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cdx-button--weight-quiet edit-page menu__item--page-actions-edit"> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>Edit</span> </a> </li> </ul> </nav>  <div id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Phytosauria&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Phytosauria">Phytosauria</a>)</span></div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="content"> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><script>function mfTempOpenSection(id){var block=document.getElementById("mf-section-"+id);block.className+=" open-block";block.previousSibling.className+=" open-block";}</script><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><section class="mf-section-0" id="mf-section-0"><p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <p><b>Phytosaurs</b> (Φυτόσαυροι in <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a>, meaning 'plant lizard') are an <a href="/wiki/Extinct" class="mw-redirect" title="Extinct">extinct</a> group of large, mostly <a href="/wiki/Semiaquatic" title="Semiaquatic">semiaquatic</a> <a href="/wiki/Late_Triassic" title="Late Triassic">Late Triassic</a> <a href="/wiki/Archosauriform" class="mw-redirect" title="Archosauriform">archosauriform</a> reptiles. Phytosaurs belong to the <a href="/wiki/Order_(biology)" title="Order (biology)">order</a> <b>Phytosauria</b> and are sometimes referred to as <b>parasuchians</b>. Phytosauria, Parasuchia, Parasuchidae, and Phytosauridae have often been considered equivalent groupings containing the same species. Some recent studies have offered a more nuanced approach, defining <a href="/wiki/Parasuchidae" title="Parasuchidae">Parasuchidae</a> and <a href="/wiki/Phytosauridae" class="mw-redirect" title="Phytosauridae">Phytosauridae</a> as nested clades within Phytosauria as a whole. The clade Phytosauria was defined by Paul Sereno in 2005 as <i><a href="/wiki/Rutiodon" title="Rutiodon">Rutiodon carolinensis</a></i> and all taxa more closely related to it than to <i><a href="/wiki/Aetosaurus_ferratus" class="mw-redirect" title="Aetosaurus ferratus">Aetosaurus ferratus</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Rauisuchus" title="Rauisuchus">Rauisuchus tiradentes</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Prestosuchus_chiniquensis" class="mw-redirect" title="Prestosuchus chiniquensis">Prestosuchus chiniquensis</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Ornithosuchus" title="Ornithosuchus">Ornithosuchus woodwardi</a></i>, or <i><a href="/wiki/Crocodylus_niloticus" class="mw-redirect" title="Crocodylus niloticus">Crocodylus niloticus</a></i> (the Nile crocodile).<sup id="cite_ref-NSJ11_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NSJ11-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Phytosaurs were long-snouted and heavily armoured, bearing a remarkable resemblance to modern <a href="/wiki/Crocodilian" class="mw-redirect" title="Crocodilian">crocodilians</a> in size, appearance, and lifestyle, as an example of <a href="/wiki/Convergent_evolution" title="Convergent evolution">convergence</a> or <a href="/wiki/Parallel_evolution" title="Parallel evolution">parallel evolution</a>. </p><table class="infobox biota" style="text-align: left; width: 200px; font-size: 100%"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)">Phytosaurs<br><div style="font-size: 85%;">Temporal range: <a href="/wiki/Ladinian" title="Ladinian">Ladinian</a> – <a href="/wiki/Rhaetian" title="Rhaetian">Rhaetian</a>, <span class="noprint"><span style="display:inline-block;"></span><span style="display:inline-block;">242–201.4 <a href="/wiki/Megaannum" class="mw-redirect" title="Megaannum">Ma</a></span> <span style="display:inline-block;"></span><div id="Timeline-row" style="margin: 4px auto 0; clear:both; width:220px; padding:0px; height:18px; overflow:visible; white-space:nowrap; border:1px #666; border-style:solid none; position:relative; z-index:0; font-size:97%;"> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; left:0px; width:207.23076923077px; padding-left:5px; text-align:left; background-color:rgb(254,217,106); background-image: linear-gradient(to right, rgba(255,255,255,1), rgba(254,217,106,1) 15%, rgba(254,217,106,1));"><a href="/wiki/Precambrian" title="Precambrian">PreꞒ</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(127,160,86); left:37.636923076923px; width:18.073846153846px;"><a href="/wiki/Cambrian" title="Cambrian">Ꞓ</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(0,146,112); left:55.710769230769px; width:14.08px;"><a href="/wiki/Ordovician" title="Ordovician">O</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(179,225,182); left:69.790769230769px; width:8.3261538461539px;"><a href="/wiki/Silurian" title="Silurian">S</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(203,140,55); left:78.116923076923px; width:20.409230769231px;"><a href="/wiki/Devonian" title="Devonian">D</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(103,165,153); left:98.526153846154px; width:20.307692307692px;"><a href="/wiki/Carboniferous" title="Carboniferous">C</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(240,64,40); left:118.83384615385px; width:15.907015384615px;"><a href="/wiki/Permian" title="Permian">P</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(129,43,146); left:134.74086153846px; width:17.092984615385px;"><a href="/wiki/Triassic" title="Triassic">T</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(52,178,201); left:151.83384615385px; width:19.089230769231px;"><a href="/wiki/Jurassic" title="Jurassic">J</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(127,198,78); left:170.92307692308px; width:26.738461538462px;"><a href="/wiki/Cretaceous" title="Cretaceous">K</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(253,154,82); left:197.66153846154px; width:14.543692307692px;"><a href="/wiki/Paleogene" title="Paleogene">Pg</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(255,230,25); left:212.20523076923px; width:6.9215384615385px;"><a href="/wiki/Neogene" title="Neogene">N</a></div> <div id="end-border" style="position:absolute; height:100%; background-color:#666; width:1px; left:219px"></div><div style="margin:0 auto; line-height:0; clear:both; width:220px; padding:0px; height:8px; overflow:visible; background-color:transparent; position:relative; top:-4px; z-index:100;"><div style="position:absolute; height:8px; left:136.4px; width:15.433846153846px; background-color:#360; opacity:0.42;"></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:8px; left:138.09230769231px; width:13.741538461538px; background-color:#360; opacity:1;"></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:6px; top:1px; left:139.09230769231px; width:11.741538461538px; background-color:#6c3;"></div> </div> </div></span> Possible <a href="/wiki/Ghost_lineage" title="Ghost lineage">ghost lineage</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Triassic" title="Middle Triassic">Middle Triassic</a>, but see<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Redondasaurus_bermani_at_CMNH_04_white_background.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Redondasaurus_bermani_at_CMNH_04_white_background.jpg/260px-Redondasaurus_bermani_at_CMNH_04_white_background.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="81" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Redondasaurus_bermani_at_CMNH_04_white_background.jpg/390px-Redondasaurus_bermani_at_CMNH_04_white_background.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Redondasaurus_bermani_at_CMNH_04_white_background.jpg/520px-Redondasaurus_bermani_at_CMNH_04_white_background.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2832" data-file-height="886"></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-size: 88%">Skeleton of <i><a href="/wiki/Redondasaurus" title="Redondasaurus">Redondasaurus</a></i> at the <a href="/wiki/Carnegie_Museum_of_Natural_History" title="Carnegie Museum of Natural History">Carnegie Museum of Natural History</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; min-width:15em; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)"><a href="/wiki/Taxonomy_(biology)" title="Taxonomy (biology)">Scientific classification</a> <span class="plainlinks taxobox-edit-taxonomy skin-invert" style="font-size:smaller; float:right; padding-right:0.4em; margin-left:-3em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Template:Taxonomy/Phytosauria" title="Edit this classification"><img alt="Edit this classification" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/23px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/30px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20"></a></span></span> </th></tr> <tr> <td>Domain: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Eukaryote" title="Eukaryote">Eukaryota</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Kingdom: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Animal" title="Animal">Animalia</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Phylum: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Chordate" title="Chordate">Chordata</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Class: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Reptile" title="Reptile">Reptilia</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Clade</i>: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Archosauromorpha" title="Archosauromorpha">Archosauromorpha</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Clade</i>: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Archosauriformes" title="Archosauriformes">Archosauriformes</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Clade</i>: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Eucrocopoda" class="mw-redirect" title="Eucrocopoda">Eucrocopoda</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Clade</i>: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Crurotarsi" title="Crurotarsi">Crurotarsi</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Order: </td> <td><span style="font-style:normal;font-weight:normal;">†</span><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Phytosauria</a><br><small><a href="/wiki/Hermann_von_Meyer" class="mw-redirect" title="Hermann von Meyer">von Meyer</a>, 1861</small> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)">Subgroups </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: left"> <ul><li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Centemodon" title="Centemodon">Centemodon</a></i>?</li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Clepsysaurus" title="Clepsysaurus">Clepsysaurus</a></i>?</li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Diandongosuchus" title="Diandongosuchus">Diandongosuchus</a></i></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Mesorhinosuchus" title="Mesorhinosuchus">Mesorhinosuchus</a></i></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Omosaurus" title="Omosaurus">Omosaurus</a></i>?</li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><a href="/wiki/Parasuchidae" title="Parasuchidae">Parasuchidae</a></li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Incertae_sedis" title="Incertae sedis">Incertae sedis</a></b></i> <ul><li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Belodon" title="Belodon">Belodon</a></i></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Compsosaurus" title="Compsosaurus">Compsosaurus</a></i></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Francosuchus" title="Francosuchus">Francosuchus</a></i>?</li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Parrishia" title="Parrishia">Parrishia</a></i>?