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</div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Phonology-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Phonology subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Phonology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Consonants" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Consonants"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Consonants</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Consonants-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Allophony" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Allophony"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Allophony</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Allophony-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vowels" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vowels"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Vowels</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vowels-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Allophony_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Allophony_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Allophony</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Allophony_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Front_vowels" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Front_vowels"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4.1</span> <span>Front vowels</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Front_vowels-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Back_vowels" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Back_vowels"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4.2</span> <span>Back vowels</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Back_vowels-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Morphology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Morphology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Morphology</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Morphology-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Morphology subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Morphology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Pronouns" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pronouns"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Pronouns</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pronouns-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Syntax" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Syntax"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Syntax</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Syntax-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Gulf Arabic</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 37 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-37" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">37 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%87%D8%AC%D8%A9_%D8%AE%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%AC%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="لهجة خليجية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="لهجة خليجية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81rabe_del_Golfu" title="Árabe del Golfu – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Árabe del Golfu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C6%8Fr%C9%99b_dilinin_%C4%B0ran_k%C3%B6rf%C9%99zi_dialekti" title="Ərəb dilinin İran körfəzi dialekti – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Ərəb dilinin İran körfəzi dialekti" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%AC%DB%8C_%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A8%DB%8C" title="خلیجی عربی – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="خلیجی عربی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC_%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF_%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B7%E0%A6%BE" title="উপসাগরীয় আরবি ভাষা – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="উপসাগরীয় আরবি ভাষা" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabeg_ar_Pleg-mor" title="Arabeg ar Pleg-mor – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Arabeg ar Pleg-mor" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%80rab_del_Golf" title="Àrab del Golf – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Àrab del Golf" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golf-Arabisch" title="Golf-Arabisch – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Golf-Arabisch" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81rabe_del_Golfo" title="Árabe del Golfo – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Árabe del Golfo" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golfa_araba" title="Golfa araba – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Golfa araba" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golkoko_arabiera" title="Golkoko arabiera – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Golkoko arabiera" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A8%DB%8C_%D8%AE%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%AC%DB%8C" title="عربی خلیجی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="عربی خلیجی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabe_du_Golfe" title="Arabe du Golfe – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Arabe du Golfe" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zaljevski_arapski" title="Zaljevski arapski – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Zaljevski arapski" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Arab_Teluk" title="Bahasa Arab Teluk – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Bahasa Arab Teluk" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_araba_del_Golfo" title="Lingua araba del Golfo – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Lingua araba del Golfo" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golfarabisch" title="Golfarabisch – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Golfarabisch" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BF%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%98%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Заливски арапски јазик – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Заливски арапски јазик" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Arab_Teluk" title="Bahasa Arab Teluk – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Bahasa Arab Teluk" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%83%A9%E3%83%93%E3%82%A2%E8%AA%9E%E6%B9%BE%E5%B2%B8%E6%96%B9%E8%A8%80" title="アラビア語湾岸方言 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="アラビア語湾岸方言" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golf_Arabic" title="Golf Arabic – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Golf Arabic" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%AC%DB%8C_%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A8%DB%8C" title="خلیجی عربی – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="خلیجی عربی" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenga_ar%C3%A0bica_Gulf" title="Lenga aràbica Gulf – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Lenga aràbica Gulf" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C4%99zyk_arabski_rejonu_Zatoki_Perskiej" title="Język arabski rejonu Zatoki Perskiej – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Język arabski rejonu Zatoki Perskiej" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81rabe_khaliji" title="Árabe khaliji – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Árabe khaliji" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82_%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B4%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Арабский диалект Персидского залива – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Арабский диалект Персидского залива" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulf_Arabic" title="Gulf Arabic – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Gulf Arabic" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulf_Arabic" title="Gulf Arabic – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Gulf Arabic" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zaljevski_arapski" title="Zaljevski arapski – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Zaljevski arapski" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabeng_Gulf" title="Arabeng Gulf – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Arabeng Gulf" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%B3%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%BE_%E0%AE%85%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%81_%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%B4%E0%AE%BF" title="வளைகுடா அரபு மொழி – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="வளைகுடா அரபு மொழி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%AD%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A7" title="ภาษาอาหรับอ่าว – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ภาษาอาหรับอ่าว" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B3%D1%96%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%83_%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%97_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B8" title="Арабська мова регіону Перської затоки – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Арабська мова регіону Перської затоки" 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data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vevent infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above above" style="font-size:125%; color: black; background-color: #faecc8;">Gulf Arabic<br />Khaleeji</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-size:110%; color: black; background-color: #faecc8;"><span title="Gulf Arabic-language text"><span lang="afb" dir="rtl">خليجي</span></span>, <i><span title="Gulf Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="afb-Latn">Ḵalījī</i></span></i><br /><span title="Gulf Arabic-language text"><span lang="afb" dir="rtl">اللهجة الخليجية</span></span>, <i><span title="Gulf Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="afb-Latn">il-lahja al-Ḵalījīya</i></span></i></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Pronunciation</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="ar-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Arabic" title="Help:IPA/Arabic">[χɑˈliːdʒiː]</a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Native to</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Bahrain" title="Bahrain">Bahrain</a>, <a href="/wiki/Qatar" title="Qatar">Qatar</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates" title="United Arab Emirates">UAE</a>, and parts of <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oman" title="Oman">Oman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kuwait" title="Kuwait">Kuwait</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Speakers</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">11 million (2018–2021)<sup id="cite_ref-e27_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-e27-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><span class="wrap"><a href="/wiki/Language_family" title="Language family">Language family</a></span></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Afroasiatic_languages" title="Afroasiatic languages">Afro-Asiatic</a> <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:1.35em;padding-left:0"><li> <a href="/wiki/Semitic_languages" title="Semitic languages">Semitic</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/West_Semitic_languages" title="West Semitic languages">West Semitic</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Semitic_languages" title="Central Semitic languages">Central Semitic</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Peninsular_Arabic" title="Peninsular Arabic">Peninsular</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><b>Gulf Arabic<br />Khaleeji</b></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr class="plainlist"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Dialects</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bahraini_Gulf_Arabic" title="Bahraini Gulf Arabic">Bahraini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emirati_Arabic" title="Emirati Arabic">Emirati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuwaiti_Arabic" title="Kuwaiti Arabic">Kuwaiti</a></li></ul> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><span class="wrap"><a href="/wiki/Writing_system" title="Writing system">Writing system</a></span></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Arabic_alphabet" title="Arabic alphabet">Arabic alphabet</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: black; background-color: #faecc8;">Language codes</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-3" title="ISO 639-3">ISO 639-3</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a href="https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/afb" class="extiw" title="iso639-3:afb">afb</a></code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><i><a href="/wiki/Glottolog" title="Glottolog">Glottolog</a></i></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/gulf1241">gulf1241</a></code></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:%C3%81rabe_del_Golfo.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/%C3%81rabe_del_Golfo.PNG/320px-%C3%81rabe_del_Golfo.PNG" decoding="async" width="320" height="305" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/%C3%81rabe_del_Golfo.PNG/480px-%C3%81rabe_del_Golfo.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/%C3%81rabe_del_Golfo.PNG/640px-%C3%81rabe_del_Golfo.PNG 2x" data-file-width="688" data-file-height="656" /></a></span><div style="text-align:left;">Areas where Gulf Arabic is spoken (areas where it is the majority language in dark blue)</div></td></tr></tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236303919">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}</style> <p><b>Gulf Arabic</b> or <b>Khaleeji</b> (<span title="Gulf Arabic-language text"><span lang="afb" dir="rtl">خليجي</span></span> <i><span title="Gulf Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="afb-Latn">Ḵalījī</i></span></i> <small>local pronunciation:</small> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="ar-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Arabic" title="Help:IPA/Arabic">[χɑˈliːdʒiː]</a></span> or <span title="Gulf Arabic-language text"><span lang="afb" dir="rtl">اللهجة الخليجية</span></span> <i><span title="Gulf Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="afb-Latn">il-lahja il-Ḵalījīya</i></span></i>, <small>local pronunciation:</small> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="ar-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Arabic" title="Help:IPA/Arabic">[(ɪ)lˈlæhdʒæ<span class="wrap"> </span>lχɑˈliːdʒiːjæ]</a></span>) is a <a href="/wiki/Varieties_of_Arabic" title="Varieties of Arabic">variety</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic language</a> spoken in <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Arabia" title="Eastern Arabia">Eastern Arabia</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoles2001xvi–xvii_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoles2001xvi–xvii-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> around the <a href="/wiki/Coast" title="Coast">coasts</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Persian_Gulf" title="Persian Gulf">Persian Gulf</a> in <a href="/wiki/Kuwaiti_Arabic" title="Kuwaiti Arabic">Kuwait</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bahrani_Arabic" title="Bahrani Arabic">Bahrain</a>, <a href="/wiki/Qatar" title="Qatar">Qatar</a>, the <a href="/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates" title="United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a>, southern <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> eastern <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a>, northern <a href="/wiki/Oman" title="Oman">Oman</a>, and by some <a href="/wiki/Iranian_Arabs" title="Iranian Arabs">Iranian Arabs</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Gulf Arabic can be defined as a set of closely related and more-or-less mutually intelligible varieties that form a <a href="/wiki/Dialect_continuum" title="Dialect continuum">dialect continuum</a>, with the level of mutual intelligibility between any two varieties largely depending on the distance between them. Similar to other <a href="/wiki/Arabic#Dialects_and_descendants" title="Arabic">Arabic varieties</a>, Gulf Arabic varieties are not completely mutually intelligible with other <a href="/wiki/Arabic_varieties" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic varieties">Arabic varieties</a> spoken outside the Gulf.