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<div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Mergefrom.svg/50px-Mergefrom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Mergefrom.svg/75px-Mergefrom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Mergefrom.svg/100px-Mergefrom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="50" data-file-height="20" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">It has been suggested that <i><a href="/wiki/Digital_geologic_mapping" title="Digital geologic mapping">Digital geologic mapping</a></i> be <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Merging" title="Wikipedia:Merging">merged</a> into this article. (<a href="/wiki/Talk:Computer_cartography#Merge_proposal_for_geologic_mapping_into_computer_cartography" title="Talk:Computer cartography">Discuss</a>)<small><i> Proposed since October 2024.</i></small></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Compiling data to create a visual image</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Australian_Census_2011_demographic_map_-_Australia_by_SLA_-_BCP_field_2715_Christianity_Anglican_Persons.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Australian_Census_2011_demographic_map_-_Australia_by_SLA_-_BCP_field_2715_Christianity_Anglican_Persons.svg/220px-Australian_Census_2011_demographic_map_-_Australia_by_SLA_-_BCP_field_2715_Christianity_Anglican_Persons.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Australian_Census_2011_demographic_map_-_Australia_by_SLA_-_BCP_field_2715_Christianity_Anglican_Persons.svg/330px-Australian_Census_2011_demographic_map_-_Australia_by_SLA_-_BCP_field_2715_Christianity_Anglican_Persons.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Australian_Census_2011_demographic_map_-_Australia_by_SLA_-_BCP_field_2715_Christianity_Anglican_Persons.svg/440px-Australian_Census_2011_demographic_map_-_Australia_by_SLA_-_BCP_field_2715_Christianity_Anglican_Persons.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1574" /></a><figcaption>Example of a digital map. Pictured is percentage of Australian population that identifies as <a href="/wiki/Anglican_Church_of_Australia" title="Anglican Church of Australia">Anglican</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Computer cartography</b> (also called digital <a href="/wiki/Cartography" title="Cartography">cartography</a>) is the art, science, and technology of making and using maps with a computer.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Monmonier2_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Monmonier2-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Kainz1_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kainz1-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This technology represents a paradigm shift in how maps are produced, but is still fundamentally a subset of traditional cartography.<sup id="cite_ref-Kainz1_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kainz1-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Monmonier1_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Monmonier1-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The primary function of this technology is to produce <a href="/wiki/Map" title="Map">maps</a>, including creation of accurate representations of a particular area such as, detailing major road arteries and other points of interest for navigation, and in the creation of <a href="/wiki/Thematic_map" title="Thematic map">thematic maps</a>. Computer cartography is one of the main functions of <a href="/wiki/Geographic_information_systems" class="mw-redirect" title="Geographic information systems">geographic information systems</a> (GIS), however, GIS is not necessary to facilitate computer cartography and has functions beyond just making maps.<sup id="cite_ref-DeMers1_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DeMers1-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-chang2016_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chang2016-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first peer-reviewed publications on using computers to help in the cartographic process predate the introduction of full GIS by several years.<sup id="cite_ref-Tobler1_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tobler1-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Computer cartography is employed to facilitate a variety of computer applications, often through integration with the <a href="/wiki/Global_Positioning_System" title="Global Positioning System">Global Positioning System</a> (GPS) satellite network. This can allow real-time automated map generation for tasks such as <a href="/wiki/Automotive_navigation_system" title="Automotive navigation system">automotive navigation systems</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Computer_cartography&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="From_paper_to_paperless">From paper to paperless</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Computer_cartography&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: From paper to paperless"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the 1959, <a href="/wiki/Waldo_Tobler" class="mw-redirect" title="Waldo Tobler">Waldo Tobler</a> published a paper titled "Automation and Cartography" that established the first use case for computers as aids in cartography.<sup id="cite_ref-Tobler1_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tobler1-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In this paper, Tobler established what he referred to as a "map in–map out" (MIMO) system, which facilitated digitization of traditional maps, changing them, and reproducing them.<sup id="cite_ref-Tobler1_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tobler1-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-DeMers2_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DeMers2-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The MIMO system, while simple, established the use of computers for map making in the literature and set the stage for more advanced <a href="/wiki/Geographic_information_systems" class="mw-redirect" title="Geographic information systems">geographic information systems</a> in later years by geographers such as <a href="/wiki/Roger_Tomlinson" title="Roger Tomlinson">Roger Tomlinson</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-DeMers2_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DeMers2-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The rapid acceleration that followed lead to a rapid paradigm shift in cartography, where traditional cartography was replaced by computer-aided cartography. This was predicted in 1985, when <a href="/wiki/Mark_Monmonier" title="Mark Monmonier">Mark Monmonier</a> speculated in his book <i><a href="/wiki/Technological_Transition_in_Cartography" title="Technological Transition in Cartography">Technological Transition in Cartography</a></i> that computer cartography facilitated by GIS would largely replace traditional pen and paper cartography.