CINXE.COM

Reimagining Children’s Rights in the US | Law and Medicine | JAMA Pediatrics | JAMA Network

<!DOCTYPE html> <html id="doc" lang="en" class="page-abstract"> <head id="Head1"> <!-- charset must appear in the first 1024 bytes of the document --> <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8" /> <script> var SCM = SCM || {}; if (SCM.AMA && SCM.AMA.DataLayerAsync) { SCM.AMA.DataLayerAsync.push("arrSisAffinity", "", "array"); SCM.AMA.DataLayerAsync.push("SubStatus", "no", "string"); } var googletag = window.googletag || {}; googletag.cmd = googletag.cmd || []; if (typeof Storage !== "undefined") { var targetingParamStr = localStorage.getItem("bcDFPTargetingParams"); if (targetingParamStr) { var targetingParameters = JSON.parse(targetingParamStr); // set page-level targeting parameters jQuery.each(targetingParameters, function (index, param) { googletag.cmd.push(function () { window.googletag.pubads().setTargeting(param.key, param.value); }); }); } } if (!googletag.pubads) { (function () { var gads = document.createElement('script'); var useSSL = 'https:' == document.location.protocol; gads.src = (useSSL ? 'https:' : 'http:') + '//securepubads.g.doubleclick.net/tag/js/gpt.js'; gads.setAttribute("async", ""); gads.setAttribute("defer", ""); var node = document.getElementsByTagName('script')[0]; node.parentNode.insertBefore(gads, node); })(); var App = App || {}; App.Ads = App.Ads || {}; App.Ads.adPath = App.Ads.adPath || '/6479/' + 'ama.archpedi'; App.Ads.Mappings = App.Ads.Mappings || {}; App.Ads.slots = App.Ads.slots || []; App.Ads.fromGoogle = !('yes' === 'yes'); App.isCollection = App.isCollection || !!document.getElementsByClassName('pg_collection').length; googletag.cmd.push(function () { googletag.pubads() .setTargeting('environment', ['newjama']) .setTargeting('site', ['ama.archpedi']) .setTargeting('sect', ['abstract']) .setTargeting('sub', ['no']) .setTargeting('device', ['Mozilla%2F4.0%20%28compatible%3B%20MSIE%207.0%3B%20Windows%20NT%206.0%3B%20SLCC1%3B%20.NET%20CLR%202.0.50727%3B%20.NET%20CLR%203.0.04506%3B%20.NET%20CLR%203.5.21022%3B%20.NET%20CLR%201.0.3705%3B%20.NET%20CLR%201.1.4322%29']) .setTargeting('usaphys', ['no']) .setTargeting('memberstat', ['no']) .setTargeting('pracset', ['']) .setTargeting('specialty', ['other']) .setTargeting('occupation', ['']) .setTargeting('useraffinity', ['']) .setTargeting('direct', ['yes']) .setTargeting('bot', ['']) .setTargeting('datacenter', ['no']) .setTargeting('selfMPA', ['']) .setTargeting('selfSpecialty', ['']); if (App.isCollection) { googletag.pubads().setTargeting('collection', ['']); } var testParam = getQueryVariable('test'); if (testParam) { googletag.pubads().setTargeting('test', [testParam]); } function getQueryVariable(variable) { var query = window.location.search.substring(1); var vars = query.split('&'); for (var i = 0; i < vars.length; i++) { var pair = vars[i].split('='); if (decodeURIComponent(pair[0]) == variable) { return decodeURIComponent(pair[1]); } } } googletag.pubads().disableInitialLoad(); googletag.enableServices(); }); } </script> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1" /><meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no" /><link rel="shortcut icon" href="//cdn.jamanetwork.com/UI/app/img/favicons/peds/favicon.ico"> <link rel="icon" type="image/png" href="//cdn.jamanetwork.com/UI/app/img/favicons/peds/favicon-192x192.png" sizes="192x192"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="180x180" href="//cdn.jamanetwork.com/UI/app/img/favicons/peds/apple-touch-icon-180x180.png"> <meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=Edge" /> <link rel="stylesheet" href="//cdn.jamanetwork.com/UI/app/dist/app.min.css?v=638677764476993385"> <link href="//cdn.jsdelivr.net/chartist.js/latest/chartist.min.css" type="text/css" rel="stylesheet" /> <meta property="og:title" content="Reimagining Children’s Rights in the US" /> <meta property="og:type" content="Article" /> <meta property="og:url" content="https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamapediatrics/fullarticle/2797600" /> <meta property="og:image" content="https://cdn.jamanetwork.com/ama/content_public/journal/peds/939039/psc220001f1_1669653249.64075.png?Expires=2147483647&amp;Signature=J~4VNdYkSEmCfi1Fuh5yGbCBP6yTsakYuTKLrtJyQQHwcGK3nbRZCWEwZlZMwwxecJdH2MM3fFEFydGM2xK-GA8zDlEDUDlGO2ktLOg~aQgLje8s8zMTDWOjFgm6BB7N45pyw0nmaqx--ZD4GgIzvCV9Vel0tRry2D2CfH9jHn1WpnWcQ46wEh-NaOcHT4EdEVT-Fe-0yGnOjEUSMZPkHZoQ9CMt5WkiKKrDacdWxmXQw8McErJBCEOxPUPLUuG2ryUCYmQHPXjfYk7RSXZKPXPy0QOlr7F3xCJXOGfbGbC2m2yPSnlg-0EFqRxJrxIY9FQWIvOrKqJbRIHODZwcrQ__&amp;Key-Pair-Id=APKAIE5G5CRDK6RD3PGA" /> <meta property="og:image" content="https://cdn.jamanetwork.com/ama/content_public/journal/peds/939039/psc220001t1_1669653249.65274.png?Expires=2147483647&amp;Signature=ps8KprltvbynpTws3lZlKwRONuqkrwxr5Z-ypGci02XtGj8R85aIVBQ1X~rA8nH11UmUKA2CGURnvNUa0kpTzWEaOOS~D4-e9DiLgTE1bj~npabpbsdxdY4XY4L80eKVFQ-lgHo864Zw0OdQXzzl~CBe9-qf-bTh8ORvqKg9f7e99sYoERXfVQCnYkNOXmRZeVKxcJBSczAoYs8l8r5poqslx8d5cI4MEBLtVZJxR865GdPOkAxEVYOPwrCRpaD4lVzr5q9N2tVIrY3sGVlvd-mbrhEzZqjSJ2iUyyiqMyIm9FfRXpMI53TJTBybnCFm~D3-ZzfE0KnYNEwlb9WOog__&amp;Key-Pair-Id=APKAIE5G5CRDK6RD3PGA" /> <meta property="og:image" content="https://cdn.jamanetwork.com/ama/content_public/journal/peds/939039/psc220001t2_1669653249.66272.png?Expires=2147483647&amp;Signature=I9r81ceFVGcCWHEeEQO~fcnX66cRyCM15Xwij3K67ToAz0mJRT5FL9qke~q3a7sjSBjWPGNg4uTIWcy3HRAhXy4luFaHlz1vOFbm8DBbrxIgTO62H2pud~gS-76rf2SZruHzq4BZs1TksV4GRMRM24xEw1bKTPJ~ouBSpzujjIkruZ5kxOgIj38LvQ3ORCdUm2hFQPxUXQGxOLXUvXkS-zaJICUcBTkMSVEFou18Rn8GwXReRvt0emFCEVtrC~7jMoraWLRHTCJhbTaE5xrfxtLxP4K2XGc5N3j8p619LWgwWTjIyd2kMv6jrwhkayOhkXwRT~W81gtpgA0~IlShgw__&amp;Key-Pair-Id=APKAIE5G5CRDK6RD3PGA" /> <meta property="og:description" content="This Special Communication discusses the potential ways in which the US can advance children’s rights through the adoption of a children’s rights framework and the implementation of a children’s rights approach to benefit and protect children’s health and well-being." /> <meta property="fb:pages" content="87087958340" /> <meta property="fb:pages" content="122228711814384" /> <meta property="fb:pages" content="1648414928738217" /> <meta property="fb:pages" content="117506346528" /> <meta property="fb:pages" content="97538728726" /> <meta property="fb:pages" content="114116793520" /> <meta property="fb:pages" content="100679858757" /> <meta property="fb:pages" content="759822190741773" /> <meta property="fb:pages" content="100265333750" /> <meta property="fb:pages" content="234770525256" /> <meta property="fb:pages" content="98784919862" /> <meta property="fb:pages" content="120829458202" /> <meta property="fb:pages" content="124842870398" /> <meta property="fb:pages" content="110245330325636" /> <meta name="twitter:card" content="summary_large_image" /> <meta name="twitter:site" content="@JAMAPediatrics" /> <meta name="twitter:image" content="https://cdn.jamanetwork.com/ama/content_public/journal/peds/939039/psc220001f1_1669653249.64075.png?Expires=2147483647&amp;Signature=J~4VNdYkSEmCfi1Fuh5yGbCBP6yTsakYuTKLrtJyQQHwcGK3nbRZCWEwZlZMwwxecJdH2MM3fFEFydGM2xK-GA8zDlEDUDlGO2ktLOg~aQgLje8s8zMTDWOjFgm6BB7N45pyw0nmaqx--ZD4GgIzvCV9Vel0tRry2D2CfH9jHn1WpnWcQ46wEh-NaOcHT4EdEVT-Fe-0yGnOjEUSMZPkHZoQ9CMt5WkiKKrDacdWxmXQw8McErJBCEOxPUPLUuG2ryUCYmQHPXjfYk7RSXZKPXPy0QOlr7F3xCJXOGfbGbC2m2yPSnlg-0EFqRxJrxIY9FQWIvOrKqJbRIHODZwcrQ__&amp;Key-Pair-Id=APKAIE5G5CRDK6RD3PGA" /> <meta name="citation_author" content="Elizabeth Barnert" /><meta name="citation_author_institution" content="Department of Pediatrics, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, University of California, Los Angeles" /><meta name="citation_author_institution" content="UCLA Center for Healthier Children, Families, and Communities, University of California, Los Angeles" /><meta name="citation_author_institution" content="Children’s Discovery &amp; Innovation Institute, Mattel Children’s Hospital, University of California, Los Angeles" /><meta name="citation_author" content="Joseph Wright" /><meta name="citation_author_institution" content="UCLA Center for Healthier Children, Families, and Communities, University of California, Los Angeles" /><meta name="citation_author_institution" content="Department of Education, School of Education and Information Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles" /><meta name="citation_author_institution" content="Department of Community Health Sciences, Fielding School of Public Health, University of California, Los Angeles" /><meta name="citation_author" content="Charlene Choi" /><meta name="citation_author_institution" content="Department of Pediatrics, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, University of California, Los Angeles" /><meta name="citation_author_institution" content="UCLA Center for Healthier Children, Families, and Communities, University of California, Los Angeles" /><meta name="citation_author_institution" content="Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, University of California, Los Angeles" /><meta name="citation_author" content="Jonathan Todres" /><meta name="citation_author_institution" content="Georgia State University College of Law, Atlanta" /><meta name="citation_author" content="Neal Halfon" /><meta name="citation_author_institution" content="Department of Pediatrics, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, University of California, Los Angeles" /><meta name="citation_author_institution" content="UCLA Center for Healthier Children, Families, and Communities, University of California, Los Angeles" /><meta name="citation_author_institution" content="Department of Health Policy and Management, Fielding School of Public Health, University of California, Los Angeles" /><meta name="citation_author_institution" content="Department of Public Policy, Luskin School of Public Affairs, University of California, Los Angeles" /><meta name="citation_author" content="Reimagining Children’s Rights Steering Committee, Advisory Committee, and Project Team" /><meta name="citation_author" content="Miriam A Abaya" /><meta name="citation_author_institution" content="for the Reimagining Children’s Rights Steering Committee, Advisory Committee, and Project Team" /><meta name="citation_author" content="Lola A Adedokun" /><meta name="citation_author_institution" content="for the Reimagining Children’s Rights Steering Committee, Advisory Committee, and Project Team" /><meta name="citation_author" content="Abdullah Akl" /><meta name="citation_author_institution" content="for the Reimagining Children’s Rights Steering Committee, Advisory Committee, and Project Team" /><meta name="citation_author" content="David T Alexander" /><meta name="citation_author_institution" content="for the Reimagining Children’s Rights Steering Committee, Advisory Committee, and Project Team" /><meta name="citation_author" content="Mayra E Alvarez" /><meta name="citation_author_institution" content="for the Reimagining Children’s Rights Steering Committee, Advisory Committee, and Project Team" /><meta name="citation_author" content="Laudan Y Aron" /><meta name="citation_author_institution" content="for the Reimagining Children’s Rights Steering Committee, Advisory Committee, and Project Team" /><meta name="citation_author" content="Colette L Auerswald" /><meta name="citation_author_institution" content="for the Reimagining Children’s Rights Steering Committee, Advisory Committee, and Project Team" /><meta name="citation_author" content="Gabriella Barbosa" /><meta name="citation_author_institution" content="for the Reimagining Children’s Rights Steering Committee, Advisory Committee, and Project Team" /><meta name="citation_author" content="Gabrielle C Battle" /><meta name="citation_author_institution" content="for the Reimagining Children’s Rights Steering Committee, Advisory Committee, and Project Team" /><meta name="citation_author" content="Dana M Bunnett" /><meta name="citation_author_institution" content="for the Reimagining Children’s Rights Steering Committee, Advisory Committee, and Project Team" /><meta name="citation_author" content="Giselle Chow" /><meta name="citation_author_institution" content="for the Reimagining Children’s Rights Steering Committee, Advisory Committee, and Project Team" /><meta name="citation_author" content="Dimitri A Christakis" /><meta name="citation_author_institution" content="for the Reimagining Children’s Rights Steering Committee, Advisory Committee, and Project Team" /><meta name="citation_author" content="Nathaniel Z Counts" /><meta name="citation_author_institution" content="for the Reimagining Children’s Rights Steering Committee, Advisory Committee, and Project Team" /><meta name="citation_author" content="Tezzaree S El-Amin Champion" /><meta name="citation_author_institution" content="for the Reimagining Children’s Rights Steering Committee, Advisory Committee, and Project Team" /><meta name="citation_author" content="Mark G Engman" /><meta name="citation_author_institution" content="for the Reimagining Children’s Rights Steering Committee, Advisory Committee, and Project Team" /><meta name="citation_author" content="Toby J Ewing" /><meta name="citation_author_institution" content="for the Reimagining Children’s Rights Steering Committee, Advisory Committee, and Project Team" /><meta name="citation_author" content="Chloe R Gentile-Montgomery" /><meta name="citation_author_institution" content="for the Reimagining Children’s Rights Steering Committee, Advisory Committee, and Project Team" /><meta name="citation_author" content="Blanca Godoy" /><meta name="citation_author_institution" content="for the Reimagining Children’s Rights Steering Committee, Advisory Committee, and Project Team" /><meta name="citation_author" content="Jeffrey L Goldhagen" /><meta name="citation_author_institution" content="for the Reimagining Children’s Rights Steering Committee, Advisory Committee, and Project Team" /><meta name="citation_author" content="Brian Gran" /><meta name="citation_author_institution" content="for the Reimagining Children’s Rights Steering Committee, Advisory Committee, and Project Team" /><meta name="citation_author" content="Giovanni Hernandez" /><meta name="citation_author_institution" content="for the Reimagining Children’s Rights Steering Committee, Advisory Committee, and Project Team" /><meta name="citation_author" content="Puja Iyer" /><meta name="citation_author_institution" content="for the Reimagining Children’s Rights Steering Committee, Advisory Committee, and Project Team" /><meta name="citation_author" content="Myra Jones-Taylor" /><meta name="citation_author_institution" content="for the Reimagining Children’s Rights Steering Committee, Advisory Committee, and Project Team" /><meta name="citation_author" content="Jasmin M Kemp" /><meta name="citation_author_institution" content="for the Reimagining Children’s Rights Steering Committee, Advisory Committee, and Project Team" /><meta name="citation_author" content="Kayla A Kirsch" /><meta name="citation_author_institution" content="for the Reimagining Children’s Rights Steering Committee, Advisory Committee, and Project Team" /><meta name="citation_author" content="Gerison Lansdown" /><meta name="citation_author_institution" content="for the Reimagining Children’s Rights Steering Committee, Advisory Committee, and Project Team" /><meta name="citation_author" content="Wendy Lazarus" /><meta name="citation_author_institution" content="for the Reimagining Children’s Rights Steering Committee, Advisory Committee, and Project Team" /><meta name="citation_author" content="Bruce Lesley" /><meta name="citation_author_institution" content="for the Reimagining Children’s Rights Steering Committee, Advisory Committee, and Project Team" /><meta name="citation_author" content="Joan Lombardi" /><meta name="citation_author_institution" content="for the Reimagining Children’s Rights Steering Committee, Advisory Committee, and Project Team" /><meta name="citation_author" content="Guadalupe López Hernández" /><meta name="citation_author_institution" content="for the Reimagining Children’s Rights Steering Committee, Advisory Committee, and Project Team" /><meta name="citation_author" content="Brianna N Mejia-Garzaro" /><meta name="citation_author_institution" content="for the Reimagining Children’s Rights Steering Committee, Advisory Committee, and Project Team" /><meta name="citation_author" content="Keaun Michael Brown" /><meta name="citation_author_institution" content="for the Reimagining Children’s Rights Steering Committee, Advisory Committee, and Project Team" /><meta name="citation_author" content="Xavier Morales" /><meta name="citation_author_institution" content="for the Reimagining Children’s Rights Steering Committee, Advisory Committee, and Project Team" /><meta name="citation_author" content="Melissa K Moulton" /><meta name="citation_author_institution" content="for the Reimagining Children’s Rights Steering Committee, Advisory Committee, and Project Team" /><meta name="citation_author" content="Matthew B Peiffer" /><meta name="citation_author_institution" content="for the Reimagining Children’s Rights Steering Committee, Advisory Committee, and Project Team" /><meta name="citation_author" content="Andrea R Peńa" /><meta