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class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Wording" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Wording"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Wording</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Wording-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Publishing_process" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Publishing_process"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Publishing process</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Publishing_process-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Standards_and_impact" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Standards_and_impact"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Standards and impact</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Standards_and_impact-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reproducibility_and_replicability" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reproducibility_and_replicability"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Reproducibility and replicability</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reproducibility_and_replicability-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Types_of_articles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Types_of_articles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Types of articles</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Types_of_articles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Electronic_publishing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Electronic_publishing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Electronic publishing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Electronic_publishing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cost" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cost"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Cost</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cost-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Copyright" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Copyright"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Copyright</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Copyright-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">16</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Scientific journal</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 45 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-45" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">45 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="دورية علمية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="دورية علمية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revista_cient%C3%ADfica" title="Revista científica – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Revista científica" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elmi_jurnal" title="Elmi jurnal – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Elmi jurnal" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%88%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9E%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95_%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B7%E0%A6%A3%E0%A6%BE_%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%80" title="বৈজ্ঞানিক গবেষণা সাময়িকী – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="বৈজ্ঞানিক গবেষণা সাময়িকী" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revista_cient%C3%ADfica" title="Revista científica – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Revista científica" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C4%9Bdeck%C3%BD_%C4%8Dasopis" title="Vědecký časopis – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Vědecký časopis" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wissenschaftliche_Fachzeitschrift" title="Wissenschaftliche Fachzeitschrift – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Wissenschaftliche Fachzeitschrift" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teadusajakiri" title="Teadusajakiri – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Teadusajakiri" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%95%CF%80%CE%B9%CF%83%CF%84%CE%B7%CE%BC%CE%BF%CE%BD%CE%B9%CE%BA%CF%8C_%CF%80%CE%B5%CF%81%CE%B9%CE%BF%CE%B4%CE%B9%CE%BA%CF%8C" title="Επιστημονικό περιοδικό – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Επιστημονικό περιοδικό" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revista_cient%C3%ADfica" title="Revista científica – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Revista científica" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scienca_gazeto" title="Scienca gazeto – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Scienca gazeto" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aldizkari_zientifiko" title="Aldizkari zientifiko – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Aldizkari zientifiko" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%B4%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%87_%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%85%DB%8C" title="نشریه علمی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="نشریه علمی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revue_scientifique" title="Revue scientifique – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Revue scientifique" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revista_cient%C3%ADfica" title="Revista científica – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Revista científica" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B3%BC%ED%95%99_%ED%95%99%EC%88%A0%EC%A7%80" title="과학 학술지 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="과학 학술지" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Znanstveni_%C4%8Dasopis" title="Znanstveni časopis – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Znanstveni časopis" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciencala_revuo" title="Ciencala revuo – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Ciencala revuo" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jurnal_ilmiah" title="Jurnal ilmiah – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Jurnal ilmiah" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umhela_wenzululwazi" title="Umhela wenzululwazi – Zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="Umhela wenzululwazi" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="Zulu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiZulu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comunicazione_scientifica" title="Comunicazione scientifica – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Comunicazione scientifica" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9B%D7%AA%D7%91_%D7%A2%D7%AA_%D7%9E%D7%93%D7%A2%D7%99" title="כתב עת מדעי – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="כתב עת מדעי" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%94%E1%83%AA%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9D_%E1%83%9F%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98" title="სამეცნიერო ჟურნალი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="სამეცნიერო ჟურნალი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Periodicum_scientificum" title="Periodicum scientificum – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Periodicum scientificum" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zin%C4%81tniskais_%C5%BEurn%C4%81ls" title="Zinātniskais žurnāls – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Zinātniskais žurnāls" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9B%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%AA%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94_%E1%83%9F%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98" title="ომენცარე ჟურნალი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ომენცარე ჟურნალი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jurnal_saintifik" title="Jurnal saintifik – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Jurnal saintifik" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wetenschappelijk_tijdschrift" title="Wetenschappelijk tijdschrift – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Wetenschappelijk tijdschrift" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6%E9%9B%91%E8%AA%8C_(%E5%AD%A6%E8%A1%93)" title="科学雑誌 (学術) – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="科学雑誌 (学術)" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitenskapelig_tidsskrift" title="Vitenskapelig tidsskrift – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Vitenskapelig tidsskrift" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czasopismo_naukowe" title="Czasopismo