</li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Phytosaurus" title="Phytosaurus">Phytosaurus</a></i></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Termatosaurus" title="Termatosaurus">Termatosaurus</a></i>?</li></ul></li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)"><a href="/wiki/Synonym_(taxonomy)" title="Synonym (taxonomy)">Synonyms</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: left"> <p>Parasuchia <small><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Huxley" class="mw-redirect" title="Thomas Huxley">Huxley</a>, 1875</small> </p> </td></tr> </tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238732961">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota tr{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota img{background:transparent}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota tr{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota img{background:white}}.mw-parser-output .infobox.biota .taxobox-edit-taxonomy img{background:transparent!important}body.skin-vector .mw-parser-output table.biota.infobox{margin-top:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output table.biota.infobox tr.taxonrow td{padding:2px 10px}</style> <p>The name "phytosaur" means "plant lizard", as the first fossils of phytosaurs were mistakenly thought to belong to plant eaters.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>For many years, phytosaurs were considered to be the most <a href="/wiki/Basal_(phylogenetics)" title="Basal (phylogenetics)">basal</a> group of <a href="/wiki/Pseudosuchia" title="Pseudosuchia">Pseudosuchia</a> (crocodile-line <a href="/wiki/Archosaur" title="Archosaur">archosaurs</a>), meaning that they were thought to be more closely related to the crocodilians than to birds (the other living group of archosaurs). Some studies of the evolutionary relationships of early archosauriforms have suggested that phytosaurs evolved before the split between crocodile- and bird-line archosaurs and are a <a href="/wiki/Sister_taxon" class="mw-redirect" title="Sister taxon">sister taxon</a> of Archosauria. The most recent study retains the former way of classifying phytosaurs as pseudosuchians.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Phytosaurs had a nearly global distribution during the Triassic. Fossils have been recovered from <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a>, <a href="/wiki/North_America" title="North America">North America</a>, <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>, <a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a>, <a href="/wiki/Greenland" title="Greenland">Greenland</a><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Madagascar" title="Madagascar">Madagascar</a>. Fossils attributed to phytosaurs have been found in Early Jurassic rocks, possibly extending their temporal range beyond the Triassic-Jurassic boundary.<sup id="cite_ref-Maisch2010_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Maisch2010-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They may have also been present in rock layers dating to the Middle Triassic of China as evidenced by <i><a href="/wiki/Diandongosuchus" title="Diandongosuchus">Diandongosuchus</a></i>, however it is not known if this is truly a member of the clade. </p> <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span></div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Description"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Description</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2"><a href="#Differences_from_crocodiles"><span class="tocnumber">1.1</span> <span class="toctext">Differences from crocodiles</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="#Teeth"><span class="tocnumber">1.2</span> <span class="toctext">Teeth</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="#Locomotion_and_terrestriality"><span class="tocnumber">1.3</span> <span class="toctext">Locomotion and terrestriality</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="#Endocast_studies"><span class="tocnumber">1.4</span> <span class="toctext">Endocast studies</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6"><a href="#Reproduction"><span class="tocnumber">1.5</span> <span class="toctext">Reproduction</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-7"><a href="#History"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">History</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-8"><a href="#Evolutionary_history"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Evolutionary history</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-9"><a href="#Classification"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Classification</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-10"><a href="#Genera"><span class="tocnumber">4.1</span> <span class="toctext">Genera</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-11"><a href="#Phylogeny"><span class="tocnumber">4.2</span> <span class="toctext">Phylogeny</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-12"><a href="#Paleoecology"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">Paleoecology</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-13"><a href="#Footnotes"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">Footnotes</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-14"><a href="#Sources"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">Sources</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-15"><a href="#External_links"><span class="tocnumber">8</span> <span class="toctext">External links</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Description">Description</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Phytosaur&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Description" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Smilosuchus-reconstructions-Jeff-Martz-600-px-tiny-Oct-2014-Tetrapod-Zoology.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Smilosuchus-reconstructions-Jeff-Martz-600-px-tiny-Oct-2014-Tetrapod-Zoology.jpg/220px-Smilosuchus-reconstructions-Jeff-Martz-600-px-tiny-Oct-2014-Tetrapod-Zoology.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="131" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="358"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 131px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Smilosuchus-reconstructions-Jeff-Martz-600-px-tiny-Oct-2014-Tetrapod-Zoology.jpg/220px-Smilosuchus-reconstructions-Jeff-Martz-600-px-tiny-Oct-2014-Tetrapod-Zoology.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="131" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Smilosuchus-reconstructions-Jeff-Martz-600-px-tiny-Oct-2014-Tetrapod-Zoology.jpg/330px-Smilosuchus-reconstructions-Jeff-Martz-600-px-tiny-Oct-2014-Tetrapod-Zoology.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Smilosuchus-reconstructions-Jeff-Martz-600-px-tiny-Oct-2014-Tetrapod-Zoology.jpg/440px-Smilosuchus-reconstructions-Jeff-Martz-600-px-tiny-Oct-2014-Tetrapod-Zoology.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a><figcaption>Illustration of two <i><a href="/wiki/Smilosuchus" title="Smilosuchus">Smilosuchus</a></i> species, illustrating brachyrostral and dolichorostral snout types</figcaption></figure> <p>Phytosaurs are known from many different morphologies, specifically with vastly different skull forms. These changes relate to the feeding and habits of the animals, not completely evolutionary modifications. Dolichorostral ("long snouted") phytosaurs have a long, slender snout with many <a href="/wiki/Cone" title="Cone">conical</a> teeth that are <a href="/wiki/Homodont" class="mw-redirect" title="Homodont">homodont</a> (all the same). These taxa were most likely <a href="/wiki/Piscivore" title="Piscivore">piscivores</a> that were well adapted to capture fast aquatic prey, but not terrestrial animals. <i><a href="/wiki/Paleorhinus" title="Paleorhinus">Paleorhinus</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Rutiodon" title="Rutiodon">Rutiodon</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Mystriosuchus" title="Mystriosuchus">Mystriosuchus</a></i> are dolichorostral phytosaurs, but do not form a distinct group of taxa (named Mystriosuchinae of <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_von_Huene" title="Friedrich von Huene">Friedrich von Huene</a>) as other morphotypes such as <i><a href="/wiki/Pseudopalatus" class="mw-redirect" title="Pseudopalatus">Pseudopalatus</a></i> are more closely related to <i><a href="/wiki/Mystriosuchus" title="Mystriosuchus">Mystriosuchus</a></i> than it is to the other long-snouted taxa. Brachyrostral ("short snouted") forms are the opposite, having a massive, broad snout, and very strong skulls and jaws. They are <a href="/wiki/Heterodont" title="Heterodont">heterodont</a>, as the front teeth are prominent fangs, and the rear teeth are blade-like for slicing food into chunks that can be swallowed easily. Taxa like this, such as <i><a href="/wiki/Nicrosaurus" title="Nicrosaurus">Nicrosaurus</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Smilosuchus" title="Smilosuchus">Smilosuchus</a></i>, were powerful taxa that fed on stronger prey, such as terrestrial animals that came to the water to drink. Altirostral ("high snouted") animals are intermediate between the two distinct types. They had heterodont dentition but not as extremely developed as the brachyrostral type. <i>Pseudopalatus</i> is an altirostral phytosaur, and was most likely a generalist feeder. Modern crocodilians exhibit a similar morphological diversity, for example the broad snouted altirostral <a href="/wiki/Alligator" title="Alligator">alligator</a> and the long snouted dolichorostral <a href="/wiki/Gavial" class="mw-redirect" title="Gavial">gavial</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-h02_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-h02-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Various phytosaurs have crests and similar ornamentions in their snouts. <i><a href="/wiki/Nicrosaurus" title="Nicrosaurus">Nicrosaurus</a></i> has a ridge along the snout that would have supported a keratinous crest in life, while <i><a href="/wiki/Mystriosuchus_westphali" class="mw-redirect" title="Mystriosuchus westphali">Mystriosuchus westphali</a></i> has several bony crests.<sup id="cite_ref-h02_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-h02-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Differences_from_crocodiles">Differences from crocodiles</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Phytosaur&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Differences from crocodiles" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>Despite their great similarities in appearance and lifestyle, there are still a number of minor differences that distinguish phytosaurs from true crocodiles. For one thing, the phytosaur <a href="/wiki/Tarsus_(skeleton)" title="Tarsus (skeleton)">ankle</a> structure is much more primitive than that of any crocodile. Also, phytosaurs lack the bony <a href="/wiki/Secondary_palate" title="Secondary palate">secondary palate</a> that enables crocodiles to breathe even when the mouth is full of water. However, it is possible that phytosaurs had a fleshy palate, as many Mesozoic crocodiles are presumed to have had. Phytosaurs were even better armoured than crocodiles, protected by heavy bony <a href="/wiki/Scute" title="Scute">scutes</a> (often found as fossils), and the belly reinforced with a dense arrangement of <a href="/wiki/Gastralium" class="mw-redirect" title="Gastralium">gastralia</a> (abdominal ribs). Finally, and most noticeably, phytosaurs had nostrils placed near or above the level of the eyes, in contrast to crocodiles where the nostrils are near the end of the snout. This adaptation may have developed to allow them to breathe while the rest of the body was submerged. