+Young+and+Old+Find+Coolness+on+the+%27F%27+Train&amp;rft.date=1967-09-05&amp;rft.issn=0362-4331&amp;rft.aulast=Teltsch&amp;rft.aufirst=Kathleen&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1967%2F09%2F05%2Farchives%2Fairconditioning-a-hit-on-subway-riders-young-and-old-find-coolness.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AR38+%28New+York+City+Subway+car%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">NY orders 200 cars for subway <i><a href="/wiki/Railway_Age" title="Railway Age">Railway Age</a></i> March 8, 1965 page 31</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>Annual Report 1964–1965</i>. New York City Transit Authority. 1965.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Annual+Report+1964%E2%80%931965&amp;rft.pub=New+York+City+Transit+Authority&amp;rft.date=1965&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AR38+%28New+York+City+Subway+car%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nycsubway.org/perl/show?5027">"Showing Image 5027"</a>. <i>nycsubway.org</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141103020545/http://www.nycsubway.org/perl/show?5027">Archived</a> from the original on 2014-11-03<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2014-11-03</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=nycsubway.org&amp;rft.atitle=Showing+Image+5027&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nycsubway.org%2Fperl%2Fshow%3F5027&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AR38+%28New+York+City+Subway+car%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nycsubway.org/perl/show?5028">"Showing Image 5028"</a>. <i>nycsubway.org</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141103020459/http://www.nycsubway.org/perl/show?5028">Archived</a> from the original on 2014-11-03<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2014-11-03</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=nycsubway.org&amp;rft.atitle=Showing+Image+5028&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nycsubway.org%2Fperl%2Fshow%3F5028&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AR38+%28New+York+City+Subway+car%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nycsubway.org/perl/show?5029">"Showing Image 5029"</a>. <i>nycsubway.org</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141103020221/http://www.nycsubway.org/perl/show?5029">Archived</a> from the original on 2014-11-03<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2014-11-03</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=nycsubway.org&amp;rft.atitle=Showing+Image+5029&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nycsubway.org%2Fperl%2Fshow%3F5029&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AR38+%28New+York+City+Subway+car%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nycsubway.org/perl/show?79783">"Showing Image 79783"</a>. <i>www.nycsubway.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 January</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=www.nycsubway.org&amp;rft.atitle=Showing+Image+79783&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nycsubway.org%2Fperl%2Fshow%3F79783&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AR38+%28New+York+City+Subway+car%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nycsubway.org/perl/show?144513">"Showing Image 144513"</a>. <i>nycsubway.org</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160201044532/http://www.nycsubway.org/perl/show?144513">Archived</a> from the original on 2016-02-01<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-01-25</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=nycsubway.org&amp;rft.atitle=Showing+Image+144513&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nycsubway.org%2Fperl%2Fshow%3F144513&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AR38+%28New+York+City+Subway+car%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">ERA Bulletin, September 2014, page 18. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://erausa.org/pdf/bulletin/2014/2014-09-bulletin.pdf">https://erausa.org/pdf/bulletin/2014/2014-09-bulletin.pdf</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220114105256/https://erausa.org/pdf/bulletin/2014/2014-09-bulletin.pdf">Archived</a> 2022-01-14 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFskyMTV" class="citation web cs1">skyMTV. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HVEqy6K18Yo">"Saturday Night Fever (Opening Credits)"</a>. <i>YouTube</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211213/HVEqy6K18Yo">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-12-13<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 August</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=YouTube&amp;rft.atitle=Saturday+Night+Fever+%28Opening+Credits%29&amp;rft.au=skyMTV&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DHVEqy6K18Yo&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AR38+%28New+York+City+Subway+car%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Archived at <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211205/NBEWmuc-iOU">Ghostarchive</a> and the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190803023019/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NBEWmuc-iOU&amp;gl=US&amp;hl=en">Wayback Machine</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NBEWmuc-iOU">"late 1980's new york subway graffiti scene (sorry not sure why the audio is low!!)"