name="citation_author_institution" content="for the Reimagining Children’s Rights Steering Committee, Advisory Committee, and Project Team" /><meta name="citation_author" content="Nikki Pitre" /><meta name="citation_author_institution" content="for the Reimagining Children’s Rights Steering Committee, Advisory Committee, and Project Team" /><meta name="citation_author" content="William F Porayouw" /><meta name="citation_author_institution" content="for the Reimagining Children’s Rights Steering Committee, Advisory Committee, and Project Team" /><meta name="citation_author" content="Lauren A Poterek" /><meta name="citation_author_institution" content="for the Reimagining Children’s Rights Steering Committee, Advisory Committee, and Project Team" /><meta name="citation_author" content="Sandy Santana" /><meta name="citation_author_institution" content="for the Reimagining Children’s Rights Steering Committee, Advisory Committee, and Project Team" /><meta name="citation_author" content="Rimsha S Sayed" /><meta name="citation_author_institution" content="for the Reimagining Children’s Rights Steering Committee, Advisory Committee, and Project Team" /><meta name="citation_author" content="Marieka S Schotland" /><meta name="citation_author_institution" content="for the Reimagining Children’s Rights Steering Committee, Advisory Committee, and Project Team" /><meta name="citation_author" content="Bernard L Thomas III" /><meta name="citation_author_institution" content="for the Reimagining Children’s Rights Steering Committee, Advisory Committee, and Project Team" /><meta name="citation_author" content="Dashuri (Dash) L Togi" /><meta name="citation_author_institution" content="for the Reimagining Children’s Rights Steering Committee, Advisory Committee, and Project Team" /><meta name="citation_author" content="Barbara Woodhouse" /><meta name="citation_author_institution" content="for the Reimagining Children’s Rights Steering Committee, Advisory Committee, and Project Team" /><meta name="citation_author" content="Adrianna Zhang" /><meta name="citation_author_institution" content="for the Reimagining Children’s Rights Steering Committee, Advisory Committee, and Project Team" /><meta name="citation_title" content="Reimagining Children’s Rights in the US" /><meta name="citation_firstpage" content="1242" /><meta name="citation_lastpage" content="1247" /><meta name="citation_doi" content="10.1001/jamapediatrics.2022.3822" /><meta name="citation_keyword" content="child" /><meta name="citation_keyword" content="personal satisfaction" /><meta name="citation_keyword" content="child health" /><meta name="citation_abstract" content="&lt;h3&gt;Importance&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;p&gt;The US faces a pivotal moment of opportunity and risk regarding issues affecting children (aged 0-17 years). Although the US remains the only United Nations member state to not have ratified the Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC), a child rights framework is essential for child health professionals seeking to advance many issues affecting children in the US. The Reimagining Children’s Rights project (2020-2021) conducted an in-depth environmental scan of relevant literature and policy analysis using the Three Horizons design process to assess strategies that could advance the rights and well-being of children in the US. The project was overseen by a steering committee and informed by an advisory committee composed of youth leaders and experts in children’s rights, advocacy, health, law, and a range of child-specific issues (eg, youth justice, early childhood development), who provided expert input on strategic considerations for advancing children’s rights.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;h3&gt;Observations&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;p&gt;Seven findings about advancing children’s rights in the US are notable, all reflecting current gaps and opportunities for using a whole-child rights framework in the US, even without formal adoption of the CRC. Actionable strategies, tactics, and tools to leverage sustainable change in the multitude of issue areas can advance the current state of children’s rights. High-potential strategies for catalyzing advancement of children’s rights include youth activism, innovations in governance and accountability, legislative action, impact litigation, place-based initiatives, education and public awareness, alignment with other children’s movements, and research. The child rights framework is unifying and adaptive to future unforeseen challenges.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;h3&gt;Conclusions and Relevance&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;p&gt;Children’s rights provide a powerful, synergistic framework for child health professionals—in partnership with youth and other leaders—to increase equity and protect the rights and well-being of all children in the US.&lt;/p&gt;" /><meta name="citation_journal_title" content="JAMA Pediatrics" /><meta name="citation_journal_abbrev" content="JAMA Pediatr" /><meta name="citation_volume" content="176" /><meta name="citation_issue" content="12" /><meta name="citation_publication_date" content="2022/12/01" /><meta name="citation_issn" content="2168-6203" /><meta name="citation_publisher" content="American Medical Association" /><meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_author=Woodhouse B; citation_publisher=Princeton University Press, ; citation_title=Hidden in Plain Sight: The Tragedy of Children’s Rights from Ben Franklin to Lionel Tate; citation_year=2010; " /><meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_author=United Nations General Assembly; citation_publisher=United Nations, ; citation_title=United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child; citation_year=1989; " /><meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_title=The trauma of Trump’s family separation and child detention actions: a children’s rights perspective.; citation_author=Todres J; citation_author=Fink DV; citation_journal_title=Wash Law Rev; citation_year=2020; citation_volume=95; citation_issue=1; citation_pages=377-427; " /><meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_title=Rights, justice, and equity: a global agenda for child health and well-being.; citation_author=Goldhagen JL; citation_author=Shenoda S; citation_author=Oberg C; citation_journal_title=Lancet Child Adolesc Health; citation_year=2020; citation_volume=4; citation_issue=1; citation_pages=80-90; " /><meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_author=Woodhouse B; citation_publisher=New York University Press, ; citation_title=The Ecology of Childhood: How Our Changing World Threatens Children’s Rights; citation_year=2020; " /><meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_title=‘Voice’ is not enough: conceptualising Article 12 of the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child.; citation_author=Lundy L; citation_journal_title=Br Educ Res J; citation_year=2007; citation_volume=33; citation_issue=6; citation_pages=927-942; " /><meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_author=United Nations Development Program; citation_publisher=Bureau for Development Policy, ; citation_title=Marginalised Minorities in Development Programming: A UNDP Resource Guide and Toolkit. United Nations Development Program Democratic Governance Group; citation_year=2010; " /><meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_author=L’Hôte E; citation_author=Volmert A; citation_publisher=Frameworks Institute, ; citation_title=Why Aren’t Kids a Policy Priority? The Cultural Mindsets and Attitudes That Keep Kids Off the Public Agenda; citation_year=2021; " /><meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_author=Esping-Andersen G; citation_author=Gallie D; citation_author=Hemerijck A; citation_author=Myles J; citation_publisher=Oxford University Press, ; citation_title=Why We Need A New Welfare State; citation_year=2002; " /><meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_author=Todres J; citation_author=King SM; citation_publisher=Oxford University Press, ; citation_title=The Oxford Handbook of Children’s Rights Law; citation_year=2020; " /><meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_title=Thirtieth anniversary of the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child.; citation_author=Goldhagen J; citation_author=Clarke A; citation_author=Dixon P; citation_author=Guerreiro AI; citation_author=Lansdown G; citation_author=Vaghri Z; citation_journal_title=BMJ Paediatr Open; citation_year=2020; citation_volume=4; citation_issue=1; " /><meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_title=From property to personhood.; citation_author=Woodhouse B; citation_journal_title=Georgetown J Poverty Law Policy.; citation_year=1998; citation_volume=5; citation_issue=2; citation_pages=313-320; " /><meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_author=Kilkelly U; citation_author=Lundy L; citation_author=Byrne B; citation_publisher=Cambridge University Press, ; citation_title=Incorporating the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child into National Law; citation_year=2021; " /><meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_title=Three horizons: a pathways practice for transformation.; citation_author=Sharpe B; citation_author=Hodgson A; citation_author=Leicester G; citation_author=Lyon A; citation_author=Fazey I; citation_journal_title=Ecol Soc; citation_year=2016; citation_volume=21; citation_issue=2; citation_pages=47" /><meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_author=Lerner RM; citation_author=Brindis CD; citation_author=Batanova M; citation_author=Blum RW; citation_author=Halfon N; citation_author=Forrest CB; citation_author=Lerner RM; citation_author=Faustman EM; citation_publisher=Springer, ; citation_title=Handbook of Life Course Health Development; citation_year=2018; citation_pages=109-121; " /><meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_author=Taft J; citation_publisher=NYU Press, ; citation_title=The Kids Are In Charge: Activism and Power in Peru’s Movement of Working Children; citation_year=2019; " /><meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_author=Lombard A; citation_author=Viviers A; citation_author=Hessle S; citation_publisher=Ashgate, ; citation_title=Environmental Change and Sustainable Social Development; citation_year=2014; citation_pages=80-85; " /><meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_title=Children’s participation and good governance.; citation_author=Hinton R; citation_journal_title=Int J Child Rights; citation_year=2008; citation_volume=16; citation_issue=3; citation_pages=285-300; " /><meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_title=Justifying children’s rights.; citation_author=Tobin J; citation_journal_title=Int J Child Rights; citation_year=2013; citation_volume=21; citation_issue=3; citation_pages=395-441; " /><meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_title=“Post-COVID” childhoods.; citation_author=Goodwin-De Faria C; citation_author=Bendo D; citation_author=Mitchell R; citation_journal_title=Int J Child Rights; citation_year=2021; citation_volume=29; citation_issue=2; citation_pages=371-399; " /><meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_title=Intergenerational inequities in exposure to climate extremes.; citation_author=Thiery W; citation_author=Lange S; citation_author=Rogelj J; citation_journal_title=Science; citation_year=2021; citation_volume=374; citation_issue=6564; citation_pages=158-160; " /><meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_title=Design thinking for social innovation.; citation_author=Brown TD; citation_author=Wyatt J; citation_journal_title=Developmental Outreach; citation_year=2010; citation_volume=12; citation_issue=1; citation_pages=29-43; " /><meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_title=A Systematic review of youth participatory action research (YPAR) in the US.; citation_author=Anyon Y; citation_author=Bender K; citation_author=Kennedy H; citation_author=Dechants J; citation_journal_title=Health Educ Behav; citation_year=2018; citation_volume=45; citation_issue=6; citation_pages=865-878; " /><meta name="citation_pdf_url" content="https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamapediatrics/articlepdf/2797600/jamapediatrics_barnert_2022_sc_220001_1669653249.41555.pdf" /> <meta name="citation_xml_url" content="https://datafeed.jamanetwork.com/journals/jamapediatrics/xml/2797600" /> <title>Reimagining Children’s Rights in the US | Law and Medicine | JAMA Pediatrics | JAMA Network</title> <meta name="description" content="This Special Communication discusses the potential ways in which the US can advance children’s rights through the adoption of a children’s rights"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamapediatrics/fullarticle/2797600" /> <script src="//cdn.jamanetwork.com/UI/app/dist/head.min.js?v=638677764511843155"></script> <script src="https://r451.jamanetwork.com/script.js" defer></script> <div class="widget-WidgetLoader widget-instance-AMA_AdTag_HeaderScript"> <meta class="SCM-SharedWidgets-AsyncHeaderAdLoader" data-url="/AMA/AdTag/AMA_AdTag_HeaderScript" data-params="{&quot;parameters&quot;:{&quot;siteName&quot;:&quot;jamapediatrics&quot;,&quot;siteId&quot;:19,&quot;journalId&quot;:75,&quot;adDisplay&quot;:0,&quot;adSection&quot;:&quot;abstract&quot;,&quot;adPosition&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;fromGoogle&quot;:false},&quot;dynamicParameters&quot;:{&quot;localParams&quot;:&quot;[REPLACE_WITH_LOCAL]&quot;}}"> </div> </head> <body data-sitename="jamapediatrics" class="pg_abstract " data-thm="peds"> <script> var App = App || {}; App.suppressAds = App.suppressAds || !!document.getElementsByClassName('suppress-ads').length; App.suppressGtm = App.suppressGtm || !!document.getElementsByClassName('suppress-gtm').length; </script> <div id="ad-interstitial" class="ad-interstitial"> <script defer> googletag.cmd.push(function() { if (App.suppressAds) { return; } // Define a web interstitial ad slot. let interstitialSlot = googletag.defineOutOfPageSlot( App.Ads.adPath + '/abstract', googletag.enums.OutOfPageFormat.INTERSTITIAL, ); if (interstitialSlot) { App.Ads.slots[13] = interstitialSlot; // Enable optional interstitial triggers and register the slot. interstitialSlot .setTargeting('pos', ['interstitial']) .addService(googletag.pubads()) .setConfig({ interstitial: { triggers: { navBar: true, unhideWindow: true, }, }, }); googletag.display(interstitialSlot); googletag.pubads().refresh([interstitialSlot], { changeCorrelator: false }); googletag.enableServices(); } }); </script> </div> <a class="accessible js-skip-to-navigation" href="#skip-to-navigation">[Skip to Navigation]</a> <!-- Google Tag Manager --><noscript><iframe src="//www.googletagmanager.com/ns.html?id=GTM-WNKSNP" height="0" width="0" style="display:none;visibility:hidden"></iframe></noscript><script>(function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start': new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0], j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='//www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f); })(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-WNKSNP');</script><!