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class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Use commonly recognizable names</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Use_commonly_recognizable_names-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Use commonly recognizable names subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Use_commonly_recognizable_names-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Name_changes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Name_changes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Name changes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Name_changes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Neutrality_in_article_titles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Neutrality_in_article_titles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Neutrality in article titles</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Neutrality_in_article_titles-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Neutrality in article titles subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Neutrality_in_article_titles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Non-neutral_but_common_names" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Non-neutral_but_common_names"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Non-neutral but common names</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Non-neutral_but_common_names-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Non-judgmental_descriptive_titles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Non-judgmental_descriptive_titles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Non-judgmental descriptive titles</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Non-judgmental_descriptive_titles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Explicit_conventions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Explicit_conventions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Explicit conventions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Explicit_conventions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Precision" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Precision"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Precision</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Precision-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Precision subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Precision-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Disambiguation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Disambiguation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Disambiguation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Disambiguation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Natural_disambiguation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Natural_disambiguation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1.1</span> <span>Natural disambiguation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Natural_disambiguation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Comma-separated_disambiguation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Comma-separated_disambiguation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1.2</span> <span>Comma-separated disambiguation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Comma-separated_disambiguation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Parenthetical_disambiguation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Parenthetical_disambiguation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1.3</span> <span>Parenthetical disambiguation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Parenthetical_disambiguation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Descriptive_title" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Descriptive_title"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1.4</span> <span>Descriptive title</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Descriptive_title-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Combinations_of_the_above" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Combinations_of_the_above"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1.5</span> <span>Combinations of the above</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Combinations_of_the_above-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-When_a_spelling_variant_indicates_a_distinct_topic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#When_a_spelling_variant_indicates_a_distinct_topic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>When a spelling variant indicates a distinct topic</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-When_a_spelling_variant_indicates_a_distinct_topic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Concision" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Concision"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Concision</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Concision-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Consistency" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Consistency"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Consistency</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Consistency-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-English-language_titles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#English-language_titles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>English-language titles</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-English-language_titles-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle English-language titles subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-English-language_titles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Foreign_names_and_anglicization" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Foreign_names_and_anglicization"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Foreign names and anglicization</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Foreign_names_and_anglicization-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-National_varieties_of_English" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#National_varieties_of_English"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>National varieties of English</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-National_varieties_of_English-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Treatment_of_alternative_names" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Treatment_of_alternative_names"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Treatment of alternative names</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Treatment_of_alternative_names-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Article_title_format" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Article_title_format"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Article