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<th class="navpanel-f"><a title="samarium" href="../samarium/atoms.html">Sm</a></th> <th class="navpanel-f">Eu</th> <th class="navpanel-f"><a title="gadolinium" href="../gadolinium/atoms.html">Gd</a></th> </tr> <tr> <th class="navpanel-f"><a title="plutonium" href="../plutonium/atoms.html">Pu</a></th> <th class="navpanel-f"><a title="americium" href="../americium/atoms.html">Am</a></th> <th class="navpanel-f"><a title="curium" href="../curium/atoms.html">Cm</a></th> </tr> </table> </div> </li>  <li class="pure-menu-item v"> <div class="element_select_centre"><a class="imagelink" title="Switch to a different element from here" href="../index.html"><img class="" src="../_media/locs/Eu-loc.png" alt="Europium location" /></a> </div> </li>  <li class="pure-menu-item f"><a class="pure-menu-link f" href="../actinium/atoms.html">Actinium ☢</a></li> <li class="pure-menu-item p"><a class="pure-menu-link p" href="../aluminium/atoms.html">Aluminium</a></li> <li class="pure-menu-item p"><a 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href="https://winter.group.shef.ac.uk/webelements/"><img height="30" src="../_media/icons/logo_60.png" alt="WebElements logo"></a> <a class="white" href="./">Europium - <sub>63</sub>Eu</a>  <audio id="myAudio_f"> <source src="../_media/elements/snds_f/Eu.mp3" type="audio/mpeg">Your user agent does not support the HTML5 Audio element. </audio> <button class="pure-button f_button" style=" display: inline;" type="button" onclick="audf_play_pause()"> 🔊  </button> <script> function audf_play_pause() { var myAudiof = document.getElementById("myAudio_f"); if (myAudiof.paused) { myAudiof.play(); } else { myAudiof.pause(); }} </script></span> </div> </div> </div> <div id="main">  <div class="pure-u-1 pure-u-sm-1-1"> <div class="pure-menu pure-menu-horizontal pure-menu-scrollable"> <a href="#" class="pure-menu-link pure-menu-heading">▸▸</a> <ul class="pure-menu-list"> <li class="pure-menu-item">🇬🇧 Europium</li> <li class="pure-menu-item">🇺🇦 Європій</li> <li class="pure-menu-item">🇨🇳 銪</li> <li 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<sub><small>63</small></sub>Eu: properties of free atoms</h1> <div class="pure-menu pure-menu-horizontal pure-menu-scrollable"> <ul class="pure-menu-list z_menu"> <li class="pure-menu-item f"><a href="../europium/" class="pure-menu-link">▸▸ Eu Essentials</a></li> <li class="pure-menu-item f"><a class="pure-menu-link" href="../europium/physics.html">Physical properties</a></li> <li class="pure-menu-item f"><a class="pure-menu-link" href="../europium/atoms.html">Electron shell data</a></li> <li class="pure-menu-item f"><a class="pure-menu-link" href="../europium/atom_sizes.html">Atom sizes</a></li> <li class="pure-menu-item f"><a class="pure-menu-link" href="../europium/electronegativity.html">Electronegativity</a></li> <li class="pure-menu-item f"><a class="pure-menu-link" href="../europium/isotopes.html" >Isotopes and NMR</a></li> <li class="pure-menu-item f"><a class="pure-menu-link" href="../europium/crystal_structure.html">Crystal structure</a></li> <li class="pure-menu-item f"><a 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</div> <p class="p_first">Europium atoms have 63 electrons and the <strong><a href="../periodicity/electron_shell_structure/">shell structure</a></strong> is  2.8.18.25.8.2.</p> <p>The <strong><a href="../periodicity/electronic_configuration/">ground state electron configuration of ground state gaseous neutral europium is</a></strong>  [<strong>Xe</strong>].