-- End Google Tag Manager --> <span class="hide tagmanagervalue" data-attribute="productName" data-value="JAMA Pediatrics" data-type="string"></span> <form method="post" action="./2797600" id="webform" class="m0"> <div class="aspNetHidden"> <input type="hidden" name="__VIEWSTATE" id="__VIEWSTATE" value="Z9zY0VX3RDmhDq9FxaYrsCPhicxM+Bv3Bmrb+6mbevFacYo3S9bMIYRsMbJ3RNQLI0cH7THRSpHZD0fCK+Y6S7gLUYc=" /> </div> <div class="aspNetHidden"> <input type="hidden" name="__VIEWSTATEGENERATOR" id="__VIEWSTATEGENERATOR" value="2FAFABAE" /> <input type="hidden" name="__EVENTVALIDATION" id="__EVENTVALIDATION" value="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" /> </div> <input id="hdnSiteID" type="hidden" value="19" /> <input id="hdnDomain" type="hidden" value=".jamanetwork.com" /> <section class="master-header"> <script type='text/javascript'> var App = App || {}; App.LoginUserInfo = { isInstLoggedIn: [0], currentSessionId: 'x2ghbutmpysr0blgjiyogdjn' }; </script> <input name="ctl00$ctl00$BodyContent$Header$hfGlobalSearchSiteURL" type="hidden" id="hfGlobalSearchSiteURL" value="https://jamanetwork.com/" /> <input name="ctl00$ctl00$BodyContent$Header$hfAppIsPaidUser" type="hidden" id="hfAppIsPaidUser" value="false" /> <input name="ctl00$ctl00$BodyContent$Header$hfAppIsMember" type="hidden" id="hfAppIsMember" value="false" /> <input name="ctl00$ctl00$BodyContent$Header$hfAppSubscribedTo" type="hidden" id="hfAppSubscribedTo" /> <input name="ctl00$ctl00$BodyContent$Header$hfAppIsIndividual" type="hidden" id="hfAppIsIndividual" value="false" /> <input name="ctl00$ctl00$BodyContent$Header$hfAppHasAccess" type="hidden" id="hfAppHasAccess" value="false" /> <input name="ctl00$ctl00$BodyContent$Header$hfAppIsReferredFromGoogle" type="hidden" id="hfAppIsReferredFromGoogle" value="False" /> <input name="ctl00$ctl00$BodyContent$Header$hfSolrAutoSuggestMinimumCharactersLength" type="hidden" id="hfSolrAutoSuggestMinimumCharactersLength" value="2" /> <input name="ctl00$ctl00$BodyContent$Header$hfSolrJournalName" type="hidden" id="hfSolrJournalName" value="JAMA Pediatrics" /> <input name="ctl00$ctl00$BodyContent$Header$hfSolrJournalID" type="hidden" id="hfSolrJournalID" value="J75" /> <input name="ctl00$ctl00$BodyContent$Header$hfAppIsLucy" type="hidden" id="hfAppIsLucy" value="false" /> <div class="header-wrap"> <header class="header"> <div class="widget-GdprCookieBanner widget-instance-GdprCookieBanner"> <div class="gdpr-cookie-wrapper js-gdpr-banner"> <div class="gdpr-cookie-body"> Our website uses cookies to enhance your experience. By continuing to use our site, or clicking "Continue," you are agreeing to our <a href="https://jamanetwork.com/pages/privacy-policy#cookies">Cookie Policy</a>&nbsp;<span class="pipe">|</span>&nbsp;<a href="javascript:;" class="js-gdpr-cookie-acceptLink at-acceptgdpr">Continue</a> </div> <input id="hdnDomain" type="hidden" value=".jamanetwork.com" /> <input id="hdnDomainGdpr" type="hidden" value=".jamanetwork.com" /> <input id="hdnClientIdGdpr" type="hidden" value="3" /> </div> </div> <div class="network-bar"> <a class="jama-network" href="/" title="JAMA Network Home"> <img alt="JAMA Network Home" class="title-image" width="443" height="52" src="//cdn.jamanetwork.com/UI/app/svg/Jama_Network_Logo.svg"> </a> </div> <a class="nav-toggler" href="#nav"> <div class="nav-toggler-indicator"> <span class="indicator-stroke"></span> <span class="indicator-stroke"></span> <span class="indicator-stroke"></span> <span class="indicator-stroke"></span> </div> <div class="nav-toggler-site"> <span id="BodyContent_Header_siteFullNamenav" class="nav-toggler-microsite"><span class='network'>JAMA</span> Pediatrics</span> </div> </a> <nav id="nav" class="nav hide" > <div class="nav-journal-level sb-nav-journal-level"> <a href="https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamapediatrics" id="BodyContent_Header_rptMicrositeHeaders_aItemResourceList_0" class="home">Home</a><a href="https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamapediatrics/newonline" id="BodyContent_Header_rptMicrositeHeaders_aItemResourceList_1" class="new-online">New Online</a><a href="https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamapediatrics/currentissue" id="BodyContent_Header_rptMicrositeHeaders_aItemResourceList_2" class="current-issue">Current Issue</a><a href="https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamapediatrics/pages/for-authors" id="BodyContent_Header_rptMicrositeHeaders_aItemResourceList_3" class="for-authors">For Authors</a> </div> <div class="nav-journals"> <div class="widget-SelfServeContent widget-instance-HamburgerPublicationMenu"> <div class="self-serve"> <input type="hidden" class="SelfServeContentId" value="HamburgerPublicationMenu" /> <input type="hidden" class="SelfServeVersionId" value="0" /> <style type="text/css"> .nav-journals {margin-bottom: 1em;} .nav-heading {color: #B9B9B9;border-bottom: 0;border-top: 1px solid #242424;font-size: 1.15em;font-weight: 400;margin: 0;padding: .7em .75em .25em;text-transform: uppercase;} a.no-bullet:before {content:none !important;} .nav-heading {font-size: 1.15em;margin-bottom:0;padding-left: 38px;} /* .nav-journals a.theme-jama {background-color: #242424;border-bottom: 1px solid #fff;border-top: 1px solid #fff;color: #fff;font-size: 1.15em;margin-bottom: 8px;padding: 11px 0 9px 37px;} .nav-journals a.theme-jama::before {background: unset;content: "\e91b";display: none;font-family: ama_icons !important;font-size: 1.25em;line-height: 1;} .nav-journals a.theme-jama-network-open {border-bottom:0;} */ .nav .widget-instance-HamburgerPublicationMenu a {padding-left: 36px;} .fake-ribbon {border-left: 8px solid #0084c0;} .fake-ribbon a:before {content:none;} .nav .widget-instance-HamburgerPublicationMenu .fake-ribbon a {padding-left:30px;} .nav-journals a.theme-plus:before {background:#d71635;} .nav-journals a.theme-jama-network-open {border-bottom:0;} </style> <div class="fake-ribbon"><a href="/journals/jamapediatrics/pages/jama-pediatrics-editors-summary">Podcast</a></div> <h2 class="nav-heading">JAMA+</h2> <a href="/channels/ai" class="theme-plus">AI</a> <h2 class="nav-heading">Journals</h2> <a href="/journals/jama" class="theme-jama">JAMA</a> <a href="/journals/jamanetworkopen" class="theme-jama-network-open">JAMA Network Open</a> <a href="/journals/jamacardiology" class="theme-jama-cardiology">JAMA Cardiology</a> <a href="/journals/jamadermatology" class="theme-jama-dermatology">JAMA Dermatology</a> <a href="/journals/jama-health-forum" class="theme-jama-health-forum">JAMA Health Forum</a> <a href="/journals/jamainternalmedicine" class="theme-jama-internal-medicine">JAMA Internal Medicine</a> <a href="/journals/jamaneurology" class="theme-jama-neurology">JAMA Neurology</a> <a href="/journals/jamaoncology" class="theme-jama-oncology">JAMA Oncology</a> <a href="/journals/jamaophthalmology" class="theme-jama-ophthalmology">JAMA Ophthalmology </a> <a href="/journals/jamaotolaryngology" class="theme-jama-otolaryngology-head-neck-surgery">JAMA Otolaryngology–Head &amp; Neck Surgery</a> <a href="/journals/jamapediatrics" class="theme-jama-pediatrics">JAMA Pediatrics</a> <a href="/journals/jamapsychiatry" class="theme-jama-psychiatry">JAMA Psychiatry</a> <a href="/journals/jamasurgery" class="theme-jama-surgery">JAMA Surgery</a> <a href="/journals/archneurpsyc" class="theme-archives-of-neurology-psychiatry-1919-1959-">Archives of Neurology &amp; Psychiatry (1919-1959)</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="nav-network-other"> <a href="https://edhub.ama-assn.org/jn-learning" id="BodyContent_Header_rptOtherResources_aItemResourceList_0" class="is-b link-jn-learning-cme" target="_blank">JN Learning / CME</a><a href="https://store.jamanetwork.com/index.aspx?productcode=60" id="BodyContent_Header_rptOtherResources_aItemResourceList_1" class="is-b link-subscribe" target="_blank">Subscribe</a><a href="https://careers.jamanetwork.com/" id="BodyContent_Header_rptOtherResources_aItemResourceList_2" class="is-b link-jobs" target="_blank">Jobs</a><a href="https://jamanetwork.com/pages/resources-for-librarians" id="BodyContent_Header_rptOtherResources_aItemResourceList_3" class="is-b link-institutions-librarians">Institutions / Librarians</a><a href="https://jamanetwork.com/pages/reprints-and-permissions" id="BodyContent_Header_rptOtherResources_aItemResourceList_4" class="is-b link-reprints-permissions" rel="nofollow">Reprints &amp; Permissions</a> </div> <div class="white text-xxs"> <div class="p05 ml4 mr3 mb1 mt10 flex hamburger-menu-legal"> <a href="/pages/conditions-of-use" class="p0" rel="nofollow">Terms of Use</a> <span class="pl1 pr1">| </span> <a href="/pages/privacy-policy" class="p0" rel="nofollow">Privacy Policy</a> <span class="pl1 pr1">| </span> <a href="/pages/accessibility-statement" class="p0" rel="nofollow">Accessibility Statement</a> </div> <div class="ta-c"> <span class="pb1">2024 American Medical Association. All Rights Reserved</span> </div> </div> </nav> <a class="toolbar-search-trigger is-b" data-mobile-tog-target=".site-search"></a> <div id="site-search" role="search" class="site-search"> <div class="site-search-bar"> <div role="search"> <select name="ctl00$ctl00$BodyContent$Header$ddlForSearch" id="BodyContent_Header_ddlForSearch" Name="dropDownList" class="cs-select cs-skin-border" title="Search Site Selector" role="options" aria-labelledby="searchLabel"> <option value="J*">Search All</option> <option value="3">JAMA</option> <option value="214">JAMA Network Open</option> <option value="192">JAMA Cardiology</option> <option value="12">JAMA Dermatology</option> <option value="261">JAMA Forum Archive</option> <option value="193">JAMA Health Forum</option> <option value="15">JAMA Internal Medicine</option> <option value="16">JAMA Neurology</option> <option value="159">JAMA Oncology</option> <option value="17">JAMA Ophthalmology</option> <option value="18">JAMA Otolaryngology–Head &amp; Neck Surgery</option> <option value="19">JAMA Pediatrics</option> <option value="14">JAMA Psychiatry</option> <option value="20">JAMA Surgery</option> <option value="23">Archives of Neurology &amp; Psychiatry</option> </select> </div> <div class="search-input-container"> <input type="search" name="textbox" autocomplete="off" role="textbox" id="search-term" aria-labelledby="searchLabel" class="search-term at-microsite-search-term" placeholder="Enter Search Term" maxlength="255" title="Enter Search Term"> <ul id="umbrellaSiteAutoCompleteResults" class="term-list hidden"></ul> <label style="display:none" for="umbrellaSiteSearchInputHint" id="searchLabel">Input Search Term</label> <input class="searchTerm search-input" name="textbox" role="textbox" type="text" id="umbrellaSiteSearchInputHint" aria-labelledby="searchLabel" title="Input Search Term" autocomplete="off"> </div> <!-- /.search-input-container --> <a name="button" role="button" class="search-button is-b js-search-button" alt="search button" href="/searchresults"></a> </div> </div> <div id="BodyContent_Header_GlobalSignIn_auth" class="auth"> <a class="auth--trigger is-b is-a" href="javascript:;"> <span id="BodyContent_Header_GlobalSignIn_spnUserFullName" class="user-full-name">Sign In</span> </a> <div class="auth--dropdown js-signIn-dropdown"> <div class="auth--option auth--ind"> <div id="BodyContent_Header_GlobalSignIn_divUserFullName" class="auth--ind-user"></div> <div id="BodyContent_Header_GlobalSignIn_divIndSignIn" class="auth--ind-auth"> <div class="auth--title">Individual Sign In</div> <a href="https://jamanetwork.com/oauthsignin?return_url=https%3a%2f%2fjamanetwork.com%2fjournals%2fjamapediatrics%2ffullarticle%2f2797600" id="BodyContent_Header_GlobalSignIn_oauthSignInLink" rel="nofollow" class="auth--ind-sign-in">Sign in</a><a href="https://jamanetwork.com/oauthsignin?return_url=https%3a%2f%2fjamanetwork.com%2fjournals%2fjamapediatrics%2ffullarticle%2f2797600" id="BodyContent_Header_GlobalSignIn_oauthSignUpLink" rel="nofollow" class="auth--ind-create">Create an Account</a> </div> </div> <div id="BodyContent_Header_GlobalSignIn_divInstSignIn" class="auth--option auth--inst"> <div class="auth--inst-auth"> <div class="auth--title">Access through your institution</div> <a href="/signinshibboleth?returnUrl=https%3a%2f%2fjamanetwork.com%2fjournals%2fjamapediatrics%2ffullarticle%2f2797600" id="BodyContent_Header_GlobalSignIn_institutionSignIn" rel="nofollow" class="auth--shib">Sign In</a> </div> </div> <div id="BodyContent_Header_GlobalSignIn_divPurchaseOptions" class="auth--option auth--purchase"> <div class="auth--title">Purchase Options:</div> <a id="BodyContent_Header_GlobalSignIn_lnkBuyArticle" class="auth--buy" href="https://jamanetwork.com/oauthsignin?return_url=https://store.jamanetwork.com/CustomerType.aspx?articleId=2797600">Buy this article</a> <div class="widget-DeepDyve widget-instance-AMAv2_DeepDyve"> <a rel="nofollow" data-doi="10.1001/jamapediatrics.2022.3822" data-fieldname="journal_doi" data-issneissn="2168-6203" data-affiliate="JAMA" class="deepDiveLink auth--shib deep-dive-wrap js-deepdyve-link" href="https://www.deepdyve.com/doc-view?docId=10.1001/jamapediatrics.2022.3822&amp;fieldName=journal_doi&amp;affiliateId=JAMA" target="_blank">Rent this article</a> </div> <a id="BodyContent_Header_GlobalSignIn_lnkSubscribeJournal" class="auth--subscribe" rel="nofollow" href="https://store.jamanetwork.com/index.aspx?productcode=60">Subscribe to the JAMA Pediatrics journal</a> </div> </div> </div> </header> </div> <div class="editors-choice-header"> </div> <div id="BodyContent_Header_divAds" class="header-ad-wrap sb-background-primary-dark"> <div class="leader-ad desktop-only"> <div class="widget-WidgetLoader widget-instance-AMA_AdTag_LeaderboardAd"> <div class="SCM-SharedWidgets-AsyncAdLoader" data-url="/AMA/AdTag/AMA_AdTag_LeaderboardAd" data-params="{&quot;parameters&quot;:{&quot;siteName&quot;:&quot;jamapediatrics&quot;,&quot;siteId&quot;:19,&quot;journalId&quot;:75,&quot;adDisplay&quot;:1,&quot;adSection&quot;:&quot;abstract&quot;,&quot;adPosition&quot;:&quot;atf&quot;,&quot;fromGoogle&quot;:false},&quot;dynamicParameters&quot;:{&quot;localParams&quot;:&quot;[REPLACE_WITH_LOCAL]&quot;}}"></div> </div> </div> </div> <!-- /.header-ad-wrap --> </section> <section class="master-main"> <span class="hide tagmanagervalue" data-attribute="template" data-value="abstract" data-type="string"></span> <script type="application/ld+json"> { "@context": "https://schema.org/", "@type": "Article", "headline": "Reimagining Children’s Rights in the US", "author": "Elizabeth Barnert, MD, MPH, MS", "url": "https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamapediatrics/fullarticle/2797600", "datePublished": "2022-12-01", "description": "This Special Communication discusses the potential ways in which the US can advance children’s rights through the adoption of a children’s rights framework and the implementation of a children’s rights approach to benefit and protect children’s health and well-being.", "publisher": { "@type": "Organization", "name": "JAMA Network", "logo": { "@type": "ImageObject", "url": "//cdn.jamanetwork.com/UI/app/img/favicons/peds/favicon.ico" } }, "image": [ "https://cdn.jamanetwork.com/ama/content_public/journal/peds/939039/psc220001f1_1669653249.64075.png?Expires=2147483647&Signature=J~4VNdYkSEmCfi1Fuh5yGbCBP6yTsakYuTKLrtJyQQHwcGK3nbRZCWEwZlZMwwxecJdH2MM3fFEFydGM2xK-GA8zDlEDUDlGO2ktLOg~aQgLje8s8zMTDWOjFgm6BB7N45pyw0nmaqx--ZD4GgIzvCV9Vel0tRry2D2CfH9jHn1WpnWcQ46wEh-NaOcHT4EdEVT-Fe-0yGnOjEUSMZPkHZoQ9CMt5WkiKKrDacdWxmXQw8McErJBCEOxPUPLUuG2ryUCYmQHPXjfYk7RSXZKPXPy0QOlr7F3xCJXOGfbGbC2m2yPSnlg-0EFqRxJrxIY9FQWIvOrKqJbRIHODZwcrQ__&Key-Pair-Id=APKAIE5G5CRDK6RD3PGA", "https://cdn.jamanetwork.com/ama/content_public/journal/peds/939039/psc220001t1_1669653249.65274.png?Expires=2147483647&Signature=ps8KprltvbynpTws3lZlKwRONuqkrwxr5Z-ypGci02XtGj8R85aIVBQ1X~rA8nH11UmUKA2CGURnvNUa0kpTzWEaOOS~D4-e9DiLgTE1bj~npabpbsdxdY4XY4L80eKVFQ-lgHo864Zw0OdQXzzl~CBe9-qf-bTh8ORvqKg9f7e99sYoERXfVQCnYkNOXmRZeVKxcJBSczAoYs8l8r5poqslx8d5cI4MEBLtVZJxR865GdPOkAxEVYOPwrCRpaD4lVzr5q9N2tVIrY3sGVlvd-mbrhEzZqjSJ2iUyyiqMyIm9FfRXpMI53TJTBybnCFm~D3-ZzfE0KnYNEwlb9WOog__&Key-Pair-Id=APKAIE5G5CRDK6RD3PGA", "https://cdn.jamanetwork.com/ama/content_public/journal/peds/939039/psc220001t2_1669653249.66272.png?Expires=2147483647&Signature=I9r81ceFVGcCWHEeEQO~fcnX66cRyCM15Xwij3K67ToAz0mJRT5FL9qke~q3a7sjSBjWPGNg4uTIWcy3HRAhXy4luFaHlz1vOFbm8DBbrxIgTO62H2pud~gS-76rf2SZruHzq4BZs1TksV4GRMRM24xEw1bKTPJ~ouBSpzujjIkruZ5kxOgIj38LvQ3ORCdUm2hFQPxUXQGxOLXUvXkS-zaJICUcBTkMSVEFou18Rn8GwXReRvt0emFCEVtrC~7jMoraWLRHTCJhbTaE5xrfxtLxP4K2XGc5N3j8p619LWgwWTjIyd2kMv6jrwhkayOhkXwRT~W81gtpgA0~IlShgw__&Key-Pair-Id=APKAIE5G5CRDK6RD3PGA" ], "articleSection": [ "Introduction", "Reimagining Children’s Rights Project Approach", "7 Core Findings About Advancing Children’s Rights Today", "Strategies, Tools, and Issue Areas", "So, What Now?", "Meaningful Child Participation is Key", "Harnessing the Power of Collective Action", "Conclusions", "Article Information", "References" ], "keyWords": "child, personal satisfaction, child health" } </script> <div class="widget-UserContentAccessWrite widget-instance-AMA_UserContentAccessWrite_AbstractView"> <div class="SCM-SharedWidgets-LocalStorage-UserContentAccessWrite" data-values='{"id":"2797600","type":"Article","date":"11/23/2024 9:33:19 PM"}'></div> </div> <a id="skip-to-navigation" href="#" tabindex="-1"></a> <div class="ymal--leader hide-small"> <div id="BodyContent_PageContent_ymalPersonalized" class="ymal--personalized js-ymal-personalized hide"> <div class="widget-WidgetLoader widget-instance-AMA_PersonalizedContent_AbstractView_Leaderboard"> <div class="SCM-SharedWidgets-AsyncWidgetLoader" data-url="/Personalization/PersonalizedContent/AMA_PersonalizedContent_AbstractView_Leaderboard" data-params="{&quot;parameters&quot;:{&quot;resourceIdToExclude&quot;:2797600,&quot;resourceTypeToExclude&quot;:3},&quot;dynamicParameters&quot;:{&quot;localParams&quot;:&quot;[REPLACE_WITH_LOCAL]&quot;}}"></div> </div> </div> <div id="BodyContent_PageContent_ymalCurated" class="ymal--curated js-ymal-curated"> <div class="ymal row"> </div> </div> </div> <div class="content pb0"> <a id="top"></a> <div class="article-content"> <div class="social-share hide" data-share-journal="JAMAPediatrics" data-share-title="Reimagining Children’s Rights in the US"> <a class="st-custom-button addthis_button_twitter is-b toolbar-twitter toolbar-share" data-network="twitter" data-title="" data-url="" data-email-subject="" rel="nofollow" href="javascript:;"> <span class="share-text">X</span> </a> <a class="st-custom-button addthis_button_facebook is-b toolbar-facebook toolbar-share" data-network="facebook" data-title="" data-url="" data-email-subject="" rel="nofollow" href="javascript:;"> <span class="share-text">Facebook</span> </a> <div class="toolbar-share-more"> <a class="st-custom-button addthis_button_linkedin is-b toolbar-linkedin toolbar-share" data-network="linkedin" data-title="" data-url="" data-email-subject="" rel="nofollow" href="javascript:;"> <span class="share-text">LinkedIn</span> </a> </div> <a class="toolbar-share-more-link is-a" rel="nofollow" data-tog-target=".social-share .toolbar-share-more"><span class="icon icon-carrot_down social-arrow"></span>More</a> </div> <div class="widget-ArticleLinks widget-instance-AMA_ErrataArticleLinks_Abstract"> </div> <div class="widget-ArticleLinks widget-instance-AMA_ArticleLinks_ToErrata_Abstract"> </div> <div class="widget-ArticleNavLinks widget-instance-AMA_ArticleNavLinks_Abstract"> <a class="toc-link btn" href="https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamapediatrics/issue/176/12">This Issue</a> </div> <div id="BodyContent_PageContent_divArticleLevelMetrics" class="article-metrics-wrapper"> <div class="widget-ArticleLevelMetrics widget-instance-AMA_ArticleMetrics"> <div class="artmet-condensed-wrap clearfix"> <div class="artmet-condensed-stats clearfix"> <div class="artmet-item artmet-views"> <span class="artmet-text sb-sc">Views</span> <span class="artmet-number sb-sc">2,810</span> </div> <div class="artmet-item artmet-citations"> <a class="artmet-citations-link" href="https://www.webofscience.com/api/gateway?GWVersion=2&amp;SrcApp=silverchair&amp;SrcAuth=WosAPI&amp;KeyUT=WOS:000874885400005&amp;DestLinkType=FullRecord&amp;DestApp=WOS_CPL" target="_blank"> <span class="artmet-text">Citations</span> <span class="artmet-number">4</span> </a> </div> <div class="artmet-item artmet-altmetric"> <div class="widget-AltmetricLink widget-instance-AMAv2_ArticleLevelMetrics_AltmetricLinkSummary"> <!