naukowe – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Czasopismo naukowe" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revista_cient%C3%ADfica" title="Revista científica – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Revista científica" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revist%C4%83_%C8%99tiin%C8%9Bific%C4%83" title="Revistă științifică – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Revistă științifică" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%83%D1%87%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%B6%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Научный журнал – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Научный журнал" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vedeck%C3%BD_%C4%8Dasopis" title="Vedecký časopis – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Vedecký časopis" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Znanstvena_revija" title="Znanstvena revija – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Znanstvena revija" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nau%C4%8Dni_%C4%8Dasopis" title="Naučni časopis – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Naučni časopis" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nau%C4%8Dni_%C4%8Dasopis" title="Naučni časopis – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Naučni časopis" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiedejulkaisu" title="Tiedejulkaisu – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" 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div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For broader coverage, see <a href="/wiki/Academic_journal" title="Academic journal">Academic journal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Scientific_literature" title="Scientific literature">Scientific literature</a>. For scientific magazines, see <a href="/wiki/List_of_science_magazines" title="List of science magazines">List of science magazines</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Science journal" redirects here. For the journal "Science", see <a href="/wiki/Science_(journal)" title="Science (journal)"><i>Science</i> (journal)</a>. For the defunct "Science Journal", see <a href="/wiki/New_Scientist" title="New Scientist"><i>New Scientist</i></a>.</div><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nature_cover,_November_4,_1869.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Nature_cover%2C_November_4%2C_1869.jpg/220px-Nature_cover%2C_November_4%2C_1869.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="320" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Nature_cover%2C_November_4%2C_1869.jpg/330px-Nature_cover%2C_November_4%2C_1869.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Nature_cover%2C_November_4%2C_1869.jpg/440px-Nature_cover%2C_November_4%2C_1869.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1345" data-file-height="1959" /></a><figcaption>Cover of the first issue of <i><a href="/wiki/Nature_(journal)" title="Nature (journal)">Nature</a></i> (4 November 1869)</figcaption></figure> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Academic_publishing" title="Academic publishing">academic publishing</a>, a <b>scientific journal</b> is a <a href="/wiki/Periodical_literature" title="Periodical literature">periodical publication</a> designed to further the progress of science by disseminating new research findings to the scientific community.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These journals serve as a platform for researchers, scholars, and scientists to share their latest discoveries, insights, and methodologies across a multitude of scientific disciplines. Unlike <a href="/wiki/Professional_magazine" title="Professional magazine">professional</a> or <a href="/wiki/Trade_magazine" title="Trade magazine">trade magazines</a>, scientific journals are characterized by their rigorous <a href="/wiki/Peer_review" title="Peer review">peer review</a> process, which aims to ensure the <a href="/wiki/Validity_(statistics)" title="Validity (statistics)">validity</a>, <a href="/wiki/Reliability_(statistics)" title="Reliability (statistics)">reliability</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Data_quality" title="Data quality">quality</a> of the published content.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:2_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With origins dating back to the <a href="/wiki/17th_century" title="17th century">17th century</a>, the publication of scientific journals has evolved significantly, playing a pivotal role in the advancement of scientific knowledge, fostering academic discourse, and facilitating collaboration within the scientific community.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:4_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As of 2012<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Scientific_journal&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, it is estimated that over 28,100 active scientific journals are in publication, covering a broad spectrum of disciplines from the general sciences, as seen in journals like <i><a href="/wiki/Science_(journal)" title="Science (journal)">Science</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Nature_(journal)" title="Nature (journal)">Nature</a></i>, to highly specialized fields.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:3_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These journals primarily publish peer-reviewed articles, including <a href="/wiki/Research" title="Research">original research</a>, <a href="/wiki/Review_article" title="Review article">review articles</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Opinion_piece" title="Opinion piece">perspectives</a>, each serving distinct purposes within the academic landscape. The advent of electronic publishing has further expanded the reach and accessibility of scientific journals, enabling more efficient dissemination and retrieval of information, while also addressing challenges related to <a href="/wiki/Cost" title="Cost">cost</a> and <a href="/wiki/Copyright" title="Copyright">copyright</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Heller_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Heller-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Boyce-Dalterio_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Boyce-Dalterio-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Scientific journals not only contribute to the dissemination and archival of scientific knowledge but also play a critical role in the academic and research careers of scientists. They are instrumental in keeping researchers informed about the latest developments in their field, supporting the integrity of research through <a href="/wiki/Reproducibility" title="Reproducibility">reproducibility</a> and replicability,<sup id="cite_ref-:5_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and influencing the direction of future research endeavors. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Content">Content</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Scientific_journal&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Content"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Scientific_journals">Scientific journals</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Scientific_journal&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Scientific journals"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are thousands of scientific journals in publication, with one estimate from 2012 indicating that there were 28,100 that were active,<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and many more have been published at various points in the past <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1033199720">.mw-parser-output div.crossreference{padding-left:0}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><span role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable crossreference">(see <a href="/wiki/List_of_scientific_journals" title="List of scientific journals">list of scientific journals</a>)</span>. Most journals are highly specialized, although some of the oldest journals such as <i><a href="/wiki/Science_(journal)" title="Science (journal)">Science</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Nature_(journal)" title="Nature (journal)">Nature</a></i> publish articles and <a href="/wiki/Scientific_paper" class="mw-redirect" title="Scientific paper">scientific papers</a> across a wide range of scientific fields.