title format</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Article_title_format-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Article title format subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Article_title_format-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Use_sentence_case" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Use_sentence_case"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.1</span> <span>Use sentence case</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Use_sentence_case-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Use_singular_form" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Use_singular_form"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.2</span> <span>Use singular form</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Use_singular_form-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Avoid_ambiguous_abbreviations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Avoid_ambiguous_abbreviations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.3</span> <span>Avoid ambiguous abbreviations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Avoid_ambiguous_abbreviations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Avoid_definite_and_indefinite_articles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Avoid_definite_and_indefinite_articles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.4</span> <span>Avoid definite and indefinite articles</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Avoid_definite_and_indefinite_articles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Use_nouns" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Use_nouns"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.5</span> <span>Use nouns</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Use_nouns-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Do_not_enclose_titles_in_quotes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Do_not_enclose_titles_in_quotes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.6</span> <span>Do not enclose titles in quotes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Do_not_enclose_titles_in_quotes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Do_not_create_subsidiary_articles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Do_not_create_subsidiary_articles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.7</span> <span>Do not create subsidiary articles</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Do_not_create_subsidiary_articles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Follow_reliable_sources_for_names_of_persons" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Follow_reliable_sources_for_names_of_persons"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.8</span> <span>Follow reliable sources for names of persons</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Follow_reliable_sources_for_names_of_persons-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Special_characters" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Special_characters"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.9</span> <span>Special characters</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Special_characters-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Italics_and_other_formatting" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Italics_and_other_formatting"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.10</span> <span>Italics and other formatting</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Italics_and_other_formatting-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Standard_English_and_trademarks" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Standard_English_and_trademarks"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.11</span> <span>Standard English and trademarks</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Standard_English_and_trademarks-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Titles_containing_"and"" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Titles_containing_"and""> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Titles containing "and"</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Titles_containing_"and"-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Considering_changes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Considering_changes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Considering changes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Considering_changes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Proposed_naming_conventions_and_guidelines" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Proposed_naming_conventions_and_guidelines"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>Proposed naming conventions and guidelines</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Proposed_naming_conventions_and_guidelines-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">16</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-namespace">Wikipedia</span><span class="mw-page-title-separator">:</span><span class="mw-page-title-main">Article titles</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 104 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-104" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">104 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Titelriglyne" title="Wikipedia:Titelriglyne – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Wikipedia:Titelriglyne" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Namenskonventionen" title="Wikipedia:Namenskonventionen – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Wikipedia:Namenskonventionen" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ab mw-list-item"><a href="https://ab.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B0:%D0%90%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B0%D2%9B%D3%99%D0%B0_%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%85%D1%8C%D3%A1" title="Авикипедиа:Астатиақәа рыхьӡ – Abkhazian" lang="ab" hreflang="ab" data-title="Авикипедиа:Астатиақәа рыхьӡ" data-language-autonym="Аԥсшәа" data-language-local-name="Abkhazian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Аԥсшәа</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D9%8A%D9%83%D9%8A%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%A7:%D8%B9%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%8A%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="ويكيبيديا:عناوين المقالات – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ويكيبيديا:عناوين المقالات" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Convencions_de_t%C3%ADtols" title="Wikipedia:Convencions de títols – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Wikipedia:Convencions de