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/YouTube" title="YouTube">YouTube</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=YouTube&amp;rft.atitle=late+1980%27s+new+york+subway+graffiti+scene+%28sorry+not+sure+why+the+audio+is+low%21%21%29&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DNBEWmuc-iOU&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AR38+%28New+York+City+Subway+car%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Archived at <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211205/QCkiT56VSR4">Ghostarchive</a> and the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191205192931/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QCkiT56VSR4">Wayback Machine</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QCkiT56VSR4">"Crocodile Dundee II (1988) - Clint Eastwood Scene (2/10) | Movieclips"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/YouTube" title="YouTube">YouTube</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=YouTube&amp;rft.atitle=Crocodile+Dundee+II+%281988%29+-+Clint+Eastwood+Scene+%282%2F10%29+%7C+Movieclips&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DQCkiT56VSR4&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AR38+%28New+York+City+Subway+car%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Archived at <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211205/YKeIW8kaZbk">Ghostarchive</a> and the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201102010635/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YKeIW8kaZbk">Wayback Machine</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YKeIW8kaZbk">"Ghost (1990) - The Subway Scene"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/YouTube" title="YouTube">YouTube</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=YouTube&amp;rft.atitle=Ghost+%281990%29+-+The+Subway+Scene&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DYKeIW8kaZbk&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AR38+%28New+York+City+Subway+car%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ny.curbed.com/maps/nyc-subway-filming-locations-movies-tv">"20 best NYC subway cameos in pop culture"</a>. <i>Curbed New York</i>. 20 September 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200325012645/https://ny.curbed.com/maps/nyc-subway-filming-locations-movies-tv">Archived</a> from the original on 2020-03-25<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-01-09</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=Curbed+New+York&amp;rft.atitle=20+best+NYC+subway+cameos+in+pop+culture&amp;rft.date=2017-09-20&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fny.curbed.com%2Fmaps%2Fnyc-subway-filming-locations-movies-tv&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AR38+%28New+York+City+Subway+car%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGuy" class="citation web cs1">Guy, R62A. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-VcVwzK51jQ">"GTA IV HD 60 FPS: Ridding all trains in Liberty City Subway System (Full Subway tour)"</a>. <i>YouTube</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211213/-VcVwzK51jQ">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-12-13<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 August</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=YouTube&amp;rft.atitle=GTA+IV+HD+60+FPS%3A+Ridding+all+trains+in+Liberty+City+Subway+System+%28Full+Subway+tour%29&amp;rft.aulast=Guy&amp;rft.aufirst=R62A&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3D-VcVwzK51jQ&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AR38+%28New+York+City+Subway+car%29" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_numeric_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=R38_(New_York_City_Subway_car)&amp;action=edit&amp;section=9" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Sansone, Gene. <i>Evolution of New York City subways: An illustrated history of New York City's transit cars, 1867–1997</i>. 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class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:NYCS_rolling_stock" title="Special:EditPage/Template:NYCS rolling stock"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="New_York_City_Subway_rolling_stock" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/New_York_City_Subway_rolling_stock" title="New York City Subway rolling stock">New York City Subway rolling stock</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Current</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/A_Division_(New_York_City_Subway)" title="A Division (New York City Subway)">A Division</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/R62_(New_York_City_Subway_car)" title="R62 (New York City Subway car)">R62</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R62A_(New_York_City_Subway_car)" title="R62A (New York City Subway car)">R62A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Technology_Train" title="New Technology Train">NTT</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/R142_(New_York_City_Subway_car)" title="R142 (New York City Subway car)">R142</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R142A_(New_York_City_Subway_car)" title="R142A (New York City Subway car)">R142A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R188_(New_York_City_Subway_car)" title="R188 (New York City Subway car)">R188</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/B_Division_(New_York_City_Subway)" title="B Division (New York City Subway)">B Division</a> / <a href="/wiki/Staten_Island_Railway" title="Staten Island Railway">SIR</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/R44_(New_York_City_Subway_car)" title="R44 (New York City Subway car)">R44</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R46_(New_York_City_Subway_car)" title="R46 (New York City Subway