-- Altmetrics --> <div id="altmetricEmbedId" class='altmetric-embed' data-link-target="_blank" data-badge-type="text" data-hide-no-mentions="false" data-doi="10.1001/jamapediatrics.2022.3822" ></div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="artmet-modal-trigger-wrap"> <a rel="nofollow" class="artmet-modal-trigger" data-article-id="2797600"><i class="icon-metrics"></i><span>View Metrics</span></a> </div> </div> </div> </div> <ul class="toolbar-trigger"> <li class="toolbar-pdf-wrap toolbar-tool-wrap"> <a class="toolbar-tool toolbar-pdf is-b" data-trigger=".abstract-toolbar .toolbar-pdf"><span class="toolbar-pdf-text"><span class="toolbar-link-text-extra">Download </span><span class="toolbar-link-text">PDF</span></span></a> </li> <li class="toolbar-full-text-wrap toolbar-tool-wrap"> <a class="toolbar-tool toolbar-full-text is-b" data-url="" data-article-id="2797600" data-trigger=".abstract-toolbar .toolbar-full-text">Full Text</a> </li> <li class="toolbar-cme-wrap toolbar-tool-wrap"> <a class="toolbar-tool toolbar-cme is-b " data-trigger=".abstract-toolbar .toolbar-cme" rel="nofollow">CME &amp; MOC</a> </li> <li class="toolbar-share-wrap toolbar-tool-wrap"> <div class="toolbar-tool toolbar-share is-b"> <a class="toolbar-share-more-link">Share</a> <div class="toolbar-share-more"> <a class="toolbar-share toolbar-twitter is-b" rel="nofollow" data-trigger=".social-share .toolbar-twitter"><span class="share-text">X</span></a> <a class="toolbar-share toolbar-facebook is-b" rel="nofollow" data-trigger=".social-share .toolbar-facebook"><span class="share-text">Facebook</span></a> <a class="toolbar-share toolbar-email is-b" rel="nofollow" data-trigger=".social-share .toolbar-email"><span class="share-text">Email</span></a> <a class="toolbar-share toolbar-linkedin is-b" rel="nofollow" data-trigger=".social-share .toolbar-linkedin"><span class="share-text">LinkedIn</span></a> </div> </div> </li> <li class="toolbar-citation-wrap toolbar-tool-wrap"> <a class="toolbar-tool toolbar-citation is-b stats-citation" rel="nofollow" data-trigger=".abstract-toolbar .toolbar-citation"><span class="toolbar-link-text">Cite</span> <span class="toolbar-link-text-extra">This</span></a> </li> <li class="toolbar-permissions-wrap toolbar-tool-wrap"> <a class="toolbar-tool toolbar-permissions is-b" rel="nofollow" data-trigger=".abstract-toolbar .toolbar-permissions"><span class="toolbar-link-text">Permissions</span></a> </li> <li class="toolbar-comments-wrap toolbar-tool-wrap"> <a class="toolbar-tool toolbar-comments is-b" rel="nofollow" data-trigger=".abstract-toolbar .toolbar-comments"><span class="toolbar-link-text">Comment</span></a> </li> </ul> <div class="widget-ArticleTopInfo widget-instance-AMA_ArticleTop_Info_Widget"> <span class="hide tagmanagervalue" data-attribute="articleId" data-value="2797600" data-type="string"></span> <span class="hide tagmanagervalue" data-attribute="arrArticleAuthor" data-value="Elizabeth%C2%A0Barnert%2C%C2%A0MD%2C%20MPH%2C%20MS,Joseph%C2%A0Wright%2C%C2%A0MPH%2C%20MS,Charlene%C2%A0Choi%2C%C2%A0JD,Jonathan%C2%A0Todres%2C%C2%A0JD,Neal%C2%A0Halfon%2C%C2%A0MD%2C%20MPH,Reimagining%20Children%E2%80%99s%20Rights%20Steering%20Committee%2C%20Advisory%20Committee%2C%20and%20Project%20Team" data-type="array"></span> <span class="hide tagmanagervalue" data-attribute="articleDOI" data-value="10.1001/jamapediatrics.2022.3822" data-type="string"></span> <span class="hide tagmanagervalue" data-attribute="articleTitle" data-value="Reimagining Children’s Rights in the US" data-type="string"></span> <span class="hide tagmanagervalue" data-attribute="type" data-value="Special Communication" data-type="string"></span> <span class="hide tagmanagervalue" data-attribute="issueVolume" data-value="176" data-type="string"></span> <span class="hide tagmanagervalue" data-attribute="issueNo" data-value="12" data-type="string"></span> <span class="hide tagmanagervalue" data-attribute="publishDate" data-value="December 1, 2022" data-type="string"></span> <span class="hide tagmanagervalue" data-attribute="topics" data-value="Law and Medicine, Pediatrics, Health Policy, Adolescent Medicine" data-type="array"></span> <span class="hide tagmanagervalue" data-attribute="topicCode" data-value="5716, 5843, 44020, 5495" data-type="array"></span> <span class="hide tagmanagervalue" data-attribute="category" data-value="Review" data-type="string"></span> <span class="hide tagmanagervalue" data-attribute="journalClub" data-value="No" data-type="string"></span> <span class="hide tagmanagervalue" data-attribute="contentStatus" data-value="Locked" data-type="string"></span> <span class="hide tagmanagervalue" data-attribute="articlePubState" data-value="Final" data-type="string"></span> <span class="hide tagmanagervalue" data-attribute="contentMedium" data-value="Article" data-type="string"></span> <div class="meta-article-type-wrap"> <div class="meta-article-type thm-col">Special Communication </div> </div> <div class="meta-date">October 24, 2022</div> <div class="meta-article-title-wrap"> <h1 class="meta-article-title ">Reimagining Children’s Rights in the US</h1> </div> <div class="meta-authors"> <span class="meta-authors--limited"><span class="wi-fullname brand-fg"><a href="/searchresults?author=Elizabeth+Barnert&q=Elizabeth+Barnert" rel=nofollow target="_blank">Elizabeth Barnert, MD, MPH, MS<sup>1,2,3</sup></a></span><span class='al-author-delim'>; </span><span class="wi-fullname brand-fg"><a href="/searchresults?author=Joseph+Wright&q=Joseph+Wright" rel=nofollow target="_blank">Joseph Wright, MPH, MS<sup>2,4,5</sup></a></span><span class='al-author-delim'>; </span><span class="wi-fullname brand-fg"><a href="/searchresults?author=Charlene+Choi&q=Charlene+Choi" rel=nofollow target="_blank">Charlene Choi, JD<sup>1,2,6</sup></a></span>; <a class="meta-authors--etal td-u stats-meta-authors--etal">et al</a></span> <span class="meta-authors--remaining"><span class="wi-fullname brand-fg"><a href="/searchresults?author=Jonathan+Todres&q=Jonathan+Todres" rel=nofollow target="_blank">Jonathan Todres, JD<sup>7</sup></a></span><span class='al-author-delim'>; </span><span class="wi-fullname brand-fg"><a href="/searchresults?author=Neal+Halfon&q=Neal+Halfon" rel=nofollow target="_blank">Neal Halfon, MD, MPH<sup>1,2,8,9</sup></a></span><span class='al-author-delim'>; </span>for the Reimagining Children’s Rights Steering Committee, Advisory Committee, and Project Team<sup></sup></span> </div> <div class="meta-author"> <a class="meta-author-title is-b stats-meta-author-toggle" data-tog-target=".meta-author-content">Author Affiliations</a> <a class="meta-articleinfo-jumplink section-jump-link scroll-to stats-scroll-to-articleinfo" data-tab-toggle=".tab-nav-full-text" href="#248729818">Article Information</a> <div class="meta-author-content"> <ul class="meta-author-affiliations"> <li class="meta-author-affiliation"> <div class="meta-author-name"><sup>1</sup>Department of Pediatrics, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, University of California, Los Angeles</div> </li> <li class="meta-author-affiliation"> <div class="meta-author-name"><sup>2</sup>UCLA Center for Healthier Children, Families, and Communities, University of California, Los Angeles</div> </li> <li class="meta-author-affiliation"> <div class="meta-author-name"><sup>3</sup>Children’s Discovery &amp; Innovation Institute, Mattel Children’s Hospital, University of California, Los Angeles</div> </li> <li class="meta-author-affiliation"> <div class="meta-author-name"><sup>4</sup>Department of Education, School of Education and Information Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles</div> </li> <li class="meta-author-affiliation"> <div class="meta-author-name"><sup>5</sup>Department of Community Health Sciences, Fielding School of Public Health, University of California, Los Angeles</div> </li> <li class="meta-author-affiliation"> <div class="meta-author-name"><sup>6</sup>Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, University of California, Los Angeles</div> </li> <li class="meta-author-affiliation"> <div class="meta-author-name"><sup>7</sup>Georgia State University College of Law, Atlanta</div> </li> <li class="meta-author-affiliation"> <div class="meta-author-name"><sup>8</sup>Department of Health Policy and Management, Fielding School of Public Health, University of California, Los Angeles</div> </li> <li class="meta-author-affiliation"> <div class="meta-author-name"><sup>9</sup>Department of Public Policy, Luskin School of Public Affairs, University of California, Los Angeles</div> </li> </ul> </div> </div> <div class="meta-citation-wrap"> <span class="meta-citation-journal-name">JAMA Pediatr. </span><span class="meta-citation"> 2022;176(12):1242-1247. doi:10.1001/jamapediatrics.2022.3822</span> </div> </div> <div class="widget-EditorsChoice widget-instance-AMA_EditorsChoice_Links"> </div> <div class="widget-LinkedContentToolbar widget-instance-AMA_LinkedContentToolbar"> <div class="linked-content-toolbar"> <div class="hidden js-search-open-multimedia-by-default" showContentByDefault="False"></div> <div class="linked-content-controls"> <a class="linked-content-trigger td-n stats-graphical-abstract" href="#graphical-abstract-tab"> <i class="icon-visual-abstract"><span class="sr-t">visual abstract icon</span></i> <div class="trigger-text d-ib va-m ta-l fw-5">Visual <div>Abstract</div></div> </a> <a class="linked-content-trigger td-n stats-editorial-comment" href="#editorial-comment-tab"> <i class="icon-document"><span class="sr-t">editorial comment icon</span></i> <div class="trigger-text d-ib va-m ta-l fw-5">Editorial <div>Comment</div></div> </a> <a class="linked-content-trigger td-n stats-related-articles" href="#related-articles-tab"> <i class="icon-related"><span class="sr-t">related articles icon</span></i> <div class="trigger-text d-ib va-m ta-l fw-5">Related <div>Articles</div></div> </a> <a class="linked-content-trigger td-n stats-author-interviews" href="#author-interviews-tab"> <i class="icon-author_interview"><span class="sr-t">author interview icon</span></i> <div class="trigger-text d-ib va-m ta-l fw-5">Interviews</div> </a> <a class="linked-content-trigger td-n stats-more-multimedia" href="#more-multimedia-tab"> <i class="icon-multimedia"><span class="sr-t">multimedia icon</span></i> <div class="trigger-text d-ib va-m ta-l fw-5">Multimedia</div> </a> <a class="linked-content-trigger td-n stats-listen-to-this-article" href="#listen-to-this-article-tab"> <i class="icon-audio"><span class="sr-t">audio icon</span></i> <div class="trigger-text d-ib va-m ta-l fw-5">Listen to <div>this article</div></div> </a> </div> <div class="linked-content-tabs"> <div id="graphical-abstract-tab" class="linked-content-tab graphical-abstract-tab"> <div class="widget-SectionDisplay widget-instance-AMA_GraphicalAbstract_Tab"> </div> </div> <div id="editorial-comment-tab" class="linked-content-tab editorial-comment-tab"> <div class="widget-ArticleLinks widget-instance-AMA_LinkedContentToolbar_EditorialComments"> </div> </div> <div id="related-articles-tab" class="linked-content-tab related-article-tab"> <div class="widget-ArticleLinks widget-instance-AMA_LinkedContentToolbar_RelatedArticle"> </div> <div class="widget-ArticleLinks widget-instance-AMA_LinkedContentToolbar_RelatedEditorsChoices"> </div> </div> <div id="author-interviews-tab" class="linked-content-tab linked-author-interviews-tab"> <div class="widget-AudioPlayer widget-instance-AMA_LinkedContentToolbar_PlatformAudioPlayer_AuthorInterviews"> </div> </div> <div id="listen-to-this-article-tab" class="linked-content-tab linked-listen-to-this-article-tab"> <div class="widget-AudioPlayer widget-instance-AMA_LinkedContentToolbar_PlatformAudioPlayer_ListenToThisArticle"> </div> </div> <div id="more-multimedia-tab" class="linked-content-tab more-multimedia-tab"> </div> </div> </div> </div> <a class="full-text-link is-b" data-url="" data-article-id="2797600"> <div class="full-text-link--text"><span class="full-text-link--text-top">Full </span>Text</div> </a> <div class="abstract-content"> <div class="widget-ArticleFulltext widget-instance-AMA_Article_Abstract_Widget"> <div class="article-full-text" data-userHasAccess="False"> <a class="article-section-id-anchor" id="248729788"></a> <div class="h3 cb section-type-abstract decorated-hed "> <div class="heading-text thm-col sb-sc"> Abstract </div> </div> <p><strong>Importance</strong>  <span>The US faces a pivotal moment of opportunity and risk regarding issues affecting children (aged 0-17 years). Although the US remains the only United Nations member state to not have ratified the Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC), a child rights framework is essential for child health professionals seeking to advance many issues affecting children in the US. The Reimagining Children’s Rights project (2020-2021) conducted an in-depth environmental scan of relevant literature and policy analysis using the Three Horizons design process to assess strategies that could advance the rights and well-being of children in the US. The project was overseen by a steering committee and informed by an advisory committee composed of youth leaders and experts in children’s rights, advocacy, health, law, and a range of child-specific issues (eg, youth justice, early childhood development), who provided expert input on strategic considerations for advancing children’s rights.</span></p><p><strong>Observations</strong>  <span>Seven findings about advancing children’s rights in the US are notable, all reflecting current gaps and opportunities for using a whole-child rights framework in the US, even without formal adoption of the CRC. Actionable strategies, tactics, and tools to leverage sustainable change in the multitude of issue areas can advance the current state of children’s rights. High-potential strategies for catalyzing advancement of children’s rights include youth activism, innovations in governance and accountability, legislative action, impact litigation, place-based initiatives, education and public awareness, alignment with other children’s movements, and research. The child rights framework is unifying and adaptive to future unforeseen challenges.</span></p><p><strong>Conclusions and Relevance</strong>  <span>Children’s rights provide a powerful, synergistic framework for child health professionals—in partnership with youth and other leaders—to increase equity and protect the rights and well-being of all children in the US.