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Teeth">Teeth</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Phytosaur&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Teeth" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>Unlike most crocodilians, phytosaurs have tooth serrations.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In a 2001 study of the biomechanics of the dinosaur <i><a href="/wiki/Albertosaurus" title="Albertosaurus">Albertosaurus</a></i>'s teeth, <a href="/wiki/William_L._Abler" class="mw-redirect" title="William L. Abler">William L. Abler</a> also examined a phytosaur's teeth, finding that it has had serrations so fine that they resembled a crack in the tooth.<sup id="cite_ref-alberto-tooth-abs-84_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-alberto-tooth-abs-84-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i><a href="/wiki/Albertosaurus" title="Albertosaurus">Albertosaurus</a></i> had similarly crack-like serrations, but, at the base of each serration Abler discovered a round <a href="/wiki/Vacuum" title="Vacuum">void</a>, which would have functioned to distribute force over a larger <a href="/wiki/Surface_area" title="Surface area">surface area</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-alberto-tooth-abs-84_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-alberto-tooth-abs-84-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This void, termed an ampulla, would hinder the ability of the "crack" formed by the serration to propagate through the tooth.<sup id="cite_ref-alberto-tooth-abs-84_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-alberto-tooth-abs-84-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The phytosaur was found to lack <a href="/wiki/Adaptation" title="Adaptation">adaptations</a> for preventing its dental "cracks" from propagating.<sup id="cite_ref-alberto-tooth-abs-84_9-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-alberto-tooth-abs-84-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Abler examined another sort of prehistoric predator, <i><a href="/wiki/Dimetrodon" title="Dimetrodon">Dimetrodon</a></i>, and found that it also lacked adaptations for guarding against crack propagation.<sup id="cite_ref-alberto-tooth-abs-84_9-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-alberto-tooth-abs-84-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Based on their teeth, most phytosaur genera are carnivorous, piscivorous, or a combination of the two. However, two taxa show slight adaptations towards hunting and consuming harder invertebrates.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A study on phytosaur microwear patterns has found <i><a href="/wiki/Mystriosuchus" title="Mystriosuchus">Mystriosuchus</a></i> to line with soft invertebrate consumers, <i><a href="/wiki/Nicrosaurus" title="Nicrosaurus">Nicrosaurus</a></i> with hard invertebrate consumers and <i><a href="/wiki/Smilosuchus" title="Smilosuchus">Smilosuchus</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Machaeroprosopus" title="Machaeroprosopus">Machaeroprosopus</a></i> with carnivores and piscivores.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Locomotion_and_terrestriality">Locomotion and terrestriality</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Phytosaur&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Locomotion and terrestriality" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>Phytosaurs have been traditionally held as rather "primitive" animals in regards to terrestrial locomotion, particularly in regards to archosaurs such as <a href="/wiki/Crocodilia" title="Crocodilia">crocodilians</a>, lacking the erect <a href="/wiki/Gait" title="Gait">gait</a> seen in these, other <a href="/wiki/Pseudosuchia" title="Pseudosuchia">pseudosuchians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dinosaur" title="Dinosaur">dinosaurs</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pterosaur" title="Pterosaur">pterosaurs</a>. However, the <i><a href="/wiki/Apatopus" title="Apatopus">Apatopus</a></i> <a href="/wiki/Ichnofossil" class="mw-redirect" title="Ichnofossil">ichnofossil</a> shows that the animals did in fact have an erect gait like their archosaur relatives.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Most phytosaurs are thought to be aquatic animals, and indeed most do show adaptations for such a lifestyle; swim tracks attributed to phytosaurs, for example, are known.<sup id="cite_ref-Stocker,_M._R._2013_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stocker,_M._R._2013-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, at least <i><a href="/wiki/Nicrosaurus" title="Nicrosaurus">Nicrosaurus</a></i> seems to have evolved towards a secondarily terrestrial lifestyle, developing longer limb bones, straighter femora and a deeper pelvis, and indeed occurs in terrestrial or marginal lacustrine settings. Combined with its deep upper jaw, it probably led a similar lifestyle to terrestrial predatory <a href="/wiki/Crocodylomorpha" title="Crocodylomorpha">crocodylomorphs</a> like <a href="/wiki/Sebecia" title="Sebecia">sebecians</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Inversely, some dolichorostral forms like <i><a href="/wiki/Mystriosuchus" title="Mystriosuchus">Mystriosuchus</a></i> have become further specialised to life in the water, and occurred in marine environments.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A skeleton of <i>Mystriosuchus planirostris</i>, found in a marine setting and with evidence of little post-mortem transportation – indicating that it died either at sea or in a freshwater environment nearby – shows that this animal had paddle-like limbs, less adapted for terrestrial locomotion than in most other phytosaurs.<sup id="cite_ref-Gozzi,_E._2003_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gozzi,_E._2003-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Furthermore, the tail of <i><a href="/wiki/Mystriosuchus" title="Mystriosuchus">Mystriosuchus</a></i> was laterally compressed and could have been used in propulsion.<sup id="cite_ref-renesto99_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-renesto99-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Endocast_studies">Endocast studies</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Phytosaur&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Endocast studies" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>Scans on various phytosaur braincases suggest that these animals generally had long olfactory tracts, weakly demarcated cerebral regions, dorsoventrally short endosseous labyrinths and various sinuses, including large antorbital and dural venous ones; the general bauplan is vaguely similar to that of crocodilians, but differs significantly in the presence of multiple sinuses, smaller cerebral hemispheres and smaller endosseous labyrinths. The similarities are considered to be plesiomorphic in relation to the ancestral archosauriform design, lacking many features seen in <a href="/wiki/Avemetatarsalia" title="Avemetatarsalia">avemetatarsalians</a>, though convergence in terms of lifestyle might also play a role.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reproduction">Reproduction</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Phytosaur&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Reproduction" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>No phytosaur eggs have been found so far. There are pits associated with footprints in the <a href="/wiki/Chinle_Formation" title="Chinle Formation">Chinle Formation</a>, but these "nests" are apparently the result of <a href="/wiki/Sandstone" title="Sandstone">sandstone</a> weathering.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A recent study suggests they might have had parental care.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Phytosaur&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: History" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> <p>When the first phytosaur fossils were found, it was not immediately obvious what kind of animal/species they were. The first phytosaur species known to science was named <i>Phytosaurus cylindricodon</i> – "plant lizard with cylindrical teeth" – by G. Jaeger in 1828 because he mistakenly believed that petrified mud fillings in the jaw were herbivore teeth. The specimen is too poor to be diagnostic, and this species name is no longer valid. The name of the group – Phytosauria – was coined by the German paleontologist <a href="/wiki/Hermann_von_Meyer" class="mw-redirect" title="Hermann von Meyer">Hermann von Meyer</a> in 1861, on the basis of this first species. </p><p>The next species to be described was <i>Belodon plieningeri</i> by von Meyer in von Meyer and Plieninger 1844. The altogether more appropriate name Parasuchia ("alongside the crocodiles", as they resembled crocodiles to a great degree) was coined by <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Huxley" class="mw-redirect" title="Thomas Huxley">Thomas Huxley</a> in 1875 along with his discovery and naming of the Indian species <i>Parasuchus hislopi</i> (Chatterjee, 1978), on the basis of a partial snout. The specimen also is usually considered non-diagnostic, and the name <i>Parasuchus</i> replaced by <i><a href="/wiki/Paleorhinus" title="Paleorhinus">Paleorhinus</a></i>. Although the names Parasuchidae and Phytosauridae are variously still used by different specialists, "phytosaur" is the standard generic name for these animals, despite the fact that these animals have been clearly shown to be <a href="/wiki/Carnivore" title="Carnivore">carnivorous</a>. </p> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Evolutionary_history">Evolutionary history</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Phytosaur&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Evolutionary history" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Phytosaur_skull.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Phytosaur_skull.jpg/220px-Phytosaur_skull.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="102" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1474" data-file-height="682"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 102px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Phytosaur_skull.jpg/220px-Phytosaur_skull.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="102" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Phytosaur_skull.jpg/330px-Phytosaur_skull.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Phytosaur_skull.jpg/440px-Phytosaur_skull.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a><figcaption>Phytosaur skull</figcaption></figure> <p>Phytosaurs first appeared during the <a href="/wiki/Carnian" title="Carnian">Carnian</a> or <a href="/wiki/Ladinian" title="Ladinian">Ladinian</a> age, evolving from an unknown <a href="/wiki/Crurotarsi" title="Crurotarsi">crurotarsan</a> ancestor. There are no clear intermediate forms, as even the earliest known phytosaurs are highly specialized aquatic animals, unlike most contemporary archosauriforms that were terrestrial. However, a recent study has suggested that <i><a href="/wiki/Diandongosuchus" title="Diandongosuchus">Diandongosuchus</a></i> is a basal phytosaur. If this is the case, this taxon offers more of a bridge between phytosaurs and earlier Archosauriformes.