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Scientific journals contain articles that have been <a href="/wiki/Scholarly_peer_review" title="Scholarly peer review">peer reviewed</a>, in an attempt to ensure that articles meet the journal's standards of quality and scientific <a href="/wiki/Validity_(logic)" title="Validity (logic)">validity</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although scientific journals are superficially similar to professional magazines (or trade journals), they are actually quite different. Among other things, scientific journals' papers' authors are experts who must cite everything (and have a <a href="/wiki/Bibliography" title="Bibliography">bibliography</a>). They also deal with research, and are peer reviewed. Meanwhile, trade journals are aimed at people in different fields, focusing on how people in these fields can do their jobs better. They additionally cover information related to work, and include tips and advice for improving performance, but they are not scholarly.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Articles_in_scientific_journals">Articles in scientific journals</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Scientific_journal&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Articles in scientific journals"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Articles in scientific journals are mostly written by active scientists such as students, researchers, and professors. Their intended audience is others in the field (such as students and experts), meaning their content is more advanced and sophisticated than what is found regular publications.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They have different purposes, depending on the type. Articles with original research are meant to share it with others in the field, review articles give summaries of research that has already been done, and perspective articles give researchers' views on research that their peers performed.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Each article has several different sections, including the following:<sup id="cite_ref-:1_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>The title;</li> <li>Information about the author(s);</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Abstract_(summary)" title="Abstract (summary)">abstract</a>, which is a one-paragraph summary of the article;</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Introduction_(writing)" title="Introduction (writing)">introduction</a>, including a background, why the research was done, research on this topic that has been done before, and (possibly) a <a href="/wiki/Hypothesis" title="Hypothesis">hypothesis</a>;</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Methodology" title="Methodology">methodology</a> or method, which includes the way the <a href="/wiki/Research" title="Research">research</a> was done, details concerning the study's <a href="/wiki/Sampling_(statistics)" title="Sampling (statistics)">sample</a>, <a href="/wiki/Measurement" title="Measurement">measures for assessment</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Methodology#As_method" title="Methodology">procedure</a>;</li> <li>Findings or <a href="/wiki/Result" title="Result">results</a>, which summarize what the study found;</li> <li>Conclusion, comments, or discussion, which both explain how the results answered the questions that were posed, as well as areas that could be researched in the future;</li> <li>A <a href="/wiki/Bibliography" title="Bibliography">list of works</a> that the article's author <a href="/wiki/Citation" title="Citation">cited</a>.</li></ul> <p>Scientific journal articles are not usually read casually like a person would read a magazine. Whereas magazine articles can be read in a more casual manner, reading an article in a scientific periodical requires a lot more concentration. Reading an article in a scientific journal usually entails first reading the title, to see if it was related to the desired topic. If it was, the next step is to read the abstract (or summary or conclusion, if the abstract is missing), to see if the article is worth reading. Then, if it seems like reading it would be worthwhile, the reader would then read the whole article.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Publishing research results is an essential part of helping science to advance.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> If scientists are describing experiments or calculations, they should also explain how they did them so that an independent researcher could repeat the experiment or calculation to verify the results, or so that they could evaluate whatever the research article's findings were.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Each such journal article also becomes part of the permanent scientific record.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Scope">Scope</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Scientific_journal&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Scope"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Scientific_journal" title="Special:EditPage/Scientific journal">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">July 2022</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Articles in scientific journals can be used in research and higher education. Scientific articles allow researchers to keep up to date with the developments of their field and direct their own research. An essential part of a scientific article is citation of earlier work. The impact of articles and journals is often assessed by counting citations (<a href="/wiki/Citation_impact" title="Citation impact">citation impact</a>). Some classes are partially devoted to the explication of classic articles, and <a href="/wiki/Seminar" title="Seminar">seminar</a> classes can consist of the presentation by each student of a classic or current paper. Schoolbooks and textbooks have been written usually only on established topics, while the latest research and more obscure topics are only accessible through scientific articles. In a scientific research group or <a href="/wiki/Academic_department" title="Academic department">academic department</a> it is usual for the content of current scientific journals to be discussed in <a href="/wiki/Journal_club" title="Journal club">journal clubs</a>. Public funding bodies often require the results to be published in scientific journals. Academic credentials for promotion into academic ranks are established in large part by the number and impact of scientific articles published. Many doctoral programs allow for <a href="/wiki/Thesis_by_publication" class="mw-redirect" title="Thesis by publication">thesis by publication</a>, where the candidate is required to publish a certain number of scientific articles. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Wording">Wording</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Scientific_journal&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Wording"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Scientific_journal" title="Special:EditPage/Scientific journal">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">July 2022</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Articles tend to be highly technical, representing the latest theoretical research and experimental results in the field of science covered by the journal. They are often incomprehensible to anyone except for researchers in the field and advanced students. In some subjects this is inevitable given the nature of the content. Usually, rigorous rules of <a href="/wiki/Scientific_writing" title="Scientific writing">scientific writing</a> are enforced by the editors; however, these rules may vary from journal to journal, especially between journals from different publishers. Articles are usually either original articles reporting completely new results or reviews of current literature. There are also scientific publications that bridge the gap between articles and books by publishing thematic volumes of chapters from different authors. Many journals have a regional focus, specializing in publishing papers from a particular geographic region, like <i><a href="/wiki/African_Invertebrates" title="African Invertebrates">African Invertebrates</a></i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Scientific_journal&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the 17th century, scientists wrote letters to each other, and included scientific ideas with them. Then, in the mid-17th century, scientists began to hold meetings and share their scientific ideas. Eventually, they led to starting organizations, such as the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Society" title="Royal Society">Royal Society</a> (1660) and the <a href="/wiki/French_Academy_of_Sciences" title="French Academy of Sciences">French Academy of Sciences</a> (1666).