<sup id="cite_ref-Monmonier1_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Monmonier1-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is believed that the milestone of more maps created and distributed with computers was achieved sometime in the mid-1990s.<sup id="cite_ref-Peterson1_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Peterson1-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Expanded_capabilities">Expanded capabilities</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Computer_cartography&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Expanded capabilities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Early digital maps had the same basic functionality as paper maps—that is, they provided a "virtual view" of roads generally outlined by the terrain encompassing the surrounding area. However, as digital maps have grown with the expansion of GPS technology in the past decade, live traffic updates,<sup id="cite_ref-Live_Traffic_Updates_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Live_Traffic_Updates-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> points of interest and service locations have been added to enhance digital maps to be more "user conscious".<sup id="cite_ref-EET_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EET-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Traditional "virtual views" are now only part of digital mapping. In many cases, users can choose between virtual maps, satellite (aerial views), and hybrid (a combination of virtual map and aerial views) views. With the ability to update and expand digital mapping devices, newly constructed roads and places can be added to appear on maps.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Three-dimensional maps of landscapes can be generated using <a href="/wiki/3D_scanner" class="mw-redirect" title="3D scanner">3D scanners</a> or <a href="/wiki/3D_reconstruction" title="3D reconstruction">3D reconstruction</a> software.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Data_collection">Data collection</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Computer_cartography&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Data collection"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Digital maps heavily rely upon a vast amount of data collected over time. Most of the information that comprise digital maps is the culmination of <a href="/wiki/Satellite_imagery" title="Satellite imagery">satellite imagery</a> as well as street level information. Maps must be updated frequently to provide users with the most accurate reflection of a location. While there is a wide spectrum on companies that specialize in digital mapping, the basic premise is that digital maps will accurately portray roads as they actually appear to give "life-like experiences".<sup id="cite_ref-Tele_Atlas_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tele_Atlas-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Functionality_and_Use">Functionality and Use</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Computer_cartography&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Functionality and Use"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Computer_applications">Computer applications</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Computer_cartography&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Computer applications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Proprietary and non-proprietary computer programs and applications provide imagery and street-level map data for much of the world. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Scientific_applications">Scientific applications</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Computer_cartography&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Scientific applications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The development of mobile computing (<a href="/wiki/Personal_digital_assistant" title="Personal digital assistant">PDAs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tablet_computer" title="Tablet computer">tablet PCs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Laptops" class="mw-redirect" title="Laptops">laptops</a>, etc.) has recently (since about 2000) spurred the use of digital mapping in the sciences and <a href="/wiki/Applied_science" title="Applied science">applied sciences</a>. As of 2009<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Computer_cartography&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, science fields that use digital mapping technology include <a href="/wiki/Geology" title="Geology">geology</a> (see <a href="/wiki/Digital_geologic_mapping" title="Digital geologic mapping">Digital geologic mapping</a>), <a href="/wiki/Engineering" title="Engineering">engineering</a>, <a href="/wiki/Architecture" title="Architecture">architecture</a>, <a href="/wiki/Land_surveying" class="mw-redirect" title="Land surveying">land surveying</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mining" title="Mining">mining</a>, <a href="/wiki/Forestry" title="Forestry">forestry</a>, <a href="/wiki/Environmental_science" title="Environmental science">environmental</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Archaeology" title="Archaeology">archaeology</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="GPS_navigation_systems">GPS navigation systems</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Computer_cartography&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: GPS navigation systems"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The principal use by which digital mapping has grown in the past decade has been its connection to <a href="/wiki/Global_Positioning_System" title="Global Positioning System">Global Positioning System</a> (GPS) technology.<sup id="cite_ref-GPS_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GPS-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> GPS is the foundation behind digital mapping navigation systems. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="How_it_works">How it works</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Computer_cartography&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: How it works"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The coordinates and position as well as <a href="/wiki/Atomic_time" class="mw-redirect" title="Atomic time">atomic time</a> obtained by a <a href="/wiki/Earth" title="Earth">terrestrial</a> GPS receiver from GPS satellites <a href="/wiki/Orbiting" class="mw-redirect" title="Orbiting">orbiting</a> <a href="/wiki/Earth" title="Earth">Earth</a> interact together to provide the digital mapping programming with points of origin in addition to the destination points needed to calculate distance. This information is then analyzed and compiled to create a map that provides the easiest and most efficient way to reach a destination. </p> <dl><dd>More technically speaking, the device operates in the following manner:<sup id="cite_ref-U.S._G.P.S._15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-U.S._G.P.S.