</span></p> <div class="movable-ad-target bta"> </div> </div> </div> <div class="widget-ArticleLinks widget-instance-AMA_Abstract_EditorialComments"> </div> <a class="full-text-link is-b d-b bd-none ta-c fl-n radius mt1 mb1 m-auto" data-url="" data-article-id="2797600"> <div class="full-text-link--text fw-b"><span class="full-text-link--text-top">Full </span>Text</div> </a> <div class="seamless-access-button--mobile-only"> <div class="widget-AmaAdvancedSeamlessAccess widget-instance-AMA_AdvancedSeamlessAccessButton_Mobile"> <div class="seamless-access-button--wrap"> <button class="d-flex sa-button align-items-center" role="button" type="button"> <div class="sa-button-logo-wrap"> <img src="//cdn.jamanetwork.com/UI/app/svg/seamless-access.svg" class="sa-button-logo" alt="Seamless Access Logo" /> </div> <div class="d-flex justify-content-center align-items-center sa-button-text text-truncate"> <div class="sa-button-text-primary text-truncate">Access through your institution</div> </div> </button> <div class="sa-access-text text-truncate hide"> <div class="sa-cta-access"><span>Add or change institution</span></div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="widget-UserComment widget-instance-AMA_Abstract_UserComment"> <div id="comment-wrapper"> <div class="comment-btn"> <a id="modal-opener" class="btn d-b mb1 sb-background-sc js-modal-opener" href="javascript:;">Comment</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="widget-UserCommentBody widget-instance-AMA_UserCommentBody_Abstract"> </div> <div class="widget-WidgetLoader widget-instance-AMA_AdTag_abstract_bta_dual"> <div class="SCM-SharedWidgets-AsyncAdLoader" data-url="/AMA/AdTag/AMA_AdTag_abstract_bta_dual" data-params="{&quot;parameters&quot;:{&quot;siteName&quot;:&quot;jamapediatrics&quot;,&quot;siteId&quot;:19,&quot;journalId&quot;:75,&quot;adDisplay&quot;:8,&quot;adSection&quot;:&quot;abstract&quot;,&quot;adPosition&quot;:&quot;bta&quot;,&quot;fromGoogle&quot;:false},&quot;dynamicParameters&quot;:{&quot;localParams&quot;:&quot;[REPLACE_WITH_LOCAL]&quot;}}"></div> </div> </div> <div class="widget-RelatedTopics widget-instance-AMA_Related_Topics_Abstract"> <div class="related-topics-block"> <h4 class="related-topics-heading topic-suggestions-heading sb-sc"> Read More About </h4> <div class="related-topics topic-suggestions"> <a href="https://jamanetwork.com/collections/5716/law-and-medicine" id="item_Link" class="related-topic topic-suggestion no-wrap sb-anchor-light">Law and Medicine</a> <a href="https://jamanetwork.com/collections/5843/pediatrics" id="item_Link_1" class="related-topic topic-suggestion no-wrap sb-anchor-light">Pediatrics</a> <a href="https://jamanetwork.com/collections/44020/health-policy" id="item_Link_2" class="related-topic topic-suggestion no-wrap sb-anchor-light">Health Policy</a> <a href="https://jamanetwork.com/collections/5495/adolescent-medicine" id="item_Link_3" class="related-topic topic-suggestion no-wrap sb-anchor-light">Adolescent Medicine</a> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="sidebar"> <div class="branded-bar"></div> <div class="abstract-toolbar"> <a id="pdf-link" href="/journals/jamapediatrics/articlepdf/2797600/jamapediatrics_barnert_2022_sc_220001_1669653249.41555.pdf" class="toolbar-tool toolbar-pdf al-link pdfaccess js-pdfaccess" data-article-id="2797600" data-article-url="/journals/jamapediatrics/articlepdf/2797600/jamapediatrics_barnert_2022_sc_220001_1669653249.41555.pdf" data-ajax-url="/Content/CheckPdfAccess"><span class="toolbar-pdf-text"><span class="toolbar-link-text-extra">Download </span><span class="toolbar-link-text">PDF</span></span> </a> <a class="toolbar-tool toolbar-full-text is-b" data-url="" data-article-id="2797600"><span class="toolbar-link-text-extra">Full</span> Text</a> <div class="widget-ToolboxGetCitation widget-instance-AMA_Get_Citation_Abstract"> <a class="toolbar-tool toolbar-citation is-b stats-citation" rel="nofollow" data-reveal-id="get-citation" data-reveal> <span class="toolbar-link-text">Cite</span> <span class="toolbar-link-text-extra">This</span> </a> <div id="get-citation" class="reveal-modal get-citation" data-reveal> <h3 class="get-citation-title">Citation</h3> <p class="get-citation-citation">Barnert E<span class='al-author-delim'>, </span>Wright J<span class='al-author-delim'>, </span>Choi C<span class='al-author-delim'>, </span>Todres J<span class='al-author-delim'>, </span>Halfon N<span class='al-author-delim'>, </span>Reimagining Children’s Rights Steering Committee, Advisory Committee, and Project Team. Reimagining Children’s Rights in the US. <em>JAMA Pediatr.</em> 2022;176(12):1242–1247. doi:10.1001/jamapediatrics.2022.3822</p> <h4 class="get-citation-download-heading">Manage citations:</h4> <div class="get-citation-types"> <a class="get-citation-format" rel="nofollow" href="/Citation/Download?resourceId=2797600&amp;resourceType=3&amp;citationFormat=0">Ris (Zotero)</a> <a class="get-citation-format" rel="nofollow" href="/Citation/Download?resourceId=2797600&amp;resourceType=3&amp;citationFormat=1">EndNote</a> <a class="get-citation-format" rel="nofollow" href="/Citation/Download?resourceId=2797600&amp;resourceType=3&amp;citationFormat=2">BibTex</a> <a class="get-citation-format" rel="nofollow" href="/Citation/Download?resourceId=2797600&amp;resourceType=3&amp;citationFormat=3">Medlars</a> <a class="get-citation-format" rel="nofollow" href="/Citation/Download?resourceId=2797600&amp;resourceType=3&amp;citationFormat=0">ProCite</a> <a class="get-citation-format" rel="nofollow" href="/Citation/Download?resourceId=2797600&amp;resourceType=3&amp;citationFormat=3">RefWorks</a> <a class="get-citation-format" rel="nofollow" href="/Citation/Download?resourceId=2797600&amp;resourceType=3&amp;citationFormat=0">Reference Manager</a> <a class="get-citation-format" rel="nofollow" href="/Citation/Download?resourceId=2797600&amp;resourceType=3&amp;citationFormat=0">Mendeley</a> </div> <p class="get-citation-copyright">&#169; 2024 </p> <a class="close-reveal-modal icon-close" rel="nofollow"></a> </div> </div> <div class="widget-ToolboxPermissions widget-instance-AMA_Get_Permissions_Abstract"> <a href="http://s100.copyright.com/AppDispatchServlet?publisherName=AMA&amp;publication=2168-6203&amp;title=Reimagining+Children%e2%80%99s+Rights+in+the+US&amp;publicationDate=2022-12-01&amp;volumeNum=176&amp;issueNum=12&amp;author=Barnert%2c+Elizabeth%3b+Wright%2c+Joseph&amp;startPage=1242&amp;endPage=1247&amp;contentId=10.1001%2fjamapediatrics.2022.3822&amp;oa=&amp;orderBeanReset=True" rel="nofollow" id="PermissionsLink" class="toolbar-tool toolbar-permissions is-b" target="_blank"><span class="toolbar-link-text">Permissions</span></a> </div> <a class="toolbar-tool toolbar-comments-jumplink toolbar-comments is-b" href="#modal-opener">Comment</a> <li class="toolbar-cme-wrap toolbar-tool-wrap"> <a class="toolbar-tool toolbar-cme is-b " rel="nofollow" href="https://edhub.ama-assn.org/jn-learning/module/2797600">CME &amp; MOC</a> </li> </div> <div class="seamless-access-button--desktop-only"> <div class="widget-AmaAdvancedSeamlessAccess widget-instance-AMA_AdvancedSeamlessAccessButton_Desktop"> <div class="seamless-access-button--wrap"> <button class="d-flex sa-button align-items-center" role="button" type="button"> <div class="sa-button-logo-wrap"> <img src="//cdn.jamanetwork.com/UI/app/svg/seamless-access.svg" class="sa-button-logo" alt="Seamless Access Logo" /> </div> <div class="d-flex justify-content-center align-items-center sa-button-text text-truncate"> <div class="sa-button-text-primary text-truncate">Access through your institution</div> </div> </button> <div class="sa-access-text text-truncate hide"> <div class="sa-cta-access"><span>Add or change institution</span></div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="widget-SignUpAffinityAlert widget-instance-AMAv2_AffinityAlertSignUp"> </div> <div class="cme-promo ta-c"> <div class="widget-SelfServeContent widget-instance-AMA_SelfServe_Promote_Cme_To_Inst_SubUsers"> <div class="self-serve"> <input type="hidden" class="SelfServeContentId" value="AMAV2_Rightrail_Other_Promo" /> <input type="hidden" class="SelfServeVersionId" value="0" /> <div class="bc_right_rail_article_promo"><!-- Content Goes Here --></div> <link rel="stylesheet" href="https://cdn.jamanetwork.com/data/CSSUploads/jamanetwork-selfserve-maintenance.css?versionId=82953"> <style type="text/css"> .jn-rr-feature {border-top: 4px solid #0084c0; border-bottom: 4px solid #0084c0;} p.globe-icon {font-weight:700;padding:0.35em 0} .icon-url:before {font-size:24px;margin-right:8px;} .icon-url:hover {text-decoration: none;} </style> <div class="jn-rr-feature"> <p class="globe-icon"><a href="/channels/ai" target="_blank"><span class="badge icon-url"></span>JAMA+ AI</a></p> </div> <!-- <div class="jn-rr-feature"> <p class="globe-icon"><a href="/collections/5843/pediatrics?fl_Categories=Pediatrics&amp;fl_ContentType=Article&amp;f_SiteID=3" target="_blank"><span class="badge icon-url"></span>Pediatrics in <em>JAMA</em>: Read the Latest</a></p> </div> <div class="jn-rr-feature"> <p> <a href="https://sites.jamanetwork.com/audio" target="_blank"><span class="badge icon-audio"></span>Browse and subscribe</a> to JAMA Network podcasts! </p> </div> --> <div class="bc_maintenance"><!-- Content Goes Here --></div> <iframe id="selfserve-maintenance" src="https://sites.jamanetwork.com/maintenance/index.html" width="100%" frameborder="0"></iframe> <!--AMAV2 Rightrail Other Promo--> </div> </div> </div> <div class="widget-WidgetLoader widget-instance-AMA_PersonalizedContent_AbstractView_RightRail"> <div class="SCM-SharedWidgets-AsyncWidgetLoader" data-url="/AMA/PersonalizedContent_RightRail/AMA_PersonalizedContent_AbstractView_RightRail" data-params="{&quot;parameters&quot;:{&quot;resourceIdToExclude&quot;:2797600,&quot;resourceTypeToExclude&quot;:3},&quot;dynamicParameters&quot;:{&quot;localParams&quot;:&quot;[REPLACE_WITH_LOCAL]&quot;}}"></div> </div> <div class="widget-WidgetLoader widget-instance-AMA_AdTag_abstract_mid_dual"> <div class="SCM-SharedWidgets-AsyncAdLoader" data-url="/AMA/AdTag/AMA_AdTag_abstract_mid_dual" data-params="{&quot;parameters&quot;:{&quot;siteName&quot;:&quot;jamapediatrics&quot;,&quot;siteId&quot;:19,&quot;journalId&quot;:75,&quot;adDisplay&quot;:6,&quot;adSection&quot;:&quot;abstract&quot;,&quot;adPosition&quot;:&quot;mid&quot;,&quot;fromGoogle&quot;:false},&quot;dynamicParameters&quot;:{&quot;localParams&quot;:&quot;[REPLACE_WITH_LOCAL]&quot;}}"></div> </div> <div class="widget-WidgetLoader widget-instance-AMA_JobsAd"> <div class="SCM-SharedWidgets-AsyncJobsAdLoader" data-url="/AMA/JobsAd/AMA_JobsAd" data-params="{&quot;parameters&quot;:{&quot;siteId&quot;:19},&quot;dynamicParameters&quot;:{&quot;localParams&quot;:&quot;[REPLACE_WITH_LOCAL]&quot;}}"></div> </div> <h4 class="thm-col-sec">Others Also Liked</h4> <div id="trendmd-suggestions"></div> </div> </div> <div class="ymal--footer"> <div class="widget-WidgetLoader widget-instance-AMA_PersonalizedContent_AbstractView_Footer"> <div class="SCM-SharedWidgets-AsyncWidgetLoader" data-url="/Personalization/PersonalizedContent/AMA_PersonalizedContent_AbstractView_Footer" data-params="{&quot;parameters&quot;:{&quot;resourceIdToExclude&quot;:2797600,&quot;resourceTypeToExclude&quot;:3},&quot;dynamicParameters&quot;:{&quot;localParams&quot;:&quot;[REPLACE_WITH_LOCAL]&quot;}}"></div> </div> </div> <div class="manage-interest"> <div class="widget-ManageCollectionInterests widget-instance-ManageCollectionInterests_Magazine"> <div class="manage-interests-modal reveal-modal small modal" data-reveal> <div class="manage-interests--header"> <div class="widget-SelfServeContent widget-instance-AMA_ManageInterests_Header"> <div class="self-serve"> <input type="hidden" class="SelfServeContentId" value="AllSitesManageInterestsHeader" /> <input type="hidden" class="SelfServeVersionId" value="0" /> <style> h4 { font-size: 20px !important; } </style> <h4>Select Your Interests</h4> <p>Customize your JAMA Network experience by selecting one or more topics from the list below.</p> </div> </div> </div><div class="manage-interests--categories"> <ul class="category-list"> <li><span class="category-list-item " data-categoryid="46425">Academic Medicine</span></li> <li><span class="category-list-item " data-categoryid="5489">Acid Base, Electrolytes, Fluids</span></li> <li><span class="category-list-item " data-categoryid="5504">Allergy and Clinical Immunology</span></li> <li><span class="category-list-item " data-categoryid="46447">American Indian or Alaska Natives</span></li> <li><span class="category-list-item " data-categoryid="5510">Anesthesiology</span></li> <li><span class="category-list-item " data-categoryid="42143">Anticoagulation</span></li> <li><span class="category-list-item " data-categoryid="6261">Art and Images in Psychiatry</span></li> <li><span class="category-list-item " data-categoryid="42097">Assisted Reproduction</span></li> <li><span class="category-list-item " data-categoryid="42099">Bleeding and Transfusion</span></li> <li><span class="category-list-item " data-categoryid="5548">Cardiology</span></li> <li><span class="category-list-item " data-categoryid="44036">Caring for the Critically Ill Patient</span></li> <li><span class="category-list-item " data-categoryid="6255">Challenges in Clinical Electrocardiography</span></li> <li><span class="category-list-item " data-categoryid="46435">Climate and Health</span></li> <li><span class="category-list-item " data-categoryid="46448">Climate Change</span></li> <li><span class="category-list-item " data-categoryid="44038">Clinical Challenge</span></li> <li><span class="category-list-item " data-categoryid="44039">Clinical Implications of Basic Neuroscience</span></li> <li><span class="category-list-item " data-categoryid="5614">Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacology</span></li> <li><span class="category-list-item " data-categoryid="46499">Coaching</span></li> <li><span class="category-list-item " data-categoryid="5575">Complementary and Alternative Medicine</span></li> <li><span class="category-list-item " data-categoryid="44040">Consensus Statements</span></li> <li><span class="category-list-item " data-categoryid="46099">Coronavirus (COVID-19)</span></li> <li><span class="category-list-item " data-categoryid="5584">Critical Care Medicine</span></li> <li><span class="category-list-item " data-categoryid="46325">Cultural Competency</span></li> <li><span class="category-list-item " data-categoryid="44019">Dental Medicine</span></li> <li><span class="category-list-item " data-categoryid="5598">Dermatology</span></li> <li><span class="category-list-item " data-categoryid="44011">Diabetes and Endocrinology</span></li> <li><span class="category-list-item " data-categoryid="46320">Diagnostic Test Interpretation</span></li> <li><span class="category-list-item " data-categoryid="46498">Digital Health</span></li> <li><span class="category-list-item " data-categoryid="42054">Drug Development</span></li> <li><span class="category-list-item " data-categoryid="5621">Emergency Medicine</span></li> <li><span class="category-list-item " data-categoryid="5819">End of Life, Hospice, Palliative Care</span></li> <li><span class="category-list-item " data-categoryid="42107">Environmental Health</span></li> <li><span class="category-list-item " data-categoryid="46387">Equity, Diversity, and Inclusion</span></li> <li><span class="category-list-item " data-categoryid="42108">Ethics</span></li> <li><span class="category-list-item " data-categoryid="5644">Facial Plastic Surgery</span></li> <li><span class="category-list-item " data-categoryid="44012">Gastroenterology and Hepatology</span></li> <li><span class="category-list-item " data-categoryid="5664">Genetics and Genomics</span></li> <li><span class="category-list-item " data-categoryid="44041">Genomics and Precision Health</span></li> <li><span class="category-list-item " data-categoryid="5668">Geriatrics</span></li> <li><span class="category-list-item " data-categoryid="5670">Global Health</span></li> <li><span class="category-list-item " data-categoryid="46427">Guide to Statistics and Methods</span></li> <li><span class="category-list-item " data-categoryid="5672">Guidelines</span></li> <li><span class="category-list-item " data-categoryid="5674">Hair Disorders</span></li> <li><span class="category-list-item " data-categoryid="42113">Health Care Delivery Models</span></li> <li><span class="category-list-item " data-categoryid="42114">Health Care Economics, Insurance, Payment</span></li> <li><span class="category-list-item " data-categoryid="42116">Health Care Quality</span></li> <li><span class="category-list-item " data-categoryid="5680">Health Care Reform</span></li> <li><span class="category-list-item " data-categoryid="5830">Health Care Safety</span></li> <li><span class="category-list-item " data-categoryid="5682">Health Care Workforce</span></li> <li><span class="category-list-item " data-categoryid="5679">Health Disparities</span></li> <li><span class="category-list-item " data-categoryid="46328">Health Inequities</span></li> <li><span class="category-list-item " data-categoryid="44020">Health Policy</span></li> <li><span class="category-list-item " data-categoryid="46451">Health Systems Science</span></li> <li><span class="category-list-item " data-categoryid="5688">Hematology</span></li> <li><span class="category-list-item " data-categoryid="5692">History of Medicine</span></li> <li><span class="category-list-item " data-categoryid="5514">Humanities</span></li> <li><span class="category-list-item " data-categoryid="5697">Hypertension</span></li> <li><span class="category-list-item " data-categoryid="44043">Images in Neurology</span></li> <li><span class="category-list-item " data-categoryid="45887">Implementation Science</span></li> <li><span class="category-list-item " data-categoryid="5702">Infectious Diseases</span></li> <li><span class="category-list-item " data-categoryid="44044">Innovations in Health Care Delivery</span></li> <li><span class="category-list-item " data-categoryid="46477">JAMA Forum</span></li> <li><span class="category-list-item " data-categoryid="44070">JAMA Infographic</span></li> <li><span class="category-list-item " data-categoryid="5716">Law and Medicine</span></li> <li><span class="category-list-item " data-categoryid="45308">Leading Change</span></li> <li><span class="category-list-item " data-categoryid="44045">Less is More</span></li> <li><span class="category-list-item " data-categoryid="46327">LGBTQIA Medicine</span></li> <li><span class="category-list-item " data-categoryid="5720">Lifestyle Behaviors</span></li> <li><span class="category-list-item " data-categoryid="45311">Medical Coding</span></li> <li><span class="category-list-item " data-categoryid="5738">Medical