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class="section-holder-border item-block item-absolute" data-at="section-border"></div> <div class="section-holder-overlay item-block item-absolute" data-at="section-overlay"></div> <div class="section-block"> <div class="section-inner section-fit section-relative"> <div class="widget item-absolute " id="element-698"> <div class="contents cropped item-block" data-at="image-cropp"> <img class="item-content-box item-block image " data-at="image" alt="" src="//v.fastcdn.co/t/6f5f942d/b6489371/1692210969-43139880-208x131-EE-Classroom-logo.png" srcset="//v.fastcdn.co/t/6f5f942d/b6489371/1692210970-43139880-416x262-EE-Classroom-logo.png 2x" > </div> </div> <div class="widget item-absolute paragraph " id="element-745" data-at="paragraph"> <div class="contents"> <p class="x_af3357d1 x_caa00007"><span class="x_7b2817bf"><strong >Testing Basics: Radio Frequency</strong></span></p> </div> </div> <div class="widget item-absolute paragraph " id="element-464" data-at="paragraph"> <div class="contents"> <p class="x_4886f134 x_3b27255f"><span class="x_7b2817bf">Welcome to this installment of EE Classroom on Testing Basics: Radio Frequency</span></p><p class="x_4886f134 x_3b27255f"><span class="x_7b2817bf"><br></span></p><p class="x_4886f134 x_3b27255f"><span class="x_7b2817bf">For all the various components and systems that are part of our Learning Center classrooms, their one common denominator is the absolute requirement for testing. The complexity of electronic devices, and the emerging technologies such as 5G, artificial intelligence, machine learning, mean every step of device design must be tested thoroughly. From a humble probe to network analyzers, testing hits every level on the spectrum.</span></p><p class="x_4886f134 x_3b27255f"><span class="x_7b2817bf"><br></span></p><p class="x_4886f134 x_3b27255f"><span class="x_7b2817bf">As a “Testing Basics 201”, this classroom follows the previous <a href="https://www.eeworldonline.com/testing-classroom" id="link-kaxqod0nohs" target="_blank" data-link-kaxqod0nohs class="url-link"><u >Testing Basics Classroom</u></a>, and offers educational content focused on various basics around RF measurement instrumentation. Additionally, you will find tutorials on topics ranging from RF power measurement, to impedance in RF transmission lines, to the importance of scattering parameters (not the math-intensive version).</span></p><p class="x_4886f134 x_3b27255f"><span class="x_7b2817bf"><br></span></p><p class="x_4886f134 x_3b27255f"><span class="x_7b2817bf">And, once again, unlike some devices you are testing…these classes aren’t Pass/Fail.</span></p> </div> </div> <div class="widget item-absolute " id="element-463"> <div class="contents cropped item-block" data-at="image-cropp"> <img class="item-content-box item-block image " data-at="image" alt="" src="//v.fastcdn.co/t/6f5f942d/b6489371/1692210964-43139868-250x250-aimee-k.jpg" srcset="//v.fastcdn.co/t/6f5f942d/b6489371/1692210965-43139868-500x500-aimee-k.jpg 2x" > </div> </div> <div class="widget item-absolute headline " id="element-465" data-at="headline"> <div class="contents"> <h3> <span class="x_0d91ddff"><span class="x_2237cc08">Aimee Kalnoskas</span></span> </h3> </div> </div> <div class="widget item-absolute paragraph " id="element-466" data-at="paragraph"> <div class="contents"> <p class="x_c5f0bf77"><span class="x_2237cc08">Editor in Chief, EE World Online</span></p> </div> </div> </div> </div> </section> <section class="section section-relative " id="page-block-xb67auym0gc" data-at="section"> <div class="section-holder-border item-block item-absolute" data-at="section-border"></div> <div class="section-holder-overlay item-block item-absolute" data-at="section-overlay"></div> <div class="section-block"> <div class="section-inner section-fit section-relative"> </div> </div> </section> <section class="section section-relative " id="page-block-5tm59nc4xd7" data-at="section"> <div class="section-holder-border item-block item-absolute" data-at="section-border"></div> <div class="section-holder-overlay item-block item-absolute" data-at="section-overlay"></div> <div class="section-block"> <div class="section-inner section-fit section-relative"> </div> </div> </section> <section class="section section-relative " id="page-block-zvjzp35volp" data-at="section"> <div class="section-holder-border item-block item-absolute" data-at="section-border"></div> <div class="section-holder-overlay item-block item-absolute" data-at="section-overlay"></div> <div