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEQafisheh1977xvii_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEQafisheh1977xvii-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The specific dialects differ in <a href="/wiki/Vocabulary" title="Vocabulary">vocabulary</a>, grammar and <a href="/wiki/Accent_(sociolinguistics)" title="Accent (sociolinguistics)">accent</a>. There are considerable differences between, for instance, <a href="/wiki/Kuwaiti_Arabic" title="Kuwaiti Arabic">Kuwaiti Arabic</a> and the dialects of Qatar and the UAE, especially in pronunciation, that may hinder mutual intelligibility.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoles2001?_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoles2001?-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Gulf has two major dialect types that differ phonologically and morphologically, typically referred to as <i>badawī</i> ('Bedouin') and <i>ḥadarī</i> ('sedentary'), the differences marking important cultural differences between those who historically practiced <a href="/wiki/Pastoralism" title="Pastoralism">pastoralism</a> and those who were <a href="/wiki/Sedentism" title="Sedentism">sedentary</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVersteegh2006212_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVersteegh2006212-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Gulf varieties' closest related relatives are other dialects native to the <a href="/wiki/Arabian_Peninsula" title="Arabian Peninsula">Arabian Peninsula</a>, i.e. <a href="/wiki/Najdi_Arabic" title="Najdi Arabic">Najdi Arabic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mesopotamian_Arabic" title="Mesopotamian Arabic">Mesopotamian Arabic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bahrani_Arabic" title="Bahrani Arabic">Bahrani Arabic</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrawley200338_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrawley200338-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-per_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-per-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although spoken over much of Saudi Arabia's area, Gulf Arabic is not the native tongue of most Saudis, as the majority of them do not live in <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Arabia" title="Eastern Arabia">Eastern Arabia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoles2001?_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoles2001?-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are some 200,000 Gulf Arabic speakers in the country, out of a population of over 30 million, mostly in the aforementioned Eastern Province.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrawley200338_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrawley200338-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-per_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-per-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Name">Name</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gulf_Arabic&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Name"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Peninsular_Arabic.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Peninsular_Arabic.svg/250px-Peninsular_Arabic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="259" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Peninsular_Arabic.svg/375px-Peninsular_Arabic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Peninsular_Arabic.svg/500px-Peninsular_Arabic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="501" data-file-height="519" /></a><figcaption> <a href="/wiki/Peninsular_Arabic" title="Peninsular Arabic">Peninsular Arabic</a> varieties (Gulf Arabic indicated by dark maroon)</figcaption></figure> <p>The dialect's full name <i><span title="Gulf Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="afb-Latn">el-lahja el-Khalijiyya</i></span></i> (<span title="Gulf Arabic-language text"><span lang="afb" dir="rtl">اللهجة الخليجية</span></span> <small>local pronunciation:</small> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="ar-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Arabic" title="Help:IPA/Arabic">[elˈlæhdʒæ<span class="wrap"> </span>lxɑˈliːdʒɪj.jæ]</a></span>) can be translated as 'the dialect of the gulf'. However, it is most commonly referred to as Khaliji (<span title="Gulf Arabic-language text"><span lang="afb" dir="rtl">خليجي</span></span> <i><span title="Gulf Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="afb-Latn">Khalījī</i></span></i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="ar-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Arabic" title="Help:IPA/Arabic">[xɑˈliːdʒi]</a></span>), in which the noun <span title="Gulf Arabic-language text"><span lang="afb" dir="rtl">خليج</span></span> (<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="ar-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Arabic" title="Help:IPA/Arabic">[xɑˈliːdʒ]</a></span>; <i><span title="Gulf Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="afb-Latn">Khalīj</i></span></i>) has been suffixed with the <a href="/wiki/Arabic_nouns_and_adjectives#Nisba" title="Arabic nouns and adjectives">Nisba</a>, literally meaning 'of the bay' or 'of the gulf'.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAwdeSmith200388_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAwdeSmith200388-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Phonology">Phonology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gulf_Arabic&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Phonology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Consonants">Consonants</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gulf_Arabic&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Consonants"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"> <caption>Gulf Arabic consonant phonemes<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoles1990260–4_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoles1990260–4-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" rowspan="2"> </th> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Labial_consonant" title="Labial consonant">Labial</a> </th> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Interdental_consonant" title="Interdental consonant">Dental</a> </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Denti-alveolar_consonant" title="Denti-alveolar consonant">Denti-alveolar</a> </th> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Palatal_consonant" title="Palatal consonant">Palatal</a> </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Dorsal_consonant" title="Dorsal consonant">Dorsal</a> </th> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Pharyngeal_consonant" title="Pharyngeal consonant">Pharyn-<br />geal</a> </th> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Glottal_consonant" title="Glottal consonant">Glottal</a> </th></tr> <tr style="font-size: 80%;"> <th>plain </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Emphatic_consonant" title="Emphatic consonant">emphatic</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Velar_consonant" title="Velar consonant">Velar</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Uvular_consonant" title="Uvular consonant">Uvular</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Nasal_stop" class="mw-redirect" title="Nasal stop">Nasal</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_nasal" title="Voiced bilabial nasal">m</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_nasal" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar nasal">n</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Plosive_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Plosive consonant">Plosive</a> </th> <th style="font-size: 80%;"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless consonant">voiceless</a> </th> <td>(<span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiceless bilabial plosive">p</a></span>) </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_dental_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless dental plosive">t</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">tˤ</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_postalveolar_affricate" title="Voiceless postalveolar affricate">tʃ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_plosive" title="Voiceless velar plosive">k</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_uvular_plosive" title="Voiceless uvular plosive">q</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Glottal_stop" title="Glottal stop">ʔ</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="font-size: 80%;"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced consonant">voiced</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiced bilabial plosive">b</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_dental_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced dental plosive">d</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_postalveolar_affricate" title="Voiced postalveolar affricate">dʒ</a></span> </td> <td colspan="2"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ɡ</span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Fricative_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Fricative consonant">Fricative</a> </th> <th style="font-size: 80%;"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless consonant">voiceless</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_labiodental_fricative" title="Voiceless labiodental fricative">f</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_dental_fricative" title="Voiceless dental fricative">θ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_dental_sibilant_fricative" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless dental sibilant fricative">s</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">sˤ</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_postalveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless postalveolar fricative">ʃ</a></span> </td> <td colspan="2"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">x</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_pharyngeal_fricative" title="Voiceless pharyngeal fricative">ħ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_glottal_fricative" title="Voiceless glottal fricative">h</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="font-size: 80%;"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced consonant">voiced</a> </th> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_dental_fricative" title="Voiced dental fricative">ð</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_dental_sibilant_fricative" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced dental sibilant fricative">z</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ðˤ</span> </td> <td> </td> <td colspan="2"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ɣ</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_pharyngeal_fricative" title="Voiced pharyngeal fricative">ʕ</a></span> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Trill_consonant" title="Trill consonant">Trill</a> </th> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_trill" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar trill">r</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Approximant_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Approximant consonant">Approximant</a> </th> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_lateral_approximant" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar lateral approximant">l</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_approximant" title="Voiced palatal approximant">j</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_labial%E2%80%93velar_approximant" title="Voiced labial–velar approximant">w</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Phonetic notes: </p> <ul><li><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/p/</span> only occurs in loanwords;<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoles200151_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoles200151-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the non-native letter <span class="nowrap">⟨<span title="Gulf Arabic-language text"><span lang="afb" dir="rtl">پ</span></span>⟩</span>, or its native counterpart <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/b/</span> <span class="nowrap">⟨<span title="Gulf Arabic-language text"><span lang="afb" dir="rtl">ب</span></span>⟩</span>, are used to denote this sound e.g.: <i>piyāḷah</i> (<span title="Gulf Arabic-language text"><span lang="afb" dir="rtl">پيالة</span></span> or <span title="Gulf Arabic-language text"><span lang="afb" dir="rtl">بيالة</span></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[pijɒːlˤɒh]</span>, 'small glass'), from <a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li>A feature that distinguishes Gulf Arabic dialects from other Arabic varieties is the retention of the dental fricatives <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/θ/</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ð/</span>, which in many other dialects merged with other sounds; similarly, the reflex of the merger of classical *<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɮˤ/</span> <span class="nowrap">⟨<span title="Gulf Arabic-language text"><span lang="afb" dir="rtl">ض</span></span>⟩</span> and *<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ðˤ/</span> <span class="nowrap">⟨<span title="Gulf Arabic-language text"><span lang="afb" dir="rtl">ظ</span></span>⟩</span> is often <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/dˤ/</span> in some dialects but is a fricative (either <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ðˤ/</span> or <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/zˤ/</span>) in Gulf dialects.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKhalifaHabashAbdulrahimHassan2016_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKhalifaHabashAbdulrahimHassan2016-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoles200151_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoles200151-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It shares this feature with most Peninsular and Mesopotamian dialects.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɮˤ/</span> <span class="nowrap">⟨<span title="Gulf Arabic-language text"><span lang="afb" dir="rtl">ض</span></span>⟩</span> has merged to <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ðˤ/</span> <span class="nowrap">⟨<span title="Gulf Arabic-language text"><span lang="afb" dir="rtl">ظ</span></span>⟩</span>.</li> <li>Historically, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/q/</span> became <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɡ]</span> in Gulf Arabic. Due to influence from MSA, the sound was reintroduced in a handful of classicisms.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoles1990265_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoles1990265-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A number of speakers realize this restricted phoneme as a voiced uvular stop;<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoles1990261_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoles1990261-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> these same speakers have post-velar or uvular realizations of <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/x/</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɣ/</span> (<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[χ]</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ʁ]</span>, respectively).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoles1990262_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoles1990262-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For such speakers, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɢ]</span> and the <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ʁ]</span> are in free variation while other speakers distinguish <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/q/</span> from <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɣ/</span>. Thus <span title="Gulf Arabic-language text"><span lang="afb" dir="rtl">قرآن</span></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/qurʔaːn/</span> may be realized as <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɢɪrʔaːn]</span> or <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ʁɪrʔaːn]</span> for such speakers.