car)">R46</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R68_(New_York_City_Subway_car)" title="R68 (New York City Subway car)">R68</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R68A_(New_York_City_Subway_car)" title="R68A (New York City Subway car)">R68A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Technology_Train" title="New Technology Train">NTT</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/R143_(New_York_City_Subway_car)" title="R143 (New York City Subway car)">R143</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R160_(New_York_City_Subway_car)" title="R160 (New York City Subway car)">R160</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R179_(New_York_City_Subway_car)" title="R179 (New York City Subway car)">R179</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R211_(New_York_City_Subway_car)" title="R211 (New York City Subway car)">R211</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Future</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/A_Division_(New_York_City_Subway)" title="A Division (New York City Subway)">A Division</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/R262_(New_York_City_Subway_car)" title="R262 (New York City Subway car)">R262</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/B_Division_(New_York_City_Subway)" title="B Division (New York City Subway)">B Division</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>R268</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Retired<br /><small>(R-type)</small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Interborough_Rapid_Transit_Company" title="Interborough Rapid Transit Company">IRT</a> (A Division)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/R12_(New_York_City_Subway_car)" title="R12 (New York City Subway car)">R12</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R14_(New_York_City_Subway_car)" title="R14 (New York City Subway car)">R14</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R15_(New_York_City_Subway_car)" title="R15 (New York City Subway car)">R15</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R17_(New_York_City_Subway_car)" title="R17 (New York City Subway car)">R17</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R21_(New_York_City_Subway_car)" title="R21 (New York City Subway car)">R21</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R22_(New_York_City_Subway_car)" title="R22 (New York City Subway car)">R22</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redbird_trains" title="Redbird trains">Redbirds</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/R26_(New_York_City_Subway_car)" title="R26 (New York City Subway car)">R26</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R28_(New_York_City_Subway_car)" title="R28 (New York City Subway car)">R28</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R29/R99_(New_York_City_Subway_car)" title="R29/R99 (New York City Subway car)">R29/R99</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R33_(New_York_City_Subway_car)" title="R33 (New York City Subway car)">R33</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R33S_(New_York_City_Subway_car)" title="R33S (New York City Subway car)">R33S</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R36_(New_York_City_Subway_car)" title="R36 (New York City Subway car)">R36</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Train_of_Many_Colors" title="Train of Many Colors">Train of Many Colors</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Independent_Subway_System" title="Independent Subway System">IND</a> / <a href="/wiki/Brooklyn%E2%80%93Manhattan_Transit_Corporation" title="Brooklyn–Manhattan Transit Corporation">BMT</a> (B Division)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/R1%E2%80%939_fleet" title="R1–9 fleet">R1–9s</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/R1_(New_York_City_Subway_car)" title="R1 (New York City Subway car)">R1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R4_(New_York_City_Subway_car)" title="R4 (New York City Subway car)">R4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R6_(New_York_City_Subway_car)" title="R6 (New York City Subway car)">R6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R7_(New_York_City_Subway_car)" title="R7 (New York City Subway car)">R7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R9_(New_York_City_Subway_car)" title="R9 (New York City Subway car)">R9</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R10_(New_York_City_Subway_car)" title="R10 (New York City Subway car)">R10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R16_(New_York_City_Subway_car)" title="R16 (New York City Subway car)">R16</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redbird_trains" title="Redbird trains">Redbirds</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/R27_(New_York_City_Subway_car)" title="R27 (New York City Subway car)">R27</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R30_(New_York_City_Subway_car)" title="R30 (New York City Subway car)">R30</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R32_(New_York_City_Subway_car)" title="R32 (New York City Subway car)">R32</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">R38</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R40_(New_York_City_Subway_car)" title="R40 (New York City Subway car)">R40</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R42_(New_York_City_Subway_car)" title="R42 (New York City Subway car)">R42</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Train_of_Many_Metals" title="Train of Many Metals">Train of Many Metals</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Retired<br /><small>(private operators)</small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">IRT (A Division)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Elevated</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Manhattan_El_(New_York_City_Subway_car)" title="Manhattan El (New York City Subway car)">Manhattan El</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MUDC_(New_York_City_Subway_car)" title="MUDC (New York City Subway car)">MUDC</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Subway</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Composite_(New_York_City_Subway_car)" title="Composite (New York City Subway car)">Composite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gibbs_Hi-V_(New_York_City_Subway_car)" title="Gibbs Hi-V (New York City Subway car)">Gibbs Hi-V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deck_Roof_Hi-V_(New_York_City_Subway_car)" title="Deck Roof Hi-V (New York City Subway car)">Deck Roof Hi-V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hedley_Hi-V_(New_York_City_Subway_car)" title="Hedley Hi-V (New York City Subway car)">Hedley Hi-V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steinway_Lo-V_(New_York_City_Subway_car)" title="Steinway Lo-V (New York City Subway car)">Steinway Lo-V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flivver_Lo-V_(New_York_City_Subway_car)" title="Flivver Lo-V (New York City Subway car)">Flivver Lo-V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standard_Lo-V_(New_York_City_Subway_car)" title="Standard Lo-V (New York City Subway car)">Standard Lo-V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World%27s_Fair_Lo-V_(New_York_City_Subway_car)" title="World&#39;s Fair Lo-V (New York City Subway car)">World's Fair Lo-V</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">BMT (B Division) / SIR</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Elevated</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/BU_cars_(New_York_City_Subway_car)" title="BU cars (New York City Subway car)">BU cars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C-type_(New_York_City_Subway_car)" title="C-type (New York City Subway car)">C-type</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Q-type_Queens_car_(New_York_City_Subway_car)" title="Q-type Queens car (New York City Subway car)">Q-type Queens car</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Subway</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AB_Standard_(New_York_City_Subway_car)" title="AB Standard (New York City Subway car)">AB Standard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bluebird_Compartment_Car_(New_York_City_Subway_car)" title="Bluebird Compartment Car (New York City Subway car)">Bluebird Compartment Car</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D-type_Triplex_(New_York_City_Subway_car)" title="D-type Triplex (New York City Subway car)">D-type Triplex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MS_Multi-section_car_(New_York_City_Subway_car)" title="MS Multi-section car (New York City Subway car)">MS Multi-section car</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ME-1_(New_York_City_Subway_car)" title="ME-1 (New York City Subway car)">SIRT ME-1</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Experimental</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/R11/R34_(New_York_City_Subway_car)" title="R11/R34 (New York City Subway car)">R11/R34</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R110A_(New_York_City_Subway_car)" title="R110A (New York City Subway car)">R110A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R110B_(New_York_City_Subway_car)" title="R110B (New York City Subway car)">R110B</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Work trains</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/R8A_(New_York_City_Subway_car)" title="R8A (New York City Subway car)">R8A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R65_(New_York_City_Subway_car)" title="R65 (New York City Subway car)">R65</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Money_train" title="Money train">R95</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R110A_(New_York_City_Subway_car)" title="R110A (New York City Subway car)">R110A Pump train</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R127/R134_(New_York_City_Subway_car)" title="R127/R134 (New York City Subway car)">R127/R134</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MPI_MP8AC-3" title="MPI MP8AC-3">R156</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R33_(New_York_City_Subway_car)#Retirement" title="R33 (New York City Subway car)">R161</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Never built</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/R39_(New_York_City_Subway_car)" class="mw-redirect" title="R39 (New York City Subway car)">R39</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R55_(New_York_City_Subway_car)" class="mw-redirect" title="R55 (New York City Subway car)">R55</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R83_(New_York_City_Subway_car)" class="mw-redirect" title="R83 (New York City Subway car)">R83</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><i>See also:</i> <a href="/wiki/List_of_New_York_City_Subway_R-type_contracts" title="List of New York City Subway R-type contracts">R-type contracts</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <!-- NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐f69cdc8f6‐99kdj Cached time: 20241122143132 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc] 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