class="section-block"> <div class="section-inner section-fit section-relative"> <div class="widget item-absolute headline " id="element-481" data-at="headline"> <div class="contents"> <h1> <span class="x_eb0060c7 x_6ee82066"><span class="x_3528f91f"> Antennas  •  Modulation</span></span> </h1> </div> </div> <div class="widget item-absolute " id="element-874"> <div class="contents shape box figure " data-at="shape" ></div> </div> <div class="widget item-absolute " id="element-879"> <div class="contents shape box figure " data-at="shape" ></div> </div> <div class="widget item-absolute " id="element-884"> <div class="contents shape box figure " 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class="item-content-box item-block image img-lazy" data-at="image" alt="" src="data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAEAAAABCAQAAAC1HAwCAAAAC0lEQVR42mM89h8AApEBx2iaqpQAAAAASUVORK5CYII=" data-src="//v.fastcdn.co/t/6f5f942d/b6489371/1692210982-58579127-210x79-PIM-testing-setup.png" data-retina-src="//v.fastcdn.co/t/6f5f942d/b6489371/1692210983-58579127-420x158-PIM-testing-setup.png" > </div> </div> <div class="widget item-absolute paragraph " id="element-880" data-at="paragraph"> <div class="contents"> <p class="x_0d0d8539"><span class="x_faad26e1">What is passive intermodulation? </span></p> </div> </div> <div class="widget item-absolute paragraph " id="element-933" data-at="paragraph"> <div class="contents"> <p class="x_0d0d8539"><span class="x_faad26e1">Antennas and antenna measurements</span></p> </div> </div> <div class="widget item-absolute paragraph " id="element-875" data-at="paragraph"> <div class="contents"> <p class="x_0d0d8539"><span class="x_faad26e1">Single-sideband modulation and its measurement</span></p> </div> </div> <div class="widget item-absolute paragraph " id="element-885" data-at="paragraph"> <div class="contents"> <p class="x_0d0d8539"><span class="x_faad26e1">Antennas and antenna measurements</span></p> </div> </div> <div class="widget item-absolute paragraph " id="element-881" data-at="paragraph"> <div class="contents"> <p class="x_0d0d8539"><span class="x_816a1881">Passive intermodulation (PIM) is a pernicious and destructive phenomenon for cellular network operators.</span></p> </div> </div> <div class="widget item-absolute paragraph " id="element-935" data-at="paragraph"> <div class="contents"> <p class="x_0d0d8539"><span class="x_816a1881">How an antenna is situated and terminated determines its behavior in transmitting and/or receiving.</span></p> </div> </div> <div class="widget item-absolute paragraph " id="element-876" data-at="paragraph"> <div class="contents"> <p class="x_0d0d8539"><span class="x_816a1881">SSB's reduced power consumption and bandwidth have it to play an important role in the current overall transmission picture.</span></p> </div> </div> <div class="widget item-absolute paragraph " id="element-886" data-at="paragraph"> <div class="contents"> <p class="x_0d0d8539"><span class="x_816a1881">Antenna dimensions on antenna qualities are key factors enter into design and measurement scenarios.</span></p> </div> </div> <div class="widget item-absolute " id="element-877"> <a href="https://www.testandmeasurementtips.com/single-sideband-modulation-and-its-measurement-faq/" id="link-g13lkfu067m" target="_blank" class="url-link btn item-block" data-at="button" data-link-g13lkfu067m > More </a> </div> <div class="widget item-absolute " id="element-882"> <a href="https://www.analogictips.com/what-is-passive-intermodulation-faq/" id="link-lgu92redzm9" target="_blank" class="url-link btn item-block" data-at="button" data-link-lgu92redzm9 > More </a> </div> <div class="widget item-absolute " id="element-887"> <a href="https://www.testandmeasurementtips.com/?s=Overview+of+electrical+measuring+instruments+-+Part+1" id="link-dzo7jg9349" target="_blank" class="url-link btn item-block" data-at="button" data-link-dzo7jg9349 > More </a> </div> <div class="widget item-absolute " id="element-936"> <a href="https://www.testandmeasurementtips.com/measuring-antenna-properties/" id="link-k2c2koylyzb" target="_blank" class="url-link btn item-block" data-at="button" data-link-k2c2koylyzb > More </a> </div> </div> </div> </section> <section class="section section-relative " id="page-block-uh34xmbqg18" data-at="section"> <div class="section-holder-border item-block item-absolute" data-at="section-border"></div> <div class="section-holder-overlay item-block item-absolute" data-at="section-overlay"></div> <div class="section-block"> <div class="section-inner