<sup id="cite_ref-:3_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1665, the French <i><a href="/wiki/Journal_des_s%C3%A7avans" title="Journal des sçavans">Journal des sçavans</a></i> and the English <i><a href="/wiki/Philosophical_Transactions_of_the_Royal_Society" title="Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society">Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society</a></i> began systematically publishing research results. Over a thousand, mostly <a href="/wiki/Ephemeral" class="mw-redirect" title="Ephemeral">ephemeral</a>, were founded in the 18th century, and the number has increased rapidly since then.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Peer_review" title="Peer review">Peer review</a> did not begin until the 1970s, and was seen as a way of enabling researchers who were not as well-known to have their papers published in journals that were more prestigious. Though it was originally done by mailing copies of papers to reviewers, it is now done online.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Publishing_process">Publishing process</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Scientific_journal&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Publishing process"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The authors of scientific articles are active researchers instead of journalists; typically, a graduate student or a researcher writes a paper with a professor. As such, the authors are unpaid and receive no compensation from the journal. However, their funding bodies may require them to publish in scientific journals. The paper is submitted to the journal office, where the editor considers the paper for appropriateness, potential scientific impact and novelty. If the journal's editor considers the paper appropriate, the paper is submitted to <a href="/wiki/Scholarly_peer_review" title="Scholarly peer review">scholarly peer review</a>. Depending on the field, journal and paper, the paper is sent to 1–3 reviewers for evaluation before they can be granted permission to publish. Reviewers are expected to check the paper for soundness of its scientific argument, including whether the author(s) are sufficiently acquainted with recent relevant research that bears on their study, whether the data was collected or considered appropriately and reproducibly, and whether the data discussed supports the conclusion offered and the implications suggested. Novelty is also key: existing work must be appropriately considered and referenced, and new results improving on the state of the art presented. Reviewers are usually unpaid and not a part of the journal staff—instead, they should be "peers", i.e. researchers in the same field as the paper in question. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Standards_and_impact">Standards and impact</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Scientific_journal&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Standards and impact"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The standards that a journal uses to determine publication can vary widely. Some journals, such as <i><a href="/wiki/Nature_(journal)" title="Nature (journal)">Nature</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Science_(journal)" title="Science (journal)">Science</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/PNAS" class="mw-redirect" title="PNAS">PNAS</a></i>, and <i><a href="/wiki/Physical_Review_Letters" title="Physical Review Letters">Physical Review Letters</a></i>, have a reputation of publishing articles that mark a fundamental breakthrough in their respective fields.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2014)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> In many fields, a formal or informal hierarchy of scientific journals exists; the most prestigious journal in a field tends to be the most selective in terms of the articles it will select for publication, and usually will also have the highest <a href="/wiki/Impact_factor" title="Impact factor">impact factor</a>. In some countries, journal rankings can be utilized for funding decisions<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and even evaluation of individual researchers, although they are poorly suited for that purpose.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Reproducibility_and_replicability">Reproducibility and replicability</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Scientific_journal&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Reproducibility and replicability"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>For scientific journals, <a href="/wiki/Reproducibility" title="Reproducibility">reproducibility</a> and <a href="/wiki/Replicability" class="mw-redirect" title="Replicability">replicability</a> of the scientific results are core concepts that allow other scientists to check and reproduce the results under the same conditions described in the paper or at least similar conditions and produce similar results with similar measurements of the same <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/measurand" class="extiw" title="wikt:measurand">measurand</a> or carried out under changed conditions of measurement. While the ability to reproduce the results based only on details included in the article is expected, verification of reproducibility by a third party is not generally required for publication.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The reproducibility of results presented in an article is therefore judged implicitly by the quality of the procedures reported and agreement with the data provided. However, some journals in the field of chemistry such as <i><a href="/wiki/Inorganic_Syntheses" title="Inorganic Syntheses">Inorganic Syntheses</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Organic_Syntheses" title="Organic Syntheses">Organic Syntheses</a></i> require independent reproduction of the results presented as part of the review process. The inability for independent researches to reproduce published results is widespread, with 70% of researchers reporting failure to reproduce another scientist's results, including more than half who report failing to reproduce their own experiments.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sources of irreproducibility vary, including publication of <a href="/wiki/False_evidence" title="False evidence">falsified or misrepresented</a> data and <a href="/wiki/Hand-waving" title="Hand-waving">poor detailing</a> of procedures.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Types_of_articles">Types of articles</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Scientific_journal&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Types of articles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Scientific_paper" class="mw-redirect" title="Scientific paper">Scientific paper</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Academic_publishing#Categories_of_papers" title="Academic publishing">Categories of academic articles</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Scientific_journal" title="Special:EditPage/Scientific journal">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">July 2022</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Philosophical_Transactions_Volume_1_frontispiece.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Philosophical_Transactions_Volume_1_frontispiece.jpg/220px-Philosophical_Transactions_Volume_1_frontispiece.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="301" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Philosophical_Transactions_Volume_1_frontispiece.jpg/330px-Philosophical_Transactions_Volume_1_frontispiece.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Philosophical_Transactions_Volume_1_frontispiece.jpg/440px-Philosophical_Transactions_Volume_1_frontispiece.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="2054" /></a><figcaption>Title page of the first volume of the <i><a href="/wiki/Philosophical_Transactions_of_the_Royal_Society" title="Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society">Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society</a></i>, the first journal in the world exclusively devoted to science</figcaption></figure> <p>There are several types of journal article; the exact terminology and definitions vary by field and specific journal, but often include: </p> <ul><li><b>Letters</b> (also called <i>communications</i>, and not to be confused with <i>letters to the editor</i>) are short descriptions of important current research findings that are usually fast-tracked for immediate publication because they are considered urgent.