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The earliest phytosaurs are traditionally classified in the genus <i><a href="/wiki/Paleorhinus" title="Paleorhinus">Paleorhinus</a></i>, now thought to be <a href="/wiki/Polyphyly" title="Polyphyly">polyphyletic</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Parasuchus" title="Parasuchus">Parasuchus</a></i> and related basal species were widely distributed, meaning that phytosaurs dispersed across <a href="/wiki/Pangea" class="mw-redirect" title="Pangea">Pangea</a> early on and there were probably few geographical barriers for their distribution; only in the southernmost regions are they rare, possibly due to increased aridity.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A somewhat more advanced and larger form, <i>Angistorhinus</i> appears at the same time or soon after. Later in the Carnian, both these animals were replaced by more specialised forms like <i><a href="/wiki/Rutiodon" title="Rutiodon">Rutiodon</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Leptosuchus" title="Leptosuchus">Leptosuchus</a></i>, and the huge <i><a href="/wiki/Smilosuchus" title="Smilosuchus">Smilosuchus</a></i> (Lucas 1998). The <a href="/w/index.php?title=Carnian-Norian_extinction_event&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Carnian-Norian extinction event (page does not exist)">Carnian-Norian extinction</a> meant that these animals died off, and the Early <a href="/wiki/Norian" title="Norian">Norian</a> sees new genera like <i><a href="/wiki/Nicrosaurus" title="Nicrosaurus">Nicrosaurus</a></i> and <i>Pseudopalatus</i>, both of which belong to the most derived clade of phytosaurs, the <a href="/wiki/Pseudopalatinae" class="mw-redirect" title="Pseudopalatinae">Pseudopalatinae</a>. Later in the middle Norian the advanced and specialised fish-eater <i>Mystriosuchus</i> appears. Fossil remains of this widespread animal is known from Germany, northern Italy, and Thailand. Finally the large <i><a href="/wiki/Redondasaurus" title="Redondasaurus">Redondasaurus</a></i> in southwest North America and the long-snouted (altirostral) <i><a href="/wiki/Angistorhinopsis_ruetimeyeri" class="mw-redirect" title="Angistorhinopsis ruetimeyeri">Angistorhinopsis ruetimeyeri</a></i> in Europe continued the group into the <a href="/wiki/Rhaetian" title="Rhaetian">Rhaetian</a>. Phytosaur footprints (the <a href="/wiki/Ichnotaxon" title="Ichnotaxon">ichnotaxon</a> <i>Apatopus</i>) are also known from the latest Rhaetian of the East Coast of USA (the <a href="/wiki/Newark_Supergroup" title="Newark Supergroup">Newark Supergroup</a>) (Olsen <i>et al.</i> 2002). This indicates that phytosaurs continued as successful animals until the very end of the Triassic, when, along with many other large crurotarsan reptiles, they were killed off by the <a href="/wiki/Triassic-Jurassic_extinction_event" class="mw-redirect" title="Triassic-Jurassic extinction event">end Triassic extinction event</a>, about 200 Ma ago. </p><p>There have been reports of phytosaur remains found in lowermost Jurassic rocks. Several teeth from Early Jurassic deposits in France have been identified as phytosaur teeth, but other studies argue they have either been misidentified or were reworked from Late Triassic into Early Jurassic deposits. In 1951, a partial upper jaw was discovered in the Early Jurassic <a href="/wiki/Lower_Lufeng_Series" class="mw-redirect" title="Lower Lufeng Series">Lower Lufeng Series</a> in <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a> and described as a new genus of phytosaur, <i><a href="/wiki/Pachysuchus" title="Pachysuchus">Pachysuchus</a></i>, but a study in 2012 reinterpreted the fossil as a <a href="/wiki/Sauropodomorph" class="mw-redirect" title="Sauropodomorph">sauropodomorph</a> dinosaur.<sup id="cite_ref-BX12_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BX12-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A fragment of a lower jaw from a longirostrine archosaur has been described from early <a href="/wiki/Hettangian" title="Hettangian">Hettangian</a> strata in the town of <a href="/wiki/Watchet" title="Watchet">Watchet</a> in <a href="/wiki/Somerset" title="Somerset">Somerset</a>, England. While <a href="/wiki/Teleosaurid" class="mw-redirect" title="Teleosaurid">teleosaurid</a> <a href="/wiki/Thalattosuchia" title="Thalattosuchia">thalattosuchians</a> had similar longirostrine jaws to phytosaurs and were common in the Jurassic, they do not appear in the earliest Jurassic rocks. The mandible is more similar to those of known phytosaurs than to thalattosuchians, and likely belongs to a phytosaur closely related to the genus <i>Mystriosuchus</i>. The presence of phytosaurs in the earliest Jurassic may have prevented thalattosuchians from occupying similar ecological niches at that time.<sup id="cite_ref-MK10_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MK10-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, more recent work suggests that the jaw fragment came from a pre-Hettangian rock unit, and is therefore Late Triassic in age.<sup id="cite_ref-BX12_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BX12-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Also, if the age of the <a href="/wiki/Magnesian_Conglomerate" title="Magnesian Conglomerate">Magnesian Conglomerate</a> does extend into the <a href="/wiki/Early_Jurassic" title="Early Jurassic">Early Jurassic</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hettangian" title="Hettangian">Hettangian</a>), then it is possible that <i><a href="/wiki/Rileyasuchus" title="Rileyasuchus">Rileyasuchus</a></i> survived into the Early Jurassic.<sup id="cite_ref-APH94_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-APH94-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Classification">Classification</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Phytosaur&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Classification" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Genera">Genera</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Phytosaur&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Genera" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <table class="wikitable sortable" align="center" width="100%"> <tbody><tr> <th>Genus </th> <th>Status </th> <th>Age </th> <th>Location </th> <th>Unit </th> <th class="unsortable">Notes </th> <th class="unsortable">Images </th></tr> <tr> <td> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Angistorhinopsis" title="Angistorhinopsis">Angistorhinopsis</a></i> </p> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Junior_synonym" class="mw-redirect" title="Junior synonym">Junior synonym</a> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>Junior synonym of <i><a href="/wiki/Nicrosaurus" title="Nicrosaurus">Nicrosaurus</a></i> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Angistorhinus" title="Angistorhinus">Angistorhinus</a></i> </p> </td> <td>Valid </td> <td>Late <a href="/wiki/Carnian" title="Carnian">Carnian</a> </td> <td> <p><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Morocco.svg/23px-Flag_of_Morocco.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Morocco.svg/23px-Flag_of_Morocco.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="23" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Morocco.svg/35px-Flag_of_Morocco.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Morocco.svg/45px-Flag_of_Morocco.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a><br> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 12px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="23" data-height="12" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">US</a> </p> </td> <td> <p><a href="/wiki/Argana_Formation" class="mw-redirect" title="Argana Formation">Argana Formation</a><br> <a href="/wiki/Dockum_Group" title="Dockum Group">Dockum Group</a><br> <a href="/wiki/Popo_Agie_Formation" title="Popo Agie Formation">Popo Agie Formation</a> </p> </td> <td> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Angistorhinus_grandis.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Angistorhinus_grandis.jpg/150px-Angistorhinus_grandis.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="80" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="427"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 150px;height: 80px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Angistorhinus_grandis.jpg/150px-Angistorhinus_grandis.jpg" data-width="150" data-height="80" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Angistorhinus_grandis.jpg/225px-Angistorhinus_grandis.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Angistorhinus_grandis.jpg/300px-Angistorhinus_grandis.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Arganarhinus" title="Arganarhinus">Arganarhinus</a></i> </p> </td> <td>Valid </td> <td>Middle <a href="/wiki/Carnian" title="Carnian">Carnian</a> </td> <td> <p><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Morocco.svg/23px-Flag_of_Morocco.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Morocco.svg/23px-Flag_of_Morocco.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="23" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Morocco.svg/35px-Flag_of_Morocco.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Morocco.svg/45px-Flag_of_Morocco.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a> </p> </td> <td> <p><a href="/wiki/Argana_Formation" class="mw-redirect" title="Argana Formation">Argana Formation</a> </p> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Arribasuchus" class="mw-redirect" title="Arribasuchus">Arribasuchus</a></i> </p> </td> <td>Junior synonym </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>Junior synonym of <i><a href="/wiki/Machaeroprosopus" title="Machaeroprosopus">Machaeroprosopus</a></i> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Belodon" title="Belodon">Belodon</a></i> </p> </td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Nomen_dubium" title="Nomen dubium">Nomen dubium</a></i> </td> <td>Middle Norian </td> <td> <p><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 14px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="23" data-height="14" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a><br> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 12px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="23" data-height="12" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">US</a> </p> </td> <td> <p><a href="/wiki/Stubensandstein" class="mw-redirect" title="Stubensandstein">Stubensandstein</a><br> <a href="/wiki/Chinle_Formation" title="Chinle Formation">Chinle Formation</a> </p> </td> <td>Many remains have since been attributed to other animals or given their own genera </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Belodon.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Belodon.jpg/150px-Belodon.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="87" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1272" data-file-height="736"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 150px;height: 87px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Belodon.jpg/150px-Belodon.jpg" data-width="150" data-height="87" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Belodon.jpg/225px-Belodon.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Belodon.jpg/300px-Belodon.