<strong>4f</strong><sup>7</sup>.<strong>6s</strong><sup>2</sup> and the <strong><a href="../periodicity/term_symbol/">term symbol</a></strong> is  <sup>8</sup><strong>S</strong><sub>7/2</sub>.</p> <div class="pure-g"> <div class="pure-u-1 pure-u-md-1-2"> <div><figure><img class="pure-img" src="../_media/elements/electronic_configuration/electronic_configuration_Eu.png" alt="Kossel shell structure of europium" /><figcaption>Schematic electronic configuration of europium.</figcaption></figure ></div> </div> <div class="pure-u-1 pure-u-md-1-2"> <div><figure><img class="pure-img" src="../_media/elements/kossel_diagrams/kossel-atom_Eu.png" alt="Kossel shell structure of europium" /><figcaption>The Kossel shell structure of europium.</figcaption></figure ></div> </div> </div> <h2 class="f">Atomic spectrum</h2> <div style="background: black url(../_media/elements/discharge/Eu.png) repeat-y center; background-size:contain;"> </div> <p>A representation of the atomic spectrum of europium.</p> <h2 class="f">Ionisation Energies and electron affinity</h2> <p class="p_first">The <a href="../periodicity/electron_affinity/">electron affinity</a> of europium is 50 kJ mol<sup>‑1</sup>. The <a href="../periodicity/ionisation_energy/">ionisation energies</a> of europium are given below.</p> <div class="pure-g"> <div class="pure-u-1 pure-u-md-1-2"> <div class="table-responsive"> <table class="pure-table pure-table-striped"> <caption>Ionisation energies of europium</caption> <thead> <tr> <th>Ionisation energy number</th> <th>Enthalpy / kJ mol<sup>‑1</sup></th> </tr> </thead> <tbody> <tr><td><a href="../periodicity/ionis_energy_1/">1st</a></td><td>547.11</td></tr> <tr><td><a href="../periodicity/ionis_energy_2/">2nd</a></td><td>1084.5</td></tr> <tr><td><a href="../periodicity/ionis_energy_3/">3rd</a></td><td>2400</td></tr> <tr><td><a href="../periodicity/ionis_energy_4/">4th</a></td><td>4140</td></tr> <tr><td><a href="../periodicity/ionis_energy_5/">5th</a></td><td>6100</td></tr> <tr><td><a href="../periodicity/ionis_energy_6/">6th</a></td><td>8590</td></tr> <tr><td><a href="../periodicity/ionis_energy_7/">7th</a></td><td>10100</td></tr> <tr><td><a href="../periodicity/ionis_energy_8/">8th</a></td><td>11600</td></tr> <tr><td><a href="../periodicity/ionis_energy_9/">9th</a></td><td>13900</td></tr> <tr><td><a href="../periodicity/ionis_energy_10/">10th</a></td><td>15500</td></tr> <tr><td><a href="../periodicity/ionis_energy_11/">11th</a></td><td>17700</td></tr> <tr><td><a href="../periodicity/ionis_energy_12/">12th</a></td><td>20600 (calculated)</td></tr> <tr><td><a href="../periodicity/ionis_energy_13/">13th</a></td><td>23400</td></tr> <tr><td><a href="../periodicity/ionis_energy_14/">14th</a></td><td>25400</td></tr> <tr><td><a href="../periodicity/ionis_energy_15/">15th</a></td><td>27100</td></tr> <tr><td><a href="../periodicity/ionis_energy_16/">16th</a></td><td>30000</td></tr> <tr><td><a href="../periodicity/ionis_energy_17/">17th</a></td><td>33200</td></tr> <tr><td><a href="../periodicity/ionis_energy_18/">18th</a></td><td>50000</td></tr> <tr><td><a href="../periodicity/ionis_energy_19/">19th</a></td><td>53400</td></tr> <tr><td><a href="../periodicity/ionis_energy_20/">20th</a></td><td>56900</td></tr> <tr><td><a href="../periodicity/ionis_energy_21/">21st</a></td><td>60800</td></tr> </tbody> </table> </div> </div> <div class="pure-u-1 pure-u-md-1-2"> <div class="kossel_div"></figure><img class="pure-img" src="../_media/elements/ionisation_energies/ionisation_energies_Eu.png" alt="Ionisation energies of europium" /><figcaption>Ionisation energies of europium.