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoles1990262,_265_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoles1990262,_265-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The emphatic consonants <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/tˤ<span class="wrap"> </span>dˤ<span class="wrap"> </span>sˤ<span class="wrap"> </span>ðˤ/</span> are variably described in the literature as having secondary velarization or pharyngealization. Other emphatic consonants can be found, but these are the result of a process that spreads the velarization/pharyngealization of these sounds on surrounding consonants. E.g. <span title="Gulf Arabic-language text"><span lang="afb" dir="rtl">بطولة</span></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/butˤuːla/</span> ('championship') <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[bˤʊtˤʊːla]</span>('championship').<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoles1990264_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoles1990264-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Allophony">Allophony</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gulf_Arabic&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Allophony"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/k/</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɡ/</span> are often palatalized when occurring before front vowels unless the following consonant is emphatic. The actual realization is in free variation, and can be <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[kʲ<span class="wrap"> </span>ɡʲ]</span> or, more commonly, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[tʃ<span class="wrap"> </span>dʒ]</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoles1990261_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoles1990261-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAl-Rojaie201343_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAl-Rojaie201343-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Speakers who exhibit variation between <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɡʲ]</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[dʒ]</span> do so in words derived from historical <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/q/</span> (e.g. <span title="Gulf Arabic-language text"><span lang="afb" dir="rtl">مقابل</span></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[mɪgʲæːbɪl~mɪdʒæːbɪl]</span> 'opposite'); <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[j]</span> is a contemporary reflex of historical <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/dʒ/</span> and so there are also sets of words where <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[dʒ]</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[j]</span> appear in free variation (e.g. (e.g. <span title="Gulf Arabic-language text"><span lang="afb" dir="rtl">جار</span></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[dʒæːr~jæːr]</span> 'neighbor').<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoles1990262_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoles1990262-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAl-Amadihi1985180_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAl-Amadihi1985180-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Voiced stops tend to devoice in utterance-final position, especially as the final element in clusters, e.g. <span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">كلب</span></span> ('dog') <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/kalb/</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[tʃælp]</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoles1990261_15-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoles1990261-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A notable aspect of Gulf Arabic is the different realization of a number of phonemes inherited from <a href="/wiki/Classical_Arabic" title="Classical Arabic">Classical Arabic</a>. These differences are the result, in part, of natural linguistic changes over time. After these changes occurred, the original sounds (or close approximations to them) were reintroduced as a result of contact with other dialects, as well as through influence of <a href="/wiki/Modern_Standard_Arabic" title="Modern Standard Arabic">Modern Standard Arabic</a> as a language of media, government, and religion. For many of these sounds, speakers exhibit free variation between the MSA form and the colloquial form.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAl-Amadihi1985180_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAl-Amadihi1985180-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The following table provides a rough outline of these differences: </p> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"> <tbody><tr> <th>Letter</th> <th><a href="/wiki/Modern_Standard_Arabic" title="Modern Standard Arabic">MSA</a> pronunciation</th> <th>Khaliji varieties</th> <th>Examples</th> <th>Notes </th></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Gulf Arabic-language text"><span lang="afb" dir="rtl">ج</span></span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_postalveolar_affricate" title="Voiced postalveolar affricate">d͡ʒ</a>/</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_approximant" title="Voiced palatal approximant">j</a>]</span> or <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[d͡ʒ]</span></td> <td><i>mōy</i> or <i>mōj</i> (<span title="Gulf Arabic-language text"><span lang="afb" dir="rtl">موج</span></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="ar-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Arabic" title="Help:IPA/Arabic">[moːj]</a></span> or <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[moːd͡ʒ]</span>, 'wave');<br /> <i>masyid</i> or <i>masjid</i> (<span title="Gulf Arabic-language text"><span lang="afb" dir="rtl">مسجد</span></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ˈmɒsjɪd]</span> or <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ˈmɒsd͡ʒɪd]</span>, 'mosque')</td> <td>Changes are optional, although <i>jim</i> (<span title="Gulf Arabic-language text"><span lang="afb" dir="rtl">ج</span></span>) never changes to <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_approximant" title="Voiced palatal approximant">j</a>]</span> in recent loanwords from MSA.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEQafisheh1977263_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEQafisheh1977263-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Gulf Arabic-language text"><span lang="afb" dir="rtl">ق</span></span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_uvular_plosive" title="Voiceless uvular plosive">q</a>/</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_uvular_plosive" title="Voiceless uvular plosive">q</a>/</span> (in Classical Arabic words); <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_plosive" title="Voiced velar plosive">ɡ</a>]</span> and, when followed by a front vowel (<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/a/</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/aː/</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/eː/</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/i/</span> or <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/iː/</span>) <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[d͡ʒ]</span></td> <td><i>jiddām</i> (<span title="Gulf Arabic-language text"><span lang="afb" dir="rtl">قدام</span></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="ar-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Arabic" title="Help:IPA/Arabic">[d͡ʒɪdˈdɑːm]</a></span> , 'in front of');<br /> <i>sharji</i> (<span title="Gulf Arabic-language text"><span lang="afb" dir="rtl">شرقي</span></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="ar-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Arabic" title="Help:IPA/Arabic">[ˈʃɑɾd͡ʒi]</a></span> 'eastern')</td> <td>Many Literary Arabic loanwords preserve the <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/q/</span> sound, but optionally use <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɡ/</span>. By Persian influence, extremely rarely the <i>qaf</i> (<span title="Gulf Arabic-language text"><span lang="afb" dir="rtl">ق</span></span>) changes to <i>ghayn</i> (<span title="Gulf Arabic-language text"><span lang="afb" dir="rtl">غ</span></span>) <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɣ/</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEQafisheh1977265_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEQafisheh1977265-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Gulf Arabic-language text"><span lang="afb" dir="rtl">غ</span></span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɣ/</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɣ]</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[q]</span></td> <td><i>qannā</i> (<span title="Gulf Arabic-language text"><span lang="afb" dir="rtl">غنى</span></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ˈqɑnnæ]</span>, 'to sing')</td> <td><i>Ghayn</i> occasionally changes to <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[q]</span> or <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɡ/</span> by Persian influence.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEQafisheh1977266_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEQafisheh1977266-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Gulf Arabic-language text"><span lang="afb" dir="rtl">ك</span></span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_plosive" title="Voiceless velar plosive">k</a>/</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_plosive" title="Voiceless velar plosive">k</a>/</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_postalveolar_affricate" title="Voiceless postalveolar affricate">t͡ʃ</a>]</span> if preceded or followed by a front vowel or if 2nd person feminine singular suffixed/object pronoun</td> <td><i>ubūch</i> (<span title="Gulf Arabic-language text"><span lang="afb" dir="rtl">أبوك</span></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="ar-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Arabic" title="Help:IPA/Arabic">[ʔʊˈbʊːt͡ʃ]</a></span>; 'your [f.sg.] father')</td> <td>This change is optional, but encountered with more often when the <i>kaf</i> (<span title="Gulf Arabic-language text"><span lang="afb" dir="rtl">ك</span></span>) is used to denote the 2nd person feminine singular suffixed/object pronoun.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEQafisheh1977267_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEQafisheh1977267-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAl-Rojaie201348_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAl-Rojaie201348-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Gulf Arabic-language text"><span lang="afb" dir="rtl">ض</span></span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Pharyngealization" title="Pharyngealization">dˤ</a>/</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Pharyngealization" title="Pharyngealization">ðˤ</a>]</span></td> <td><i>ẓāʼ</i> (<span title="Gulf Arabic-language text"><span lang="afb" dir="rtl">ضاع</span></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="ar-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Arabic" title="Help:IPA/Arabic">[ðˤɒːʕ]</a></span>, 'to lose')</td> <td><i>Ẓāʼ</i> (<span title="Gulf Arabic-language text"><span lang="afb" dir="rtl">ظ</span></span>) and <i>Ḍad</i> (<span title="Gulf Arabic-language text"><span lang="afb" dir="rtl">ض</span></span>) are not distinguished by pronunciation, as the Gulf dialects lack the emphatic <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[d]</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEQafisheh19772_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEQafisheh19772-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, they retain their orthographic distinction.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlmuhannadi2006_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlmuhannadi2006-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vowels">Vowels</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gulf_Arabic&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Vowels"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Gulf Arabic has five long vowels and three or four short <a href="/wiki/Monophthong" title="Monophthong">monophthongs</a>. Two recent studies point to a lack of phonemic contrast between [i] and [u], and Shockley (2020) argues that backness is not phonemically contrastive in short vowels.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShockley2020_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShockley2020-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeitnerAnonbyTaheri-ArdaliEl_Zarka2021_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeitnerAnonbyTaheri-ArdaliEl_Zarka2021-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The most recent grammar of Gulf Arabic similarly points to a reduced central vowel [ə] as a frequent reflex of all short vowels.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeungNtelitheosAl_Kaabi2020_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeungNtelitheosAl_Kaabi2020-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"> <caption>Gulf Arabic Vowel Phonemes<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoles1990264_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoles1990264-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2">  </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Front_vowel" title="Front vowel">Front</a> </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Back_vowel" title="Back vowel">Back</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Short_vowel" class="mw-redirect" title="Short vowel">short</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Long_vowel" class="mw-redirect" title="Long vowel">long</a> </th> <th>short </th> <th>long </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Close_vowel" title="Close vowel">Close</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">i</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">iː</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">u</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">uː</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Mid_vowel" title="Mid vowel">Mid</a> </th> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">eː</span> </td> <td>(<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">o</span>) </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">oː</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Open_vowel" title="Open vowel">Open</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">a</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">aː</span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Allophony_2">Allophony</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gulf_Arabic&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Allophony"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Regional variations in vowel pronunciation is considerable, particularly outside of educated speech. Unless otherwise noted, the following are major allophonic variants shared across the entire Gulf region. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Front_vowels">Front vowels</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gulf_Arabic&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Front vowels"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the context of <a href="/wiki/Emphatic_consonant" title="Emphatic consonant">emphatic consonants</a>, long <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/iː/</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/eː/</span> exhibit centralized vowel onglides and offglides.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoles1990264–5_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoles1990264–5-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example: </p> <ul><li><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/tˤiːn/</span> <span title="Gulf Arabic-language text"><span lang="afb" dir="rtl">طين</span></span> ('mud') → <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[tˤ<sup>ə</sup>iːn]</span>.