títols" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A7%B1%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A1%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE:%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A7%B0%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A7%E0%A7%B0_%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%BF%E0%A7%B0%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE" title="ৱিকিপিডিয়া:প্ৰবন্ধৰ শিৰোনাম – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="ৱিকিপিডিয়া:প্ৰবন্ধৰ শিৰোনাম" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Convenciones_de_nomenclatura" title="Wikipedia:Convenciones de nomenclatura – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Wikipedia:Convenciones de nomenclatura" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vikipediya:M%C9%99qal%C9%99_adlar%C4%B1" title="Vikipediya:Məqalə adları – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Vikipediya:Məqalə adları" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%DB%8C%DA%A9%DB%8C%E2%80%8C%D9%BE%D8%AF%DB%8C%D8%A7:%D9%85%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%87_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B4%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%82%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="ویکی‌پدیا:مقاله باشلیقلاری – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="ویکی‌پدیا:مقاله باشلیقلاری" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A1%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE:%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A7%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE" title="উইকিপিডিয়া:নিবন্ধের শিরোনাম – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="উইকিপিডিয়া:নিবন্ধের শিরোনাম" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F:%D0%9C%D3%99%D2%A1%D3%99%D0%BB%D3%99%D0%BB%D3%99%D1%80%D0%B3%D3%99_%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BC_%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B5%D2%AF" title="Википедия:Мәҡәләләргә исем биреү – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Википедия:Мәҡәләләргә исем биреү" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%96%D0%BA%D1%96%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%8B%D1%8F:%D0%9D%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B5_%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%9E" title="Вікіпедыя:Найменне артыкулаў – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Вікіпедыя:Найменне артыкулаў" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%96%D0%BA%D1%96%D0%BF%D1%8D%D0%B4%D1%8B%D1%8F:%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%8C%D0%BD%D1%96_%D0%BF%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%85_%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%9E" title="Вікіпэдыя:Пагадненьні па назвах артыкулаў – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Вікіпэдыя:Пагадненьні па назвах артыкулаў" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE:%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%96_%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2" title="विकिपीडिया:लेख टाइटिल – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="विकिपीडिया:लेख टाइटिल" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F:%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B0_%D0%B7%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%83%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5" title="Уикипедия:Правила за наименуване – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Уикипедия:Правила за наименуване" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:N%C3%A5menskonvenzionen" title="Wikipedia:Nåmenskonvenzionen – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Wikipedia:Nåmenskonvenzionen" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viquip%C3%A8dia:Anomenar_p%C3%A0gines" title="Viquipèdia:Anomenar pàgines – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Viquipèdia:Anomenar pàgines" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8:%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8C%D1%8F%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5_%D1%8F%D1%82_%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8" title="Википеди:Статьясене ят парасси – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Википеди:Статьясене ят парасси" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Kombensyon_sa_pagpangalan" title="Wikipedia:Kombensyon sa pagpangalan – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Wikipedia:Kombensyon sa pagpangalan" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedie:N%C3%A1zev_%C4%8Dl%C3%A1nku" title="Wikipedie:Název článku – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Wikipedie:Název článku" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wicipedia:Enwi_erthyglau" title="Wicipedia:Enwi erthyglau – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Wicipedia:Enwi erthyglau" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Navngivning" title="Wikipedia:Navngivning – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Wikipedia:Navngivning" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Namenskonventionen" title="Wikipedia:Namenskonventionen – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Wikipedia:Namenskonventionen" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vikipeedia:Artikli_pealkiri" title="Vikipeedia:Artikli pealkiri – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Vikipeedia:Artikli pealkiri" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%92%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%B9%CF%80%CE%B1%CE%AF%CE%B4%CE%B5%CE%B9%CE%B1:%CE%9F%CE%BD%CE%BF%CE%BC%CE%B1%CF%84%CE%BF%CE%B4%CE%BF%CF%83%CE%AF%CE%B1_%CF%83%CE%B5%CE%BB%CE%AF%CE%B4%CF%89%CE%BD" title="Βικιπαίδεια:Ονοματοδοσία σελίδων – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Βικιπαίδεια:Ονοματοδοσία σελίδων" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Convenciones_de_t%C3%ADtulos" title="Wikipedia:Convenciones de títulos – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Wikipedia:Convenciones de títulos" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vikipedio:Titoloj_de_artikoloj" title="Vikipedio:Titoloj de artikoloj – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Vikipedio:Titoloj de artikoloj" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%DB%8C%DA%A9%DB%8C%E2%80%8C%D9%BE%D8%AF%DB%8C%D8%A7:%D9%82%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B9%D8%AF_%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%85%E2%80%8C%DA%AF%D8%B0%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="ویکی‌پدیا:قواعد نام‌گذاری – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ویکی‌پدیا:قواعد نام‌گذاری" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Navngeving" title="Wikipedia:Navngeving – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Wikipedia:Navngeving" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikip%C3%A9dia:Conventions_sur_les_titres" title="Wikipédia:Conventions sur les titres – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Wikipédia:Conventions sur les titres" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedy:It_beneamen_fan_in_side" title="Wikipedy:It