</li> <li><b>Research notes</b> are short descriptions of current research findings that are considered less urgent or important than <i>Letters</i>.</li> <li><b>Articles</b> are usually between five and twenty pages and are complete descriptions of current original research findings, but there are considerable variations between scientific fields and journals—80-page articles are not rare in mathematics or <a href="/wiki/Theoretical_computer_science" title="Theoretical computer science">theoretical computer science</a>.</li> <li><b>Supplemental articles</b> contain a large volume of tabular data that is the result of current research and may be dozens or hundreds of pages with mostly numerical data. Some journals now only publish this data electronically on the Internet. Supplemental information also contains other voluminous material not appropriate for the main body of the article, like descriptions of routine procedures, derivations of equations, source code, non-essential data, spectra or other such miscellaneous information.</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Review_article" title="Review article">Review articles</a></b> do not cover original research but rather accumulate the results of many different <i>articles</i> on a particular topic into a coherent narrative about the state of the art in that field. Review articles provide information about the topic and also provide journal references to the original research. Reviews may be entirely narrative, or may provide quantitative summary estimates resulting from the application of <a href="/wiki/Meta-analysis" title="Meta-analysis">meta-analytical methods</a>.</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Data_publishing" title="Data publishing">Data papers</a></b> are articles dedicated to describe datasets. This type of article is becoming popular and journals exclusively dedicated to them have been established, e.g. <i><a href="/wiki/Scientific_Data_(journal)" title="Scientific Data (journal)">Scientific Data</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Earth_Observation" class="mw-redirect" title="Earth Observation">Earth System Science Data</a></i>.</li> <li><b><a href="/w/index.php?title=Video_paper&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Video paper (page does not exist)">Video papers</a></b> are a recent addition to practice of scientific publications. They most often combine an online video demonstration of a new technique or protocol with a rigorous textual description.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>The formats of journal articles vary, but many follow the general <a href="/wiki/IMRAD" title="IMRAD">IMRAD</a> scheme recommended by the <a href="/wiki/International_Committee_of_Medical_Journal_Editors" class="mw-redirect" title="International Committee of Medical Journal Editors">International Committee of Medical Journal Editors</a>. Such articles begin with an <i><a href="/wiki/Abstract_(summary)" title="Abstract (summary)">abstract</a></i>, which is a one-to-four-paragraph summary of the paper. The <i>introduction</i> describes the background for the research including a discussion of similar research. The <i>materials and methods</i> or <i>experimental</i> section provides specific details of how the research was conducted. The <i>results and discussion</i> section describes the outcome and implications of the research, and the <i>conclusion</i> section places the research in context and describes avenues for further exploration. </p><p>In addition to the above, some scientific journals such as <i>Science</i> will include a news section where scientific developments (often involving political issues) are described. These articles are often written by <a href="/wiki/Science_journalism" title="Science journalism">science journalists</a> and not by <a href="/wiki/Scientist" title="Scientist">scientists</a>. In addition, some journals will include an editorial section and a section for letters to the editor. While these are articles published within a journal, in general they are not regarded as scientific journal articles because they have not been peer-reviewed. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Electronic_publishing">Electronic publishing</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Scientific_journal&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Electronic publishing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Eprint" title="Eprint">Eprint</a>, <a href="/wiki/Electronic_article" class="mw-redirect" title="Electronic article">Electronic article</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Electronic_journal" class="mw-redirect" title="Electronic journal">Electronic journal</a></div> <p>Electronic publishing is a new area of information <a href="/wiki/Dissemination" title="Dissemination">dissemination</a>. One definition of electronic publishing is in the context of the scientific journal. It is the presentation of scholarly scientific results in only an electronic (non-paper) form. This is from its first write-up, or creation, to its publication or dissemination. The electronic scientific journal is specifically designed to be presented on the internet. It is defined as not being previously printed material adapted, or retooled, and then delivered electronically.<sup id="cite_ref-Heller_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Heller-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Boyce-Dalterio_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Boyce-Dalterio-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Electronic publishing will likely continue to exist alongside paper publishing for the foreseeable future, since whilst output to a screen is important for browsing and searching, it is not well suited for extensive reading. Formats suitable both for reading on paper, and for manipulation by the reader's computer will need to be integrated.<sup id="cite_ref-Heller_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Heller-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Boyce-Dalterio_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Boyce-Dalterio-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many journals are electronically available in formats readable on screen via <a href="/wiki/Web_browser" title="Web browser">web browsers</a>, as well as in portable document format <a href="/wiki/PDF" title="PDF">PDF</a>, suitable for printing and storing on a local desktop or laptop computer. New tools such as <a href="/wiki/JATS" class="mw-redirect" title="JATS">JATS</a> and <a href="/wiki/Utopia_Documents" title="Utopia Documents">Utopia Documents</a> provide a 'bridge' to the 'web-versions' in that they connect the content in PDF versions directly to the <a href="/wiki/World_Wide_Web" title="World Wide Web">World Wide Web</a> via hyperlinks that are created 'on-the-fly'. The PDF version of an article is usually seen as the <a href="/wiki/Version_of_record" title="Version of record">version of record</a>, but the matter is subject to some debate.<sup id="cite_ref-Pettifer_2011_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pettifer_2011-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Electronic counterparts of established print journals already promote and deliver rapid dissemination of peer-reviewed and edited, "published" articles. Other journals, whether spin-offs of established print journals, or created as electronic only, have come into existence promoting the rapid dissemination capability, and availability, on the Internet. In tandem with this is the speeding up of peer review, copyediting, page makeup, and other steps in the process to support rapid dissemination.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Other improvements, benefits and unique values of electronically publishing the scientific journal are easy availability of supplementary materials (data, graphics and video), lower cost, and availability to more people, especially scientists from non-developed countries. Hence, research results from more developed nations are becoming more accessible to scientists from non-developed countries.<sup id="cite_ref-Heller_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Heller-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Moreover, electronic publishing of scientific journals has been accomplished without compromising the standards of the refereed, <a href="/wiki/Peer_review" title="Peer review">peer review</a> process.