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Brachysuchus" title="Brachysuchus">Brachysuchus</a></i> </p> </td> <td>Valid </td> <td>Carnian </td> <td> <p><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 12px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="23" data-height="12" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">US</a> </p> </td> <td> <p>"Pre-Tecovas Horizon" (<a href="/wiki/Dockum_Group" title="Dockum Group">Dockum Group</a>) </p> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Centemodon" title="Centemodon">Centemodon</a></i> </p> </td> <td><i>Nomen dubium</i> </td> <td>Norian </td> <td> <p><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 12px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="23" data-height="12" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">US</a> </p> </td> <td> <p><a href="/wiki/Cumnock_Formation" title="Cumnock Formation">Cumnock Formation</a> </p> </td> <td>Named from several teeth in 1856 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Coburgosuchus" title="Coburgosuchus">Coburgosuchus</a></i> </p> </td> <td>Valid </td> <td>Norian </td> <td> <p><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 14px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="23" data-height="14" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a> </p> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Colossosuchus" title="Colossosuchus">Colossosuchus</a> </td> <td>Valid </td> <td>Carnian-Norian </td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/23px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/23px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="23" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/35px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/45px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tiki_Formation" title="Tiki Formation">Tiki Formation</a> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td> <p>?<i><a href="/wiki/Diandongosuchus" title="Diandongosuchus">Diandongosuchus</a></i> </p> </td> <td>Valid </td> <td>Ladinian </td> <td> <p><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="23" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a> </p> </td> <td> <p><a href="/w/index.php?title=Falang_Formation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Falang Formation (page does not exist)">Falang Formation</a> </p> </td> <td>Possible basalmost taxon. </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Diandongosuchus_fuyuanensis.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Diandongosuchus_fuyuanensis.jpg/150px-Diandongosuchus_fuyuanensis.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="120" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 150px;height: 120px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Diandongosuchus_fuyuanensis.jpg/150px-Diandongosuchus_fuyuanensis.jpg" data-width="150" data-height="120" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Diandongosuchus_fuyuanensis.jpg/225px-Diandongosuchus_fuyuanensis.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Diandongosuchus_fuyuanensis.jpg/300px-Diandongosuchus_fuyuanensis.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Ebrachosuchus" title="Ebrachosuchus">Ebrachosuchus</a></i> </p> </td> <td>Valid </td> <td>Late Carnian </td> <td> <p><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 14px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="23" data-height="14" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a> </p> </td> <td> <p><a href="/wiki/Hassberge_Formation" title="Hassberge Formation">Hassberge Formation</a> </p> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Francosuchus" title="Francosuchus">Francosuchus</a></i> </p> </td> <td><i>Nomen dubium</i> </td> <td>Late Carnian </td> <td> <p><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 14px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="23" data-height="14" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a> </p> </td> <td> <p><a href="/wiki/Hassberge_Formation" title="Hassberge Formation">Hassberge Formation</a> </p> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Leptosuchus" title="Leptosuchus">Leptosuchus</a></i> </p> </td> <td>Valid </td> <td>Carnian </td> <td> <p><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 12px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="23" data-height="12" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">US</a> </p> </td> <td> <p><a href="/wiki/Tecovas_Formation" title="Tecovas Formation">Tecovas Formation</a> and unknown formation (Dockum Group) </p> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Machaeroprosopus" title="Machaeroprosopus">Machaeroprosopus</a></i> </p> </td> <td>Valid </td> <td>Carnian-Norian </td> <td> <p><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 12px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="23" data-height="12" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">US</a> </p> </td> <td> <p><a href="/wiki/Chinle_Formation" title="Chinle Formation">Chinle Formation</a><br> <a href="/wiki/Dockum_Group" title="Dockum Group">Dockum Group</a> </p> </td> <td> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Rutiodon_validus_21DB.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Rutiodon_validus_21DB.jpg/150px-Rutiodon_validus_21DB.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="107" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1071"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 150px;height: 107px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Rutiodon_validus_21DB.jpg/150px-Rutiodon_validus_21DB.jpg" data-width="150" data-height="107" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Rutiodon_validus_21DB.jpg/225px-Rutiodon_validus_21DB.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Rutiodon_validus_21DB.jpg/300px-Rutiodon_validus_21DB.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Mesorhinosuchus" title="Mesorhinosuchus">Mesorhinosuchus</a></i> </p> </td> <td>? Valid </td> <td>Triassic, ? early Olenekian </td> <td> <p><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 14px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="23" data-height="14" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a> </p> </td> <td> <p>? <a href="/wiki/Middle_Buntsandstein" class="mw-redirect" title="Middle Buntsandstein">Middle Buntsandstein</a> </p> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Mystriosuchus" title="Mystriosuchus">Mystriosuchus</a></i> </p> </td> <td>Valid </td> <td>Middle Norian </td> <td> <p><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 14px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="23" data-height="14" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a> </p> </td> <td> <p><a href="/wiki/Stubensandstein" class="mw-redirect" title="Stubensandstein">Stubensandstein</a> </p> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Nicrosaurus" title="Nicrosaurus">Nicrosaurus</a></i> </td> <td>Valid </td> <td>Late Norian – Rhaetian </td> <td> <p><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="23" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a><br> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 14px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="23" data-height="14" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a> </p> </td> <td> <p><a href="/wiki/Arnstadt_Formation" title="Arnstadt Formation">Arnstadt Formation</a><br> Upper <a href="/wiki/Keuper" title="Keuper">Keuper</a> </p> </td> <td> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Nicrosaurus1Zittel.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Nicrosaurus1Zittel.jpg/150px-Nicrosaurus1Zittel.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="133" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1171" data-file-height="1038"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 150px;height: 133px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Nicrosaurus1Zittel.jpg/150px-Nicrosaurus1Zittel.jpg" data-width="150" data-height="133" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Nicrosaurus1Zittel.jpg/225px-Nicrosaurus1Zittel.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Nicrosaurus1Zittel.jpg/300px-Nicrosaurus1Zittel.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td> <p>"<a href="/wiki/Paleorhinus" title="Paleorhinus">Paleorhinus</a>" </p> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Junior_synonym" class="mw-redirect" title="Junior synonym">Junior synonym</a> </td> <td>Late Carnian </td> <td> <p><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 14px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="23" data-height="14" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a><br> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="800"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 14px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="23" data-height="14" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a><br> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 12px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="23" data-height="12" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">US</a> </p> </td> <td> <p><a href="/wiki/Hassberge_Formation" title="Hassberge Formation">Hassberge Formation</a><br> Middle <a href="/wiki/Keuper" title="Keuper">Keuper</a><br> <a href="/wiki/Cooper_Canyon_Formation" title="Cooper Canyon Formation">Cooper Canyon Formation</a><br> <a href="/wiki/Popo_Agie_Formation" title="Popo Agie Formation">Popo Agie Formation</a><br> <a href="/wiki/Tecovas_Formation" title="Tecovas Formation">Tecovas Formation</a> </p> </td> <td>Polyphyletic. </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Parasuchus" title="Parasuchus">Parasuchus</a></i> </p> </td> <td>Valid </td> <td>Late Carnian – Early Norian </td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/23px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/23px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="23" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/35px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/45px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> </td> <td> <p><a href="/wiki/Lower_Maleri_Formation" title="Lower Maleri Formation">Lower Maleri Formation</a><br> <a href="/wiki/Tiki_Formation" title="Tiki Formation">Tiki Formation</a> </p> </td> <td> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Paleorhinus.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Paleorhinus.jpg/150px-Paleorhinus.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="74" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1514" data-file-height="743"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 150px;height: 74px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Paleorhinus.jpg/150px-Paleorhinus.jpg" data-width="150" data-height="74" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Paleorhinus.jpg/225px-Paleorhinus.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Paleorhinus.jpg/300px-Paleorhinus.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Pravusuchus" title="Pravusuchus">Pravusuchus</a></i> </p> </td> <td>Valid </td> <td>Norian </td> <td> <p><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 12px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="23" data-height="12" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">US</a> </p> </td> <td> <p><a href="/wiki/Chinle_Formation" title="Chinle Formation">Chinle Formation</a> </p> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Promystriosuchus" class="mw-redirect" title="Promystriosuchus">Promystriosuchus</a></i> </p> </td> <td>Valid </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Protome_(reptile)" class="mw-redirect" title="Protome (reptile)">Protome</a></i> </p> </td> <td>Valid </td> <td>Norian </td> <td> <p><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 12px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="23" data-height="12" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">US</a> </p> </td> <td> <p><a href="/wiki/Chinle_Formation" title="Chinle Formation">Chinle Formation</a> </p> </td> <td> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Protome_batalaria.