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[o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Kirjaudu sisään</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Sivut kirjautumattomille muokkaajille <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Tervetuloa_Wikipediaan" aria-label="Lue lisää muokkaamisesta"><span>lue lisää</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Toiminnot:Omat_muokkaukset" title="Luettelo tästä IP-osoitteesta tehdyistä muokkauksista [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Muokkaukset</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Toiminnot:Oma_keskustelu" title="Keskustelu tämän IP-osoitteen muokkauksista [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Keskustelu</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Sivusto"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Sisällysluettelo" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Sisällysluettelo</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">siirrä sivupalkkiin</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">piilota</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Johdanto</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Aiheesta_muualla" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aiheesta_muualla"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Aiheesta muualla</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aiheesta_muualla-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Sisällysluettelo" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Sisällysluettelo" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Vaihda sisällysluettelo" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Vaihda sisällysluettelo</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Martin Rodbell</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Mene artikkeliin toisella kielellä. Saatavilla 46 kielellä" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-46" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">46 kieltä</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AA%D9%86_%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%AF%D8%A8%D9%84" title="مارتن رودبل — arabia" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="مارتن رودبل" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="arabia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AA%DB%8C%D9%86_%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%A8%D9%84" title="مارتین رادبل — South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="مارتین رادبل" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Rodbell" title="Martin Rodbell — indonesia" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Martin Rodbell" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indonesia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Rodbell" title="Martin Rodbell — malaiji" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Martin Rodbell" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="malaiji" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A8_%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%A1%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B2" title="মার্টিন রডবেল — bengali" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="মার্টিন রডবেল" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="bengali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%86%D1%96%D0%BD_%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%BB" title="Марцін Родбел — valkovenäjä" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Марцін Родбел" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="valkovenäjä" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Rodbell" title="Martin Rodbell — katalaani" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Martin Rodbell" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="katalaani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Rodbell" title="Martin Rodbell — tšekki" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Martin Rodbell" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="tšekki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Rodbell" title="Martin Rodbell — saksa" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Martin Rodbell" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="saksa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Rodbell" title="Martin Rodbell — viro" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Martin Rodbell" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="viro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Rodbell" title="Martin Rodbell — englanti" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Martin Rodbell" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="englanti" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Rodbell" title="Martin Rodbell — espanja" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Martin Rodbell" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="espanja" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Rodbell" title="Martin Rodbell — baski" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Martin