beneamen fan in side – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Wikipedy:It beneamen fan in side" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Convenci%C3%B3ns_dos_nomes_dos_artigos" title="Wikipedia:Convencións dos nomes dos artigos – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Wikipedia:Convencións dos nomes dos artigos" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-inh mw-list-item"><a href="https://inh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8:%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8C%D1%8F%D1%88%D1%82%D0%B0_%D1%86%D3%80%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%88_%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Википеди:Статьяшта цӀераш тахкар – Ingush" lang="inh" hreflang="inh" data-title="Википеди:Статьяшта цӀераш тахкар" data-language-autonym="ГӀалгӀай" data-language-local-name="Ingush" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ГӀалгӀай</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xal mw-list-item"><a href="https://xal.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:%D0%97%D2%AF%D2%AF%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80%D3%99%D0%B4%D0%BB%D0%B5%D2%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Wikipedia:Зүүлин нерәдлеһан – Kalmyk" lang="xal" hreflang="xal" data-title="Wikipedia:Зүүлин нерәдлеһан" data-language-autonym="Хальмг" data-language-local-name="Kalmyk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Хальмг</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9C%84%ED%82%A4%EB%B0%B1%EA%B3%BC:%EC%A0%9C%EB%AA%A9_%EC%84%A0%ED%83%9D%ED%95%98%EA%B8%B0" title="위키백과:제목 선택하기 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="위키백과:제목 선택하기" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8E%D5%AB%D6%84%D5%AB%D5%BA%D5%A5%D5%A4%D5%AB%D5%A1:%D5%80%D5%B8%D5%A4%D5%BE%D5%A1%D5%AE%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%AB_%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%BE%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B4" title="Վիքիպեդիա:Հոդվածների անվանում – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Վիքիպեդիա:Հոդվածների անվանում" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE:%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%96_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%87_%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%96%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%82" title="विकिपीडिया:लेख का नाम कैसे रखें – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="विकिपीडिया:लेख का नाम कैसे रखें" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedija:Imena_%C4%8Dlanaka" title="Wikipedija:Imena članaka – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Wikipedija:Imena članaka" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Pedoman_penamaan" title="Wikipedia:Pedoman penamaan – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Wikipedia:Pedoman penamaan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Nomenclatura" title="Wikipedia:Nomenclatura – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Wikipedia:Nomenclatura" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Nafnavenjur_greina" title="Wikipedia:Nafnavenjur greina – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Wikipedia:Nafnavenjur greina" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Titolo_della_voce" title="Wikipedia:Titolo della voce – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Wikipedia:Titolo della voce" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%95%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%99%D7%A4%D7%93%D7%99%D7%94:%D7%9E%D7%AA%D7%9F_%D7%A9%D7%9D_%D7%9C%D7%A2%D7%A8%D7%9A" title="ויקיפדיה:מתן שם לערך – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ויקיפדיה:מתן שם לערך" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikip%C3%A9dia:Paugeran_maringi_nami_artikel" title="Wikipédia:Paugeran maringi nami artikel – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Wikipédia:Paugeran maringi nami artikel" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B5%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%95%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%AA%E0%B3%80%E0%B2%A1%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%AF:%E0%B2%B2%E0%B3%87%E0%B2%96%E0%B2%A8_%E0%B2%B6%E0%B3%80%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B7%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%86%E0%B2%97%E0%B2%B3%E0%B3%81" title="ವಿಕಿಪೀಡಿಯ:ಲೇಖನ ಶೀರ್ಷಿಕೆಗಳು – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ವಿಕಿಪೀಡಿಯ:ಲೇಖನ ಶೀರ್ಷಿಕೆಗಳು" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%95%E1%83%98%E1%83%99%E1%83%98%E1%83%9E%E1%83%94%E1%83%93%E1%83%98%E1%83%90:%E1%83%92%E1%83%95%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%93%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%AE%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%98" title="ვიკიპედია:გვერდების სახელები – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ვიკიპედია:გვერდების სახელები" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F:%D0%9C%D0%B0%D2%9B%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4%D1%8B%D2%A3_%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%83%D1%8B" title="Уикипедия:Мақалалардың аталуы – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Уикипедия:Мақалалардың аталуы" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/W%C3%AEk%C3%AEpediya:Qa%C3%AEdey%C3%AAn_binavkirin%C3%AA" title="Wîkîpediya:Qaîdeyên binavkirinê – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Wîkîpediya:Qaîdeyên binavkirinê" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vicipaedia:Titulus" title="Vicipaedia:Titulus – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Vicipaedia:Titulus" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vikip%C4%93dija:Nosaukumu_veido%C5%A1ana" title="Vikipēdija:Nosaukumu veidošana – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Vikipēdija:Nosaukumu veidošana" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Nummkonventiounen" title="Wikipedia:Nummkonventiounen – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Wikipedia:Nummkonventiounen" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vikipedija:Vardinimo_taisykl%C4%97s" title="Vikipedija:Vardinimo taisyklės – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Vikipedija:Vardinimo taisyklės" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikip%C3%A9dia:Elnevez%C3%A9si_szok%C3%A1sok" title="Wikipédia:Elnevezési szokások – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Wikipédia:Elnevezési szokások" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0:%D0%98%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%83%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%9A%D0%B5_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B8" title="Википедија:Именување на статии – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Википедија:Именување на