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Protome_batalaria.jpg/150px-Protome_batalaria.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="75" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3200" data-file-height="1600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 150px;height: 75px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Protome_batalaria.jpg/150px-Protome_batalaria.jpg" data-width="150" data-height="75" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Protome_batalaria.jpg/225px-Protome_batalaria.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Protome_batalaria.jpg/300px-Protome_batalaria.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Pseudopalatus" class="mw-redirect" title="Pseudopalatus">Pseudopalatus</a></i> </p> </td> <td>Junior synonym </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>Junior synonym of <i><a href="/wiki/Machaeroprosopus" title="Machaeroprosopus">Machaeroprosopus</a></i> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Redondasaurus" title="Redondasaurus">Redondasaurus</a></i> </p> </td> <td>Valid </td> <td>Norian – Rhaetian </td> <td> <p><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 12px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="23" data-height="12" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">US</a> </p> </td> <td> <p><a href="/wiki/Redonda_Formation" title="Redonda Formation">Redonda Formation</a><br> <a href="/wiki/Travesser_Formation" title="Travesser Formation">Travesser Formation</a> </p> </td> <td> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Redondasaurus_bermani_at_CMNH_04.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Redondasaurus_bermani_at_CMNH_04.jpg/150px-Redondasaurus_bermani_at_CMNH_04.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="47" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2832" data-file-height="886"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 150px;height: 47px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Redondasaurus_bermani_at_CMNH_04.jpg/150px-Redondasaurus_bermani_at_CMNH_04.jpg" data-width="150" data-height="47" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Redondasaurus_bermani_at_CMNH_04.jpg/225px-Redondasaurus_bermani_at_CMNH_04.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Redondasaurus_bermani_at_CMNH_04.jpg/300px-Redondasaurus_bermani_at_CMNH_04.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Rutiodon" title="Rutiodon">Rutiodon</a></i> </p> </td> <td>Valid </td> <td>Carnian </td> <td> <p><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 12px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="23" data-height="12" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">US</a> </p> </td> <td> <p><a href="/wiki/Newark_Supergroup" title="Newark Supergroup">Newark Supergroup</a> </p> </td> <td> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Rutiodon_BW.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Rutiodon_BW.jpg/150px-Rutiodon_BW.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="52" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="277"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 150px;height: 52px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Rutiodon_BW.jpg/150px-Rutiodon_BW.jpg" data-width="150" data-height="52" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Rutiodon_BW.jpg/225px-Rutiodon_BW.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Rutiodon_BW.jpg/300px-Rutiodon_BW.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Smilosuchus" title="Smilosuchus">Smilosuchus</a></i> </p> </td> <td>Valid </td> <td>Carnian </td> <td> <p><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 12px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="23" data-height="12" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">US</a> </p> </td> <td> <p><a href="/wiki/Chinle_Formation" title="Chinle Formation">Chinle Formation</a> </p> </td> <td> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Smilosuchus_adamanensis.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Smilosuchus_adamanensis.jpg/150px-Smilosuchus_adamanensis.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="47" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="944"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 150px;height: 47px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Smilosuchus_adamanensis.jpg/150px-Smilosuchus_adamanensis.jpg" data-width="150" data-height="47" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Smilosuchus_adamanensis.jpg/225px-Smilosuchus_adamanensis.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Smilosuchus_adamanensis.jpg/300px-Smilosuchus_adamanensis.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Volcanosuchus" title="Volcanosuchus">Volcanosuchus</a></i> </p> </td> <td>Valid </td> <td>Carnian </td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/23px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/23px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="23" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/35px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/45px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tiki_Formation" title="Tiki Formation">Tiki Formation</a> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Wannia" title="Wannia">Wannia</a></i> </p> </td> <td>Valid </td> <td>Carnian-Norian </td> <td> <p><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 12px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="23" data-height="12" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">US</a> </p> </td> <td> <p><a href="/wiki/Camp_Springs_Formation" title="Camp Springs Formation">Camp Springs Formation</a> </p> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Phylogeny">Phylogeny</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Phytosaur&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Phylogeny" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>Phytosaurs are generally regarded as the most basal group of Crurotarsi, a <a href="/wiki/Clade" title="Clade">clade</a> of archosaurs that includes crocodilians and their extinct relatives.<sup id="cite_ref-BMJ99_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BMJ99-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NSJ07_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NSJ07-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Betal10_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Betal10-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Phytosaurs are often excluded from a clade called <a href="/wiki/Suchia" title="Suchia">Suchia</a>, which usually encompasses all other crurotarsans, including <a href="/wiki/Aetosaur" title="Aetosaur">aetosaurs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rauisuchia" title="Rauisuchia">rauisuchians</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Crocodylomorph" class="mw-redirect" title="Crocodylomorph">crocodylomorphs</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Betal10_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Betal10-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some studies have found <a href="/wiki/Polytomy" title="Polytomy">polytomies</a> between phytosaurs and other groups, like <a href="/wiki/Ornithosuchidae" title="Ornithosuchidae">Ornithosuchidae</a> and Suchia. In these cases, it is unclear whether phytosaurs are the most basal crurotarsans.<sup id="cite_ref-GW96_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GW96-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In one of the earliest studies of crurotarsan <a href="/wiki/Phylogeny" class="mw-redirect" title="Phylogeny">phylogeny</a>, Sereno and Arcucci (1990) found Crurotarsi to be a <a href="/wiki/Monophyletic" class="mw-redirect" title="Monophyletic">monophyletic</a> grouping consisting of phytosaurs, ornithosuchids, and the more <a href="/wiki/Synapomorphy" class="mw-redirect" title="Synapomorphy">derived</a> suchians, but produced a trichotomy between the three groups in their tree.<sup id="cite_ref-SA90_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SA90-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In resolving this trichotomy, Parrish (1993) placed ornithosuchids, not phytosaurs, as the most basal crurotarsans. However, most other studies, such as Sereno (1991) and Benton <i>et al.</i> (2010), recover phytosaurs in a basalmost position among crurotarsans.<sup id="cite_ref-SPC91_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SPC91-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Below is a <a href="/wiki/Cladogram" title="Cladogram">cladogram</a> modified from Benton <i>et al.</i> (2010) showing the widely accepted phylogenetic relationships of phytosaurs:<sup id="cite_ref-Betal10_29-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Betal10-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="clade"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1258728058">body.skin-vector-2022 .mw-parser-output div.clade,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output div.clade{overflow-x:auto;overflow-y:hidden}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output div.clade p{font-size:inherit}.mw-parser-output table.clade{border-spacing:0;margin:0;font-size:100%;line-height:100%;border-collapse:separate;width:auto}.mw-parser-output table.clade table.clade{width:100%;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label{min-width:0.2em;width:0.2em;padding:0.1em 0.25em;vertical-align:bottom;text-align:center;border-left:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label::before,.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel::before{content:"\2060 "}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-fixed-width{overflow:hidden;text-overflow:ellipsis}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-fixed-width:hover{overflow:visible}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label.first{border-left:none;border-right:none}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label.reverse{border-left:none;border-right:1px solid}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel{padding:0.1em 0.25em;vertical-align:top;text-align:center;border-left:1px solid;white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel:hover{overflow:visible}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel.last{border-left:none;border-right:none}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel.reverse{border-left:none;border-right:1px solid}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-bar{vertical-align:middle;text-align:left;padding:0 0.5em;position:relative}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-bar.reverse{text-align:right;position:relative}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leaf{border:0;padding:0;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leafR{border:0;padding:0;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leaf.reverse{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output table.clade:hover span.linkA{background-color:yellow}.mw-parser-output table.clade:hover span.linkB{background-color:green}</style> <table class="clade" style="font-size:100%;line-height:85%"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"><a href="/wiki/Archosauria" class="mw-redirect" title="Archosauria">Archosauria</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Avemetatarsalia" title="Avemetatarsalia">Avemetatarsalia</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> <a href="/wiki/Crurotarsi" title="Crurotarsi">Crurotarsi</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><b>Phytosauria</b> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> <a href="/wiki/Suchia" title="Suchia">Suchia</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Aetosauria" class="mw-redirect" title="Aetosauria">Aetosauria</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Crocodylomorpha" title="Crocodylomorpha">Crocodylomorpha</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Ornithosuchidae" title="Ornithosuchidae">Ornithosuchidae</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Rauisuchia" title="Rauisuchia">Rauisuchia</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> <p>A phylogenetic analysis of early archosaurs by paleontologist <a href="/wiki/Sterling_Nesbitt" title="Sterling Nesbitt">Sterling Nesbitt</a> (2011) found strong support for a <a href="/wiki/Sister_taxon" class="mw-redirect" title="Sister taxon">sister taxon</a> relationship between phytosaurs and Archosauria.