Rodbell" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="baski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AA%DB%8C%D9%86_%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%A8%D9%84" title="مارتین رادبل — persia" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="مارتین رادبل" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="persia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Rodbell" title="Martin Rodbell — ranska" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Martin Rodbell" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="ranska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%A7%88%ED%8B%B4_%EB%A1%9C%EB%93%9C%EB%B2%A8" title="마틴 로드벨 — korea" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="마틴 로드벨" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="korea" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Rodbell" title="Martin Rodbell — kroatia" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Martin Rodbell" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="kroatia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Rodbell" title="Martin Rodbell — ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Martin Rodbell" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Rodbell" title="Martin Rodbell — italia" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Martin Rodbell" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="italia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%A8%D7%98%D7%99%D7%9F_%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%93%D7%91%D7%9C" title="מרטין רודבל — heprea" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מרטין רודבל" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="heprea" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Rodbell" title="Martin Rodbell — jaava" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Martin Rodbell" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="jaava" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BB" title="Мартин Родбелл — kazakki" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Мартин Родбелл" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="kazakki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Rodbell" title="Martin Rodbell — swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Martin Rodbell" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martinus_Rodbell" title="Martinus Rodbell — latina" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Martinus Rodbell" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="latina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Rodbell" title="Martin Rodbell — unkari" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Martin Rodbell" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="unkari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C_%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9D%E1%83%93%E1%83%91%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98" title="მარტინ როდბელი — mingreli" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="მარტინ როდბელი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="mingreli" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AA%D9%86_%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%AF%D8%A8%D9%84" title="مارتن رودبل — egyptinarabia" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="مارتن رودبل" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="egyptinarabia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AA%DB%8C%D9%86_%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%A8%D9%84" title="مارتین رادبل — mazandarani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="مارتین رادبل" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="mazandarani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Rodbell" title="Martin Rodbell — hollanti" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Martin Rodbell" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="hollanti" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%9E%E3%83%BC%E3%83%86%E3%82%A3%E3%83%B3%E3%83%BB%E3%83%AD%E3%83%83%E3%83%89%E3%83%99%E3%83%AB" title="マーティン・ロッドベル — japani" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="マーティン・ロッドベル" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="japani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Rodbell" title="Martin Rodbell — norjan bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Martin Rodbell" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="norjan bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Rodbell" title="Martin Rodbell — oksitaani" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Martin Rodbell" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="oksitaani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%B9%D9%86_%D8%B1%D9%88%DA%88%D8%A8%D9%84" title="مارٹن روڈبل — Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="مارٹن روڈبل" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Rodbell" title="Martin Rodbell — alasaksa" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Martin