<sup id="cite_ref-Heller_5-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Heller-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Boyce-Dalterio_6-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Boyce-Dalterio-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>One form is the online equivalent of the conventional paper journal. By 2006, almost all scientific journals have, while retaining their peer-review process, established electronic versions; a number have moved entirely to electronic publication. In a similar manner, most academic libraries buy the electronic version and purchase a paper copy only for the most important or most-used titles. </p><p>There is usually a delay of several months after an article is written before it is published in a journal, making paper journals not an ideal format for announcing the latest research. Many journals now publish the final papers in their electronic version as soon as they are ready, without waiting for the assembly of a complete issue, as is necessary with paper. In many fields in which even greater speed is wanted, such as <a href="/wiki/Physics" title="Physics">physics</a>, the role of the journal at disseminating the latest research has largely been replaced by <a href="/wiki/Preprint" title="Preprint">preprint</a> databases such as <a href="/wiki/ArXiv.org" class="mw-redirect" title="ArXiv.org">arXiv.org</a>. Almost all such articles are eventually published in traditional journals, which still provide an important role in <a href="/wiki/Quality_control" title="Quality control">quality control</a>, archiving papers, and establishing scientific credit. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cost">Cost</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Scientific_journal&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Cost"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Academic_publishing#Publishers_and_business_aspects" title="Academic publishing">Academic publishing § Publishers and business aspects</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Academic_journal#Costs" title="Academic journal">Academic journal § Costs</a></div> <p>Many scientists and librarians have long protested the cost of journals, especially as they see these payments going to large for-profit publishing houses.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To allow their researchers online access to journals, many universities purchase <i>site licenses</i>, permitting access from anywhere in the university, and, with appropriate authorization, by university-affiliated users at home or elsewhere. These may be quite expensive, sometimes much more than the cost for a print subscription, although this may reflect the number of people who will be using the license—while a print subscription is the cost for one person to receive the journal; a site-license can allow thousands of people to gain access.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2014)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Publications by <a href="/wiki/Scholarly_societies" class="mw-redirect" title="Scholarly societies">scholarly societies</a>, also known as not-for-profit-publishers, usually cost less than commercial publishers, but the prices of their scientific journals are still usually several thousand dollars a year. In general, this money is used to fund the activities of the scientific societies that run such journals, or is invested in providing further scholarly resources for scientists; thus, the money remains in and benefits the scientific sphere. </p><p>Despite the transition to electronic publishing, the <a href="/wiki/Serials_crisis" title="Serials crisis">serials crisis</a> persists.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Concerns about cost and open access have led to the creation of free-access journals such as the <a href="/wiki/Public_Library_of_Science" class="mw-redirect" title="Public Library of Science">Public Library of Science</a> (PLoS) family and partly open or reduced-cost journals such as the <i><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_High_Energy_Physics" title="Journal of High Energy Physics">Journal of High Energy Physics</a></i>. However, professional editors still have to be paid, and PLoS still relies heavily on donations from foundations to cover the majority of its operating costs; smaller journals do not often have access to such resources. </p><p>Based on statistical arguments, it has been shown that electronic publishing online, and to some extent <a href="/wiki/Open_access" title="Open access">open access</a>, both provide wider dissemination and increase the average number of citations an article receives.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Copyright">Copyright</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Scientific_journal&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Copyright"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Traditionally, the author of an article was required to transfer the <a href="/wiki/Copyright" title="Copyright">copyright</a> to the journal publisher. Publishers claimed this was necessary in order to protect authors' rights, and to coordinate permissions for reprints or other use. However, many authors, especially those active in the <a href="/wiki/Open_access_(publishing)" class="mw-redirect" title="Open access (publishing)">open access</a> movement, found this unsatisfactory,<sup id="cite_ref-Di_Cosmo_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Di_Cosmo-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and have used their influence to effect a gradual move towards a license to publish instead. Under such a system, the publisher has permission to edit, print, and distribute the article commercially, but the authors retain the other rights themselves. </p><p>Even if they retain the copyright to an article, most journals allow certain rights to their authors. These rights usually include the ability to reuse parts of the paper in the author's future work, and allow the author to distribute a limited number of copies. In the print format, such copies are called reprints; in the electronic format, they are called <a href="/wiki/Postprints" class="mw-redirect" title="Postprints">postprints</a>. Some publishers, for example the <a href="/wiki/American_Physical_Society" title="American Physical Society">American Physical Society</a>, also grant the author the right to post and update the article on the author's or employer's website and on free e-print servers, to grant permission to others to use or reuse figures, and even to reprint the article as long as no fee is charged.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The rise of open access journals, in which the author retains the copyright but must pay a publication charge, such as the <a href="/wiki/Public_Library_of_Science" class="mw-redirect" title="Public Library of Science">Public Library of Science</a> family of journals, is another recent response to copyright concerns.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Scientific_journal&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 22em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Academic_journal" title="Academic journal">Academic journal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Academic_authorship" title="Academic authorship">Academic authorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Academic_conference" title="Academic conference">Academic conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citation_index" title="Citation index">Citation index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_policies_of_scientific_publishers" class="mw-redirect" title="Copyright policies of scientific publishers">Copyright policies of scientific publishers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medical_journal" title="Medical journal">Medical journal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mega_journal" title="Mega journal">Mega journal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_access_journal" class="mw-redirect" title="Open access journal">Open access journal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Publish_or_perish" title="Publish or perish">Publish or perish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_writing" title="Scientific writing">Scientific writing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_scientific_journals" title="List of scientific journals">List of scientific journals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Francisco_Declaration_on_Research_Assessment" title="San Francisco Declaration on Research Assessment">San Francisco Declaration on Research Assessment</a></li></ul></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Scientific_journal&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-:0-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-10-26</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=scholarworks.iu.edu&rft.atitle=The+Internet+and+the+Velocity+of+Scholarly+Journal+Publishing&rft.aulast=Swygart-Hobaugh&rft.aufirst=Rob+Kling%2C+Amanda+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fscholarworks.iu.edu%2Fdspace%2Fbitstream%2Fhandle%2F2022%2F148%2FWP02-12B.html%3Bjsessionid%3D8E99F087A1E6FFEC3DBC59015C33BAF1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScientific+journal" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeinstein2012" class="citation web cs1">Weinstein, Deborah (1 Feb 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mmm-online.com/channel/elsevier-begins-outreach-as-push-back-on-publisher-threatens-to-widen/article/225855/">"Elsevier begins outreach as push-back on publisher threatens to widen"</a>. <i>MM&M</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180215023645/https://www.mmm-online.com/channel/elsevier-begins-outreach-as-push-back-on-publisher-threatens-to-widen/article/225855/">Archived</a> from the original on 2018-02-15.