</li> <li><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/sˤeːf/</span> <span title="Gulf Arabic-language text"><span lang="afb" dir="rtl">صيف</span></span> ('summer') → <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[sˤ<sup>ə</sup>eːf]</span> .</li> <li><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/tiħiːdˤ/</span> ('she menstruates') → <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[tɪħiː<sup>ə</sup>dˤ]</span>.</li></ul> <p>Similarly, the normal realization of short <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/i/</span> is <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɪ]</span> except in final position, where it is <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[i]</span>; when adjacent to emphatic, uvular, or bilabial consonants, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/i/</span> is centralized to <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɨ]</span>. </p> <ul><li><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/binti/</span> ('my daughter') → <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[bɪnti]</span>.</li> <li><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/kiˈtaːb/</span> <span title="Gulf Arabic-language text"><span lang="afb" dir="rtl">كتاب</span></span> ('book') → <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[kəˈtaːb]</span>.</li> <li><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ruːħi/</span> ('go! [f]') → <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[rʊːħi]</span>.</li></ul> <p>When between two emphatic, uvular, or bilabial consonants, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/i/</span> is fully backed to <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ʊ]</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShockley202038–39_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShockley202038–39-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/tˤibb/</span> <span title="Gulf Arabic-language text"><span lang="afb" dir="rtl">طِبّ</span></span> ('medicine') → <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[tˤʊbˤbˤ]</span>.</li></ul> <p><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɡallib/</span> <span title="Gulf Arabic-language text"><span lang="afb" dir="rtl">قَلِّب</span></span> ('turn over!') → <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[gɑlˤlˤʊbˤ]</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBukshaisha1985507_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBukshaisha1985507-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The normal realization of short <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/a/</span> is a front <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[æ]</span>;<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoles1990264–5_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoles1990264–5-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> when adjacent to <a href="/wiki/Dorsal_consonants" class="mw-redirect" title="Dorsal consonants">dorsal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pharyngeal_consonant" title="Pharyngeal consonant">pharyngeal</a> consonants, the normal realization is a back <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɑ]</span>; when adjacent to emphatic consonants (and, for some speakers, bilabial consonants), the realization is a back and rounded <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɒ]</span>:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoles1990264–5_31-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoles1990264–5-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/badu/</span> <span title="Gulf Arabic-language text"><span lang="afb" dir="rtl">بَدْو</span></span> ('<a href="/wiki/Bedouin" title="Bedouin">Bedouin</a>') → <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[bædu]</span>.</li> <li><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/baʕad/</span> ('after') → <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[bɑʕɑd]</span>.</li> <li><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɡahwa/</span> <span title="Gulf Arabic-language text"><span lang="afb" dir="rtl">قهوة</span></span> ('coffee') → <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɡɑhwɑ]</span>.</li> <li><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/sˤaff/</span> <span title="Gulf Arabic-language text"><span lang="afb" dir="rtl">صف</span></span> ('row') → <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[sˤɒfˤfˤ]</span>.</li></ul> <p>When both a dorsal/pharyngeal consonant and emphatic consonant are adjacent to a vowel, the realization is <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɒ]</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoles1990264–5_31-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoles1990264–5-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>For <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/aː/</span>, the pattern is largely the same except that, when adjacent to dorsal/pharyngeal consonants, the realization is <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[aː]</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoles1990264–5_31-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoles1990264–5-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/sˤaːm/</span> ('he fasted') → <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[sˤɒːmˤ]</span>.</li> <li><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɡaːl/</span> ('he said') → <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɡaːl]</span>.</li> <li><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ʕaːfja/</span> <span title="Gulf Arabic-language text"><span lang="afb" dir="rtl">عافية</span></span> ('health') → <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ʕaːfja]</span>.</li></ul> <p>Word-finally, long <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/aː/</span> is shortened and subjected to the same phonological rules as short <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/a/</span>. This shortening can lead to alternations based on morphological conditioning, e.g. <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɣadæ]</span> ('lunch') vs. <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɣadæːk]</span> ('your lunch').<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoles1990264–5_31-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoles1990264–5-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Back_vowels">Back vowels</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gulf_Arabic&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Back vowels"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/uː/</span> is normally realized as <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ʊː]</span>. Similarly, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/u/</span> is realized <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ʊ]</span> except when unstressed, in which case it is reduced to <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ə]</span> if it is not deleted altogether (e.g. <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/bujuːt/</span> → <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[bəjʊːt]</span> or <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[bjʊːt]</span> 'houses').<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoles1990264–5_31-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoles1990264–5-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The short vowel phoneme <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/o/</span> occurs rarely as a variant of the diphthong <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/aw/</span> in a handful of words (e.g. لو <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/lo/</span> 'if').<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEQafisheh197748_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEQafisheh197748-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Morphology">Morphology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gulf_Arabic&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Morphology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Similarly to other Arabic varieties, Gulf Arabic has lost much of the case inflection of Classical Arabic. Possession is marked with the particles <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/maːl-/</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ħaɡɡ-/</span>, which are attached to possessive enclitics.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoles1990170_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoles1990170-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pronouns">Pronouns</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gulf_Arabic&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Pronouns"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Gulf Arabic has 10 <a href="/wiki/Personal_pronoun" title="Personal pronoun">personal pronouns</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEQafisheh1977159_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEQafisheh1977159-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The conservative dialect has preserved the gender differentiation of the 2nd and 3rd person in the plural forms, whereas dual forms have not survived. The following table bears the generally most common pronouns: </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2">Person</th> <th>Singular</th> <th>Plural </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" colspan="2">1st </th> <td><i>ānā</i> (<span title="Gulf Arabic-language text"><span lang="afb" dir="rtl">آنَا</span></span>)</td> <td><i>niḥin</i> (<span title="Gulf Arabic-language text"><span lang="afb" dir="rtl">نِحِنْ</span></span>) </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" rowspan="2">2nd</th> <th><small>masculine</small> </th> <td><i>inta</i> (<span title="Gulf Arabic-language text"><span lang="afb" dir="rtl">إِنْتَ</span></span>)</td> <td><i>intum</i> (<span title="Gulf Arabic-language text"><span lang="afb" dir="rtl">إِنْتُمْ</span></span>) </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><small>feminine</small> </th> <td><i>inti</i> (<span title="Gulf Arabic-language text"><span lang="afb" dir="rtl">إِنْتِ</span></span>)</td> <td><i>intin</i><sup class="plainlinks nourlexpansion citation" id="ref_1"><a href="#endnote_1">1</a></sup> (<span title="Gulf Arabic-language text"><span lang="afb" dir="rtl">إِنْتِنْ</span></span>) </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" rowspan="2">3rd</th> <th><small>masculine</small> </th> <td><i>huwa</i> (<span title="Gulf Arabic-language text"><span lang="afb" dir="rtl">هُوَ</span></span>)</td> <td><i>hum</i> (<span title="Gulf Arabic-language text"><span lang="afb" dir="rtl">هُمْ</span></span>) </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><small>feminine</small> </th> <td><i>hiya</i> (<span title="Gulf Arabic-language text"><span lang="afb" dir="rtl">هِيَ</span></span>)</td> <td><i>hin</i><sup class="plainlinks nourlexpansion citation" id="ref_2"><a href="#endnote_2">2</a></sup> (<span title="Gulf Arabic-language text"><span lang="afb" dir="rtl">هِنْ</span></span>) </td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1041539562">.mw-parser-output .citation{word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}</style><span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_1"><b><a href="#ref_1">^1</a></b></span> Many speakers do not distinguish between masculine and feminine forms in the second person plural, replacing <i>intum</i> and <i>intin</i> with <i><b>intu</b></i> (<span title="Gulf Arabic-language text"><span lang="afb" dir="rtl">إنْتُ</span></span>).</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_2"><b><a href="#ref_2">^2</a></b></span> Speakers that do not distinguish between masculine and feminine forms in the third person plural will also use <i><b>hum</b></i> (<span title="Gulf Arabic-language text"><span lang="afb" dir="rtl">هُمْ</span></span>) for both genders in the third person plural, respectively.</li></ul> </div> <p>Some pronouns, however, have other (less frequent, resp. local) forms: </p> <ul><li><i><b>ānā</b></i> (<span title="Gulf Arabic-language text"><span lang="afb" dir="rtl">آنَا</span></span>): <dl><dd><i>anā</i> (<span title="Gulf Arabic-language text"><span lang="afb" dir="rtl">أَنَا</span></span>)</dd> <dd><i>āni</i> (<span title="Gulf Arabic-language text"><span lang="afb" dir="rtl">آنِي</span></span>) (especially <a href="/wiki/Bahrain" title="Bahrain">Baḥrānī</a>)</dd></dl></li> <li><i><b>inta</b></i> (<span title="Gulf Arabic-language text"><span lang="afb" dir="rtl">إِنْتَ</span></span>): <dl><dd><i>init</i> (<span title="Gulf Arabic-language text"><span lang="afb" dir="rtl">إِنِتْ</span></span>)</dd></dl></li> <li><i><b>huwa</b></i> (<span title="Gulf Arabic-language text"><span lang="afb" dir="rtl">هُوَ</span></span>): <dl><dd><i>hū</i> (<span title="Gulf Arabic-language text"><span lang="afb" dir="rtl">هُوْ</span></span>)</dd> <dd><i>huwwa</i> (<span title="Gulf Arabic-language text"><span lang="afb" dir="rtl">هُوَّ</span></span>) (especially <a href="/wiki/Qatar" title="Qatar">Qaṭarī</a>)</dd> <dd><i>uhu</i> (<span title="Gulf Arabic-language text"><span lang="afb" dir="rtl">أُهُو</span></span>)</dd></dl></li> <li><i><b>hiya</b></i> (<span title="Gulf Arabic-language text"><span lang="afb" dir="rtl">هِيَ</span></span>): <dl><dd><i>hī</i> (<span title="Gulf Arabic-language text"><span lang="afb" dir="rtl">هِيْ</span></span>)</dd> <dd><i>hiyya</i> (<span title="Gulf Arabic-language text"><span lang="afb" dir="rtl">هِيَّ</span></span>) (especially <a href="/wiki/Qatar" title="Qatar">Qaṭarī</a>)</dd> <dd><i>ihi</i> (<span title="Gulf Arabic-language text"><span lang="afb" dir="rtl">إِهِي</span></span>)</dd></dl></li> <li><i><b>niḥin</b></i> (<span title="Gulf Arabic-language text"><span lang="afb" dir="rtl">نِحِنْ</span></span>): <dl><dd><i>niḥna</i> (<span title="Gulf Arabic-language text"><span lang="afb" dir="rtl">نِحْنَ</span></span>)</dd> <dd><i>iḥna</i> (<span title="Gulf Arabic-language text"><span lang="afb" dir="rtl">إِحْنَا</span></span>) (especially <a href="/wiki/Bahrain" title="Bahrain">Baḥrānī</a> and <a href="/wiki/Qatar" title="Qatar">Qaṭarī</a>)</dd> <dd><i>ḥina</i> (<span title="Gulf Arabic-language text"><span lang="afb" dir="rtl">حِنا</span></span>) (<a href="/wiki/Qatar" title="Qatar">Qaṭarī</a>)</dd></dl></li> <li><i><b>intum</b></i> (<span title="Gulf Arabic-language text"><span lang="afb" dir="rtl">إِنْتُمْ</span></span>): <dl><dd><i>intu</i> (<span title="Gulf Arabic-language text"><span lang="afb" dir="rtl">إنْتُ</span></span>)</dd></dl></li> <li><i><b>hum</b></i> (<span title="Gulf Arabic-language text"><span lang="afb" dir="rtl">هُمْ</span></span>): <dl><dd><i>humma</i> (<span title="Gulf Arabic-language text"><span lang="afb" dir="rtl">هُمَّ</span></span>) (especially <a href="/wiki/Qatar" title="Qatar">Qaṭarī</a>)</dd> <dd><i>uhum</i> (<span title="Gulf Arabic-language text"><span lang="afb" dir="rtl">أُهُمْ</span></span>)</dd></dl></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Syntax">Syntax</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gulf_Arabic&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Syntax"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The normal word order in main clauses is the following:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoles19903_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoles19903-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Subject – (Verb) – (Direct Object) – (Indirect Object) – (Adverbials) </p><p>The following sentence indicates the normal word order of declarative statements: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1209690778">.mw-parser-output .interlinear .bold{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .interlinear .smallcaps{text-transform:uppercase;font-size:smaller}</style><div class="interlinear"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;IPA;">/ʔaħmad</p><p style="margin: 0px;">Ahmad</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;IPA;">xarrab</p><p style="margin: 0px;">ruined-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="third person, masculine, singular">3msg</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;IPA;">l-beːt/</p><p style="margin: 0px;">the-house</p></div><p style="display: none;">/ʔaħmad xarrab l-beːt/</p><p style="display: none;">Ahmad ruined-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="third person, masculine, singular">3msg</abbr> the-house</p><p style="clear: left;">'Ahmad ruined the house'</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <p>When forming interrogative statements, any of these elements can be replaced by <a href="/wiki/Interrogative_word" title="Interrogative word">interrogative words</a>. <a href="#CITEREFHoles1990">Holes (1990)</a> identifies five such words in Gulf Arabic:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoles19903_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoles19903-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><span title="Gulf Arabic-language text"><span lang="afb" dir="rtl">من</span></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/min/</span> ('who')</li> <li><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ʃinhu/</span> (alternatively, <span title="Gulf Arabic-language text"><span lang="afb" dir="rtl">وش</span></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/weːʃ/</span>, or <span title="Gulf Arabic-language text"><span lang="afb" dir="rtl">إيش</span></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/eːʃ/</span>) ('what')</li> <li><span title="Gulf Arabic-language text"><span lang="afb" dir="rtl">كيف</span></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/keːf/</span> ('how')</li> <li><span title="Gulf Arabic-language text"><span lang="afb" dir="rtl">ليش</span></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/leːʃ/</span> (alternatively <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ʃulih/</span>) ('why')</li> <li><span title="Gulf Arabic-language text"><span lang="afb" dir="rtl">متى</span></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/mita/</span> ('when')</li></ul> <p>Unless it is desired to stress one of these elements, this order of elements is preserved in the formation of interrogative questions.