Rodbell" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="alasaksa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Rodbell" title="Martin Rodbell — puola" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Martin Rodbell" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="puola" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Rodbell" title="Martin Rodbell — portugali" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Martin Rodbell" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portugali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BB,_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Родбелл, Мартин — venäjä" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Родбелл, Мартин" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="venäjä" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Rodbell" title="Martin Rodbell — Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Martin Rodbell" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%BB" title="Мартин Родбел — serbia" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Мартин Родбел" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="serbia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Rodbell" title="Martin Rodbell — ruotsi" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Martin Rodbell" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="ruotsi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Rodbell" title="Martin Rodbell — vietnam" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Martin Rodbell" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="vietnam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Rodbell" title="Martin Rodbell — turkki" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Martin Rodbell" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="turkki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D1%96%D0%BD_%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BB" title="Мартін Родбелл — ukraina" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Мартін Родбелл" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ukraina" 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border-top: 1px solid #AAAAAA; border-bottom: 1px solid #AAAAAA;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Tiedosto:Rodbell,_Martin_(1925-1998).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Rodbell%2C_Martin_%281925-1998%29.jpg/250px-Rodbell%2C_Martin_%281925-1998%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="267" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Rodbell%2C_Martin_%281925-1998%29.jpg/375px-Rodbell%2C_Martin_%281925-1998%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Rodbell%2C_Martin_%281925-1998%29.jpg/500px-Rodbell%2C_Martin_%281925-1998%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4871" data-file-height="5200" /></a></span></td> </tr><tr><th class="" colspan="2" style="text-align:center; border-top: 1px solid #AAAAAA; border-bottom: 1px solid #AAAAAA; background-color: #B2DFB2; color: #000000; ;">Henkilötiedot</th> </tr><tr><td class="" style=""><b>Syntynyt</b></td><td class="" style=""><a href="/wiki/1._joulukuuta" title="1. joulukuuta">1. joulukuuta</a> <a href="/wiki/1925" title="1925">1925</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Baltimore" title="Baltimore">Baltimore</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maryland" title="Maryland">Maryland</a></td></tr><tr><td class="" style=""><b>Kuollut</b></td><td class="" style=""><a href="/wiki/7._joulukuuta" title="7. joulukuuta">7. joulukuuta</a> <a href="/wiki/1998" title="1998">1998</a> (73 vuotta)<br /><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chapel_Hill&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chapel Hill (sivua ei ole)">Chapel Hill</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Orangen_piirikunta_(Pohjois-Carolina)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Orangen piirikunta (Pohjois-Carolina) (sivua ei ole)">Orangen piirikunta</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pohjois-Carolina" title="Pohjois-Carolina">Pohjois-Carolina</a></td></tr><tr><th class="" colspan="2" style="text-align:center; border-top: 1px solid #AAAAAA; border-bottom: 1px solid #AAAAAA; background-color: #B2DFB2; color: #000000; ;">Koulutus ja ura</th> </tr> <tr><td class="" colspan="1" style="vertical-align: top; font-weight:bold;">Tutkimusalue</td> <td class="" colspan="1" style="vertical-align: top;"> <a href="/wiki/Biokemia" title="Biokemia">Biokemia</a></td> </tr> <tr><td class="" colspan="1" style="vertical-align: top; font-weight:bold;">Palkinnot</td> <td class="" colspan="1" style="vertical-align: top;"> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Nobel-palkinto" title="Nobel-palkinto"><img alt="Nobel-palkinto" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Nobel_prize_medal.svg/20px-Nobel_prize_medal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Nobel_prize_medal.svg/30px-Nobel_prize_medal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Nobel_prize_medal.svg/40px-Nobel_prize_medal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="150" data-file-height="150" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Nobelin_l%C3%A4%C3%A4ketieteen_palkinto" class="mw-redirect" title="Nobelin