статии" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%80%E0%B4%A1%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AF:%E0%B4%B2%E0%B5%87%E0%B4%96%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%99%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%99%E0%B4%B3%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%86_%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%86%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8D" title="വിക്കിപീഡിയ:ലേഖനങ്ങളുടെ തലക്കെട്ട് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="വിക്കിപീഡിയ:ലേഖനങ്ങളുടെ തലക്കെട്ട്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedija:Konvenzjonijiet_ta%27_nomenklatura" title="Wikipedija:Konvenzjonijiet ta' nomenklatura – Maltese" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Wikipedija:Konvenzjonijiet ta' nomenklatura" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Maltese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D9%8A%D9%83%D9%8A%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%A7:%D8%B9%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%8A%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="ويكيبيديا:عناوين المقالات – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="ويكيبيديا:عناوين المقالات" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Tajuk_rencana" title="Wikipedia:Tajuk rencana – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Wikipedia:Tajuk rencana" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Padoman_panamoan" title="Wikipedia:Padoman panamoan – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Wikipedia:Padoman panamoan" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9D%E1%80%AE%E1%80%80%E1%80%AE%E1%80%95%E1%80%AE%E1%80%B8%E1%80%92%E1%80%AE%E1%80%B8%E1%80%9A%E1%80%AC%E1%80%B8:%E1%80%86%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%95%E1%80%AB%E1%80%B8%E1%80%81%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AB%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%85%E1%80%89%E1%80%BA%E1%80%99%E1%80%BB%E1%80%AC%E1%80%B8" title="ဝီကီပီးဒီးယား:ဆောင်းပါးခေါင်းစဉ်များ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ဝီကီပီးဒီးယား:ဆောင်းပါးခေါင်းစဉ်များ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Benoemen_van_een_pagina" title="Wikipedia:Benoemen van een pagina – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Wikipedia:Benoemen van een pagina" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE:%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%96_%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%82" title="विकिपिडिया:लेख शीर्षकहरू – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="विकिपिडिया:लेख शीर्षकहरू" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:%E8%A8%98%E4%BA%8B%E5%90%8D%E3%81%AE%E4%BB%98%E3%81%91%E6%96%B9" title="Wikipedia:記事名の付け方 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="Wikipedia:記事名の付け方" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Navnekonvensjoner" title="Wikipedia:Navnekonvensjoner – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Wikipedia:Navnekonvensjoner" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Namnekonvensjonar" title="Wikipedia:Namnekonvensjonar – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Wikipedia:Namnekonvensjonar" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%89%E0%AC%87%E0%AC%95%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%AA%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%A1%E0%AC%BC%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%86:%E0%AC%AA%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%B0%E0%AC%B8%E0%AC%99%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%97%E0%AC%B0_%E0%AC%A8%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%AE" title="ଉଇକିପିଡ଼ିଆ:ପ୍ରସଙ୍ଗର ନାମ – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ଉଇକିପିଡ଼ିଆ:ପ୍ରସଙ୍ଗର ନାମ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ଓଡ଼ିଆ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vikipediya:Maqolalarni_nomlash" title="Vikipediya:Maqolalarni nomlash – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Vikipediya:Maqolalarni nomlash" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Namenskonventschonen" title="Wikipedia:Namenskonventschonen – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Wikipedia:Namenskonventschonen" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Nazewnictwo_artyku%C5%82%C3%B3w" title="Wikipedia:Nazewnictwo artykułów – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Wikipedia:Nazewnictwo artykułów" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikip%C3%A9dia:Conven%C3%A7%C3%A3o_de_nomenclatura" title="Wikipédia:Convenção de nomenclatura – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Wikipédia:Convenção de nomenclatura" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Maqalalard%C4%B1%C5%84_atal%C4%B1w%C4%B1" title="Wikipedia:Maqalalardıń atalıwı – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Wikipedia:Maqalalardıń atalıwı" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qaraqalpaqsha</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Titluri_de_articole" title="Wikipedia:Titluri de articole – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Wikipedia:Titluri de articole" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipidiya:Qillqa_suti" title="Wikipidiya:Qillqa suti – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Wikipidiya:Qillqa suti" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%96%D0%BA%D1%96%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%96%D1%8F:%D0%9D%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%97" title="Вікіпедія:Назва статї – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Вікіпедія:Назва статї" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F:%D0%98%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B9" title="Википедия:Именование статей – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Википедия:Именование статей" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%8D%D0%B4%D1%8C%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%8D:%D0%AB%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%B9%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8B_%D0%B0%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B0%D2%BB%D1%8B%D0%BD" title="Бикипиэдьийэ:Ыстатыйаны ааттааһын – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Бикипиэдьийэ:Ыстатыйаны ааттааһын" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE:%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%96%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%83" title="विकिपीडिया:लेखशीर्षकः – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="विकिपीडिया:लेखशीर्षकः" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Titujt_e_artikujve" title="Wikipedia:Titujt e artikujve – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Wikipedia:Titujt e