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=MM%26M&rft.atitle=Elsevier+begins+outreach+as+push-back+on+publisher+threatens+to+widen&rft.date=2012-02-01&rft.aulast=Weinstein&rft.aufirst=Deborah&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mmm-online.com%2Fchannel%2Felsevier-begins-outreach-as-push-back-on-publisher-threatens-to-widen%2Farticle%2F225855%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScientific+journal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSample2012" class="citation journal cs1">Sample, Ian (24 April 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/science/2012/apr/24/harvard-university-journal-publishers-prices">"Harvard University says it can't afford journal publishers' prices"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161207164109/https://www.theguardian.com/science/2012/apr/24/harvard-university-journal-publishers-prices">Archived</a> from the original on 7 December 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Harvard+University+says+it+can%27t+afford+journal+publishers%27+prices&rft.date=2012-04-24&rft.aulast=Sample&rft.aufirst=Ian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fscience%2F2012%2Fapr%2F24%2Fharvard-university-journal-publishers-prices&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScientific+journal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLawrence" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Steve_Lawrence_(computer_scientist)" title="Steve Lawrence (computer scientist)">Lawrence, Steve</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://citeseer.ist.psu.edu/online-nature01/">"Online Or Invisible?"</a>. <a href="/wiki/NEC_Research_Institute" class="mw-redirect" title="NEC Research Institute">NEC Research Institute</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070316145522/http://citeseer.ist.psu.edu/online-nature01/">Archived</a> from the original on 2007-03-16.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Online+Or+Invisible%3F&rft.pub=NEC+Research+Institute&rft.aulast=Lawrence&rft.aufirst=Steve&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fciteseer.ist.psu.edu%2Fonline-nature01%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScientific+journal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Di_Cosmo-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Di_Cosmo_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDi_Cosmo2006" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Roberto_Di_Cosmo" title="Roberto Di Cosmo">Di Cosmo, Roberto</a> (June 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cepis.org/upgrade/files/full-III-06.pdf">"The Role of Public Administrations in The ICT Era"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>UPGRADE: The European Journal for the Informatics Professional</i>. <b>7</b> (3): 41–8. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1684-5285">1684-5285</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110717185237/http://www.cepis.org/upgrade/files/full-III-06.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 2011-07-17.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=UPGRADE%3A+The+European+Journal+for+the+Informatics+Professional&rft.atitle=The+Role+of+Public+Administrations+in+The+ICT+Era&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=41-8&rft.date=2006-06&rft.issn=1684-5285&rft.aulast=Di+Cosmo&rft.aufirst=Roberto&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cepis.org%2Fupgrade%2Ffiles%2Ffull-III-06.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScientific+journal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://forms.aps.org/author/copyfaq.html">"APS Copyright Policies and Frequently Asked Questions"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061009083902/http://forms.aps.org/author/copyfaq.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2006-10-09.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=APS+Copyright+Policies+and+Frequently+Asked+Questions&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fforms.aps.org%2Fauthor%2Fcopyfaq.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScientific+journal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://io9.gizmodo.com/5796054/is-it-time-to-end-copyright-for-scientific-journals">Is it time to end copyright for scientific journals?</a> Gizmodo, 2011</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Scientific_journal&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li>A.J. Meadows, ed. The Scientific Journal. London : Aslib, c1979. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-85142-118-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-85142-118-0">0-85142-118-0</a></li> <li>R.E. Abel et al. "Scholarly Publishing: Books Journals, Publishers, and Libraries in the Twentieth Century". N.Y.: Wiley, 2002. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-471-21929-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-471-21929-0">0-471-21929-0</a></li> <li>D.W. King et al. "Scientific Journals in the United States: their Production, Use, and Economics". Stroudsberg, PA: Hutchinson-Ross, 1981 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87933-380-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-87933-380-4">0-87933-380-4</a></li></ul> </div> <ul><li>A. Gielas & <a href="/wiki/Aileen_Fyfe" title="Aileen Fyfe">A. Fyfe</a>, eds. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/toc/16000498/2020/62/1">Editorship and the Editing of Scientific Journals, 1750–1950</a>", Special Issue: <a href="/wiki/Centaurus_(journal)" title="Centaurus (journal)">Centaurus. International Journal for the History of Science and its Cultural Aspects</a>, 2020.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Scientific_journal&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Darnton" title="Robert Darnton">Darnton, Robert</a>, "The Dream of a Universal Library" (review of <a href="/wiki/Peter_Baldwin_(professor)" title="Peter Baldwin (professor)">Peter Baldwin</a>, <i>Athena Unbound: Why and How Scholarly Knowledge Should Be Free for All</i>, <a href="/wiki/MIT_Press" title="MIT Press">MIT Press</a>, 2023, 405 pp.), <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Review_of_Books" title="The New York Review of Books">The New York Review of Books</a></i>, vol. LXX, no. 20 (21 December 2023), pp. 73–74. Reviewer <a href="/wiki/Robert_Darnton" title="Robert Darnton">Darnton</a> writes: "<a href="/wiki/Peter_Baldwin_(professor)" title="Peter Baldwin (professor)">Baldwin</a> warns: journal publishers are gouging their customers, scholarly <a href="/wiki/Monograph" title="Monograph">monographs</a> reach a tiny audience, libraries are floundering under budget pressures, academics are pursuing careers rather than truth, and readers are not getting all the information they deserve." (p. 74.) Writes Darnton: "Most scientific research is subsidized by the federal government." Under a 2022 <a href="/wiki/White_House" title="White House">White House</a> directive, "As of December 31, 2025, all agencies... must require immediate open access... The <a href="/wiki/G7" title="G7">G7</a> leaders took a similar stand on May 14, 2023, as did the <a href="/wiki/European_Council" title="European Council">European Council</a> on May 23. The tide is turning in favor of unrestricted access, but the countervailing forces are so complex that the future remains cloudy." (p. 73.)