lääketieteen palkinto">Nobelin lääketieteen palkinto</a> (1994)</td> </tr> <tr><td class="" colspan="2" style=""> <div style="text-align:center"> <small>[ <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q60031" class="extiw" title="d:Q60031">Muokkaa Wikidatassa</a> ] <span style="display:none" class="showlinkback"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/" title="Näytä Wikidatasta tulevat arvot"><img alt="Näytä Wikidatasta tulevat arvot" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/25px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/38px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/50px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="590" /></a></span></span></small></div> </td> </tr><tr class="infobox_tests" style="display:none"><td><span class="wd_tests"><a class="external text" href="https://tools.wmflabs.org/fiwiki-tools/testit/INFOBOX/OK">Infobox OK</a></span></td></tr> </tbody></table> <p><b>Martin Rodbell</b> (<a href="/wiki/1._joulukuuta" title="1. joulukuuta">1. joulukuuta</a> <a href="/wiki/1925" title="1925">1925</a> <a href="/wiki/Baltimore" title="Baltimore">Baltimore</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maryland" title="Maryland">Maryland</a> – <a href="/wiki/7._joulukuuta" title="7. joulukuuta">7. joulukuuta</a> <a href="/wiki/1998" title="1998">1998</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Chapel_Hill&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chapel Hill (sivua ei ole)">Chapel Hill</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Orangen_piirikunta_(Pohjois-Carolina)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Orangen piirikunta (Pohjois-Carolina) (sivua ei ole)">Orangen piirikunta</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pohjois-Carolina" title="Pohjois-Carolina">Pohjois-Carolina</a>) oli yhdysvaltalainen <a href="/wiki/Biokemia" title="Biokemia">biokemisti</a>. Hänet palkittiin <a href="/wiki/Nobelin_fysiologian_tai_l%C3%A4%C3%A4ketieteen_palkinto" title="Nobelin fysiologian tai lääketieteen palkinto">Nobelin fysiologian tai lääketieteen palkinnolla</a> <a href="/wiki/Alfred_G._Gilman" class="mw-redirect" title="Alfred G. Gilman">Alfred G. Gilmanin</a> kanssa, ”<i>heidän löytäessään G-proteiinin ja näiden proteiinien merkityksen transduktioreiteissä soluissa</i>”. </p><p>Hermosolut vastaanottaa signaaleja ympäristöstään <a href="/wiki/Molekyyli" title="Molekyyli">molekyylien</a> painautuessa <a href="/wiki/V%C3%A4litt%C3%A4j%C3%A4aine" class="mw-redirect" title="Välittäjäaine">välittäjäaineen</a> pinnalla. Solukalvossa on niin sanottu ”G-proteiini”, jonka Gilman ja Rodbell löysivät, jonka tehtävänä on kuljettaa signaaleja reseptorista solun sisälle. Proteiinit suorittavat työtään syklisesti vaihtamalla muotoja. Muutoksia G-proteiinin toiminnassa on osa tietyissä sairauksissa, kuten <a href="/wiki/Kolera" title="Kolera">kolera</a> jossa <a href="/wiki/Hermomyrkky" title="Hermomyrkky">hermomyrkky</a> kolera bakteerista lukitsee G-proteiinit yhteen muotoon ja vaikuttaa hermoihin joka ohjaa suolan ja nesteen imeytymistä <a href="/wiki/Suolisto" class="mw-redirect" title="Suolisto">suolistossa</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Aiheesta_muualla">Aiheesta muualla</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Martin_Rodbell&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Muokkaa osiota Aiheesta muualla" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>muokkaa</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Martin_Rodbell&action=edit&section=1" title="Muokkaa osion lähdekoodia: Aiheesta muualla"><span>muokkaa wikitekstiä</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nobel.se/medicine/laureates/1994/index.html">Nobelprize.org, Fysiologian tai lääketieteen Nobel-palkinto 1994</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nobel.se/medicine/laureates/1994/rodbell-autobio.html">Nobelprize.org, Martin Rodbell - omaelämäkerta</a></li></ul> <div class="NavFrame" style="margin: auto; clear:both; color: var( --color-emphasized, #000000 ); background-color: var( --background-color-neutral-subtle, #FFFFFF ); width: auto;"><div class="NavHead" style="display:block;text-align:center; background-color: #E6E6FA; color: #000000;; font-weight:bold;"><b><a href="/wiki/Nobelin_fysiologian_tai_l%C3%A4%C3%A4ketieteen_palkinto" title="Nobelin fysiologian tai lääketieteen palkinto">Nobelin fysiologian tai lääketieteen palkinnon</a> saajat</b></div><div class="NavContent" style="text-align: center"> <table style="text-align: left;clear: both;"><tbody><tr><th style="padding-left: 1em; width: 8em; background: #F2F2FC; border-bottom: 1px solid #FFFFFF">1901–1925</th><td style="padding-left: 1em; border-bottom: 1px solid #F2F2FC; font-size:80%;">1901: <a href="/wiki/Emil_Adolf_von_Behring" title="Emil Adolf von Behring">Behring</a> <p>1902: <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Ross" title="Ronald Ross">Ross</a> 1903: <a href="/wiki/Niels_Ryberg_Finsen" title="Niels