Devices and Equipment</span></li> <li><span class="category-list-item " data-categoryid="44023">Medical Education</span></li> <li><span class="category-list-item " data-categoryid="5739">Medical Education and Training</span></li> <li><span class="category-list-item " data-categoryid="5713">Medical Journals and Publishing</span></li> <li><span class="category-list-item " data-categoryid="5746">Melanoma</span></li> <li><span class="category-list-item " data-categoryid="5766">Narrative Medicine</span></li> <li><span class="category-list-item " data-categoryid="5769">Nephrology</span></li> <li><span class="category-list-item " data-categoryid="5777">Neurology</span></li> <li><span class="category-list-item " data-categoryid="44052">Neuroscience and Psychiatry</span></li> <li><span class="category-list-item " data-categoryid="44053">Notable Notes</span></li> <li><span class="category-list-item " data-categoryid="5787">Nursing</span></li> <li><span class="category-list-item " data-categoryid="5788">Nutrition</span></li> <li><span class="category-list-item " data-categoryid="44027">Nutrition, Obesity, Exercise</span></li> <li><span class="category-list-item " data-categoryid="5791">Obesity</span></li> <li><span class="category-list-item " data-categoryid="44013">Obstetrics and Gynecology</span></li> <li><span class="category-list-item " data-categoryid="5796">Occupational Health</span></li> <li><span class="category-list-item " data-categoryid="5801">Oncology</span></li> <li><span class="category-list-item " data-categoryid="5804">Ophthalmology</span></li> <li><span class="category-list-item " data-categoryid="5808">Orthopedics</span></li> <li><span class="category-list-item " data-categoryid="5811">Otolaryngology</span></li> <li><span class="category-list-item " data-categoryid="44028">Pain Medicine</span></li> <li><span class="category-list-item " data-categoryid="46446">Palliative Care</span></li> <li><span class="category-list-item " data-categoryid="44029">Pathology and Laboratory Medicine</span></li> <li><span class="category-list-item " data-categoryid="45306">Patient Care</span></li> <li><span class="category-list-item " data-categoryid="6258">Patient Information</span></li> <li><span class="category-list-item " data-categoryid="5843">Pediatrics</span></li> <li><span class="category-list-item " data-categoryid="44060">Performance Improvement</span></li> <li><span class="category-list-item " data-categoryid="45315">Performance Measures</span></li> <li><span class="category-list-item " data-categoryid="42050">Perioperative Care and Consultation</span></li> <li><span class="category-list-item " data-categoryid="42125">Pharmacoeconomics</span></li> <li><span class="category-list-item " data-categoryid="42126">Pharmacoepidemiology</span></li> <li><span class="category-list-item " data-categoryid="5851">Pharmacogenetics</span></li> <li><span class="category-list-item " data-categoryid="44030">Pharmacy and Clinical Pharmacology</span></li> <li><span class="category-list-item " data-categoryid="5856">Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation</span></li> <li><span class="category-list-item " data-categoryid="42059">Physical Therapy</span></li> <li><span class="category-list-item " data-categoryid="45313">Physician Leadership</span></li> <li><span class="category-list-item " data-categoryid="44061">Poetry</span></li> <li><span class="category-list-item " data-categoryid="45316">Population Health</span></li> <li><span class="category-list-item " data-categoryid="46445">Primary Care</span></li> <li><span class="category-list-item " data-categoryid="45309">Professional Well-being</span></li> <li><span class="category-list-item " data-categoryid="44064">Professionalism</span></li> <li><span class="category-list-item " data-categoryid="5871">Psychiatry and Behavioral Health</span></li> <li><span class="category-list-item " data-categoryid="42128">Public Health</span></li> <li><span class="category-list-item " data-categoryid="5877">Pulmonary Medicine</span></li> <li><span class="category-list-item " data-categoryid="42129">Radiology</span></li> <li><span class="category-list-item " data-categoryid="42058">Regulatory Agencies</span></li> <li><span class="category-list-item " data-categoryid="46443">Reproductive Health</span></li> <li><span class="category-list-item " data-categoryid="5916">Research, Methods, Statistics</span></li> <li><span class="category-list-item " data-categoryid="42142">Resuscitation</span></li> <li><span class="category-list-item " data-categoryid="5896">Rheumatology</span></li> <li><span class="category-list-item " data-categoryid="46326">Risk Management</span></li> <li><span class="category-list-item " data-categoryid="38802">Scientific Discovery and the Future of Medicine</span></li> <li><span class="category-list-item " data-categoryid="46495">Sexual Health</span></li> <li><span class="category-list-item " data-categoryid="5833">Shared Decision Making and Communication</span></li> <li><span class="category-list-item " data-categoryid="5912">Sleep Medicine</span></li> <li><span class="category-list-item " data-categoryid="5915">Sports Medicine</span></li> <li><span class="category-list-item " data-categoryid="5533">Stem Cell Transplantation</span></li> <li><span class="category-list-item " data-categoryid="5921">Substance Use and Addiction Medicine</span></li> <li><span class="category-list-item " data-categoryid="5923">Surgery</span></li> <li><span class="category-list-item " data-categoryid="44065">Surgical Innovation</span></li> <li><span class="category-list-item " data-categoryid="44066">Surgical Pearls</span></li> <li><span class="category-list-item " data-categoryid="44067">Teachable Moment</span></li> <li><span class="category-list-item " data-categoryid="44034">The Art of JAMA</span></li> <li><span class="category-list-item " data-categoryid="44037">The Arts and Medicine</span></li> <li><span class="category-list-item " data-categoryid="6257">The Rational Clinical Examination</span></li> <li><span class="category-list-item " data-categoryid="5936">Tobacco and e-Cigarettes</span></li> <li><span class="category-list-item " data-categoryid="5938">Toxicology</span></li> <li><span class="category-list-item " data-categoryid="46433">Translational Medicine</span></li> <li><span class="category-list-item " data-categoryid="42136">Trauma and Injury</span></li> <li><span class="category-list-item " data-categoryid="5942">Treatment Adherence</span></li> <li><span class="category-list-item " data-categoryid="46323">Ultrasonography</span></li> <li><span class="category-list-item " data-categoryid="5947">Urology</span></li> <li><span class="category-list-item " data-categoryid="44069">Users&#39; Guide to the Medical Literature</span></li> <li><span class="category-list-item " data-categoryid="5950">Vaccination</span></li> <li><span class="category-list-item " data-categoryid="5955">Venous Thromboembolism</span></li> <li><span class="category-list-item " data-categoryid="45312">Veterans Health</span></li> <li><span class="category-list-item " data-categoryid="5957">Violence</span></li> <li><span class="category-list-item " data-categoryid="42139">Women&#39;s Health</span></li> <li><span class="category-list-item " data-categoryid="45307">Workflow and Process</span></li> <li><span class="category-list-item " data-categoryid="42140">Wound Care, Infection, Healing</span></li> </ul> </div> <div class="manage-interests--save-preferences"> <div class="save-preferences-btn thm-bg "> <span class="save-preferences-btn-text fw-b">Save Preferences</span> </div> </div> <div class="manage-interests--privacy-terms"> <a class="manage-interests--privacy-terms-color" href="/pages/privacy-policy">Privacy Policy</a> | <a class="manage-interests--privacy-terms-color" href="/pages/terms-of-use">Terms of Use</a></div> <a class="close-reveal-modal icon-close"></a> </div> </div> </div> </section> <section id="secFooterControl" class="master-footer"> <script> var App = App || {}; function scmByClass(className) { return document.getElementsByClassName(className); } function scmById(id) { return document.getElementById(id); } function scmquery(selector) { return document.querySelector(selector); } function queryAll(selector) { return document.querySelectorAll(selector); } function isTrueString(string) { if (typeof string === 'string') { return string.toLowerCase() === 'true'; } return undefined; } function updateViewportDimensions() { var w = window, d = document, e = d.documentElement, g = d.getElementsByTagName('body')[0], x = w.innerWidth || e.clientWidth || g.clientWidth, y = w.innerHeight || e.clientHeight || g.clientHeight; return { width: x, height: y }; } var viewport = updateViewportDimensions(); var debounce = function (func, wait, immediate) { var timeout; return function () { var context = this, args = arguments; var later = function () { timeout = null; if (!immediate) func.apply(context, args); }; var callNow = immediate && !timeout; clearTimeout(timeout); timeout = setTimeout(later, wait); if (callNow) func.apply(context, args); }; }; (function (App) { App.mobileUpperBreakpoint = 767; App.mobileAltBreakpoint = 640; App.mobileMinBreakpoint = 547; App.tabletUpperBreakpoint = 1023; function setVariables() { viewport = updateViewportDimensions(); App.isMobile = (viewport.width <= App.mobileUpperBreakpoint); App.isMobileAlt = (viewport.width <= App.mobileAltBreakpoint); App.isTablet = (viewport.width > App.mobileUpperBreakpoint && viewport.width <= App.tabletUpperBreakpoint); App.isTabletDown = (viewport.width <= App.tabletUpperBreakpoint); App.isDesktop = (viewport.width > App.tabletUpperBreakpoint); App.activeViewport = App.isMobile ? 'small' : App.isTablet ? 'med' : 'large'; } setVariables(); App.cachedViewport = App.isMobile ? 'small' : App.isTablet ? 'med' : 'large'; App.isAnyArticle = !!(scmByClass('widget-ArticleFullView').length || scmByClass('pg_abstract').length || scmByClass('widget-MagazineView').length || scmByClass('widget-ChannelsMagazineView').length); App.isSplitScreen = !!scmByClass('widget-ArticleFullView').length; App.isArticleRedesign = !!scmByClass('widget-ArticleWrapper').length; App.isAbstract = !!scmByClass('pg_abstract').length; App.isMag = !!(scmByClass('widget-MagazineView').length); App.isChannel = !!(scmByClass('channel-site').length); App.isChannelMag = !!(scmByClass('widget-ChannelsMagazineView').length); App.isFreeArticle = !!(scmquery('.widget-ArticleTopInfo .free-access') || scmquery('.widget-ArticleTopInfo .open-access') || scmquery('.widget-ArticleTopInfo .icon-free') || scmquery('.widget-ChannelsMagazineView .free-access')); App.isTollFreeAccess = false; App.isIssue = !!scmByClass('pg_issue').length || !!scmByClass('pg_newonline').length || !!scmByClass('pg_currentissue').length || !!scmByClass('pg_pastissues').length; App.isNewOnline = !!scmByClass('pg_newonline').length; App.isCurrentIssue = !!scmByClass('pg_currentissue').length; App.isPastIssues = !!scmByClass('pg_pastissues').length; App.isJournal = !!scmByClass('pg_journal').length; App.isNetworkHome = !!scmByClass('pg_index').length; App.isSearch = !!scmByClass('pg_searchresults').length; App.isAdvancedSearch = !!scmByClass('pg_advancedsearch').length; App.isPlayer= !!scmByClass('pg_multimediaplayer').length; App.isSelfServe = !!scmByClass('pg_sspage').length; App.isCmsPage = !!scmByClass('pg_cmspage').length; App.isMyAccount = !!scmByClass('pg_myaccount').length; App.supportsFlexbox = !!scmByClass('flexbox').length; App.isCollection = !!scmByClass('pg_collection').length; App.isPaidUser = isTrueString(scmById('hfAppIsPaidUser').getAttribute('value')); App.isMember = isTrueString(scmById('hfAppIsMember').getAttribute('value')); App.isIndividual = isTrueString(scmById('hfAppIsIndividual').getAttribute('value')); App.hasAccess = isTrueString(scmById('hfAppHasAccess').getAttribute('value')); App.isReferredFromGoogle = isTrueString(scmById('hfAppIsReferredFromGoogle').getAttribute('value')); var subscribedTo = scmById('hfAppSubscribedTo').getAttribute('value'); App.userSubscribedTo = subscribedTo ? subscribedTo.split(',') : undefined; App.isLucy = isTrueString(scmById('hfAppIsLucy').getAttribute('value')); App.currentJournalCount = 27; App.isChannelPage = !!(scmByClass('channels-page')); App.updateAppVariables = debounce(function () { setVariables(); }, 50, false); })(App); </script> <div class="footer-ad-wrapper"> <div id="BodyContent_Footer_divAds" class="footer-ad desktop-only"> <div class="widget-WidgetLoader widget-instance-AMA_AdTag_AnchorboardAd_btf"> <div class="SCM-SharedWidgets-AsyncAdLoader" data-url="/AMA/AdTag/AMA_AdTag_AnchorboardAd_btf" data-params="{&quot;parameters&quot;:{&quot;siteName&quot;:&quot;jamapediatrics&quot;,&quot;siteId&quot;:19,&quot;journalId&quot;:75,&quot;adDisplay&quot;:11,&quot;adSection&quot;:&quot;abstract&quot;,&quot;adPosition&quot;:&quot;btf&quot;,&quot;fromGoogle&quot;:false},&quot;dynamicParameters&quot;:{&quot;localParams&quot;:&quot;[REPLACE_WITH_LOCAL]&quot;}}"></div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="ad-riser-wrap desktop-only"> <div class="ad-riser--dismiss t-c">X</div> <div class="widget-WidgetLoader widget-instance-AMA_AdTag_Riser"> <div class="SCM-SharedWidgets-AsyncAdLoader" data-url="/AMA/AdTag/AMA_AdTag_Riser" data-params="{&quot;parameters&quot;:{&quot;siteName&quot;:&quot;jamapediatrics&quot;,&quot;siteId&quot;:19,&quot;journalId&quot;:75,&quot;adDisplay&quot;:12,&quot;adSection&quot;:&quot;abstract&quot;,&quot;adPosition&quot;:&quot;Riser&quot;,&quot;fromGoogle&quot;:false},&quot;dynamicParameters&quot;:{&quot;localParams&quot;:&quot;[REPLACE_WITH_LOCAL]&quot;}}"></div> </div> </div> <div class="footer-wrap"> <footer class="footer" id="footer"> <div id="footer-microsite" class="footer-microsite"> <input type="hidden" class="SelfServeContentId" value="v2_Footer_Left" /> <input type="hidden" class="SelfServeVersionId" value="0" /> <style type="text/css"> @media (min-width: 1024px) {.split-screen .footer-microsite-contents {border-bottom:0 !important;}} .footer-microsite-contents {margin-bottom:1em;width:100%;} .footer-network-other .link-apps:before {width: 23px;} .footer-network-other .link-institutions-librarians:before {width: 23px;} .jn-ss-footer-border-top {border-top:1px solid #555;padding-top:15px;} .jn-ss-footer-border-bottom {border-bottom:1px solid #555;padding-bottom:10px;padding-right:5px;} </style> <div class="footer-heading-wrap"> <h3 id="BodyContent_Footer_h3SiteName" class="footer-heading is-b footer-microsite-heading" data-mobile-tog-target=".footer-microsite-links-wrap">JAMA Pediatrics</h3> </div> <div class="footer-microsite-links-wrap"> <div class="footer-microsite-contents jn-ss-footer-border-bottom"> <h4 id="BodyContent_Footer_ContentHeader" class="footer-subheading">Content</h4> <a href="/journals/jamapediatrics">Home</a> <a href="/journals/jamapediatrics/newonline">New Online</a> <a href="/journals/jamapediatrics/currentissue">Current Issue</a> </div> <div class="footer-microsite-contents jn-ss-footer-border-bottom"> <h4 class="footer-subheading">Podcast</h4> <a href="/journals/jamapediatrics/pages/jama-pediatrics-editors-summary">JAMA Pediatrics Editors'&nbsp;Summary</a> </div> <div class="footer-microsite-services cf"> <h4 id="BodyContent_Footer_ServiceHeader" class="footer-subheading">Journal Information</h4> <a href="/journals/jamapediatrics/pages/for-authors">For Authors</a> <a href="/journals/jamapediatrics/editors-and-publishers">Editors &amp; Publishers</a> <a href="/pages/rss">RSS</a> <a href="/journals/jamapediatrics/pages/contact-us">Contact Us</a> </div> <div class="footer-network-other jn-ss-footer-border-bottom"> <a href="https://edhub.ama-assn.org/jn-learning" class="link-network-other is-b link-learning">JN Learning / CME</a> <a href="https://store.jamanetwork.com" class="link-network-other is-b link-store" target="_blank">Store</a> <a href="/pages/apps" class="link-network-other is-b link-mobile" target="_blank">Apps</a> <a href="https://careers.jamanetwork.com/" class="link-network-other is-b link-jobs" target="_blank">Jobs</a> <a href="/pages/resources-for-librarians" class="link-network-other is-b link-institutions-librarians" target="_blank">Institutions</a> <a href="/pages/reprints-and-permissions" class="link-network-other is-b link-reprints-permissions">Reprints &amp; Permissions</a> </div> <div id="BodyContent_Footer_divSubscribe" class="footer-microsite-subscribe"> <img src="//cdn.jamanetwork.com/UI/app/img/covers/peds.jpg" class="subscribe-image" alt="Journal Cover"> <div class="subscribe-meta"> <h4 class="subscribe-heading footer-subheading">Subscribe</h4> <a href="https://store.jamanetwork.com/productDetails.aspx?productcodeID=60" class="subscribe-submit btn">Go</a> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div id="footer-network" class="footer-network"> <input type="hidden" class="SelfServeContentId" value="v2_Footer_Middle" /> <input type="hidden" class="SelfServeVersionId" value="0" /> <style type="text/css"> .footer-network-sites {width: 62.85542%;} .footer-network-info {width: 35.93976%} .jn-ss-subheading-mt {margin-top: 1.5em;} .jn-registered:after {content: "\00AE";font-size: 50%;vertical-align: top;} .jn-trademark:after {content: "\2122";font-size: 50%;vertical-align: top;} .nav-logo-cme-signin-container .nav-logo .site-logo img { min-width:50px;} </style> <div class="footer-heading-wrap"> <h3 class="footer-heading is-b jn-registered" data-mobile-tog-target=".footer-network-links-wrap"><strong>JAMA</strong> Network</h3> </div> <div class="footer-network-links-wrap"> <div class="footer-network-sites"> <div class="internal"> <h4 id="BodyContent_Footer_JournalHeader" class="footer-subheading">Publications</h4> <a href="/journals/jama">JAMA</a> <a href="/journals/jamanetworkopen" target="_blank">JAMA Network Open</a> <a href="/journals/jamacardiology">JAMA Cardiology</a> <a href="/journals/jamadermatology">JAMA Dermatology</a> <a href="/journals/jama-health-forum">JAMA Health Forum</a> <a href="/journals/jamainternalmedicine">JAMA Internal Medicine</a> <a href="/journals/jamaneurology">JAMA Neurology</a> <a href="/journals/jamaoncology">JAMA Oncology</a> <a href="/journals/jamaophthalmology">JAMA Ophthalmology</a> <a href="/journals/jamaotolaryngology">JAMA Otolaryngology–Head &amp; Neck Surgery</a> <a href="/journals/jamapediatrics">JAMA Pediatrics</a> <a href="/journals/jamapsychiatry">JAMA Psychiatry</a> <a href="/journals/jamasurgery">JAMA Surgery</a> <a href="/journals/archneurpsyc">Archives of Neurology &amp; Psychiatry (1919-1959)</a> </div> <div class="external"> <h4 class="footer-subheading">Sites</h4> <div id="BodyContent_Footer_ssFooterSiteMenu"> <div class="selfServe"> <a target="_blank" href="https://sites.jamanetwork.com/art-and-images-in-psychiatry/">Art and Images in Psychiatry</a> <a target="_blank" href="/journals/jama/pages/2023-most-viewed-jama">Best of the JAMA Network</a> <a target="_blank" href="/channels/caring-for-the-critically-ill-patient">Caring for the Critically Ill Patient</a> <a target="_blank" href="/journals/jama/pages/crosswords">Clinical Crosswords from JAMA</a> <a target="_blank" href="/journals/jama/pages/coronavirus-alert">Coronavirus Resource Center</a> <a target="_blank" href="https://ebm.jamanetwork.com/index.html">Evidence-Based Medicine: An Oral History</a> <a target="_blank" href="/pages/fishbein-fellowship">Fishbein Fellowship</a> <a target="_blank" href="/channels/genomics/">Genomics and Precision Health</a> <a target="_blank" href="/pages/health-and-the-2024-us-election">Health and the 2024 US&nbsp;Election</a> <a target="_blank" href="/channels/hypertension">Hypertension</a> <a target="_blank" href="/channels/health-forum/archive">JAMA Forum Archive</a> <a target="_blank" href="https://sites.jamanetwork.com/audio">JAMA Network Audio</a> <a target="_blank" href="/pages/video">JAMA Network Video</a> <a target="_blank" href="/pages/conferences">JAMA Network Conferences </a> <a target="_blank" href="/channels/ai">JAMA+ AI</a> <a target="_blank" href="/pages/jama-summit">JAMA Summit </a> <a target="_blank" href="/journals/jamasurgery/pages/statistics-and-methods">JAMA Surgery Guide to Statistics and Methods</a> <a target="_blank" href="/channels/medical-news">Medical News</a> <a target="_blank" href="/channels/monkeypox">Mpox (Monkeypox)</a> <a target="_blank" href="https://sites.jamanetwork.com/research-ethics/">Research Ethics</a> <a target="_blank" href="/pages/collections">Topics and Collections</a> <a target="_blank" href="/pages/visual-abstracts">Visual Abstracts</a> <a target="_blank" href="/channels/war">War and Health</a> <a target="_blank" href="/channels/womens-health">Women's Health</a> <h4 class="footer-subheading jn-ss-subheading-mt">Featured Articles</h4> <a href="/journals/jama/fullarticle/2781397">CONSERVE 2021 Guidelines for Reporting Trials Modified for the COVID-19 Pandemic</a> <a href="/journals/jama/fullarticle/2808296">Creation and Adoption of Large Language Models in&nbsp;Medicine</a> <a href="/journals/jamaoncology/fullarticle/2787350">Global Burden of Cancer, 2010-2019</a> <a href="/journals/jama/fullarticle/2797443">Global Burden of Long COVID</a> <a href="/journals/jamadermatology/fullarticle/2790344">Global Burden of Melanoma</a> <a href="/journals/jamadermatology/fullarticle/2787350">Global Burden of Skin Diseases, 1990-2017</a> <a href="/journals/jamaneurology/fullarticle/2793874">Global Disparities in Parkinson Disease</a> <a href="/journals/jama/fullarticle/2799547">Guidelines for Reporting Outcomes in Trial Protocols: The SPIRIT-Outcomes 2022 Extension</a> <a href="/journals/jamapsychiatry/fullarticle/2799486">Mass Violence and the Complex Spectrum of Mental Illness and Mental Functioning</a> <a href="/journals/jamapsychiatry/fullarticle/2793903">Neuropsychiatry Sequelae of COVID-19</a> <a href="/journals/jamaneurology/fullarticle/2810313">A New Framework for Dementia Nomenclature</a> <a href="/journals/jama/fullarticle/2800656">Organization and Performance of US Health Systems</a> <a href="/journals/jama-health-forum/fullarticle/2791195">Pharmacy Benefit Managers: History, Business Practices, Economics, and Policy</a> <a href="/journals/jama-health-forum/fullarticle/2791195">Promoting EDI in Genetics Research</a> <a href="/journals/jamacardiology/fullarticle/2781972">PTSD and Cardiovascular Disease</a> <a href="/journals/jama/fullarticle/2810754">Red Blood Cell Transfusion: 2023 AABB International Guidelines</a> <a href="/journals/jamapediatrics/fullarticle/2797600">Reimagining Children’s Rights in the US</a> <a href="/journals/jama/fullarticle/2794049">Spirituality in Serious Illness and Health</a> <a href="/journals/jama/fullarticle/2796374">The US Medicaid Program: Coverage, Financing, Reforms, and Implications for Health Equity</a> <h4 class="footer-subheading jn-ss-subheading-mt">USPSTF Recommendation Statements</h4> <a href="/journals/jama/fullarticle/2779985">Screening for Colorectal Cancer</a> <a href="/journals/jama/fullarticle/2779190">Screening for Hypertension</a> <a href="/journals/jama/fullarticle/2777244">Screening for Lung Cancer</a> <a href="/journals/jama/fullarticle/2796244">Screening for Prediabetes and Type 2 Diabetes In Children</a> <a href="/journals/jama/fullarticle/2783414">Screening for Prediabetes and Type 2 Diabetes In Adults</a> <a href="/journals/jama/fullarticle/2795521">Statins for Primary Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease</a> <a href="/journals/jama/fullarticle/2793446">Vitamin and Mineral Supplements for Primary Prevention of of Cardiovascular Disease and Cancer</a> <h4 class="footer-subheading jn-ss-subheading-mt">Blogs</h4> <a target="_blank" href="https://amastyleinsider.com/">AMA Style Insider</a> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div id="footer-network-info" class="footer-network-info"> <div class="information-for-links"> <h4 id="BodyContent_Footer_InfoHeader" class="footer-subheading">Information</h4> <a href="/pages/for-authors">For Authors</a> <a href="/pages/resources-for-librarians">For Institutions &amp; Librarians</a> <a href="/pages/advertisers">For Advertisers</a> <a href="/pages/subscription-agents">For Subscription Agents</a> <a href="https://careers.jamanetwork.com/" target="_blank">For Employers &amp; Job Seekers</a> <a href="https://media.jamanetwork.com" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">For the Media</a> <a href="/pages/equity-diversity-inclusion">Equity, Diversity, Inclusion</a> <a href="/pages/commenting-policy">Online Commenting Policy</a> <a href="/pages/access-at-jama-network">Public Access and Open Access Policy</a> <a href="/pages/offensive-content-statement">Statement on Potentially Offensive Content</a> </div> <div class="services-links"> <h4 id="BodyContent_Footer_JAMANetworkProductsHeader" class="footer-subheading">JAMA Network Products</h4> <a href="http://www.amamanualofstyle.com/" class="footer-service-link" target="_blank">AMA Manual of Style</a> <a href="https://jamaevidence.mhmedical.com/" class="footer-service-link" target="_blank"><span class="jn-registered">JAMAevidence</span></a> <a href="http://www.peerreviewcongress.org/" class="footer-service-link" target="_blank">Peer Review Congress</a> </div> <div class="learning-links"> <h4 id="BodyContent_Footer_LearningHeader" class="footer-subheading">JN Learning</h4> <a href="https://edhub.ama-assn.org/jn-learning">Home</a> <a href="https://edhub.ama-assn.org/jn-learning/state-cme">State CME</a> <a href="https://edhub.ama-assn.org/jn-learning/pages/clinical-challenge-courses">Clinical Challenge CME</a> <a href="https://edhub.ama-assn.org/jn-learning/course/288 ">Atrial Fibrillation Course</a> <a href="https://edhub.ama-assn.org/jn-learning/course/294 ">Women's Health Course</a> <a target="_blank" href="https://edhub.ama-assn.org/pages/auto-credit-reporting">CME / MOC Reporting Preferences</a> <a href="https://edhub.ama-assn.org/jn-learning/pages/about-cme">About CME &amp; MOC</a> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div id="footer-resources-wrap" class="footer-resources-wrap"> <input type="hidden" class="SelfServeContentId" value="v2_Footer_Right" /> <input type="hidden" class="SelfServeVersionId" value="0" /> <style type="text/css"> .footer-resources-wrap .footer-subheading {color: grey;display:block !important;font-size: 1.17647em;font-weight: 400;text-transform: uppercase;} </style> <div class="footer-heading-wrap"> <h3 class="footer-heading is-b footer-resources-heading" data-mobile-tog-target=".footer-resources">Help</h3> </div> <div class="footer-resources"> <a href="https://store.jamanetwork.com" class="footer-service-link" target="_blank">Subscriptions &amp; Renewals</a> <a href="https://jamanetwork.com/oauthsignin?return_url=http%3A%2F%2Fjamanetwork.com%2Fmyaccount%23my-alerts" class="footer-service-link" rel="nofollow">Manage Emails</a> <a href="https://jamanetwork.com/oauthsignin?return_url=http%3A%2F%2Fjamanetwork.com%2Fmyaccount%23my-profile" class="footer-service-link" rel="nofollow">Update My Address</a> <a href="https://support.jamanetwork.com/hc/en-us" class="footer-service-link">Support Center</a> <a href="/myaccount " class="footer-service-link">My Account</a> <h4 class="footer-subheading jn-ss-subheading-mt">JAMA Career Center</h4> <a href="https://careers.jamanetwork.com/" class="footer-service-link" target="_blank">Physician Job Listings</a> </div> <input type="hidden" class="SelfServeContentId" value="v2_Footer_Socials" /> <input type="hidden" class="SelfServeVersionId" value="0" /> <style type="text/css"> .widget-instance-AMA_Journal_Home_Socials .iconsocial {display: inline-block !important;width: 34px;height: 34px;min-width: unset !important;margin: 0 2px !important;background-color: #fff;border-radius: 20px;border: 1px solid #191919;vertical-align: middle;} .widget-instance-AMA_Journal_Home_Socials .iconsocial.instagram {background-image: url(https://cdn.jamanetwork.com/ImageLibrary/JamaNetwork/social/instagram-icon-black.svg);background-position: 7px 7px;background-repeat: no-repeat;background-size: 18px;} .widget-instance-AMA_Journal_Home_Socials .iconsocial.instagram:hover, .widget-instance-AMA_Journal_Home_Socials .iconsocial.instagram:focus {background-image: url(https://cdn.jamanetwork.com/ImageLibrary/JamaNetwork/social/instagram-icon-fill.png);border-color: #C13584;} .footer-resources-wrap .iconsocial {display: inline-block !important;width: 32px;height: 32px;min-width: unset !important;margin: 0 2px 0 3px !important;background-color: #fff;border-radius: 20px;border: 1px solid #191919;vertical-align: middle;} .footer-resources-wrap .iconsocial.instagram {background-image: url(https://cdn.jamanetwork.com/ImageLibrary/JamaNetwork/social/instagram-icon-black.svg);background-position: 6px 6px;background-repeat: no-repeat;background-size: 18px;} .footer-resources-wrap .iconsocial.instagram:hover, .footer-resources-wrap .iconsocial.instagram:focus {background-color: #C13584;border-color: #191919;} #load-instagram-image { background: url(https://cdn.jamanetwork.com/ImageLibrary/JamaNetwork/social/instagram-icon-fill.png) no-repeat -9999px -9999px; } </style> <div id="BodyContent_Footer_divSocial" class="social-links footer-social-links"> <a target="_blank" rel="nofollow" data-emailid="778ae626-3d45-4696-b1f7-13ac1b41524f" href="https://www.facebook.com/JAMAPediatrics/" class="social-link is-b facebook"></a> <a target="_blank" rel="nofollow" data-emailid="778ae626-3d45-4696-b1f7-13ac1b41524f" href="https://twitter.com/JAMAPediatrics" class="social-link is-b twitter"></a> <a target="_blank" rel="nofollow" data-emailid="6d35777a-fc12-4d2d-9b49-81d031835d91" href="https://www.instagram.com/jamanetwork/?hl=en" class="iconsocial instagram"></a> <a target="_blank" rel="nofollow" data-emailid="778ae626-3d45-4696-b1f7-13ac1b41524f" href="https://www.linkedin.com/showcase/jamapediatrics/" class="social-link is-b linked-in"></a> <a target="_blank" rel="nofollow" data-emailid="778ae626-3d45-4696-b1f7-13ac1b41524f" href="https://ja.ma/pedsyt" class="social-link is-b you-tube"></a> <a target="_blank" rel="nofollow" data-emailid="778ae626-3d45-4696-b1f7-13ac1b41524f" href="https://www.pinterest.com/jamanetwork/" class="social-link is-b pinterest"></a> <a target="_blank" rel="nofollow" data-emailid="778ae626-3d45-4696-b1f7-13ac1b41524f" href="/rss/site_19/75.xml" class="social-link is-b rss"></a> <a target="_blank" rel="nofollow" data-emailid="778ae626-3d45-4696-b1f7-13ac1b41524f" href="https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamapediatrics/pages/jama-pediatrics-author-interviews" class="social-link is-b podcast"></a> <div id="load-instagram-image">&nbsp;</div> </div> <div id="BodyContent_Footer_divEmailUpdate" class="footer-email-updates"> <div class="widget-EmailListSignUp widget-instance-AMAv2_EmailListSignUp_Footer"> <div class="email-signup"> <div class="email-signup--text sb-pc">Get the latest from JAMA Pediatrics</div> <div class="email-signup--input-wrap is-b"> <input type="text" name="email" class="email-signup--input" placeholder="Email address" title="Email address" /> <a rel="nofollow" href="javascript:;" class="email-signup--submit sb-sc btn">Sign Up</a> </div> <div class="email-signup--link"> <a class="email-signup--privacy" href="/pages/privacy-policy">Privacy Policy</a> | <a class="email-signup--terms" href="/pages/terms-of-use">Terms of Use</a></div> <div class="email-signup--user-message"></div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="footer-bar" itemscope itemtype="https://schema.org/Organization"> <input type="hidden" class="SelfServeContentId" value="v2_Footer_Bottom_Bar" /> <input type="hidden" class="SelfServeVersionId" value="0" /> <style type="text/css"> .network-bar .auth--inst {color:#B8B8B8;} .multimedia-caption-container div.video-caption {color: #262626;font-size: 15px;font-weight: 700;line-height: 1.5;} .nav-journals a.theme-jama-health-forum:before {background: #133763;} .jn-bottom-bar {color: #fff; float: left;font-size: 10px;padding: 13px 20px;width: 33.33%;} .jn-bottom-bar p {line-height: 2;} @media (max-width: 900px) {.jn-bottom-bar {float: none;width: 100%;}} .jn-footer-copyright {font-size:12px;line-height:1.5;margin-bottom:10px;} .jn-footer-pipe {margin:0 10px;} .footer-bar-jn-logo img {width: 230px;} @media (max-width: 900px) {.footer-bar-jn-logo img {width: 200px;}} [data-thm=umb] .jobs-ad--text h6 {color: #d71635 !important;} [data-thm=jama] .jobs-ad--text h6 {color: #d71635 !important;} [data-thm=jaman] .jobs-ad--text h6 {color: #ed0973 !important;} [data-thm=cardi] .jobs-ad--text h6 {color: #be1e32 !important;} [data-thm=derm] .jobs-ad--text h6 {color: #006f3b !important;} [data-thm=faci] .jobs-ad--text h6 {color: #ed1c24 !important;} [data-thm=jama-] .jobs-ad--text h6 {color: #fb5252 !important;} [data-thm=intem] .jobs-ad--text h6 {color: #006e96 !important;} [data-thm=neur] .jobs-ad--text h6 {color: #981b1e !important;} [data-thm=oncol] .jobs-ad--text h6 {color: #3b923f !important;} [data-thm=ophth] .jobs-ad--text h6 {color: #66bc29 !important;} [data-thm=otol] .jobs-ad--text h6 {color: #34b6e4 !important;} [data-thm=peds] .jobs-ad--text h6 {color: #0084c0 !important;} [data-thm=psych] .jobs-ad--text h6 {color: #005276 !important;} [data-thm=surg] .jobs-ad--text h6 {color: #f47920 !important;} .blockquote .para {margin: 0 0 1em 1em;} .jn-footer-copyright {display: block;} .inline-block {display: inline-block;} </style> <a class="footer-bar-jn-logo d-b no-mw mb1" href="/" title="JAMA Network Home"><img class="mw-100" src="https://cdn.jamanetwork.com/ImageLibrary/global/jn-signature-reversed-r.svg?versionId=82308" alt="Jama Network Logo"></a> <div class="jn-bottom-bar"> <p> <span class="jn-footer-copyright">© 2024 American Medical Association. <span class="inline-block">All rights reserved,</span> including those for text and data mining, AI training, <span class="inline-block">and similar technologies.</span></span> <span class="inline-block"><a href="https://www.ama-assn.org/about/terms-use" rel="nofollow" class="p0">Terms of Use</a><span class="jn-footer-pipe">|</span></span> <span class="inline-block"><a href="https://www.ama-assn.org/about/privacy-policy" rel="nofollow" class="p0">Privacy Policy</a><span class="jn-footer-pipe">|</span></span> <span class="inline-block"><a href="https://www.ama-assn.org/about/accessibility-statement" rel="nofollow" class="p0">Accessibility Statement</a><span class="jn-footer-pipe">|</span></span> <span class="inline-block"><a onclick="OneTrust.ToggleInfoDisplay()" rel="nofollow" class="p0" id="CookieFooter">Cookie Settings</a></span> </p> </div> <!