</figcaption></figure></div> </div> </div> <div class="pure-g"> <div class="pure-u-1 pure-u-sm-1-1"> <script async src="//pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/js/adsbygoogle.js"></script>  <ins class="adsbygoogle" style="display:block" data-ad-client="ca-pub-9334432533380510" data-ad-slot="4479092381" data-ad-format="auto"></ins> <script> (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({}); </script> </div> </div> <h2 class="f">Effective Nuclear Charges</h2> <p>The following are "<a href="../periodicity/eff_nuc_charge_clementi/">Clementi-Raimondi</a>" effective nuclear charges, <em>Z</em><sub>eff</sub>. Follow the hyperlinks for more details and for graphs in various formats.</p> <div class="table-responsive"> <table class="pure-table pure-table-striped"> <caption>Effective nuclear charges for europium</caption> <tbody> <tr> <th><a href="../periodicity/eff_nuc_chg_clem_1s/">1s</a></th><td>61.76</td> <td colspan="6"> </td> </tr> <tr> <th><a href="../periodicity/eff_nuc_chg_clem_2s/">2s</a></th><td>46.47</td> <th><a href="../periodicity/eff_nuc_chg_clem_2p/">2p</a></th><td>58.72</td> <td colspan="4"> </td> </tr> <tr> <th><a href="../periodicity/eff_nuc_chg_clem_3s/">3s</a></th><td>42.87</td> <th><a href="../periodicity/eff_nuc_chg_clem_3p/">3p</a></th><td>43.28</td> <th><a href="../periodicity/eff_nuc_chg_clem_3d/">3d</a></th><td>49.25</td> <td colspan="2"> </td> </tr> <tr> <th><a href="../periodicity/eff_nuc_chg_clem_4s/">4s</a></th><td>32.87</td> <th><a href="../periodicity/eff_nuc_chg_clem_4p/">4p</a></th><td>31.87</td> <th><a href="../periodicity/eff_nuc_chg_clem_4d/">4d</a></th><td>28.94</td> <th><a href="../periodicity/eff_nuc_chg_clem_4f/">4f</a></th><td>24.32</td> </tr> <tr> <th><a href="../periodicity/eff_nuc_chg_clem_5s/">5s</a></th><td>18.59</td> <th><a href="../periodicity/eff_nuc_chg_clem_5p/">5p</a></th><td>16.56</td> <th><a href="../periodicity/eff_nuc_chg_clem_5d/">5d</a></th><td>(no data)</td> <td colspan="2"> </td> </tr> <tr> <th><a href="../periodicity/eff_nuc_chg_clem_6s/">6s</a></th><td>8.12</td> <th><a href="../periodicity/eff_nuc_chg_clem_6p/">6p</a></th><td>(no data)</td> <td colspan="4"> </td> </tr> <tr> <th>7s</th><td> </td> <td colspan="6"> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </div> <h3 class="f">References</h3> <p>These effective nuclear charges, <em>Z</em><sub>eff</sub>, are adapted from the following references:</p> <ol> <li>E. Clementi and D.L.Raimondi, <em>J. Chem. Phys.</em> 1963, <strong>38</strong>, 2686.</li> <li>E. Clementi, D.L.Raimondi, and W.P. Reinhardt, <em>J. Chem. Phys.</em> 1967, <strong>47</strong>, 1300.</li> </ol> <h2 class="f">Electron binding energies</h2> <table class="pure-table pure-table-striped"> <caption>Electron binding energies for europium. All values of <a href="../periodicity/elec_binding_energy/">electron binding energies</a> are given in eV. The binding energies are quoted relative to the vacuum level for rare gases and H<sub>2</sub>, N<sub>2</sub>, O<sub>2</sub>, F<sub>2</sub>, and Cl<sub>2</sub> molecules; relative to the Fermi level for metals; and relative to the top of the valence band for semiconductors.