artikujve" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%B4%E0%B7%93%E0%B6%A9%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%8F:%E0%B6%BD%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%B4%E0%B7%92_%E0%B6%B8%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%AD%E0%B7%98%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%8F" title="විකිපීඩියා:ලිපි මාතෘකා – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="විකිපීඩියා:ලිපි මාතෘකා" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%DA%AA%D9%8A%D9%BE%D9%8A%DA%8A%D9%8A%D8%A7:%D9%85%D8%B6%D9%85%D9%88%D9%86_%D8%AC%D9%88_%D8%B9%D9%86%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86" title="وڪيپيڊيا:مضمون جو عنوان – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="وڪيپيڊيا:مضمون جو عنوان" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikip%C3%A9dia:N%C3%A1zov_%C4%8Dl%C3%A1nku" title="Wikipédia:Názov článku – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Wikipédia:Názov článku" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedija:Dogovori_o_poimenovanju" title="Wikipedija:Dogovori o poimenovanju – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Wikipedija:Dogovori o poimenovanju" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%DB%8C%DA%A9%DB%8C%D9%BE%DB%8C%D8%AF%DB%8C%D8%A7:%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%88%DB%8C_%D9%88%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%95%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%86" title="ویکیپیدیا:ناوی وتارەکان – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ویکیپیدیا:ناوی وتارەکان" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0:%D0%98%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%9A%D0%B5_%D1%87%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Википедија:Именовање чланака – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Википедија:Именовање чланака" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedija:Naslovi_%C4%8Dlanaka" title="Wikipedija:Naslovi članaka – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Wikipedija:Naslovi članaka" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Nime%C3%A4misk%C3%A4yt%C3%A4nt%C3%B6" title="Wikipedia:Nimeämiskäytäntö – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Wikipedia:Nimeämiskäytäntö" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Artikelnamn" title="Wikipedia:Artikelnamn – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Wikipedia:Artikelnamn" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Mga_kumbensiyon_sa_pagsusulat_ng_mga_artikulo" title="Wikipedia:Mga kumbensiyon sa pagsusulat ng mga artikulo – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Wikipedia:Mga kumbensiyon sa pagsusulat ng mga artikulo" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%80%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BE:%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%81" title="விக்கிப்பீடியா:பெயரிடல் மரபு – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="விக்கிப்பீடியா:பெயரிடல் மரபு" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F:%D0%9C%D3%99%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BB%D3%99_%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BD%D3%99%D1%80%D0%B5" title="Википедия:Мәкалә исемнәре – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Википедия:Мәкалә исемнәре" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shn mw-list-item"><a href="https://shn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9D%E1%80%AE%E1%82%87%E1%81%B6%E1%80%AE%E1%82%87%E1%81%BD%E1%80%AE%E1%80%B8%E1%80%90%E1%80%AE%E1%80%B8%E1%80%9A%E1%82%83%E1%80%B8:%E1%82%81%E1%80%B0%E1%80%9D%E1%80%BA%E1%81%B6%E1%80%B1%E1%82%83%E1%82%88%E1%80%95%E1%80%BD%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%82%88%E1%81%B5%E1%82%82%E1%81%A2%E1%80%99%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8" title="ဝီႇၶီႇၽီးတီးယႃး:ႁူဝ်ၶေႃႈပွင်ႈၵႂၢမ်း – Shan" lang="shn" hreflang="shn" data-title="ဝီႇၶီႇၽီးတီးယႃး:ႁူဝ်ၶေႃႈပွင်ႈၵႂၢမ်း" data-language-autonym="ၽႃႇသႃႇတႆး " data-language-local-name="Shan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ၽႃႇသႃႇတႆး </span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%B5%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%80%E0%B0%AA%E0%B1%80%E0%B0%A1%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%AF%E0%B0%BE:%E0%B0%A8%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%AE%E0%B0%95%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%A3_%E0%B0%AA%E0%B0%A6%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%A7%E0%B0%A4%E0%B1%81%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%81" title="వికీపీడియా:నామకరణ పద్ధతులు – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="వికీపీడియా:నామకరణ పద్ధతులు" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2:%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B7%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1" title="วิกิพีเดีย:ชื่อบทความ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="วิกิพีเดีย:ชื่อบทความ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B0:%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B3%D1%83%D0%B7%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B8_%D0%BC%D0%B0%D2%9B%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0%D2%B3%D0%BE" title="Википедиа:Номгузории мақолаҳо – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Википедиа:Номгузории мақолаҳо" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vikipedi:Adland%C4%B1rma_kurallar%C4%B1" title="Vikipedi:Adlandırma kuralları – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Vikipedi:Adlandırma kuralları" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%96%D0%BA%D1%96%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%96%D1%8F:%D0%86%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%83%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8F_%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B9" title="Вікіпедія:Іменування статей – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Вікіпедія:Іменування статей" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%DB%8C%DA%A9%DB%8C%D9%BE%DB%8C%DA%88%DB%8C%D8%A7:%D9%85%D8%B6%D9%85%D9%88%D9%86_%DA%A9%D8%A7_%D8%B9%D9%86%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86" title="ویکیپیڈیا:مضمون کا عنوان – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="ویکیپیڈیا:مضمون کا عنوان" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Tito%C5%82o_de_%C5%82a_voxe" title="Wikipedia:Titoło de ła voxe – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Wikipedia:Titoło de ła voxe" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:T%C3%AAn_b%C3%A0i" title="Wikipedia:Tên bài – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Wikipedia:Tên bài" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:%E6%96%87%E7%AB%A0%E6%A0%87%E9%A2%98" title="Wikipedia:文章标题 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="Wikipedia:文章标题" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%B0%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%99%D7%A4%D6%BC%D7%A2%D7%93%D7%99%D7%A2:%D7%A0%D7%90%D7%9E%D7%A2%D7%9F_%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%9F_%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%98%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%9C" title="װיקיפּעדיע:נאמען