-- #selfserve-maintenance {display:block;margin:20px 0;max-height:none !important;min-height:200px;visibility:visible;} #selfserve-maintenance {display:block;margin:20px 0;max-height:none !important;min-height:200px;visibility:visible;} --> <a class="footer-bar-sis no-mw relative nudge-down" href="https://www.silverchair.com" target="_blank"><img class="footer-bar-sis-img mt05 mw-100" width="600" height="70" src="//cdn.jamanetwork.com/UI/app/img/powered.png" alt="Silverchair Logo" /></a> </div> </footer> </div> <div class="ss-ui-only"> <div class="widget-SelfServeContent widget-instance-AMA_SS_UI_Only"> <div class="self-serve"> <input type="hidden" class="SelfServeContentId" value="SsUiOnly" /> <input type="hidden" class="SelfServeVersionId" value="0" /> . </div> </div> </div> </section> <div id="revealModal" class="reveal-modal" data-reveal> <div id="revealContent"></div> <a class="close-reveal-modal icon-close"></a> </div> <div class="artmet-modal" id="MetricsModal"> <div class="artmet-modal-contents"> <a class="artmet-close-modal">&#215;</a> </div> </div> <div class="widget-SigninModals widget-instance-AMA_SigninModals"> <div class="js-modal-no-access-reveal no-access reveal-modal modal tiny" data-reveal> <div class="modal--box"> <div class="modal--title">Access your subscriptions</div> <hr /> <button type="button" role="button" class="modal--btn js-btn-signin-personal" data-oauth-signin-url="https://jamanetwork.com/oauthsignin?return_url=https%3a%2f%2fjamanetwork.com%2fjournals%2fjamapediatrics%2ffullarticle%2f2797600"> Sign in<span class="fw-normal"> | personal account</span> </button> <div class="widget-AmaAdvancedSeamlessAccess widget-instance-AMA_NoAccess_AdvancedSeamlessAccessButton"> <div class="seamless-access-button--wrap"> <button class="d-flex sa-button align-items-center" role="button" type="button"> <div class="sa-button-logo-wrap"> <img src="//cdn.jamanetwork.com/UI/app/svg/seamless-access.svg" class="sa-button-logo" alt="Seamless Access Logo" /> </div> <div class="d-flex justify-content-center align-items-center sa-button-text text-truncate"> <div class="sa-button-text-primary text-truncate">Access through your institution</div> </div> </button> <div class="sa-access-text text-truncate hide"> <div class="sa-cta-access"><span>Add or change institution</span></div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="widget-SelfServeContent widget-instance-AMA_NoAccess_SigninModal_CreateAccount"> <div class="self-serve"> <input type="hidden" class="SelfServeContentId" value="SigninModal_CreateAccount" /> <input type="hidden" class="SelfServeVersionId" value="0" /> <div class="modal--title">Free access to newly published articles</div> <hr> <button class="modal--btn js-btn-create-personal-account" type="button" role="button"> <div class="text-truncate">Create a free personal account</div> </button> <div class="modal--btn-desc">To register for email alerts, access free PDF, and more</div> <!--<div class="jn-selfServe-modal-label">JAMA Pediatrics|SigninModal_CreateAccount</div>--> </div> </div> <div class="widget-SelfServeContent widget-instance-AMA_NoAccess_SigninModal_PurchaseOptions_NoAccessAndPaidPDF"> <div class="self-serve"> <input type="hidden" class="SelfServeContentId" value="SigninModal_PurchaseOptions_NoAccessAndPaidPDF" /> <input type="hidden" class="SelfServeVersionId" value="0" /> <div class="modal--title">Purchase access</div> <hr> <button class="modal--btn js-btn-subscribe-journal" type="button" role="button"> <div class="text-truncate">Subscribe to journal</div> </button> <div class="modal--btn-desc">Get full journal access for 1 year</div> <button class="modal--btn js-btn-purchase-article" type="button" role="button"> <div class="text-truncate">Buy article</div> </button> <div class="modal--btn-desc">Get unlimited access and a printable PDF ($40.00)—<br> <em>Sign in or create a free account</em></div> <!--<div class="jn-selfServe-modal-label">JAMA Pediatrics|SigninModal_PurchaseOptions_NoAccessAndPaidPDF</div>--> </div> </div> <div class="widget-DeepDyve widget-instance-AMA_NoAccess_DeepDyve"> <button type="button" role="button" class="modal--btn js-deepdyve-link hiddenRentalLink" data-deepdyveurl="https://www.deepdyve.com/doc-view?docId=10.1001/jamapediatrics.2022.3822&amp;fieldName=journal_doi&amp;affiliateId=JAMA" data-doi="10.1001/jamapediatrics.2022.3822" data-fieldname="journal_doi" data-issneissn="2168-6203" data-affiliate="JAMA">Rent article</button> <div class="modal--btn-desc js-deepdyve-desc hiddenRentalLink">Rent this article from DeepDyve</div> </div> </div> <a class="close-reveal-modal icon-close"></a> </div> <div class="js-modal-paid-pdf-reveal no-access reveal-modal modal tiny" data-reveal> <div class="modal--box"> <div class="modal--title">Access your subscriptions</div> <hr /> <button type="button" role="button" class="modal--btn js-btn-signin-personal" data-oauth-signin-url="https://jamanetwork.com/oauthsignin?return_url=https%3a%2f%2fjamanetwork.com%2fjournals%2fjamapediatrics%2ffullarticle%2f2797600"> Sign in<span class="fw-normal"> | personal account</span> </button> <div class="widget-AmaAdvancedSeamlessAccess widget-instance-AMA_PaidPdf_AdvancedSeamlessAccessButton"> <div class="seamless-access-button--wrap"> <button class="d-flex sa-button align-items-center" role="button" type="button"> <div class="sa-button-logo-wrap"> <img src="//cdn.jamanetwork.com/UI/app/svg/seamless-access.svg" class="sa-button-logo" alt="Seamless Access Logo" /> </div> <div class="d-flex justify-content-center align-items-center sa-button-text text-truncate"> <div class="sa-button-text-primary text-truncate">Access through your institution</div> </div> </button> <div class="sa-access-text text-truncate hide"> <div class="sa-cta-access"><span>Add or change institution</span></div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="widget-SelfServeContent widget-instance-AMA_PaidPdf_SigninModal_CreateAccount"> <div class="self-serve"> <input type="hidden" class="SelfServeContentId" value="SigninModal_CreateAccount" /> <input type="hidden" class="SelfServeVersionId" value="0" /> <div class="modal--title">Free access to newly published articles</div> <hr> <button class="modal--btn js-btn-create-personal-account" type="button" role="button"> <div class="text-truncate">Create a free personal account</div> </button> <div class="modal--btn-desc">To register for email alerts, access free PDF, and more</div> <!--<div class="jn-selfServe-modal-label">JAMA Pediatrics|SigninModal_CreateAccount</div>--> </div> </div> <div class="widget-SelfServeContent widget-instance-AMA_PaidPdf_SigninModal_PurchaseOptions_NoAccessAndPaidPDF"> <div class="self-serve"> <input type="hidden" class="SelfServeContentId" value="SigninModal_PurchaseOptions_NoAccessAndPaidPDF" /> <input type="hidden" class="SelfServeVersionId" value="0" /> <div class="modal--title">Purchase access</div> <hr> <button class="modal--btn js-btn-subscribe-journal" type="button" role="button"> <div class="text-truncate">Subscribe to journal</div> </button> <div class="modal--btn-desc">Get full journal access for 1 year</div> <button class="modal--btn js-btn-purchase-article" type="button" role="button"> <div class="text-truncate">Buy article</div> </button> <div class="modal--btn-desc">Get unlimited access and a printable PDF ($40.00)—<br> <em>Sign in or create a free account</em></div> <!--<div class="jn-selfServe-modal-label">JAMA Pediatrics|SigninModal_PurchaseOptions_NoAccessAndPaidPDF</div>--> </div> </div> <div class="widget-DeepDyve widget-instance-AMA_PaidPDF_DeepDyve"> <button type="button" role="button" class="modal--btn js-deepdyve-link hiddenRentalLink" data-deepdyveurl="https://www.deepdyve.com/doc-view?docId=10.1001/jamapediatrics.2022.3822&amp;fieldName=journal_doi&amp;affiliateId=JAMA" data-doi="10.1001/jamapediatrics.2022.3822" data-fieldname="journal_doi" data-issneissn="2168-6203" data-affiliate="JAMA">Rent article</button> <div class="modal--btn-desc js-deepdyve-desc hiddenRentalLink">Rent this article from DeepDyve</div> </div> </div> <a class="close-reveal-modal icon-close"></a> </div> <div class="js-modal-free-pdf-reveal no-access reveal-modal modal tiny" data-reveal> <div class="modal--box"> <div class="modal--title">Sign in to access free PDF</div> <hr /> <button type="button" role="button" class="modal--btn js-btn-signin-personal" data-oauth-signin-url="https://jamanetwork.com/oauthsignin?return_url=https%3a%2f%2fjamanetwork.com%2fjournals%2fjamapediatrics%2ffullarticle%2f2797600"> Sign in<span class="fw-normal"> | personal account</span> </button> <div class="widget-AmaAdvancedSeamlessAccess widget-instance-AMA_FreePdf_AdvancedSeamlessAccessButton"> <div class="seamless-access-button--wrap"> <button class="d-flex sa-button align-items-center" role="button" type="button"> <div class="sa-button-logo-wrap"> <img src="//cdn.jamanetwork.com/UI/app/svg/seamless-access.svg" class="sa-button-logo" alt="Seamless Access Logo" /> </div> <div class="d-flex justify-content-center align-items-center sa-button-text text-truncate"> <div class="sa-button-text-primary text-truncate">Access through your institution</div> </div> </button> <div class="sa-access-text text-truncate hide"> <div class="sa-cta-access"><span>Add or change institution</span></div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="widget-SelfServeContent widget-instance-AMA_FreePdf_SigninModal_CreateAccount"> <div class="self-serve"> <input type="hidden" class="SelfServeContentId" value="SigninModal_CreateAccount" /> <input type="hidden" class="SelfServeVersionId" value="0" /> <div class="modal--title">Free access to newly published articles</div> <hr> <button class="modal--btn js-btn-create-personal-account" type="button" role="button"> <div class="text-truncate">Create a free personal account</div> </button> <div class="modal--btn-desc">To register for email alerts, access free PDF, and more</div> <!--<div class="jn-selfServe-modal-label">JAMA Pediatrics|SigninModal_CreateAccount</div>--> </div> </div> </div> <a class="close-reveal-modal icon-close"></a> </div> <div class="js-modal-save-search-reveal no-access reveal-modal modal tiny" data-reveal> <div class="modal--box"> <div class="modal--title">Save your search</div> <hr /> <button type="button" role="button" class="modal--btn js-btn-signin-personal" data-oauth-signin-url="https://jamanetwork.com/oauthsignin?return_url=https%3a%2f%2fjamanetwork.com%2fjournals%2fjamapediatrics%2ffullarticle%2f2797600"> Sign in<span class="fw-normal"> | personal account</span> </button> <div class="widget-SelfServeContent widget-instance-AMA_SaveSearch_SigninModal_CreateAccount"> <div class="self-serve"> <input type="hidden" class="SelfServeContentId" value="SigninModal_CreateAccount" /> <input type="hidden" class="SelfServeVersionId" value="0" /> <div class="modal--title">Free access to newly published articles</div> <hr> <button class="modal--btn js-btn-create-personal-account" type="button" role="button"> <div class="text-truncate">Create a free personal account</div> </button> <div class="modal--btn-desc">To register for email alerts, access free PDF, and more</div> <!--<div class="jn-selfServe-modal-label">JAMA Pediatrics|SigninModal_CreateAccount</div>--> </div> </div> <div class="widget-SelfServeContent widget-instance-AMA_SigninModal_PurchaseOptions_SaveSearch"> <div class="self-serve"> <input type="hidden" class="SelfServeContentId" value="SigninModal_PurchaseOptions_SaveSearch" /> <input type="hidden" class="SelfServeVersionId" value="0" /> <div class="modal--title">Purchase access</div> <hr /> <button class="modal--btn js-btn-subscribe-now">Subscribe now</button> <!--<div class="jn-selfServe-modal-label">JAMA Pediatrics|SigninModal_PurchaseOptions_SaveSearch</div>--> </div> </div> </div> <a class="close-reveal-modal icon-close"></a> </div> <div class="js-modal-follow-collection-reveal no-access reveal-modal modal tiny" data-reveal> <div class="modal--box"> <div class="modal--title">Customize your interests</div> <hr /> <button type="button" role="button" class="modal--btn js-btn-signin-personal" data-oauth-signin-url="https://jamanetwork.com/oauthsignin?return_url=https%3a%2f%2fjamanetwork.com%2fjournals%2fjamapediatrics%2ffullarticle%2f2797600"> Sign in<span class="fw-normal"> | personal account</span> </button> <div class="widget-SelfServeContent widget-instance-AMA_FollowCollection_SigninModal_CreateAccount"> <div class="self-serve"> <input type="hidden" class="SelfServeContentId" value="SigninModal_CreateAccount" /> <input type="hidden" class="SelfServeVersionId" value="0" /> <div class="modal--title">Free access to newly published articles</div> <hr> <button class="modal--btn js-btn-create-personal-account" type="button" role="button"> <div class="text-truncate">Create a free personal account</div> </button> <div class="modal--btn-desc">To register for email alerts, access free PDF, and more</div> <!--<div class="jn-selfServe-modal-label">JAMA Pediatrics|SigninModal_CreateAccount</div>--> </div> </div> <div class="widget-SelfServeContent widget-instance-AMA_SigninModal_PurchaseOptions_FollowCollection"> <div class="self-serve"> <input type="hidden" class="SelfServeContentId" value="SigninModal_PurchaseOptions_FollowCollection" /> <input type="hidden" class="SelfServeVersionId" value="0" /> <div class="modal--sub-title">Create a personal account or sign in to:</div> <ul> <li>Register for email alerts with links to free full-text articles</li> <li>Access PDFs of free articles</li> <li>Manage your interests</li> <li>Save searches and receive search alerts</li> <ul> <!--<div class="jn-selfServe-modal-label">JAMA Pediatrics|SigninModal_PurchaseOptions_FollowCollection</div>--> </div> </div> <div class="modal--link-wrap"> <a class="modal--link" href="/pages/privacy-policy" rel="nofollow">Privacy Policy</a> </div> </div> <a class="close-reveal-modal icon-close"></a> </div> <div class="js-modal-user-comment-reveal no-access reveal-modal modal tiny" data-reveal> <div class="modal--box"> <div class="modal--title">Make a comment</div> <hr /> <button type="button" role="button" class="modal--btn js-btn-signin-personal" data-oauth-signin-url="https://jamanetwork.com/oauthsignin?return_url=https%3a%2f%2fjamanetwork.com%2fjournals%2fjamapediatrics%2ffullarticle%2f2797600"> Sign in<span class="fw-normal"> | personal account</span> </button> <div class="widget-SelfServeContent widget-instance-AMA_UserComment_SigninModal_CreateAccount"> <div class="self-serve"> <input type="hidden" class="SelfServeContentId" value="SigninModal_CreateAccount" /> <input type="hidden" class="SelfServeVersionId" value="0" /> <div class="modal--title">Free access to newly published articles</div> <hr> <button class="modal--btn js-btn-create-personal-account" type="button" role="button"> <div class="text-truncate">Create a free personal account</div> </button> <div class="modal--btn-desc">To register for email alerts, access free PDF, and more</div> <!--<div class="jn-selfServe-modal-label">JAMA Pediatrics|SigninModal_CreateAccount</div>--> </div> </div> <div class="widget-SelfServeContent widget-instance-AMA_SigninModal_PurchaseOptions_UserComment"> <div class="self-serve"> <input type="hidden" class="SelfServeContentId" value="SigninModal_PurchaseOptions_UserComment" /> <input type="hidden" class="SelfServeVersionId" value="0" /> <div class="modal--sub-title">Create a personal account or sign in to:</div> <ul> <li>Register for email alerts with links to free full-text articles</li> <li>Access PDFs of free articles</li> <li>Manage your interests</li> <li>Save searches and receive search alerts</li> <ul> <!--<div class="jn-selfServe-modal-label">JAMA Pediatrics|SigninModal_PurchaseOptions_UserComment</div>--> </div> </div> <div class="modal--link-wrap"> <a class="modal--link" href="/pages/privacy-policy" rel="nofollow">Privacy Policy</a> </div> </div> <a class="close-reveal-modal icon-close"></a> </div> <div class="hidden-true js-modal-page-data" data-store-url="https://store.jamanetwork.com" data-store-purchase-url="https://jamanetwork.com/oauthsignin?return_url=https://store.jamanetwork.com" data-store-subscribe-url="https://store.jamanetwork.com/index.aspx?productcode=60"> </div> </div> <script src="//cdn.jamanetwork.com/UI/app/vendor/jquery-2.2.4.min.js?v=638654734634555810"></script> <script>window.jQuery || document.write('<script src="/UI/app/vendor/jquery-2.2.4.min.js">\x3C/script>')</script> <script src="//cdn.jamanetwork.com/UI/app/dist/app.min.js?v=638677764559592887" defer></script> <script src="//cdn.jsdelivr.net/chartist.js/latest/chartist.min.js" type="text/javascript"></script> <script src="//d1bxh8uas1mnw7.cloudfront.net/assets/embed.js" type="text/javascript"></script> <script defer src='//js.trendmd.com/trendmd.min.js' data-trendmdconfig='{"element":"#trendmd-suggestions"}'></script> <script type='text/javascript' src='https://platform-api.sharethis.com/js/sharethis.js#property=643701de45aa460012e1032e&amp;product=sop' async='async'></script> </form> <link rel="stylesheet" href="//cdn.jamanetwork.com/UI/app/scss/modules/_trendMD.css"> <div class="widget-CustomJSScript widget-instance-"> <script src="//cdn.jamanetwork.com/ama/ama.proxylogging.js" async></script> </div> </body> </html>

Pages: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10