<sup id="cite_ref-NSJ11_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NSJ11-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> If this is the case, phytosaurs would be placed outside Pseudosuchia in a more basal position among archosauriforms. Phytosaurs would be considered closely related to the ancestors of both crocodilians and <a href="/wiki/Dinosaur" title="Dinosaur">dinosaurs</a>. Furthermore, the definition of the clade Crurotarsi would change, as it is often defined by the inclusion of phytosaurs. Thus, Crurotarsi would include phytosaurs and all other archosaurs —including dinosaurs— under this phylogeny.<sup id="cite_ref-Chin11_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chin11-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Below is a cladogram showing the placement of phytosaurs from Nesbitt (2011):<sup id="cite_ref-NSJ11_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NSJ11-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="clade"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade" style="font-size:100%;line-height:85%"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"><a href="/wiki/Archosauriformes" title="Archosauriformes">Archosauriformes</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Proterosuchus" title="Proterosuchus">Proterosuchus</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Erythrosuchus" title="Erythrosuchus">Erythrosuchus</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Vancleavea" title="Vancleavea">Vancleavea</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> <a href="/wiki/Proterochampsia" title="Proterochampsia">Proterochampsia</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Tropidosuchus" title="Tropidosuchus">Tropidosuchus</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Chanaresuchus" title="Chanaresuchus">Chanaresuchus</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Euparkeria" title="Euparkeria">Euparkeria</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> <a href="/wiki/Crurotarsi" title="Crurotarsi">Crurotarsi</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> <b>Phytosauria</b> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Parasuchus" title="Parasuchus">Parasuchus</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Leptosuchus" title="Leptosuchus">Leptosuchus</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Pseudopalatus" class="mw-redirect" title="Pseudopalatus">Pseudopalatus</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> <a href="/wiki/Archosauria" class="mw-redirect" title="Archosauria">Archosauria</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Pseudosuchia" title="Pseudosuchia">Pseudosuchia</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Avemetatarsalia" title="Avemetatarsalia">Avemetatarsalia</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> <p>The phylogenetic analysis of Stocker (2010) placed <i>Paleorhinus</i> outside Phytosauridae as a basal phytosaur. Under this phylogeny, Phytosauridae and Phytosauria are not synonymous. Stocker also erected the clade Leptosuchomorpha for derived phytosaurs, including <i>Leptosuchus</i> and <i>Smilosuchus</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Stocker2010_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stocker2010-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ezcurra (2016) updated Nesbitt's analysis and found that Phytosauria was once again a group of basal pseudosuchian archosaurs. His study analyzed the ten phylogenetic traits which Nesbitt claimed were lacking in phytosaurs but not archosaurs, thus excluding phytosaurs from Pseudosuchia. Four of the traits (well-developed <a href="/wiki/Palatine_process_of_maxilla" title="Palatine process of maxilla">palatal processes of the maxilla</a> which meet at the midline, an elongated cochlear recess, a tuber on the lateral side of the <a href="/wiki/Ulna" title="Ulna">ulna</a>, and a particular orientation of the <a href="/wiki/Calcaneus" title="Calcaneus">calcaneal</a> tuber) were confirmed to support Nesbitt's placement of Phytosauria. However, one of the ten traits was found in <i><a href="/wiki/Euparkeria" title="Euparkeria">Euparkeria</a></i> (an <a href="/wiki/Abducens_nerve" title="Abducens nerve">abducens nerve</a> exit foramen only present in the prootic) and another was found in <a href="/wiki/Proterochampsia" title="Proterochampsia">proterochampsians</a> (a swollen <a href="/wiki/Coracoid_tubercle" title="Coracoid tubercle">biceps tubercule</a>), so their lack in phytosaurs may be reversals rather than basal traits. Another one of the traits (an <a href="/wiki/Antorbital_fenestra" title="Antorbital fenestra">antorbital fossa</a> contacting the horizontal process of the maxilla) was found in the basal phytosaur <i><a href="/wiki/Parasuchus" title="Parasuchus">Parasuchus</a>.</i> One trait (short <a href="/wiki/Metacarpal_bones" title="Metacarpal bones">metacarpals</a> compared to <a href="/wiki/Metatarsal_bones" title="Metatarsal bones">metatarsals</a>) was difficult to analyze in any <a href="/wiki/Crurotarsi" title="Crurotarsi">crurotarsan</a>, and another (a medial tuber on the <a href="/wiki/Femur" title="Femur">femur</a>) was found in both <a href="/wiki/Proterochampsidae" title="Proterochampsidae">proterochampsids</a> and <i>Parasuchus</i>. One trait (a divided tibial facet of the <a href="/wiki/Talus_bone" title="Talus bone">astragalus</a>) was also lacking in <i><a href="/wiki/Marasuchus" title="Marasuchus">Marasuchus</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Nundasuchus" title="Nundasuchus">Nundasuchus</a></i>, and therefore had a variable existence in Archosauria. This reanalysis, along with the observance of many traits linking Phytosauria with pseudosuchians, concluded that it was more likely that phytosaurs were pseudosuchians than non-archosaur archosauriforms. The following cladogram is a simplified version the fourth strict reduced consensus tree of Ezcurra's third phylogenetic analyses within his study. This cladogram only shows taxa from the group <a href="/wiki/Eucrocopoda" class="mw-redirect" title="Eucrocopoda">Eucrocopoda</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="clade"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade" style="font-size:100%;line-height:85%"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"><a href="/wiki/Eucrocopoda" class="mw-redirect" title="Eucrocopoda">Eucrocopoda</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Dorosuchus" title="Dorosuchus">Dorosuchus</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Euparkeria" title="Euparkeria">Euparkeria</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Dongusuchus" title="Dongusuchus">Dongusuchus</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Yarasuchus" title="Yarasuchus">Yarasuchus</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> <a href="/wiki/Proterochampsia" title="Proterochampsia">Proterochampsia</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Doswelliidae" title="Doswelliidae">Doswelliidae</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Proterochampsidae" title="Proterochampsidae">Proterochampsidae</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> <a href="/wiki/Archosauria" class="mw-redirect" title="Archosauria">Archosauria</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Ornithodira" class="mw-redirect" title="Ornithodira">Ornithodira</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> <a href="/wiki/Pseudosuchia" title="Pseudosuchia">Pseudosuchia</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> <b>Phytosauria</b> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Parasuchus_hislopi" class="mw-redirect" title="Parasuchus hislopi">Parasuchus hislopi</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Parasuchus_angustifrons" class="mw-redirect" title="Parasuchus angustifrons">Parasuchus angustifrons</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Nicrosaurus" title="Nicrosaurus">Nicrosaurus kapfii</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Smilosuchus" title="Smilosuchus">Smilosuchus</a></i> spp. </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Nundasuchus" title="Nundasuchus">Nundasuchus</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Ornithosuchidae" title="Ornithosuchidae">Ornithosuchidae</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Suchia" title="Suchia">Suchia</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(5)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Paleoecology">Paleoecology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Phytosaur&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Paleoecology" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-5 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-5"> <p>In the Late Triassic <a href="/wiki/Coprolite" title="Coprolite">coprolite</a> which could belong to a phytosaur, eggs of <a href="/wiki/Nematode" title="Nematode">nematodes</a> and probably <a href="/wiki/Protozoa" title="Protozoa">protozoan</a> <a href="/wiki/Cyst" title="Cyst">cysts</a> were found.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(6)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Footnotes">Footnotes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Phytosaur&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Footnotes" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-6 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-6"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="33" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ucmp.berkeley.edu/taxa/verts/archosaurs/phytosauria.php">"Phytosauria: The phytosaurs"</a>. <i>University of California Museum of Paleontology</i>. 