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoles19904_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoles19904-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;IPA;">/min</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;IPA;">xarrab</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;IPA;">il-beːt/</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;IPA;">who</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;IPA;">ruined-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="third person, masculine, singular">3msg</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;IPA;">the-house</p></div><p style="display: none;">/min xarrab il-beːt/ who ruined-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="third person, masculine, singular">3msg</abbr> the-house</p><p style="clear: left;">'who ruined the house?'</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;IPA;">/ʔaħmad</p><p style="margin: 0px;">Ahmad</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;IPA;">xarrab</p><p style="margin: 0px;">ruined-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="third person, masculine, singular">3msg</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;IPA;">ʃinhu/</p><p style="margin: 0px;">what</p></div><p style="display: none;">/ʔaħmad xarrab ʃinhu/</p><p style="display: none;">Ahmad ruined-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="third person, masculine, singular">3msg</abbr> what</p><p style="clear: left;">'what did Amad ruin?'</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;IPA;">/ʔaħmad</p><p style="margin: 0px;">Ahmad</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;IPA;">xarrab</p><p style="margin: 0px;">ruined-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="third person, masculine, singular">3msg</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;IPA;">il-beːt</p><p style="margin: 0px;">the-house</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;IPA;">leːʃ/</p><p style="margin: 0px;">why</p></div><p style="display: none;">/ʔaħmad xarrab il-beːt leːʃ/</p><p style="display: none;">Ahmad ruined-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="third person, masculine, singular">3msg</abbr> the-house why</p><p style="clear: left;">'why did Ahmad ruin the house?'</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <p>When placing emphasis on the questioned element, word order can change. Specifically, the element of a clause can be questioned by moving it, generally to initial position. With the subject (which is normally initial), it is moved to final position:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoles19904_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoles19904-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;IPA;">/xarrab</p><p style="margin: 0px;">ruined-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="third person, masculine, singular">3msg</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;IPA;">il-beːt</p><p style="margin: 0px;">the-house</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;IPA;">min/</p><p style="margin: 0px;">who</p></div><p style="display: none;">/xarrab il-beːt min/</p><p style="display: none;">ruined-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="third person, masculine, singular">3msg</abbr> the-house who</p><p style="clear: left;">'who ruined the house?'</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <p>The moved element receives strong stress; in the case of a question word, the intonation is a high fall. When the point is to seek clarification, the element questioned has a high rising intonation.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoles19905_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoles19905-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gulf_Arabic&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Varieties_of_Arabic" title="Varieties of Arabic">Varieties of Arabic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peninsular_Arabic" title="Peninsular Arabic">Peninsular Arabic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic language</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gulf_Arabic&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gulf_Arabic&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-e27-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-e27_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ethnologue.com/language/afb">Gulf Arabic<br />Khaleeji</a> at <i><a href="/wiki/Ethnologue" title="Ethnologue">Ethnologue</a></i> (27th ed., 2024) <span style="position:relative; top: -2px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Paywall" title="closed access publication – behind paywall"><img alt="Closed access icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg/9px-Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg/14px-Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg/18px-Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoles2001xvi–xvii-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoles2001xvi–xvii_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHoles2001">Holes (2001)</a>, pp. xvi–xvii.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ethnologue.com/language/afb/***EDITION***">Arabic, Gulf Spoken – A Language of Iraq</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Ethnologue" title="Ethnologue">Ethnologue</a></i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ethnologue.com/country/ir/languages">Languages of Iran</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Ethnologue" title="Ethnologue">Ethnologue</a></i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEQafisheh1977xvii-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEQafisheh1977xvii_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFQafisheh1977">Qafisheh (1977)</a>, p. xvii.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoles2001?-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoles2001?_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoles2001?_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHoles2001">Holes (2001)</a>, p. ?.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVersteegh2006212-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVersteegh2006212_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVersteegh2006">Versteegh (2006)</a>, p. 212.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrawley200338-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrawley200338_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrawley200338_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFrawley2003">Frawley (2003)</a>, p. 38.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-per-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-per_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-per_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ethnologue.com/country/sa/languages">Languages of Saudi Arabia</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Ethnologue" title="Ethnologue">Ethnologue</a></i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAwdeSmith200388-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAwdeSmith200388_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAwdeSmith2003">Awde & Smith (2003)</a>, p. 88.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoles1990260–4-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoles1990260–4_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHoles1990">Holes (1990)</a>, p. 260–4.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoles200151-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoles200151_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoles200151_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHoles2001">Holes (2001)</a>, p. 51.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKhalifaHabashAbdulrahimHassan2016-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKhalifaHabashAbdulrahimHassan2016_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKhalifaHabashAbdulrahimHassan2016">Khalifa et al. (2016)</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoles1990265-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoles1990265_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHoles1990">Holes (1990)</a>, p. 265.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoles1990261-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoles1990261_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoles1990261_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoles1990261_15-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHoles1990">Holes (1990)</a>, p. 261.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoles1990262-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoles1990262_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoles1990262_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHoles1990">Holes (1990)</a>, p. 262.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoles1990262,_265-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoles1990262,_265_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHoles1990">Holes (1990)</a>, p. 262, 265.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoles1990264-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoles1990264_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoles1990264_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHoles1990">Holes (1990)</a>, p. 264.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAl-Rojaie201343-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAl-Rojaie201343_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAl-Rojaie2013">Al-Rojaie (2013)</a>, p. 43.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAl-Amadihi1985180-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAl-Amadihi1985180_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAl-Amadihi1985180_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAl-Amadihi1985">Al-Amadihi (1985)</a>, p. 180.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEQafisheh1977263-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEQafisheh1977263_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFQafisheh1977">Qafisheh (1977)</a>, p. 263.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEQafisheh1977265-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEQafisheh1977265_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFQafisheh1977">Qafisheh (1977)</a>, p. 265.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEQafisheh1977266-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEQafisheh1977266_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFQafisheh1977">Qafisheh (1977)</a>, p. 266.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEQafisheh1977267-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEQafisheh1977267_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFQafisheh1977">Qafisheh (1977)</a>, p. 267.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAl-Rojaie201348-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAl-Rojaie201348_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAl-Rojaie2013">Al-Rojaie (2013)</a>, p. 48.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEQafisheh19772-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEQafisheh19772_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFQafisheh1977">Qafisheh (1977)</a>, p. 2.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlmuhannadi2006-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlmuhannadi2006_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAlmuhannadi2006">Almuhannadi (2006)</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShockley2020-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShockley2020_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShockley2020">Shockley (2020)</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELeitnerAnonbyTaheri-ArdaliEl_Zarka2021-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeitnerAnonbyTaheri-ArdaliEl_Zarka2021_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLeitnerAnonbyTaheri-ArdaliEl_Zarka2021">Leitner et al. (2021)</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELeungNtelitheosAl_Kaabi2020-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeungNtelitheosAl_Kaabi2020_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLeungNtelitheosAl_Kaabi2020">Leung, Ntelitheos & Al Kaabi (2020)</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoles1990264–5-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoles1990264–5_31-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoles1990264–5_31-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoles1990264–5_31-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoles1990264–5_31-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoles1990264–5_31-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoles1990264–5_31-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoles1990264–5_31-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHoles1990">Holes (1990)</a>, p. 264–5.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShockley202038–39-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShockley202038–39_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShockley2020">Shockley (2020)</a>, p. 38–39.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBukshaisha1985507-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBukshaisha1985507_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBukshaisha1985">Bukshaisha (1985)</a>, p. 507.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEQafisheh197748-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEQafisheh197748_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFQafisheh1977">Qafisheh (1977)</a>, p. 48.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoles1990170-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoles1990170_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHoles1990">Holes (1990)</a>, p. 170.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEQafisheh1977159-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEQafisheh1977159_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFQafisheh1977">Qafisheh (1977)</a>, p. 159.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoles19903-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoles19903_37-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoles19903_37-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHoles1990">Holes (1990)</a>, p. 3.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoles19904-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoles19904_38-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoles19904_38-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHoles1990">Holes (1990)</a>, p. 4.