-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <ol><li>GPS receivers collect data from at least four GPS satellites orbiting the Earth, calculating position in <a href="/wiki/Three-dimensional_space" title="Three-dimensional space">three dimensions</a>.</li> <li>The GPS receiver then utilizes position to provide <a href="/wiki/GPS_coordinates" class="mw-redirect" title="GPS coordinates">GPS coordinates</a>, or exact points of latitudinal and longitudinal direction from GPS satellites.</li> <li>The points, or coordinates, output an accurate range between approximately "10-20 meters" of the actual location.</li> <li>The beginning point, entered via GPS coordinates, and the ending point, (address or coordinates) input by the user, are then entered into the digital mapping software.</li> <li>The mapping software outputs a real-time visual representation of the route. The map then moves along the path of the driver.</li> <li>If the driver drifts from the designated route, the navigation system will use the current coordinates to recalculate a route to the destination location.</li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Computer_cartography&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cartography" title="Cartography">Cartography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_elevation_model" title="Digital elevation model">Digital elevation model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geographic_information_systems" class="mw-redirect" title="Geographic information systems">Geographic information systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_architecture" title="Digital architecture">Digital architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_geologic_mapping" title="Digital geologic mapping">Digital geologic mapping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simultaneous_localization_and_mapping" title="Simultaneous localization and mapping">Simultaneous localization and mapping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sound_map" title="Sound map">Sound map</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Computer_cartography&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFClark1995" class="citation book cs1">Clark, Keith (1995). <i>Analytic and Computer Cartography</i>. Prentice Hall. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0133419002" title="Special:BookSources/0133419002"><bdi>0133419002</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Analytic+and+Computer+Cartography&rft.pub=Prentice+Hall&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=0133419002&rft.aulast=Clark&rft.aufirst=Keith&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AComputer+cartography" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Monmonier2-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Monmonier2_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMonmonier1982" class="citation book cs1">Monmonier, Mark (1982). <i>Computer-Assisted Cartography: Principles and Prospects 1st Edition</i> (1 ed.). Pearson College Div. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0131653085" title="Special:BookSources/978-0131653085"><bdi>978-0131653085</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Computer-Assisted+Cartography%3A+Principles+and+Prospects+1st+Edition&rft.edition=1&rft.pub=Pearson+College+Div&rft.date=1982&rft.isbn=978-0131653085&rft.aulast=Monmonier&rft.aufirst=Mark&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AComputer+cartography" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kainz1-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kainz1_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kainz1_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKainz2019" class="citation journal cs1">Kainz, Wolfgang (21 October 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F10095020.2020.1718000">"Cartography and the others – aspects of a complicated relationship"</a>. <i>Geo-spatial Information Science</i>. <b>23</b> (1): 52–60. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F10095020.2020.1718000">10.1080/10095020.2020.1718000</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:214162170">214162170</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Geo-spatial+Information+Science&rft.atitle=Cartography+and+the+others+%E2%80%93+aspects+of+a+complicated+relationship&rft.volume=23&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=52-60&rft.date=2019-10-21&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F10095020.2020.1718000&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A214162170%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Kainz&rft.aufirst=Wolfgang&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1080%252F10095020.2020.1718000&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AComputer+cartography" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Monmonier1-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Monmonier1_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Monmonier1_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMonmonier1985" class="citation book cs1">Monmonier, Mark (1985). <i>Technological Transition in Cartography</i> (1 ed.). Univ of Wisconsin. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0299100707" title="Special:BookSources/0299100707"><bdi>0299100707</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Technological+Transition+in+Cartography&rft.edition=1&rft.pub=Univ+of+Wisconsin&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=0299100707&rft.aulast=Monmonier&rft.aufirst=Mark&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AComputer+cartography" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-DeMers1-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-DeMers1_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDeMers2009" class="citation book cs1">DeMers, Michael (2009). <i>Fundamentals of Geographic Information Systems</i> (4th ed.). John Wiley & Sons, inc. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-470-12906-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-470-12906-7"><bdi>978-0-470-12906-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fundamentals+of+Geographic+Information+Systems&rft.edition=4th&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons%2C+inc.