פון ארטיקל – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="װיקיפּעדיע:נאמען פון ארטיקל" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:%E6%A8%99%E9%A1%8C%E7%BF%92%E6%85%A3" title="Wikipedia:標題習慣 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="Wikipedia:標題習慣" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipediya:Prensib%C3%AA_nameday%C4%B1%C5%9Fi" title="Wikipediya:Prensibê namedayışi – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Wikipediya:Prensibê namedayışi" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:%E5%91%BD%E5%90%8D%E5%B8%B8%E8%A7%84" title="Wikipedia:命名常规 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="Wikipedia:命名常规" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q3186256#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div 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href="https://www.wikifunctions.org/wiki/Wikifunctions:Naming_conventions" hreflang="en"><span>Wikifunctions</span></a></li><li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikinews mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Wikinews:Naming_conventions" hreflang="en"><span>Wikinews</span></a></li><li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikisource mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Wikisource:Naming_conventions" hreflang="en"><span>Wikisource</span></a></li><li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikiversity mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Wikiversity:Naming_conventions" hreflang="en"><span>Wikiversity</span></a></li><li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikivoyage mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Wikivoyage:Naming_conventions" hreflang="en"><span>Wikivoyage</span></a></li><li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wiktionary mw-list-item"><a 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href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Protection_policy#semi" title="This page is semi-protected."><img alt="Page semi-protected" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/20px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/30px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/40px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=MOS:TITLECASE&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="MOS:TITLECASE">MOS:TITLECASE</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Wikipedia policy</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Several terms redirect here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:TITLE_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Wikipedia:TITLE (disambiguation)">WP:TITLE (disambiguation)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NAME_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Wikipedia:NAME (disambiguation)">WP:NAME (disambiguation)</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NC_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Wikipedia:NC (disambiguation)">WP:NC (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"WP:AT" redirects here. Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Austria" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Austria">WP:WikiProject Austria</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This page is about the policy governing how to select an article title. For technical information about the titles of pages, see <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Page_name" title="Wikipedia:Page name">Wikipedia:Page name</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238436933">.mw-parser-output .ombox{margin:4px 0;border-collapse:collapse;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;background-color:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);box-sizing:border-box;color:var(--color-base,#202122)}.mw-parser-output .ombox.mbox-small{font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ombox-speedy{border:2px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ombox-delete{border:2px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ombox-content{border:1px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ombox-style{border:1px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ombox-move{border:1px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ombox-protection{border:2px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ombox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.9em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ombox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ombox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ombox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ombox .mbox-invalid-type{text-align:center}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ombox{margin:4px 10%}.mw-parser-output .ombox.mbox-small{clear:right;float:right;margin:4px 0 4px 1em;width:238px}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output table.ombox img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .ombox-speedy{background-color:#310402}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ombox-speedy{background-color:#310402}}</style><table class="plainlinks ombox ombox-notice" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Green_check.svg/30px-Green_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Green_check.svg/45px-Green_check.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Green_check.svg/60px-Green_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600"/></span></span></td><td class="mbox-text"><div style="padding-top: 6px; padding-bottom: 5px;"><b>This page documents an English Wikipedia <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Policies_and_guidelines" title="Wikipedia:Policies and guidelines">policy</a>.</b><div style="font-size: 90%;">It describes a widely accepted standard that all editors should <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Ignore_all_rules" title="Wikipedia:Ignore all rules">normally</a> follow. Changes made to it should reflect <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:PGCHANGE" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:PGCHANGE">consensus</a>.