</caption> <thead> <tr> <th>Label</th> <th>Orbital</th> <th>eV [literature reference]</th> </tr> </thead> <tbody> <tr><td>K </td><td><a href="../periodicity/e_bind_energy_K/">1s</a></td><td>48519 [1]</td></tr> <tr><td>L <sub>I</sub></td><td><a href="../periodicity/e_bind_energy_L_I/">2s</a></td><td>8052 [1]</td></tr> <tr><td>L <sub>II</sub></td><td><a href="../periodicity/e_bind_energy_L_II/">2p<sub>1/2</sub></a></td><td>7617 [1]</td></tr> <tr><td>L <sub>III</sub></td><td><a href="../periodicity/e_bind_energy_L_III/">2p<sub>3/2</sub></a></td><td>6977 [1]</td></tr> <tr><td>M <sub>I</sub></td><td><a href="../periodicity/e_bind_energy_M_I/">3s</a></td><td>1800 [1]</td></tr> <tr><td>M <sub>II</sub></td><td><a href="../periodicity/e_bind_energy_M_II/">3p<sub>1/2</sub></a></td><td>1614 [1]</td></tr> <tr><td>M <sub>III</sub></td><td><a href="../periodicity/e_bind_energy_M_III/">3p<sub>3/2</sub></a></td><td>1481 [1]</td></tr> <tr><td>M <sub>IV</sub></td><td><a href="../periodicity/e_bind_energy_M_IV/">3d<sub>3/2</sub></a></td><td>1158.6 [2]</td></tr> <tr><td>M <sub>V</sub></td><td><a href="../periodicity/e_bind_energy_M_V/">3d<sub>5/2</sub></a></td><td>1127.5 [2]</td></tr> <tr><td>N <sub>I</sub></td><td><a href="../periodicity/e_bind_energy_N_I/">4s</a></td><td>360 [1]</td></tr> <tr><td>N <sub>II</sub></td><td><a href="../periodicity/e_bind_energy_N_II/">4p<sub>1/2</sub></a></td><td>284 [1]</td></tr> <tr><td>N <sub>III</sub></td><td><a href="../periodicity/e_bind_energy_N_III/">4p<sub>3/2</sub></a></td><td>257 [1]</td></tr> <tr><td>N <sub>IV</sub></td><td><a href="../periodicity/e_bind_energy_N_IV/">4d<sub>3/2</sub></a></td><td>133 [1]</td></tr> <tr><td>N <sub>V</sub></td><td><a href="../periodicity/e_bind_energy_N_V/">4d<sub>5/2</sub></a></td><td>127.7 [2]</td></tr> <tr><td>N <sub>VI</sub></td><td><a href="../periodicity/e_bind_energy_N_VI/">4f<sub>5/2</sub></a></td><td>0 [1]</td></tr> <tr><td>N <sub>VII</sub></td><td><a href="../periodicity/e_bind_energy_N_VII/">4f<sub>7/2</sub></a></td><td>0 [1]</td></tr> <tr><td>O <sub>I</sub></td><td><a href="../periodicity/e_bind_energy_O_I/">5s</a></td><td>32 [1]</td></tr> <tr><td>O <sub>II</sub></td><td><a href="../periodicity/e_bind_energy_O_II/">5p<sub>1/2</sub></a></td><td>22 [1]</td></tr> <tr><td>O <sub>III</sub></td><td><a href="../periodicity/e_bind_energy_O_III/">5p<sub>3/2</sub></a></td><td>22 [1]</td></tr> </tbody> </table> <h3 class="f">Notes</h3> <p>I am grateful to <a href="http://www.jlab.org/%7Egwyn/">Gwyn Williams</a> (Jefferson Laboratory, Virginia, USA) who provided the electron binding energy data. The data are adapted from references 1-3. They are tabulated elsewhere on the WWW (reference 4) and in paper form (reference 5).</p> <h3 class="f">References</h3> <ol> <li>J. A. Bearden and A. F. Burr, "Reevaluation of X-Ray Atomic Energy Levels," <em>Rev. Mod. Phys.</em>, 1967, <strong>39</strong>, 125.</li> <li>M. Cardona and L. Ley, Eds., <em>Photoemission in Solids I: General Principles</em> (Springer-Verlag, Berlin) with additional corrections, 1978.</li> <li><a href="http://www.jlab.org/%7Egwyn/ebindene.html">Gwyn Williams WWW table of values</a></li> <li>D.R. Lide, (Ed.) in <em><a href="http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0849304814/webelements">Chemical Rubber Company handbook of chemistry and physics</a></em>, CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida, USA, 81st edition, 2000. </li> <li>J. C. Fuggle and N. Mårtensson, "Core-Level Binding Energies in Metals," <em>J. Electron Spectrosc. Relat. Phenom.</em>, 1980, <strong>21</strong>, 275.