&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-470-12906-7&rft.aulast=DeMers&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AComputer+cartography" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-chang2016-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-chang2016_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChang2016" class="citation book cs1">Chang, Kang-tsung (2016). <i>Introduction to Geographic Information Systems</i> (9th ed.). 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 September</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclopedia+Britannica&rft.atitle=GIS&rft.aulast=DeMers&rft.aufirst=Michael+N.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Ftechnology%2FGIS&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AComputer+cartography" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Peterson1-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Peterson1_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeterson2014" class="citation book cs1">Peterson, Michael P. (2014). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/mappingincloud0000pete"><i>Mapping in the Cloud</i></a></span>. New York: The Guiford Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4625-1041-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4625-1041-2"><bdi>978-1-4625-1041-2</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/855580732">855580732</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mapping+in+the+Cloud&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=The+Guiford+Press&rft.date=2014&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F855580732&rft.isbn=978-1-4625-1041-2&rft.aulast=Peterson&rft.aufirst=Michael+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmappingincloud0000pete&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AComputer+cartography" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Live_Traffic_Updates-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Live_Traffic_Updates_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Navigation device assisting road traffic congestion management." FreshPatents.com. 9 March 2007. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.freshpatents.com/Navigation-device-assisting-road-traffic-congestion-management-dt20080925ptan20080234921.php">http://www.freshpatents.com/Navigation-device-assisting-road-traffic-congestion-management-dt20080925ptan20080234921.php</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140606234246/http://www.freshpatents.com/Navigation-device-assisting-road-traffic-congestion-management-dt20080925ptan20080234921.php">Archived</a> 2014-06-06 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. 12 Oct. 2008.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-EET-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-EET_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Husby, Jonathon. "In-car navigation matures beyond ‘Point A to Point B’." Electronic Engineering Times. 28 Jan. 2008. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.automotivedesignline.com">http://www.automotivedesignline.com</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110930125539/http://www.automotivedesignline.com/">Archived</a> 2011-09-30 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. 12 Oct. 2008.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Remondino, Fabio. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/3/6/1104htm">Heritage recording and 3D modeling with photogrammetry and 3D scanning</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221010133553/https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/3/6/1104/htm">Archived</a> 2022-10-10 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>." Remote Sensing 3.6 (2011): 1104-1138.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tele_Atlas-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Tele_Atlas_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"City Maps" Tele Atlas BV. 2008. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.teleatlas.com/OurProducts/MapEnhancementProducts/CityMaps/index.htm">http://www.teleatlas.com/OurProducts/MapEnhancementProducts/CityMaps/index.htm</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110927125716/http://www.teleatlas.com/OurProducts/MapEnhancementProducts/CityMaps/index.htm">Archived</a> 2011-09-27 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. 12 Oct. 2008.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-GPS-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-GPS_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"United States Updates Global Positioning System Technology." America.gov. 3 Feb. 2006. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.america.gov/st/washfile-english/2006/February/20060203125928lcnirellep0.5061609.html">http://www.america.gov/st/washfile-english/2006/February/20060203125928lcnirellep0.5061609.html</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080129150600/http://www.america.gov/st/washfile-english/2006/February/20060203125928lcnirellep0.5061609.html">Archived</a> 2008-01-29 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. 12 Oct. 2008.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-U.S._G.P.S.-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-U.S._G.P.S._15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"How Does GPS Work?" Smithsonian Institution. 1998. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.nasm.si.edu/exhibitions/gps/work.html">http://www.nasm.si.edu/exhibitions/gps/work.html</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081109045235/http://www.nasm.si.edu/exhibitions/gps/work.html">Archived</a> 2008-11-09 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. 12 Oct. 2008.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl 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title="Navigation">Navigation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Remote_Sensing" class="mw-redirect" title="Remote Sensing">Remote Sensing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geopositioning" title="Geopositioning">Geopositioning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtual_globe" title="Virtual globe">Virtual globe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geophysics" title="Geophysics">Geophysics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Internal_structure_of_Earth" title="Internal structure of Earth">Earth structure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geophysical_fluid_dynamics" title="Geophysical fluid dynamics">Fluid dynamics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earth%27s_magnetic_field" title="Earth's magnetic field">Geomagnetism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnetosphere" title="Magnetosphere">Magnetosphere</a></li> <li><a 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