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoles19905-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoles19905_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHoles1990">Holes (1990)</a>, p. 5.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gulf_Arabic&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFAl-Amadihi1985" class="citation cs2">Al-Amadihi, Darwish (1985), <i>Lexical and Sociolinguistic Variation in Qatari Arabic</i> (Ph. D. Thesis), University of Edinburgh</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lexical+and+Sociolinguistic+Variation+in+Qatari+Arabic&rft.pub=University+of+Edinburgh&rft.date=1985&rft.aulast=Al-Amadihi&rft.aufirst=Darwish&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGulf+Arabic" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAl-Rojaie2013" class="citation cs2">Al-Rojaie, Yousef (2013), "Regional dialect leveling in Najdi Arabic: The case of the deaffrication of <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[k]</span> in the Qaṣīmī dialect", <i>Language Variation and Change</i>, <b>25</b>: 43–63, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0954394512000245">10.1017/S0954394512000245</a>, <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145173628">145173628</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Language+Variation+and+Change&rft.atitle=Regional+dialect+leveling+in+Najdi+Arabic%3A+The+case+of+the+deaffrication+of+%3Cspan+class%3D%22IPA+nowrap%22+lang%3D%22und-Latn-fonipa%22+title%3D%22Representation+in+the+International+Phonetic+Alphabet+%28IPA%29%22%3E%5Bk%5D%3C%2Fspan%3ECategory%3APages+with+plain+IPA+in+the+Qa%E1%B9%A3%C4%ABm%C4%AB+dialect&rft.volume=25&rft.pages=43-63&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0954394512000245&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A145173628%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Al-Rojaie&rft.aufirst=Yousef&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGulf+Arabic" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlmuhannadi2006" class="citation cs2">Almuhannadi, Muneera (2006), <i>A Guide to the Idioms of Qatari Arabic with Reference to English Idioms</i>, Qatar, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/99921-70-47-6" title="Special:BookSources/99921-70-47-6"><bdi>99921-70-47-6</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Guide+to+the+Idioms+of+Qatari+Arabic+with+Reference+to+English+Idioms&rft.place=Qatar&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=99921-70-47-6&rft.aulast=Almuhannadi&rft.aufirst=Muneera&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGulf+Arabic" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Citation" title="Template:Citation">citation</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAwdeSmith2003" class="citation cs2">Awde, Nicholas; Smith, Kevin (2003), <i>Arabic dictionary</i>, London: Bennett & Bloom, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-898948-20-8" title="Special:BookSources/1-898948-20-8"><bdi>1-898948-20-8</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Arabic+dictionary&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Bennett+%26+Bloom&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=1-898948-20-8&rft.aulast=Awde&rft.aufirst=Nicholas&rft.au=Smith%2C+Kevin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGulf+Arabic" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBukshaisha1985" class="citation cs2">Bukshaisha, Fouzia (1985), <i>An experimental phonetic study of some aspects of Qatari Arabic</i></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+experimental+phonetic+study+of+some+aspects+of+Qatari+Arabic&rft.date=1985&rft.aulast=Bukshaisha&rft.aufirst=Fouzia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGulf+Arabic" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrawley2003" class="citation cs2">Frawley, William (2003), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sl_dDVctycgC"><i>International Encyclopedia of Linguistics</i></a>, vol. 1, Oxford University Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0195139771" title="Special:BookSources/0195139771"><bdi>0195139771</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=International+Encyclopedia+of+Linguistics&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0195139771&rft.aulast=Frawley&rft.aufirst=William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dsl_dDVctycgC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGulf+Arabic" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoles1990" class="citation cs2">Holes, Clive (1990), <i>Gulf Arabic</i>, Croom Helm Descriptive Grammars, London: Routledge, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-02114-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-02114-6"><bdi>0-415-02114-6</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gulf+Arabic&rft.place=London&rft.series=Croom+Helm+Descriptive+Grammars&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=0-415-02114-6&rft.aulast=Holes&rft.aufirst=Clive&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGulf+Arabic" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoles2001" class="citation cs2">Holes, Clive (2001), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bJLjAKH7-rIC"><i>Dialect, Culture, and Society in Eastern Arabia: Glossary</i></a>, Brill, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9004107630" title="Special:BookSources/9004107630"><bdi>9004107630</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dialect%2C+Culture%2C+and+Society+in+Eastern+Arabia%3A+Glossary&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=9004107630&rft.aulast=Holes&rft.aufirst=Clive&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DbJLjAKH7-rIC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGulf+Arabic" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKhalifaHabashAbdulrahimHassan2016" class="citation cs2">Khalifa, Salam; Habash, Nizar; Abdulrahim, Dana; Hassan, Sara (2016), "A Large Scale Corpus of Gulf Arabic", <i>Proceedings of the International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC)</i>, Portorož, Slovenia</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=A+Large+Scale+Corpus+of+Gulf+Arabic&rft.btitle=Proceedings+of+the+International+Conference+on+Language+Resources+and+Evaluation+%28LREC%29&rft.place=Portoro%C5%BE%2C+Slovenia&rft.date=2016&rft.aulast=Khalifa&rft.aufirst=Salam&rft.au=Habash%2C+Nizar&rft.au=Abdulrahim%2C+Dana&rft.au=Hassan%2C+Sara&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGulf+Arabic" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Citation" title="Template:Citation">citation</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeitnerAnonbyTaheri-ArdaliEl_Zarka2021" class="citation cs2">Leitner, Bettina; Anonby, Erik; Taheri-Ardali, Mortaza; El Zarka, Dina; Moqami, Ali (2021), "A First Description of Arabic on The South Coast of Iran: The Arabic Dialect of Bandar Moqām, Hormozgan", <i>Journal of Semitic Studies</i>, <b>66</b> (1): 215–261, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fjss%2Ffgaa040">10.1093/jss/fgaa040</a></span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Semitic+Studies&rft.atitle=A+First+Description+of+Arabic+on+The+South+Coast+of+Iran%3A+The+Arabic+Dialect+of+Bandar+Moq%C4%81m%2C+Hormozgan&rft.volume=66&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=215-261&rft.date=2021&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fjss%2Ffgaa040&rft.aulast=Leitner&rft.aufirst=Bettina&rft.au=Anonby%2C+Erik&rft.au=Taheri-Ardali%2C+Mortaza&rft.au=El+Zarka%2C+Dina&rft.au=Moqami%2C+Ali&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGulf+Arabic" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeungNtelitheosAl_Kaabi2020" class="citation cs2">Leung, Tommi Tsz-Cheung; Ntelitheos, Dimitrios; Al Kaabi, Meera (2020), <i>Emirati Arabic: A comprehensive grammar</i>, Routledge, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780367220808" title="Special:BookSources/9780367220808"><bdi>9780367220808</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Emirati+Arabic%3A+A+comprehensive+grammar&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=9780367220808&rft.aulast=Leung&rft.aufirst=Tommi+Tsz-Cheung&rft.au=Ntelitheos%2C+Dimitrios&rft.au=Al+Kaabi%2C+Meera&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGulf+Arabic" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFQafisheh1977" class="citation cs2">Qafisheh, Hamdi A. (1977), <i>A short reference grammar of Gulf Arabic</i>, Tucson, Az.: University of Arizona Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8165-0570-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-8165-0570-5"><bdi>0-8165-0570-5</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+short+reference+grammar+of+Gulf+Arabic&rft.place=Tucson%2C+Az.&rft.pub=University+of+Arizona+Press&rft.date=1977&rft.isbn=0-8165-0570-5&rft.aulast=Qafisheh&rft.aufirst=Hamdi+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGulf+Arabic" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShockley2020" class="citation cs2">Shockley, Mark (2020), <i>The vowels of Urban Qatari Arabic</i>, Grand Forks, N.D.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+vowels+of+Urban+Qatari+Arabic&rft.place=Grand+Forks%2C+N.D.&rft.date=2020&rft.aulast=Shockley&rft.aufirst=Mark&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGulf+Arabic" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Citation" title="Template:Citation">citation</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVersteegh2006" class="citation cs2">Versteegh, Kees, ed. (2006), <i>Encyclopedia of Arabic Language and Linguistics</i>, Leiden: Brill</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Arabic+Language+and+Linguistics&rft.place=Leiden&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2006&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGulf+Arabic" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gulf_Arabic&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlBader2015" class="citation thesis cs1">AlBader, Yousuf B. (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/9696/"><i>Semantic Innovation and Change in Kuwaiti Arabic: A Study of the Polysemy of Verbs</i></a> (Thesis). University of Sheffield.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=Semantic+Innovation+and+Change+in+Kuwaiti+Arabic%3A+A+Study+of+the+Polysemy+of+Verbs&rft.inst=University+of+Sheffield&rft.date=2015&rft.aulast=AlBader&rft.aufirst=Yousuf+B.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fetheses.whiterose.ac.uk%2F9696%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGulf+Arabic" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Incubator-logo.svg/32px-Incubator-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Incubator-logo.svg/48px-Incubator-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Incubator-logo.svg/64px-Incubator-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="799" data-file-height="1000" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><i><b><a href="https://incubator.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wp/afb" class="extiw" title="incubator:Wp/afb">Gulf Arabic test</a></b></i> of <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia">Wikipedia</a> at <a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wikimedia_Incubator" class="extiw" title="meta:Wikimedia Incubator">Wikimedia Incubator</a></div></div> </div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd 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abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Arabic_language" title="Template:Arabic language"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Arabic_language" title="Template talk:Arabic language"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Arabic_language" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Arabic language"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Arabic_language" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a> language</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Overviews</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_alphabet" title="Arabic alphabet">Alphabet</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Arabic_alphabet" title="History of the Arabic alphabet">History</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Arabic" title="Romanization of Arabic">Romanization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abjad_numerals" title="Abjad numerals">Numerology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Influence_of_Arabic_on_other_languages" title="Influence of Arabic on other languages">Influence on other languages</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Arabic_script" title="Arabic script">Scripts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nabataean_script" title="Nabataean script">Nabataean script</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_script" title="Arabic script">Arabic script</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_North_Arabian" title="Ancient North Arabian">Ancient North Arabian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_South_Arabian_script" title="Ancient South Arabian script">Ancient South Arabian script</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_numerals" title="Arabic numerals">Arabic numerals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Arabic_numerals" title="Eastern Arabic numerals">Eastern numerals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_Braille" title="Arabic Braille">Arabic Braille</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algerian_Braille" title="Algerian Braille">Algerian Braille</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maltese_Braille" title="Maltese Braille">Maltese Braille</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_diacritics" title="Arabic diacritics">Diacritics</a> <ul><li><span title="American Library Association – Library of Congress transliteration"><i lang="ar-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Arabic_diacritics#I‘jām_(phonetic_distinctions_of_consonants)" title="Arabic diacritics">i‘jām</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_diacritics#Tashkil_(marks_used_as_phonetic_guides)" title="Arabic diacritics">Tashkil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_diacritics#Harakat_(short_vowel_marks)" title="Arabic diacritics">Harakat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nunation" title="Nunation">Nunation</a> (tanwin)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaddah" title="Shaddah">Shaddah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamza" title="Hamza">Hamza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dagger_alif" title="Dagger alif">Dagger alif</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maltese_alphabet" title="Maltese alphabet">Maltese alphabet</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Letters</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aleph#Arabic_ʼAlif" title="Aleph"><span title="DIN 31635 Arabic (Arabic language) transliteration"><i lang="ar-Latn">ʾAlif</i></span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bet_(letter)#Arabic_bāʾ" title="Bet (letter)"><span title="DIN 31635 Arabic (Arabic language) transliteration"><i lang="ar-Latn">Bāʾ</i></span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taw#Arabic_tāʾ" title="Taw"><span title="DIN 31635 Arabic (Arabic language) transliteration"><i lang="ar-Latn">Tāʾ</i></span></a></li> <li><span title="DIN 31635 Arabic (Arabic language) transliteration"><i lang="ar-Latn"><a href="/wiki/%E1%B9%AE%C4%81%CA%BE" title="Ṯāʾ">Ṯāʾ</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gimel#Arabic_ǧīm" title="Gimel"><span title="DIN 31635 Arabic (Arabic language) transliteration"><i lang="ar-Latn">Ǧīm</i></span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heth#Arabic_ḥāʾ" title="Heth"><span title="DIN 31635 Arabic (Arabic language) transliteration"><i lang="ar-Latn">Ḥāʾ</i></span></a></li> <li><span title="DIN 31635 Arabic (Arabic language) transliteration"><i lang="ar-Latn"><a href="/wiki/%E1%B8%AA%C4%81%CA%BE" title="Ḫāʾ">Ḫāʾ</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dalet#Arabic_dāl" title="Dalet"><span title="DIN 31635 Arabic (Arabic language) transliteration"><i lang="ar-Latn">Dāl</i></span></a></li> <li><span title="DIN 31635 Arabic (Arabic language) transliteration"><i lang="ar-Latn"><a