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Scientific_journal&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output 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id="Academic_publishing" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Academic_publishing" title="Academic publishing">Academic publishing</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Journals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Academic_journal" title="Academic journal">Academic journal</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Scientific journal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Public_health_journal" title="Public health journal">Public health</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Papers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Academic_publishing#Scholarly_paper" title="Academic publishing">Paper</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abstract_(summary)" title="Abstract (summary)">Abstract</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Review_article" title="Review article">Review article</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Position_paper" title="Position paper">Position paper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Literature_review" title="Literature review">Literature review</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Grey_literature" title="Grey literature">Grey literature</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Working_paper" title="Working paper">Working paper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_paper" title="White paper">White paper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technical_report" title="Technical report">Technical report</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annual_report" title="Annual report">Annual report</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pamphlet" title="Pamphlet">Pamphlet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Essay" title="Essay">Essay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open-notebook_science" title="Open-notebook science">Lab notes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other publication types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thesis" title="Thesis">Thesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collection_of_articles" title="Collection of articles">Collection of articles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patent" title="Patent">Patent</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biological_patent" title="Biological patent">Biological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_patent" title="Chemical patent">Chemical</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book" title="Book">Book</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monograph" title="Monograph">Monograph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chapter_(books)" title="Chapter (books)">Chapter</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poster_session" title="Poster session">Poster session</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conference_proceedings" title="Conference proceedings">Proceedings</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Impact and ranking</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acknowledgment_index" title="Acknowledgment index">Acknowledgment index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Altmetrics" title="Altmetrics">Altmetrics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Article-level_metrics" title="Article-level metrics">Article-level metrics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Author-level_metrics" title="Author-level metrics">Author-level metrics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bibliometrics" title="Bibliometrics">Bibliometrics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citation_impact" title="Citation impact">Citation impact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citation_index" title="Citation index">Citation index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Journal_ranking" title="Journal ranking">Journal ranking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eigenfactor" title="Eigenfactor">Eigenfactor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H-index" title="H-index">h-index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impact_factor" title="Impact factor">Impact factor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SCImago_Journal_Rank" title="SCImago Journal Rank">SCImago Journal Rank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientometrics" title="Scientometrics">Scientometrics</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Reform and access</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Academic_journal_publishing_reform" title="Academic journal publishing reform">Academic journal publishing reform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_access" title="Open access">Open access</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Open_access_citation_advantage" title="Open access citation advantage">Citation advantage</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serials_crisis" title="Serials crisis">Serials crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sci-Hub" title="Sci-Hub">Sci-Hub</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ICanHazPDF" title="ICanHazPDF">#ICanHazPDF</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Versioning</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Preprint" title="Preprint">Preprint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postprint" title="Postprint">Postprint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Version_of_record" title="Version of record">Version of record</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erratum" title="Erratum">Erratum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Retraction_in_academic_publishing" title="Retraction in academic publishing">Retraction</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_academic_databases_and_search_engines" title="List of academic databases and search engines">Indexes and search engines</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Google_Scholar" title="Google Scholar">Google Scholar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AMiner_(database)" title="AMiner (database)">AMiner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BASE_(search_engine)" title="BASE (search engine)">BASE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CORE_(research_service)" title="CORE (research service)">CORE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semantic_Scholar" title="Semantic Scholar">Semantic Scholar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scopus" title="Scopus">Scopus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Web_of_Science" title="Web of Science">Web of Science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paperity" title="Paperity">Paperity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OpenAlex" title="OpenAlex">OpenAlex</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Imprint_(trade_name)" title="Imprint (trade name)">Imprint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_writing" title="Scientific writing">Scientific writing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peer_review" title="Peer review">Peer review</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scholarly_communication" title="Scholarly communication">Scholarly communication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_literature" title="Scientific literature">Scientific literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Learned_society" title="Learned society">Learned society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_research" title="Open research">Open research</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_scientific_data" title="Open scientific data">Open scientific data</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ORCID" title="ORCID">ORCID</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_publishing" title="Electronic publishing">Electronic publishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ingelfinger_rule" title="Ingelfinger rule">Ingelfinger rule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Least_publishable_unit" title="Least publishable unit">Least publishable unit</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Publish_or_perish" title="Publish or perish">Publish or perish</a>"</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_academic_journals" title="Lists of academic journals">Academic journals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_scientific_journals" title="List of scientific journals">Scientific journals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_open-access_journals" title="List of open-access journals">Open-access journals</a></li> <li><a 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