Ryberg Finsen">Finsen</a> 1904: <a href="/wiki/Ivan_Pavlov" title="Ivan Pavlov">Pavlov</a> 1905: <a href="/wiki/Robert_Koch" title="Robert Koch">Koch</a> 1906: <a href="/wiki/Camillo_Golgi" title="Camillo Golgi">Golgi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Santiago_Ram%C3%B3n_y_Cajal" title="Santiago Ramón y Cajal">Ramón y Cajal</a> 1907: <a href="/wiki/Charles_Louis_Alphonse_Laveran" title="Charles Louis Alphonse Laveran">Laveran</a> 1908: <a href="/wiki/Ilja_Met%C5%A1nikov" title="Ilja Metšnikov">Metšnikov</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paul_Ehrlich" title="Paul Ehrlich">Ehrlich</a> 1909: <a href="/wiki/Emil_Theodor_Kocher" title="Emil Theodor Kocher">Kocher</a> 1910: <a href="/wiki/Albrecht_Kossel" title="Albrecht Kossel">Kossel</a> 1911: <a href="/wiki/Allvar_Gullstrand" title="Allvar Gullstrand">Gullstrand</a> 1912: <a href="/wiki/Alexis_Carrel" title="Alexis Carrel">Carrel</a> 1913: <a href="/wiki/Charles_Richet" title="Charles Richet">Richet</a> 1914: <a href="/wiki/Robert_B%C3%A1r%C3%A1ny" title="Robert Bárány">Bárány</a> 1919: <a href="/wiki/Jules_Bordet" title="Jules Bordet">Bordet</a> 1920: <a href="/wiki/August_Krogh" title="August Krogh">Krogh</a> 1922: <a href="/wiki/Archibald_Vivian_Hill" title="Archibald Vivian Hill">Hill</a>, <a href="/wiki/Otto_Fritz_Meyerhof" title="Otto Fritz Meyerhof">Meyerhof</a> 1923: <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Banting" title="Frederick Banting">Banting</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_James_Rickard_Macleod" title="John James Rickard Macleod">Macleod</a> </p> 1924: <a href="/wiki/Willem_Einthoven" title="Willem Einthoven">Einthoven</a></td></tr><tr><th style="padding-left: 1em; width: 8em; background: #F2F2FC; border-bottom: 1px solid #FFFFFF">1926–1950</th><td style="padding-left: 1em; border-bottom: 1px solid #F2F2FC; font-size:80%;">1926: <a href="/wiki/Johannes_Andreas_Grib_Fibiger" title="Johannes Andreas Grib Fibiger">Fibiger</a> <p>1927: <a href="/wiki/Julius_Wagner-Jauregg" title="Julius Wagner-Jauregg">Wagner-Jauregg</a> 1928: <a href="/wiki/Charles_Nicolle" title="Charles Nicolle">Nicolle</a> 1929: <a href="/wiki/Christiaan_Eijkman" title="Christiaan Eijkman">Eijkman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Hopkins" title="Frederick Hopkins">Hopkins</a> 1930: <a href="/wiki/Karl_Landsteiner" title="Karl Landsteiner">Landsteiner</a> 1931: <a href="/wiki/Otto_Heinrich_Warburg" title="Otto Heinrich Warburg">Warburg</a> 1932: <a href="/wiki/Charles_Scott_Sherrington" title="Charles Scott Sherrington">Sherrington</a>, <a href="/wiki/Edgar_Douglas_Adrian" title="Edgar Douglas Adrian">Adrian</a> 1933: <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Hunt_Morgan" title="Thomas Hunt Morgan">Morgan</a> 1934: <a href="/wiki/George_Whipple" title="George Whipple">Whipple</a>, <a href="/wiki/George_Minot" title="George Minot">Minot</a>, <a href="/wiki/William_Murphy" title="William Murphy">Murphy</a> 1935: <a href="/wiki/Hans_Spemann" title="Hans Spemann">Spemann</a> 1936: <a href="/wiki/Henry_Dale" title="Henry Dale">Dale</a>, <a href="/wiki/Otto_Loewi" title="Otto Loewi">Loewi</a> 1937: <a href="/wiki/Albert_Szent-Gy%C3%B6rgyi" title="Albert Szent-Györgyi">Szent-Györgyi</a> 1938: <a href="/wiki/Corneille_Heymans" title="Corneille Heymans">Heymans</a> 1939: <a href="/wiki/Gerhard_Domagk" title="Gerhard Domagk">Domagk</a> 1943: <a href="/wiki/Henrik_Dam" title="Henrik Dam">Dam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Edward_Adelbert_Doisy" title="Edward Adelbert Doisy">Doisy</a> 1944: <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Erlanger" title="Joseph Erlanger">Erlanger</a>, <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Gasser" title="Herbert Gasser">Gasser</a> 1945: <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Fleming" title="Alexander Fleming">Fleming</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ernst_Boris_Chain" title="Ernst Boris Chain">Chain</a>, <a href="/wiki/Howard_Florey" title="Howard Florey">Florey</a> 1946: <a href="/wiki/Hermann_Joseph_Muller" title="Hermann Joseph Muller">Muller</a> 1947: <a href="/wiki/Carl_Ferdinand_Cori" title="Carl Ferdinand Cori">C. Cori</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gerty_Cori" title="Gerty Cori">G. Cori</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bernardo_Alberto_Houssay" title="Bernardo Alberto Houssay">Houssay</a> 1948: <a href="/wiki/Paul_Hermann_M%C3%BCller" title="Paul Hermann Müller">Müller</a> 1949: <a href="/wiki/Walter_Rudolf_Hess" title="Walter Rudolf Hess">Hess</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ant%C3%B3nio_Egas_Moniz" title="António Egas Moniz">Moniz</a> </p> 1950: <a href="/wiki/Edward_Calvin_Kendall" title="Edward Calvin Kendall">Kendall</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tadeusz_Reichstein" title="Tadeusz Reichstein">Reichstein</a>, <a href="/wiki/Philip_Showalter_Hench" title="Philip Showalter Hench">Hench</a></td></tr><tr><th style="padding-left: 1em; width: 8em; background: #F2F2FC; border-bottom: 1px solid #FFFFFF">1951–1975</th><td style="padding-left: 1em; border-bottom: 1px solid #F2F2FC; font-size:80%;">1951: <a href="/wiki/Max_Theiler" title="Max Theiler">Theiler</a> <p>1952: <a href="/wiki/Selman_Waksman" title="Selman Waksman">Waksman</a> 1953: <a href="/wiki/Hans_Adolf_Krebs" title="Hans Adolf Krebs">Krebs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fritz_Lipmann" title="Fritz Lipmann">Lipmann</a> 1954: <a href="/wiki/John_Franklin_Enders" title="John Franklin Enders">Enders</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Huckle_Weller" title="Thomas Huckle Weller">Weller</a>, <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Chapman_Robbins" title="Frederick Chapman Robbins">Robbins</a> 1955: <a href="/wiki/Hugo_Theorell" title="Hugo Theorell">Theorell</a> 1956: <a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Cournand" title="André Frédéric Cournand">Cournand</a>, <a href="/wiki/Werner_Forssmann" title="Werner Forssmann">Forssmann</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dickinson_W._Richards" title="Dickinson W. Richards">Richards</a> 1957: <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Bovet" title="Daniel Bovet">Bovet</a> 1958: <a href="/wiki/George_Wells_Beadle" title="George Wells Beadle">Beadle</a>, <a href="/wiki/Edward_Lawrie_Tatum" title="Edward Lawrie Tatum">Tatum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Joshua_Lederberg" title="Joshua Lederberg">Lederberg</a> 1959: <a href="/wiki/Severo_Ochoa" title="Severo Ochoa">Ochoa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Kornberg" title="Arthur Kornberg">Kornberg</a> 1960: <a href="/wiki/Frank_Macfarlane_Burnet" title="Frank Macfarlane Burnet">Burnet</a>, <a href="/wiki/Peter_Medawar" title="Peter Medawar">Medawar</a> 1961: <a href="/wiki/Georg_von_B%C3%A9k%C3%A9sy" title="Georg von Békésy">Békésy</a> 1962: <a href="/wiki/Francis_Crick" title="Francis Crick">Crick</a>, <a href="/wiki/James_D._Watson" title="James D. Watson">Watson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maurice_Wilkins" title="Maurice Wilkins">Wilkins</a> 1963: <a href="/wiki/John_Carew_Eccles" title="John Carew Eccles">Eccles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alan_Lloyd_Hodgkin" title="Alan Lloyd Hodgkin">Hodgkin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Huxley" title="Andrew Huxley">Huxley</a> 1964: <a href="/wiki/Konrad_Bloch" title="Konrad Bloch">Bloch</a>, <a href="/wiki/Feodor_Lynen" title="Feodor Lynen">Lynen</a> 1965: <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Jacob" title="François Jacob">Jacob</a>, <a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Lwoff" title="André Lwoff">Lwoff</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Monod" title="Jacques Monod">Monod</a> 1966: <a href="/wiki/Peyton_Rous" title="Peyton Rous">Rous</a>, <a href="/wiki/Charles_Huggins" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles Huggins">Huggins</a> 1967: <a href="/wiki/Ragnar_Granit" title="Ragnar Granit">Granit</a>, <a href="/wiki/Haldan_Keffer_Hartline" title="Haldan Keffer Hartline">Hartline</a>, <a href="/wiki/George_Wald" title="George Wald">Wald</a> 1968: <a href="/wiki/Robert_W._Holley" title="Robert W. Holley">Holley</a>, <a href="/wiki/Har_Gobind_Khorana" title="Har Gobind Khorana">Khorana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marshall_Nirenberg" title="Marshall Nirenberg">Nirenberg</a> 1969: <a href="/wiki/Max_Delbr%C3%BCck" title="Max Delbrück">Delbrück</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Hershey" title="Alfred Hershey">Hershey</a>, <a href="/wiki/Salvador_Luria" title="Salvador Luria">Luria</a> 1970: <a href="/wiki/Bernard_Katz" title="Bernard Katz">Katz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ulf_von_Euler" title="Ulf von Euler">Euler</a>, <a href="/wiki/Julius_Axelrod" title="Julius Axelrod">Axelrod</a> 1971: <a href="/wiki/Earl_Wilbur_Sutherland_Jr." title="Earl Wilbur Sutherland Jr.">Sutherland</a> 1972: <a href="/wiki/Gerald_Edelman" title="Gerald Edelman">Edelman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rodney_Robert_Porter" title="Rodney Robert Porter">Porter</a> 1973: <a href="/wiki/Karl_von_Frisch" title="Karl von Frisch">Frisch</a>, <a href="/wiki/Konrad_Lorenz" title="Konrad Lorenz">Lorenz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nikolaas_Tinbergen" title="Nikolaas Tinbergen">Tinbergen</a> 1974: <a href="/wiki/Albert_Claude" title="Albert Claude">Claude</a>, <a href="/wiki/Christian_de_Duve" title="Christian de Duve">Duve</a>, <a href="/wiki/George_Emil_Palade" title="George Emil Palade">Palade</a> </p> 1975: <a href="/wiki/David_Baltimore" title="David Baltimore">Baltimore</a>, <a href="/wiki/Renato_Dulbecco" title="Renato Dulbecco">Dulbecco</a>, <a href="/wiki/Howard_Martin_Temin" title="Howard Martin Temin">Temin</a></td></tr><tr><th style="padding-left: 1em; width: 8em; background: #F2F2FC; border-bottom: 1px solid #FFFFFF">1976–2000</th><td style="padding-left: 1em; border-bottom: 1px solid #F2F2FC; font-size:80%;">1976: <a href="/wiki/Baruch_Samuel_Blumberg" title="Baruch Samuel