href="/wiki/%E1%B8%8E%C4%81l" title="Ḏāl">Ḏāl</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resh#Arabic_rāʼ" title="Resh"><span title="DIN 31635 Arabic (Arabic language) transliteration"><i lang="ar-Latn">Rāʾ</i></span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zayin" title="Zayin"><span title="DIN 31635 Arabic (Arabic language) transliteration"><i lang="ar-Latn">Zāy</i></span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shin_(letter)#Arabic_sīn" title="Shin (letter)"><span title="DIN 31635 Arabic (Arabic language) transliteration"><i lang="ar-Latn">Sīn</i></span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shin_(letter)#Arabic_shīn" title="Shin (letter)"><span title="DIN 31635 Arabic (Arabic language) transliteration"><i lang="ar-Latn">Šīn</i></span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsade#Arabic_Ṣād" title="Tsade"><span title="DIN 31635 Arabic (Arabic language) transliteration"><i lang="ar-Latn">Ṣād</i></span></a></li> <li><span title="DIN 31635 Arabic (Arabic language) transliteration"><i lang="ar-Latn"><a href="/wiki/%E1%B8%8C%C4%81d" title="Ḍād">Ḍād</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teth#Arabic_Ṭāʾ" title="Teth"><span title="DIN 31635 Arabic (Arabic language) transliteration"><i lang="ar-Latn">Ṭāʾ</i></span></a></li> <li><span title="DIN 31635 Arabic (Arabic language) transliteration"><i lang="ar-Latn"><a href="/wiki/%E1%BA%92%C4%81%CA%BE" title="Ẓāʾ">Ẓāʾ</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayin#Arabic_ʿAyn" title="Ayin"><span title="DIN 31635 Arabic (Arabic language) transliteration"><i lang="ar-Latn">ʿAyn</i></span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghayn" title="Ghayn"><span title="DIN 31635 Arabic (Arabic language) transliteration"><i lang="ar-Latn">Ġayn</i></span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pe_(Semitic_letter)" title="Pe (Semitic letter)"><span title="DIN 31635 Arabic (Arabic language) transliteration"><i lang="ar-Latn">Fāʾ</i></span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qoph#Arabic_qāf" title="Qoph"><span title="DIN 31635 Arabic (Arabic language) transliteration"><i lang="ar-Latn">Qāf</i></span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaph#Arabic_kāf" title="Kaph"><span title="DIN 31635 Arabic (Arabic language) transliteration"><i lang="ar-Latn">Kāf</i></span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lamedh#Arabic_lām" title="Lamedh"><span title="DIN 31635 Arabic (Arabic language) transliteration"><i lang="ar-Latn">Lām</i></span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mem#Arabic_mīm" title="Mem"><span title="DIN 31635 Arabic (Arabic language) transliteration"><i lang="ar-Latn">Mīm</i></span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nun_(letter)#Arabic_nūn" title="Nun (letter)"><span title="DIN 31635 Arabic (Arabic language) transliteration"><i lang="ar-Latn">Nūn</i></span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/He_(letter)#Arabic_hāʾ" title="He (letter)"><span title="DIN 31635 Arabic (Arabic language) transliteration"><i lang="ar-Latn">Hāʾ</i></span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waw_(letter)#Arabic_wāw" title="Waw (letter)"><span title="DIN 31635 Arabic (Arabic language) transliteration"><i lang="ar-Latn">Wāw</i></span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yodh#Arabic_yāʾ" title="Yodh"><span title="DIN 31635 Arabic (Arabic language) transliteration"><i lang="ar-Latn">Yāʾ</i></span></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Varieties_of_Arabic" title="Varieties of Arabic">Varieties</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pre-Islamic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Proto-Arabic_language" title="Proto-Arabic language">Proto-Arabic</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nabataean_Arabic" title="Nabataean Arabic">Nabataean Arabic</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Old_Arabic" title="Old Arabic">Old Arabic</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Old_Hijazi_Arabic" title="Old Hijazi Arabic">Old Hijazi Arabic</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pre-classical_Arabic" title="Pre-classical Arabic">Pre-classical Arabic</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Literary</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Classical_Arabic" title="Classical Arabic">Classical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Standard_Arabic" title="Modern Standard Arabic">Modern Standard</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Modern<br />spoken</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Maghrebi_Arabic" title="Maghrebi Arabic">Maghrebi</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pre-Hilalian_Arabic_dialects" title="Pre-Hilalian Arabic dialects">Pre-Hilalian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Andalusi_Arabic" title="Andalusi Arabic">Andalusi</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Siculo-Arabic" title="Siculo-Arabic">Sicilian</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maltese_language" title="Maltese language">Maltese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maltralian" title="Maltralian">Australian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cottonera_dialect" title="Cottonera dialect">Cottenera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gozitan_dialects" title="Gozitan dialects">Gozitan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qormi_dialect" title="Qormi dialect">Qormi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%BBejtun_dialect" title="Żejtun dialect">Żejtun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zurrieq_dialect" title="Zurrieq dialect">Żurrieqi</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-Hilalian_Urban_Arabic_dialects" title="Pre-Hilalian Urban Arabic dialects">Urban</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tunisian_Arabic#Tunis" title="Tunisian Arabic">Tunis</a> (North-Eastern Tunisian)</li></ul></li> <li>Village <ul><li>Eastern <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tunisian_Arabic#Sahil" title="Tunisian Arabic">Sahili</a> (Sahel)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunisian_Arabic#Sfax" title="Tunisian Arabic">Sfaxian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jijel_Arabic" title="Jijel Arabic">Jijel</a> (Lesser Kabylia)</li></ul></li> <li>Western <ul><li>Traras-Msirda</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jebli_Arabic" title="Jebli Arabic">Jebli</a> (Mountain)</li></ul></li></ul></li> <li>Judeo-Maghrebi <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Moroccan_Arabic" title="Judeo-Moroccan Arabic">Judeo-Moroccan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Tripolitanian_Arabic" title="Judeo-Tripolitanian Arabic">Judeo-Tripolitanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Tunisian_Arabic" title="Judeo-Tunisian Arabic">Judeo-Tunisian</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hilalian_dialects" title="Hilalian dialects">Hilalian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Central Hilal <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algerian_Arabic" title="Algerian Arabic">Algerian koiné</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Algerian_Arabic" title="Judeo-Algerian Arabic">Judeo-Algerian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algerian_Saharan_Arabic" title="Algerian Saharan Arabic">Algerian Saharan</a></li> <li>Eastern Algerian</li></ul></li> <li>Eastern Hilal <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tunisian_Arabic" title="Tunisian Arabic">Tunisian koiné</a></li></ul></li> <li>Maqil <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fessi_dialect" title="Fessi dialect">Fessi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hassaniya_Arabic" title="Hassaniya Arabic">Hassaniya</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nemadi_dialect" title="Nemadi dialect">Nemadi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moroccan_Arabic" title="Moroccan Arabic">Moroccan koiné</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Morocco_Arabic" title="Eastern Morocco Arabic">Eastern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Morocco_Arabic" title="Western Morocco Arabic">Western</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Algerian_Arabic" title="Western Algerian Arabic">Western Algerian</a></li></ul></li> <li>Sulaym <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Libyan_Arabic" title="Libyan Arabic">Libyan koiné</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_Egyptian_Bedawi_Arabic" title="Western Egyptian Bedawi Arabic">Western Egyptian Bedawi</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Nile Valley</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_Arabic" title="Egyptian Arabic">Egyptian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sa%CA%BDidi_Arabic" title="Saʽidi Arabic">Saʽidi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudanese_Arabic" title="Sudanese Arabic">Sudanese</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Levantine_Arabic" title="Levantine Arabic">Levantine</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/North_Levantine_Arabic" title="North Levantine Arabic">North</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cilician_Arabic" title="Cilician Arabic">Cilician</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lebanese_Arabic" title="Lebanese Arabic">Lebanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Arabic" title="Syrian Arabic">Syrian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aleppo_Arabic" title="Aleppo Arabic">Aleppine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Damascus_Arabic" title="Damascus Arabic">Damascene</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/South_Levantine_Arabic" title="South Levantine Arabic">South</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jordanian_Arabic" title="Jordanian Arabic">Jordanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestinian_Arabic" title="Palestinian Arabic">Palestinian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mesopotamian_Arabic" title="Mesopotamian Arabic">Mesopotamian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Gilit_Mesopotamian_Arabic" title="Gilit Mesopotamian Arabic">Gilit</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baghdadi_Arabic" title="Baghdadi Arabic">Baghdadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khuzestani_Arabic" title="Khuzestani Arabic">Khuzestani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shawi_Arabic" title="Shawi Arabic">Shawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Mesopotamian_Arabic" title="South Mesopotamian Arabic">South</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/North_Mesopotamian_Arabic" title="North Mesopotamian Arabic">North</a> (Qeltu)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anatolian_Arabic" title="Anatolian Arabic">Anatolian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cypriot_Arabic" title="Cypriot Arabic">Cypriot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Iraqi_Arabic" title="Judeo-Iraqi Arabic">Judeo-Iraqi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baghdad_Jewish_Arabic" title="Baghdad Jewish Arabic">Baghdadi</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Peninsular_Arabic" title="Peninsular Arabic">Peninsular</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bahrani_Arabic" title="Bahrani Arabic">Bahrani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bareqi_Arabic" title="Bareqi Arabic">Bareqi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northwest_Arabian_Arabic" title="Northwest Arabian Arabic">Bedawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhofari_Arabic" title="Dhofari Arabic">Dhofari</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Gulf</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bahraini_Gulf_Arabic" title="Bahraini Gulf Arabic">Bahraini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emirati_Arabic" title="Emirati Arabic">Emirati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuwaiti_Arabic" title="Kuwaiti Arabic">Kuwaiti</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hejazi_Arabic" title="Hejazi Arabic">Hejazi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Najdi_Arabic" title="Najdi Arabic">Najdi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omani_Arabic" title="Omani Arabic">Omani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shihhi_Arabic" title="Shihhi Arabic">Shihhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemeni_Arabic" title="Yemeni Arabic">Yemeni</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hadhrami_Arabic" title="Hadhrami Arabic">Hadhrami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San%CA%BDani_Arabic" title="Sanʽani Arabic">Sanʽani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ta%CA%BDizzi-Adeni_Arabic" title="Taʽizzi-Adeni Arabic">Taʽizzi-Adeni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tihamiyya_Arabic" class="mw-redirect" title="Tihamiyya Arabic">Tihami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Yemeni_Arabic" title="Judeo-Yemeni Arabic">Judeo-Yemeni</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Asian_Arabic" title="Central Asian Arabic">Central Asian</a> <ul><li>Bakhtiari</li> <li>Bukhara</li> <li>Kashkadarya</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khorasani_Arabic" title="Khorasani Arabic">Khorasani</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shirvani_Arabic" title="Shirvani Arabic">Shirvani</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chadian_Arabic" title="Chadian Arabic">Chadian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nigerian_Arabic" class="mw-redirect" title="Nigerian Arabic">Nigerian</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sociolinguistics" title="Sociolinguistics">Sociological</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bedouin_Arabic" title="Bedouin Arabic">Bedouin Arabic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Arabic" title="Judeo-Arabic">Judeo-Arabic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Algerian_Arabic" title="Judeo-Algerian Arabic">Judeo-Algerian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Egyptian_Arabic" title="Judeo-Egyptian Arabic">Judeo-Egyptian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Iraqi_Arabic" title="Judeo-Iraqi Arabic">Judeo-Iraqi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baghdad_Jewish_Arabic" title="Baghdad Jewish Arabic">Baghdadi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Moroccan_Arabic" title="Judeo-Moroccan Arabic">Judeo-Moroccan</a> <ul><li>Kjal</li> <li>Wqal</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Tripolitanian_Arabic" title="Judeo-Tripolitanian Arabic">Judeo-Tripolitanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Tunisian_Arabic" title="Judeo-Tunisian Arabic">Judeo-Tunisian</a> <ul><li>Tunisene</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Yemeni_Arabic" title="Judeo-Yemeni Arabic">Judeo-Yemeni</a> <ul><li>Adeni</li> <li>Beda</li> <li>Habban</li> <li>Sanʽani</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Arabic-based_creole_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic-based creole languages">Creoles</a><br />and <a href="/wiki/Pidgin_Arabic" class="mw-redirect" title="Pidgin Arabic">pidgins</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Bimbashi_Arabic" title="Bimbashi Arabic">Bimbashi</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_Pidgin_Arabic" title="Gulf Pidgin Arabic">Gulf Pidgin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jordanian_Bengali_Pidgin_Arabic" title="Jordanian Bengali Pidgin Arabic">Jordanian Bengali Pidgin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juba_Arabic" title="Juba Arabic">Juba</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Maridi_Arabic" title="Maridi Arabic">Maridi</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nubi_language" title="Nubi language">Nubi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pidgin_madam" class="mw-redirect" title="Pidgin madam">Pidgin madam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turku_Arabic" title="Turku Arabic">Turku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bongor_Arabic" title="Bongor Arabic">Bongor</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_literature" title="Arabic literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_name" title="Arabic name">Names</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Linguistics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_phonology" title="Arabic