section-fit section-relative"> </div> </div> </section> <section class="section section-relative " id="page-block-w9oj0w63jcr" data-at="section"> <div class="section-holder-border item-block item-absolute" data-at="section-border"></div> <div class="section-holder-overlay item-block item-absolute" data-at="section-overlay"></div> <div class="section-block"> <div class="section-inner section-fit section-relative"> <div class="widget item-absolute headline " id="element-855" data-at="headline"> <div class="contents"> <h1> <span class="x_eb0060c7 x_6ee82066"><span class="x_3528f91f">RF Power  •  VSWR  •  Impedance</span></span> </h1> </div> </div> <div class="widget item-absolute " id="element-868"> <div class="contents shape box figure " data-at="shape" ></div> </div> <div class="widget item-absolute " id="element-852"> <div class="contents shape box figure " data-at="shape" ></div> </div> <div class="widget item-absolute " id="element-856"> <div class="contents shape box figure " data-at="shape" ></div> </div> <div class="widget item-absolute " id="element-857"> <div class="contents shape box figure " data-at="shape" ></div> </div> <div class="widget item-absolute " id="element-867"> <div class="contents cropped item-block" data-at="image-cropp"> <img class="item-content-box item-block image img-lazy" data-at="image" alt="" src="data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAEAAAABCAQAAAC1HAwCAAAAC0lEQVR42mM89h8AApEBx2iaqpQAAAAASUVORK5CYII=" data-src="//v.fastcdn.co/t/6f5f942d/b6489371/1692210979-58580207-204x118-VSWR-and-impedance-m.jpg" data-retina-src="//v.fastcdn.co/t/6f5f942d/b6489371/1692210979-58580207-408x236-VSWR-and-impedance-m.jpg" > </div> </div> <div class="widget item-absolute " id="element-872"> <div class="contents cropped item-block" data-at="image-cropp"> <img class="item-content-box item-block image img-lazy" data-at="image" alt="" src="data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAEAAAABCAQAAAC1HAwCAAAAC0lEQVR42mM89h8AApEBx2iaqpQAAAAASUVORK5CYII=" data-src="//v.fastcdn.co/t/6f5f942d/b6489371/1692210979-58580217-213x120-Witte-pwrmeas-fig4-n.png" data-retina-src="//v.fastcdn.co/t/6f5f942d/b6489371/1692210980-58580217-426x240-Witte-pwrmeas-fig4-n.png" > </div> </div> <div class="widget item-absolute " id="element-865"> <div class="contents cropped item-block" data-at="image-cropp"> <img class="item-content-box item-block image img-lazy" data-at="image" alt="" src="data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAEAAAABCAQAAAC1HAwCAAAAC0lEQVR42mM89h8AApEBx2iaqpQAAAAASUVORK5CYII=" data-src="//v.fastcdn.co/t/6f5f942d/b6489371/1692210976-58580212-191x119x193x119x0x0-WHTH-Analog-FAQ-RF-P.jpg" data-retina-src="//v.fastcdn.co/t/6f5f942d/b6489371/1692210976-58580212-382x238x386x238x0x0-WHTH-Analog-FAQ-RF-P.jpg" > </div> </div> <div class="widget item-absolute " id="element-866"> <div class="contents cropped item-block" data-at="image-cropp"> <img class="item-content-box item-block image img-lazy" data-at="image" alt="" src="data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAEAAAABCAQAAAC1HAwCAAAAC0lEQVR42mM89h8AApEBx2iaqpQAAAAASUVORK5CYII=" data-src="//v.fastcdn.co/t/6f5f942d/b6489371/1692210977-58580177-189x126-WHTH-FAQ-s-parameter.png" data-retina-src="//v.fastcdn.co/t/6f5f942d/b6489371/1692210977-58580177-378x252-WHTH-FAQ-s-parameter.png" > </div> </div> <div class="widget item-absolute paragraph " id="element-862" data-at="paragraph"> <div class="contents"> <p class="x_0d0d8539"><span class="x_faad26e1">The basics of VSWR and impedance</span></p> </div> </div> <div class="widget item-absolute paragraph " id="element-869" data-at="paragraph"> <div class="contents"> <p class="x_0d0d8539"><span class="x_faad26e1">Measure power in complex RF signals</span></p> </div> </div> <div class="widget item-absolute paragraph " id="element-853" data-at="paragraph"> <div class="contents"> <p class="x_0d0d8539"><span class="x_faad26e1">RF power measurement: What, why, how, where</span></p> </div> </div> <div class="widget item-absolute paragraph " id="element-859" data-at="paragraph"> <div class="contents"> <p class="x_0d0d8539"><span class="x_faad26e1">What are the functions and principles of S-parameters?</span></p> </div> </div> <div class="widget item-absolute paragraph " id="element-864" data-at="paragraph"> <div class="contents"> <p class="x_0d0d8539"><span class="x_816a1881">Understanding the role and implications of impedance in RF transmission lines and antennas is vital to successful system performance.