Blumberg">Blumberg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Carleton_Gajdusek" title="Daniel Carleton Gajdusek">Gajdusek</a> <p>1977: <a href="/wiki/Roger_Guillemin" title="Roger Guillemin">Guillemin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Schally" title="Andrew Schally">Schally</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rosalyn_Sussman_Yalow" title="Rosalyn Sussman Yalow">Yalow</a> 1978: <a href="/wiki/Werner_Arber" title="Werner Arber">Arber</a>, <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Nathans" title="Daniel Nathans">Nathans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hamilton_Smith" title="Hamilton Smith">Smith</a> 1979: <a href="/wiki/Allan_McLeod_Cormack" title="Allan McLeod Cormack">Cormack</a>, <a href="/wiki/Godfrey_Hounsfield" title="Godfrey Hounsfield">Hounsfield</a> 1980: <a href="/wiki/Baruj_Benacerraf" title="Baruj Benacerraf">Benacerraf</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jean_Dausset" title="Jean Dausset">Dausset</a>, <a href="/wiki/George_Davis_Snell" title="George Davis Snell">Snell</a> 1981: <a href="/wiki/Roger_Sperry" title="Roger Sperry">Sperry</a>, <a href="/wiki/David_H._Hubel" title="David H. Hubel">Hubel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Torsten_Wiesel" title="Torsten Wiesel">Wiesel</a> 1982: <a href="/wiki/Sune_K._Bergstr%C3%B6m" title="Sune K. Bergström">Bergström</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bengt_I._Samuelsson" title="Bengt I. Samuelsson">Samuelsson</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_R._Vane" title="John R. Vane">Vane</a> 1983: <a href="/wiki/Barbara_McClintock" title="Barbara McClintock">McClintock</a> 1984: <a href="/wiki/Niels_K._Jerne" title="Niels K. Jerne">Jerne</a>, <a href="/wiki/Georges_J._F._K%C3%B6hler" title="Georges J. F. Köhler">Köhler</a>, <a href="/wiki/C%C3%A9sar_Milstein" title="César Milstein">Milstein</a> 1985: <a href="/wiki/Michael_S._Brown" title="Michael S. Brown">Brown</a>, <a href="/wiki/Joseph_L._Goldstein" title="Joseph L. Goldstein">Goldstein</a> 1986: <a href="/wiki/Stanley_Cohen" title="Stanley Cohen">Cohen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rita_Levi-Montalcini" title="Rita Levi-Montalcini">Levi-Montalcini</a> 1987: <a href="/wiki/Susumu_Tonegawa" title="Susumu Tonegawa">Tonegawa</a> 1988: <a href="/wiki/James_W._Black" title="James W. Black">Black</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gertrude_B._Elion" title="Gertrude B. Elion">Elion</a>, <a href="/wiki/George_H._Hitchings" title="George H. Hitchings">Hitchings</a> 1989: <a href="/wiki/J._Michael_Bishop" title="J. Michael Bishop">Bishop</a>, <a href="/wiki/Harold_E._Varmus" title="Harold E. Varmus">Varmus</a> 1990: <a href="/wiki/Joseph_E._Murray" title="Joseph E. Murray">Murray</a>, <a href="/wiki/Edward_Donnall_Thomas" title="Edward Donnall Thomas">Thomas</a> 1991: <a href="/wiki/Erwin_Neher" title="Erwin Neher">Neher</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bert_Sakmann" title="Bert Sakmann">Sakmann</a> 1992: <a href="/wiki/Edmond_H._Fischer" title="Edmond H. Fischer">Fischer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Edwin_G._Krebs" title="Edwin G. Krebs">Krebs</a> 1993: <a href="/wiki/Richard_Roberts" title="Richard Roberts">Roberts</a>, <a href="/wiki/Phillip_Allen_Sharp" title="Phillip Allen Sharp">Sharp</a> 1994: <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Gilman" title="Alfred Gilman">Gilman</a>, <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Rodbell</a> 1995: <a href="/wiki/Edward_Lewis" title="Edward Lewis">Lewis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Christiane_N%C3%BCsslein-Volhard" title="Christiane Nüsslein-Volhard">Nüsslein-Volhard</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eric_Wieschaus" title="Eric Wieschaus">Wieschaus</a> 1996: <a href="/wiki/Peter_Doherty" title="Peter Doherty">Doherty</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rolf_Zinkernagel" title="Rolf Zinkernagel">Zinkernagel</a> 1997: <a href="/wiki/Stanley_Prusiner" title="Stanley Prusiner">Prusiner</a> 1998: <a href="/wiki/Robert_F._Furchgott" title="Robert F. Furchgott">Furchgott</a>, <a href="/wiki/Louis_J._Ignarro" title="Louis J. Ignarro">Ignarro</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ferid_Murad" title="Ferid Murad">Murad</a> 1999: <a href="/wiki/G%C3%BCnter_Blobel" title="Günter Blobel">Blobel</a> </p> 2000: <a href="/wiki/Arvid_Carlsson" title="Arvid Carlsson">Carlsson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paul_Greengard" title="Paul Greengard">Greengard</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eric_Kandel" title="Eric Kandel">Kandel</a></td></tr><tr><th style="padding-left: 1em; width: 8em; background: #F2F2FC; border-bottom: 1px solid #FFFFFF">2001–</th><td style="padding-left: 1em; border-bottom: 1px solid #F2F2FC; font-size:80%;">2001: <a href="/wiki/Leland_H._Hartwell" title="Leland H. Hartwell">Hartwell</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tim_Hunt" title="Tim Hunt">Hunt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paul_Nurse" title="Paul