</li> </ol> </main> <div id="footer"> <footer> <div class="footer"> <div class="pure-g"> <div class="pure-u-1-2 pure-u-sm-1-2 pure-u-lg-1-4 pure-menu custom-restricted-width"> <ul class="pure-menu-list"> <li class="pure-menu-heading footer_h">Key properties</li> <li class="pure-menu-item"><a class="pure-menu-link" href="https://www.webelements.com/periodicity/eneg_pauling/">Electronegativity </a></li> <li class="pure-menu-item"><a class="pure-menu-link" href="https://www.webelements.com/periodicity/melting_point/">Melting point</a></li> <li class="pure-menu-item"><a class="pure-menu-link" href="https://www.webelements.com/periodicity/density/">Density </a></li> <li class="pure-menu-item"><a class="pure-menu-link" href="https://www.webelements.com/periodicity/molar_volume/">Molar volume</a></li> <li class="pure-menu-item"><a class="pure-menu-link" href="https://www.webelements.com/periodicity/ionis_energy_1/">Ionization energy (1st)</a></li> <li class="pure-menu-item"><a class="pure-menu-link" href="https://www.webelements.com/periodicity/covalent_radius/">Covalent radius</a></li> <li class="pure-menu-item"><a class="pure-menu-link" href="https://www.webelements.com/periodicity/metallic_radius/">Metallic radius</a></li> <li class="pure-menu-item"><a class="pure-menu-link" href="https://www.webelements.com/periodicity/abund_crust/">Abundance: earth's crust</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="pure-u-1-2 pure-u-sm-1-2 pure-u-lg-1-4 pure-menu custom-restricted-width"> <ul class="pure-menu-list"> <li class="pure-menu-heading footer_h">Shop</li> <li class="pure-menu-item">Sorry, shop closed</li> </ul> </div> <div class="pure-u-1-2 pure-u-sm-1-2 pure-u-lg-1-4 pure-menu custom-restricted-width"> <ul class="pure-menu-list"> <li class="pure-menu-heading footer_h">Social</li> <li class="pure-menu-item"><a class="pure-menu-link" href="https://www.facebook.com/webelements.periodic.table">Facebook</a></li> <li class="pure-menu-item"><a class="pure-menu-link" href="https://twitter.com/periodic_table">Twitter</a></li> <li class="pure-menu-item"><a class="pure-menu-link" href="https://www.pinterest.com/periodictable/">Pinterest</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="pure-u-1-2 pure-u-sm-1-2 pure-u-lg-1-4 pure-menu custom-restricted-width"> <ul class="pure-menu-list"> <li class="pure-menu-heading footer_h">Administration</li> <li class="pure-menu-item"><a class="pure-menu-link" href="https://www.webelements.com/nexus/your-privacy/" title="Your privacy">Privacy</a></li> <li class="pure-menu-item"><a class="pure-menu-link" href="https://www.webelements.com/nexus/about-webelements/" title="About WebElements">About</a></li> <li class="pure-menu-item"><a class="pure-menu-link" href="https://www.webelements.com/nexus/webelements-and-copyright/" title="Copyright information about WebElements">Copyright</a></li> <li class="pure-menu-item"><a class="pure-menu-link" href="https://www.webelements.com/nexus/acknowledgements/" title="Acknowledgements">Thanks...</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <address> <p> <a href="https://www.webelements.com/"><img class="logo_m" src="../_media/icons/logo_60.png" alt="WebElements home" /></a><br /> <strong>WebElements:</strong> THE periodic table on the WWW [<a href="https://www.webelements.com/">www.webelements.com</a>]<br /> <a href="https://www.webelements.com/nexus/webelements-and-copyright/">Copyright </a> 1993-2024 <a href="https://winter.group.shef.ac.uk/">Mark Winter</a> [ <a href="https://www.sheffield.ac.uk/chemistry/">The University of Sheffield </a> and WebElements Ltd, UK]. 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