</span></p> </div> </div> <div class="widget item-absolute paragraph " id="element-870" data-at="paragraph"> <div class="contents"> <p class="x_0d0d8539"><span class="x_816a1881">Average and peak power measurement require that you use a broadband or narrowband configuration.</span></p> </div> </div> <div class="widget item-absolute paragraph " id="element-854" data-at="paragraph"> <div class="contents"> <p class="x_0d0d8539"><span class="x_816a1881">Some of the basic issues associated with the measurement of RF power.</span></p> </div> </div> <div class="widget item-absolute paragraph " id="element-861" data-at="paragraph"> <div class="contents"> <p class="x_0d0d8539"><span class="x_816a1881">A look at the measurement and application and relationship of S-parameters to the time domain.</span></p> </div> </div> <div class="widget item-absolute " id="element-858"> <a href="https://www.analogictips.com/rf-power-measurement-part-1-why-and-where-faq/" id="link-ina3fwvdiz" target="_blank" class="url-link btn item-block" data-at="button" data-link-ina3fwvdiz > More </a> </div> <div class="widget item-absolute " id="element-860"> <a href="https://www.analogictips.com/what-are-the-functions-and-principles-of-s-parameters-part-1/" id="link-a38yn318lbm" target="_blank" class="url-link btn item-block" data-at="button" data-link-a38yn318lbm > More </a> </div> <div class="widget item-absolute " id="element-863"> <a 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class="section-holder-border item-block item-absolute" data-at="section-border"></div> <div class="section-holder-overlay item-block item-absolute" data-at="section-overlay"></div> <div class="section-block"> <div class="section-inner section-fit section-relative"> <div class="widget item-absolute headline " id="element-897" data-at="headline"> <div class="contents"> <h1> <span class="x_eb0060c7 x_6ee82066"><span class="x_3528f91f"> Instrumentation  •  5G </span></span> </h1> </div> </div> <div class="widget item-absolute " id="element-898"> <div class="contents shape box figure " data-at="shape" ></div> </div> <div class="widget item-absolute " id="element-903"> <div class="contents shape box figure " data-at="shape" ></div> </div> <div class="widget item-absolute " id="element-908"> <div class="contents shape box figure " data-at="shape" ></div> </div> <div class="widget item-absolute " id="element-907"> <div class="contents cropped item-block" data-at="image-cropp"> <img 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item-absolute " id="element-912"> <div class="contents cropped item-block" data-at="image-cropp"> <img class="item-content-box item-block image img-lazy" data-at="image" alt="" src="data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAEAAAABCAQAAAC1HAwCAAAAC0lEQVR42mM89h8AApEBx2iaqpQAAAAASUVORK5CYII=" data-src="//v.fastcdn.co/t/6f5f942d/b6489371/1692210990-58580712-197x96x197x96x0x0-s-parameters.jpg" data-retina-src="//v.fastcdn.co/t/6f5f942d/b6489371/1692210990-58580712-394x192x394x192x0x0-s-parameters.jpg" > </div> </div> <div class="widget item-absolute paragraph " id="element-899" data-at="paragraph"> <div class="contents"> <p class="x_0d0d8539"><span class="x_faad26e1">DSS lets 5G and LTE share spectrum</span></p> </div> </div> <div class="widget item-absolute paragraph " id="element-904" data-at="paragraph"> <div class="contents"> <p class="x_0d0d8539"><span class="x_faad26e1">The difference between SWR and TDR meters</span></p> </div> </div> <div class="widget item-absolute paragraph " id="element-909" data-at="paragraph"> <div class="contents"> <p class="x_0d0d8539"><span class="x_faad26e1">Attenuation networks and their measurements</span></p> </div> </div> <div class="widget item-absolute paragraph " id="element-900" data-at="paragraph"> <div class="contents"> <p class="x_0d0d8539"><span class="x_816a1881">Dynamic spectrum sharing of 5G and LTE networks addresses the need for spectrum, particularly at mid-band frequencies. </span></p> </div> </div> <div class="widget item-absolute paragraph " id="element-905" data-at="paragraph"> <div class="contents"> <p class="x_0d0d8539"><span class="x_816a1881">A contrast of the operation of meters that both involve reflected waveforms.</span></p> </div> </div> <div class="widget item-absolute paragraph " id="element-910" data-at="paragraph"> <div class="contents"> <p class="x_0d0d8539"><span class="x_816a1881">For accuracy, an attenuator's insertion loss is generally measured using a network analyzer.</span></p> </div> 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