Nurse">Nurse</a> <p>2002: <a href="/wiki/Sydney_Brenner" title="Sydney Brenner">Brenner</a>, <a href="/wiki/H._Robert_Horvitz" title="H. Robert Horvitz">Horvitz</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Sulston" title="John Sulston">Sulston</a> 2003: <a href="/wiki/Paul_Lauterbur" title="Paul Lauterbur">Lauterbur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Peter_Mansfield" title="Peter Mansfield">Mansfield</a> 2004: <a href="/wiki/Richard_Axel" title="Richard Axel">Axel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Linda_B._Buck" title="Linda B. Buck">Buck</a> 2005: <a href="/wiki/Barry_Marshall" title="Barry Marshall">Marshall</a>, <a href="/wiki/Robin_Warren" title="Robin Warren">Warren</a> 2006: <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Fire" title="Andrew Fire">Fire</a>, <a href="/wiki/Craig_Mello" title="Craig Mello">Mello</a> 2007: <a href="/wiki/Mario_Capecchi" title="Mario Capecchi">Capecchi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Martin_Evans" title="Martin Evans">Evans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oliver_Smithies" title="Oliver Smithies">Smithies</a> 2008: <a href="/wiki/Harald_zur_Hausen" title="Harald zur Hausen">zur Hausen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7oise_Barr%C3%A9-Sinoussi" title="Françoise Barré-Sinoussi">Barré-Sinoussi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Luc_Montagnier" title="Luc Montagnier">Montagnier</a> 2009: <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_H._Blackburn" title="Elizabeth H. Blackburn">Blackburn</a>, <a href="/wiki/Carol_W._Greider" title="Carol W. Greider">Greider</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jack_W._Szostak" title="Jack W. Szostak">Szostak</a> 2010: <a href="/wiki/Robert_G._Edwards" title="Robert G. Edwards">Edwards</a> 2011: <a href="/wiki/Bruce_Beutler" title="Bruce Beutler">Beutler</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jules_Hoffmann" title="Jules Hoffmann">Hoffmann</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ralph_M._Steinman" title="Ralph M. Steinman">Steinman</a> 2012: <a href="/wiki/John_Gurdon" title="John Gurdon">Gurdon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shinya_Yamanaka" title="Shinya Yamanaka">Yamanaka</a> 2013: <a href="/wiki/James_Rothman" title="James Rothman">Rothman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Randy_Schekman" title="Randy Schekman">Schekman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thomas_S%C3%BCdhof" title="Thomas Südhof">Südhof</a> 2014: <a href="/wiki/John_O%E2%80%99Keefe" title="John O’Keefe">O’Keefe</a>, <a href="/wiki/May-Britt_Moser" title="May-Britt Moser">M.-B. Moser</a>, <a href="/wiki/Edvard_Moser" title="Edvard Moser">E. Moser</a> 2015: <a href="/wiki/William_C._Campbell" title="William C. Campbell">Campbell</a>, <a href="/wiki/Satoshi_%C5%8Cmura" title="Satoshi Ōmura">Ōmura</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tu_Youyou" title="Tu Youyou">Tu</a> 2016: <a href="/wiki/Yoshinori_%C5%8Csumi" title="Yoshinori Ōsumi">Ōsumi</a> 2017: <a href="/wiki/Jeffrey_C._Hall" title="Jeffrey C. Hall">Hall</a>, <a href="/wiki/Michael_Rosbash" title="Michael Rosbash">Rosbash</a>, <a href="/wiki/Michael_W._Young" title="Michael W. Young">Young</a> 2018: <a href="/wiki/James_P._Allison" title="James P. Allison">Allison</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tasuku_Honjo" title="Tasuku Honjo">Honjo</a> 2019: <a href="/wiki/William_Kaelin" title="William Kaelin">Kaelin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Peter_J._Ratcliffe" title="Peter J. Ratcliffe">Ratcliffe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gregg_L._Semenza" class="mw-redirect" title="Gregg L. Semenza">Semenza</a> 2020: <a href="/wiki/Harvey_J._Alter" title="Harvey J. Alter">Alter</a>, <a href="/wiki/Michael_Houghton" title="Michael Houghton">Houghton</a>, <a href="/wiki/Charles_M._Rice" title="Charles M. 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mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-history"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only mw-watchlink" id="ca-watchstar-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="watch-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-star mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-star"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-ve-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-edit mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-edit"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="wikitext-edit-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon 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tabindex="-1" data-event-name="addsection-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-speechBubbleAdd-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-speechBubbleAdd-progressive"></span> <span>Lisää aihe</span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-end"> <div class="vector-user-links"> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> 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