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href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27162705">27162705</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=PeerJ&rft.atitle=The+phylogenetic+relationships+of+basal+archosauromorphs%2C+with+an+emphasis+on+the+systematics+of+proterosuchian+archosauriforms&rft.volume=4&rft.pages=e1778&rft.date=2016-04-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4860341%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=2167-8359&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F27162705&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.7717%2Fpeerj.1778&rft.aulast=Ezcurra&rft.aufirst=Mart%C3%ADn+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4860341&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhytosaur" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span 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class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0287891">10.1371/journal.pone.0287891</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10411797">10411797</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37556448">37556448</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=PLOS+ONE&rft.atitle=First+discovery+of+parasite+eggs+in+a+vertebrate+coprolite+of+the+Late+Triassic+in+Thailand&rft.volume=18&rft.issue=8&rft.pages=e0287891&rft.date=2023-08-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC10411797%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F37556448&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0287891&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2023PLoSO..1887891N&rft.au=Thanit+Nonsrirach%2C+Serge+Morand%2C+Alexis+Ribas%2C+Sita+Manitkoon%2C+Komsorn+Lauprasert%2C+Julien+Claude&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC10411797&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhytosaur" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> </ol></div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(7)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Phytosaur&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Sources" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-7 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-7"> <ul><li>Abler, W.L. 2001. A kerf-and-drill model of tyrannosaur tooth serrations. p. 84–89. In: <i>Mesozoic Vertebrate Life</i>. Ed.s Tanke, D. H., Carpenter, K., Skrepnick, M. W. Indiana University Press.</li> <li>Carroll, R.L. (1988). <i>Vertebrate Paleontology and Evolution</i>, WH Freeman & Co.</li> <li>Chatterjee, S. (1978). A primitive parasuchid (phytosaur) reptile from the Upper Triassic Maleri Formation of India, <i>Palaeontology</i> <b>21</b>: 83–127</li> <li>Hungerbühler, A. (2002). The Late Triassic phytosaur <i>Mystriosuchus</i> Westphali, with a revision of the genus. <i>Palaeontology</i> <b>45</b> (2): 377–418</li> <li>Jaeger, G.F. 1828. Über die fossilen Reptilien, welche in Würtemberg aufgefunden worden sind. Metzler, Stuttgart.</li> <li>Kimmig, J. & Arp, G. (2010) Phytosaur remains from the Norian Arnstadt Formation (Leine Valley, Germany), with reference to European phytosaur habitats. <i>Palaeodiversity</i> <b>3</b>: 215–224</li> <li>Lucas, S.G. (1998). Global Triassic tetrapod biostratigraphy and biochronology. <i>Paleogeog. Palaeoclimatol., Palaeoecol.</i> <b>143</b>: 347–384.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaischKapitzke,_M.2010" class="citation journal cs1">Maisch, M.W.; Kapitzke, M. (2010). "A presumably marine phytosaur (Reptilia: Archosauria) from the pre-planorbis beds (Hettangian) of England". <i>Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie - Abhandlungen</i>. <b>257</b> (3): 373–379. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1127%2F0077-7749%2F2010%2F0076">10.1127/0077-7749/2010/0076</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Neues+Jahrbuch+f%C3%BCr+Geologie+und+Pal%C3%A4ontologie+-+Abhandlungen&rft.atitle=A+presumably+marine+phytosaur+%28Reptilia%3A+Archosauria%29+from+the+pre-planorbis+beds+%28Hettangian%29+of+England&rft.volume=257&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=373-379&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1127%2F0077-7749%2F2010%2F0076&rft.aulast=Maisch&rft.aufirst=M.W.&rft.au=Kapitzke%2C+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhytosaur" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Olsen, P.E., Kent, D.V., H.-D.Sues, Koeberl, C., Huber, H., Montanari, E.C.Rainforth, A., Fowell, S.J., Szajna, M.J., and Hartline, B.W., (2002). Ascent of dinosaurs linked to an iridium anomaly at the Triassic-Jurassic boundary. <i>Science</i> <b>296</b>: 1305–1307.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStocker,_Michelle_R.2010" class="citation journal cs1">Stocker, Michelle R. (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1475-4983.2010.00983.x">"A new taxon of phytosaur (Archosauria: Pseudosuchia) from the Late Triassic (Norian) Sonsela Member (Chinle Formation) in Arizona, and a critical reevaluation of Leptosuchus, Case, 1922"</a>. <i>Palaeontology</i>. <b>53</b> (5): 997–1022. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010Palgy..53..997S">2010Palgy..53..997S</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1475-4983.2010.00983.x">10.1111/j.1475-4983.2010.00983.x</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:83536253">83536253</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Palaeontology&rft.atitle=A+new+taxon+of+phytosaur+%28Archosauria%3A+Pseudosuchia%29+from+the+Late+Triassic+%28Norian%29+Sonsela+Member+%28Chinle+Formation%29+in+Arizona%2C+and+a+critical+reevaluation+of+Leptosuchus%2C+Case%2C+1922&rft.volume=53&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=997-1022&rft.date=2010&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A83536253%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1475-4983.2010.00983.x&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2010Palgy..53..997S&rft.au=Stocker%2C+Michelle+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1475-4983.2010.00983.x&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhytosaur" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Ballew, K.L. 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Late Triassic (Carnian and Norian) tetrapods from the southwestern United States. <i>New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science Bulletin</i>, <b>4</b>: 1–254.</li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(8)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Phytosaur&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: External links" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-8 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-8"> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050403210835/http://www.dinosauria.com/dml/names/phytoi.htm">Translation and Pronunciation Guide</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050306012858/http://www.faculty.de.gcsu.edu/~bwall1/Publications/Phytosaur.htm">A Preliminary Biomechanical Analysis of Phytosaur Life Habits</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050409174048/http://www.palaeos.com/vertebrates/Units/270Archosauromorpha/270.530.html">Phytosauria – Palaeos</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050309091939/http://www.fmnh.helsinki.fi/users/haaramo/Metazoa/Deuterostoma/Chordata/Archosauria/pseudosuchia/Phytosauria.htm">Mikko's Phylogeny</a> – cladistic tree</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://rainbow.ldeo.columbia.edu/courses/v1001/chinlenewark10.html">Great Triassic Assemblages Pt 1 – The Chinle and Newark</a> – some material on phytosaurs</li></ul> <style 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href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Phytosaur&oldid=1256370710">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Phytosaur&oldid=1256370710</a>"</div></div> </div> <div class="post-content" id="page-secondary-actions"> </div> </main> <footer class="mw-footer minerva-footer" role="contentinfo"> <a class="last-modified-bar" href="/w/index.php?title=Phytosaur&action=history"> <div class="post-content last-modified-bar__content"> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon-size-medium minerva-icon--modified-history"></span> <span class="last-modified-bar__text modified-enhancement" data-user-name="Patagomaia" data-user-gender="unknown" data-timestamp="1731170299"> <span>Last edited on 9 November 2024, at 16:38</span> </span> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon-size-small minerva-icon--expand"></span> </div> </a> <div class="post-content footer-content"> <div id='mw-data-after-content'> <div class="read-more-container"></div> </div> <div id="p-lang"> <h4>Languages</h4> <section> <ul id="p-variants" class="minerva-languages"></ul> <ul class="minerva-languages"><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phytosauria" title="Phytosauria – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Phytosauria" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phytosauria" title="Phytosauria – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Phytosauria" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phytosauria" title="Phytosauria – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Phytosauria" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%DB%8C%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%87%D8%A7" title="فیتوسورها – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="فیتوسورها" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phytosauria" title="Phytosauria – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Phytosauria" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phytosauria" title="Phytosauria – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Phytosauria" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phytosauria" title="Phytosauria – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Phytosauria" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phytosauria" title="Phytosauria – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Phytosauria" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phytosauria" title="Phytosauria – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Phytosauria" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phytosauria" title="Phytosauria – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Phytosauria" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%A4%8D%E7%AB%9C%E9%A1%9E" title="植竜類 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="植竜類" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fitozaury" title="Fitozaury – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Fitozaury" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phytosauria" title="Phytosauria – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Phytosauria" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%80%D1%8B" title="Фитозавры – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Фитозавры" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phytosaur" title="Phytosaur – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Phytosaur" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phytosauria" title="Phytosauria – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Phytosauria" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phytosauria" title="Phytosauria – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Phytosauria" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%96%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%B8" title="Фітозаври – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Фітозаври" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%A4%8D%E9%BE%8D%E7%9B%AE" title="植龍目 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="植龍目" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li></ul> </section> </div> <div class="minerva-footer-logo"><img src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" alt="Wikipedia" width="120" height="18" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"/> </div> <ul id="footer-info" class="footer-info hlist hlist-separated"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 9 November 2024, at 16:38<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Content is available under <a class="external" rel="nofollow" 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