phonology">Phonology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sun_and_moon_letters" title="Sun and moon letters">Sun and moon letters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tajwid" title="Tajwid">Tajwid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Im%C4%81la" title="Imāla">Imāla</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%CA%BEI%CA%BFrab" title="ʾIʿrab"><span title="DIN 31635 Arabic (Arabic language) transliteration"><i lang="ar-Latn">ʾIʿrāb</i></span> (case)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_grammar" title="Arabic grammar">Grammar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semitic_root" title="Semitic root">Triliteral root</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mater_lectionis" title="Mater lectionis">Mater lectionis</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Arabic" title="Help:IPA/Arabic">IPA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quranic_Arabic_Corpus" title="Quranic Arabic Corpus">Quranic Arabic Corpus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Islamic_calligraphy" title="Islamic calligraphy">Calligraphy</a><br />· <a href="/wiki/Arabic_script" title="Arabic script">Script</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ajami_script" title="Ajami script">Ajami script</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diwani" title="Diwani">Diwani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hijazi_script" title="Hijazi script">Hijazi script</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jawi_script" title="Jawi script">Jawi script</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeli_Thuluth" title="Jeli Thuluth">Jeli Thuluth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kairouani_calligraphy" title="Kairouani calligraphy">Kairouani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kufic" title="Kufic">Kufic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maghrebi_script" title="Maghrebi script">Maghrebi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mashq" title="Mashq">Mashq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhaqqaq" title="Muhaqqaq">Muhaqqaq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naskh_(script)" title="Naskh (script)">Naskh (script)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nastaliq" title="Nastaliq">Nastaliq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rasm" title="Rasm">Rasm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruq%CA%BFah_script" title="Ruqʿah script">Ruqʿah script</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shahmukhi" title="Shahmukhi">Shahmukhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sini_(script)" title="Sini (script)">Sini (script)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taliq_script" title="Taliq script">Taliq script</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tawqi" title="Tawqi">Tawqi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thuluth" title="Thuluth">Thuluth</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Technical</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_keyboard" title="Arabic keyboard">Arabic keyboard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_script_in_Unicode" title="Arabic script in Unicode">Arabic script in Unicode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_8859-6" title="ISO/IEC 8859-6">ISO/IEC 8859-6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows-1256" title="Windows-1256">Windows-1256</a></li> <li>MS-DOS codepages <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Code_page_708" title="Code page 708">708</a></li> <li>709</li> <li>710</li> <li>711</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_page_720" title="Code page 720">720</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_page_864" title="Code page 864">864</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MacArabic_encoding" title="MacArabic encoding">MacArabic encoding</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Islam and Arabic language</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><i>Italics</i> indicate <a href="/wiki/Language_death" title="Language death">extinct languages</a></li> <li>Languages between parentheses are <a href="/wiki/Variety_(linguistics)" title="Variety (linguistics)">varieties</a> of the language on their left.</li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Arabic_language" title="Category:Arabic language">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Languages_of_Kuwait" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Languages_of_Kuwait" title="Template:Languages of Kuwait"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Languages_of_Kuwait" title="Template talk:Languages of Kuwait"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Languages_of_Kuwait" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Languages of Kuwait"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Languages_of_Kuwait" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Kuwait" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of Kuwait">Languages of Kuwait</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Official languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a> (Official per the <a href="/wiki/Kuwaiti_Constitution" class="mw-redirect" title="Kuwaiti Constitution">Constituiton</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a> (used in some official settings but without status or legal requirement)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Native <a href="/wiki/Lect" class="mw-redirect" title="Lect">lects</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kuwaiti_Arabic" title="Kuwaiti Arabic">Kuwaiti Arabic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuwaiti_Persian" title="Kuwaiti Persian">Kuwaiti Persian</a> (ʿīmi/Eimi)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuwaiti_Sign_Language" title="Kuwaiti Sign Language">Kuwaiti Sign Language</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Expatriate languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Varieties_of_Arabic" title="Varieties of Arabic">Various Arabic varieties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a> and other <a href="/wiki/Southwestern_Iranian" class="mw-redirect" title="Southwestern Iranian">Southwestern Iranian lects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindustani_language" title="Hindustani language">Hindustani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_language" title="Tamil language">Tamil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malayalam" title="Malayalam">Malayalam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tagalog_language" title="Tagalog language">Tagalog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesian_language" title="Indonesian language">Indonesian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinhala_language" title="Sinhala language">Sinhala</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pre-Kuwait</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek" title="Ancient Greek">Ancient Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sumerian_language" title="Sumerian language">Sumerian</a> (<a href="/wiki/Failaka_Island" title="Failaka Island">Failaka Island</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akkadian_language" title="Akkadian language">Akkadian</a> (<a href="/wiki/Failaka_Island" title="Failaka Island">Failaka Island</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Education</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Standard_Arabic" title="Modern Standard Arabic">Modern Standard Arabic</a> (Mandatory 1-12)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a> (Mandatory 1-12)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a> (Grades 11-12)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">lingua francas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pidgin_Gulf_Arabic" class="mw-redirect" title="Pidgin Gulf Arabic">Pidgin Gulf Arabic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link 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.portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Languages_of_Oman" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Languages_of_Oman" title="Template:Languages of Oman"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Languages_of_Oman" title="Template talk:Languages of Oman"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Languages_of_Oman" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Languages of Oman"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Languages_of_Oman" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Oman" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of Oman">Languages of Oman</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Official language</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Standard_Arabic" title="Modern Standard Arabic">Arabic</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Oman.svg/32px-Flag_of_Oman.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Oman.svg/48px-Flag_of_Oman.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Oman.svg/64px-Flag_of_Oman.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Oman" title="Portal:Oman">Oman portal</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Main foreign language</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Minority languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balochi_language" title="Balochi language">Balochi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ba%E1%B9%AD%E1%B8%A5ari_language" title="Baṭḥari language">Baṭḥari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E1%B8%A4arsusi_language" title="Ḥarsusi language">Ḥarsusi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoby%C3%B3t_language" title="Hobyót language">Hobyót</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumzari_language" title="Kumzari language">Kumzari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luwati_language" title="Luwati language">Luwati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mehri_language" title="Mehri language">Mehri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shehri_language" title="Shehri language">Shehri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swahili_language" title="Swahili language">Swahili</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Varieties of Arabic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bahrani_Arabic" title="Bahrani Arabic">Bahrani Arabic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omani_Arabic" title="Omani Arabic">Omani Arabic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dhofari_Arabic" title="Dhofari Arabic">Dhofari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shihhi_Arabic" title="Shihhi Arabic">Shihhi</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sign languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Omani_Sign_Language" title="Omani Sign Language">Omani Sign Language</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Languages_of_Saudi_Arabia" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Languages_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="Template:Languages of Saudi Arabia"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Languages_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="Template talk:Languages of Saudi Arabia"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Languages_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Languages of Saudi Arabia"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Languages_of_Saudi_Arabia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Saudi_Arabia" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of Saudi Arabia">Languages of Saudi Arabia</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Official language</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Vernacular Arabic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bahrani_Arabic" title="Bahrani Arabic">Baharna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bareqi_Arabic" title="Bareqi Arabic">Bareqi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bedawi_Arabic" class="mw-redirect" title="Bedawi Arabic">Bedawi</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Gulf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hejazi_Arabic" title="Hejazi Arabic">Hejazi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Najdi_Arabic" title="Najdi Arabic">Najdi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other spoken</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Faifi_language" title="Faifi language">Faifi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mehri_language" title="Mehri language">Mehri</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sign languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saudi_Sign_Language" title="Saudi Sign Language">Saudi Sign Language</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Foreign_language" title="Foreign language">Main foreign languages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malay_language" title="Malay language">Malay</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Languages_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Languages_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates" title="Template:Languages of the United Arab Emirates"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Languages_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates" title="Template talk:Languages of the United Arab Emirates"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Languages_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Languages of the United Arab Emirates"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Languages_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of the United Arab Emirates">Languages of the United Arab Emirates</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Official and national language (Dialects)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Gulf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emirati_Arabic" title="Emirati Arabic">Emirati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shihhi_Arabic" title="Shihhi Arabic">Shihhi</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Semiofficial language</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Minority languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Achomi_language" title="Achomi language">Larestani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urdu" title="Urdu">Urdu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindi" title="Hindi">Hindi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cebuano_language" title="Cebuano language">Cebuano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pashto" title="Pashto">Pashto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kannada" title="Kannada">Kannada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malayalam" title="Malayalam">Malayalam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_language" title="Bengali language">Bengali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_language" title="Punjabi language">Punjabi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sindhi_language" title="Sindhi language">Sindhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_language" title="Tamil language">Tamil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balochi_language" title="Balochi language">Balochi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somali_language" title="Somali language">Somali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tagalog_language" title="Tagalog language">Tagalog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepali_language" title="Nepali language">Nepali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandarin_Chinese" title="Mandarin Chinese">Mandarin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telugu_language" title="Telugu language">Telugu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swahili_language" title="Swahili language">Swahili</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th 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projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2004-08-18T16:07:13Z","dateModified":"2024-10-27T08:06:42Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/b\/be\/%C3%81rabe_del_Golfo.PNG","headline":"variety of the Arabic language spoken in Eastern Arabia around the coasts of the Persian Gulf"}</script> </body> </html>