</div></div></td><td class="mbox-imageright"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1252059228">.mw-parser-output .module-shortcutboxplain{float:right;margin:0 0 0 1em;border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);background-color:var(--background-color-base,#fff);padding:0.3em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;text-align:center;font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .module-shortcutboxleft{float:left;margin:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .module-shortcutlist{display:inline-block;border-bottom:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);margin-bottom:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .module-shortcutboxplain ul{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .module-shortcutanchordiv{position:relative;top:-3em}.mw-parser-output li .module-shortcutanchordiv{float:right}.mw-parser-output .mbox-imageright .module-shortcutboxplain{padding:0.4em 1em 0.4em 1em;line-height:1.3;margin:0}</style><div class="module-shortcutanchordiv"><span id="WP:NC"></span><span id="WP:AT"></span><span id="WP:TITLE"></span></div><div class="module-shortcutboxplain noprint" role="note"><div class="module-shortcutlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Shortcut" title="Wikipedia:Shortcut">Shortcuts</a></div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:NC&redirect=no">WP:NC</a></span></li><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:AT&redirect=no">WP:AT</a></span></li><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:TITLE&redirect=no">WP:TITLE</a></span></li></ul></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238436933"><table class="plainlinks ombox ombox-notice nutshell" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Walnut.png/30px-Walnut.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Walnut.png/45px-Walnut.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Walnut.png/60px-Walnut.png 2x" data-file-width="192" data-file-height="192"/></span></span></td><td class="mbox-text"><b>This page in a nutshell:</b> Article titles should be recognizable, concise, natural, precise, and consistent.</td></tr></tbody></table> <p><span class="anchor" id="nameconbox"></span> </p> <style 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nowraplinks help-box noprint hlist" style="font-size:85%;width:23.0em;"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><span style="font-size:120%;">Topic-specific naming<br/>conventions for article titles</span></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> All naming conventions</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_naming_conventions" title="Category:Wikipedia naming conventions">Category:Wikipedia naming conventions</a></b></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Nature</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Naming_conventions_(fauna)" title="Wikipedia:Naming conventions (fauna)">Fauna (animals)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Naming_conventions_(flora)" title="Wikipedia:Naming conventions (flora)">Flora (plants)</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <ul><li>Arts</li> <li>Entertainment</li> <li>Media</li></ul></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Naming_conventions_(books)" title="Wikipedia:Naming conventions (books)">Books</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Naming_conventions_(broadcasting)" title="Wikipedia:Naming conventions (broadcasting)">Broadcasting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Naming_conventions_(comics)" title="Wikipedia:Naming conventions (comics)">Comics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Naming_conventions_(films)" title="Wikipedia:Naming conventions (films)">Films</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Naming_conventions_(manuscripts)" title="Wikipedia:Naming conventions (manuscripts)">Manuscripts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Naming_conventions_(music)" title="Wikipedia:Naming conventions (music)">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Naming_conventions_(operas)" title="Wikipedia:Naming conventions (operas)">Operas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Naming_conventions_(television)" title="Wikipedia:Naming conventions (television)">Television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Naming_conventions_(video_games)" title="Wikipedia:Naming conventions (video games)">Video games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Visual_arts#Article_titles" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Visual arts">Visual arts</a></li></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Naming_conventions_(people)" title="Wikipedia:Naming conventions (people)">People</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Naming_conventions_(clergy)" title="Wikipedia:Naming conventions (clergy)">Clergy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Naming_conventions_(ethnicities_and_tribes)" title="Wikipedia:Naming conventions (ethnicities and tribes)">Ethnicities and tribes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Naming_conventions_(royalty_and_nobility)" title="Wikipedia:Naming conventions (royalty and nobility)">Royalty and nobility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Naming_conventions_(sportspeople)" title="Wikipedia:Naming conventions (sportspeople)">Sports</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Naming_conventions_(baseball_players)" title="Wikipedia:Naming conventions (baseball players)">Baseball players</a></li></ul></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <ul><li>Science</li> <li>Technology</li> <li>Transport</li></ul></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Naming_conventions_(astronomical_objects)" title="Wikipedia:Naming conventions (astronomical objects)">Astronomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Naming_conventions_(chemistry)" title="Wikipedia:Naming conventions (chemistry)">Chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Medicine-related_articles#Article_titles" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Medicine-related articles">Medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Naming_conventions_(languages)" title="Wikipedia:Naming conventions (languages)">Programming languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Naming_conventions_(aircraft)" title="Wikipedia:Naming conventions (aircraft)">Aircraft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Naming_conventions_(ships)" title="Wikipedia:Naming conventions (ships)">Ships</a></li></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <ul><li>Government</li> <li>Politics</li> <li>Law</li></ul></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Naming_conventions_(government_and_legislation)" title="Wikipedia:Naming conventions (government and legislation)">Government and legislation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Legal" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Legal">Legal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Naming_conventions_(political_parties)" title="Wikipedia:Naming conventions (political parties)">Political parties</a></li></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Organizations</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Naming_conventions_(companies)" title="Wikipedia:Naming conventions (companies)">Companies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Naming_conventions_(Latter_Day_Saints)" title="Wikipedia:Naming conventions (Latter Day Saints)">Latter Day Saints</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Naming_conventions_(sports_teams)" title="Wikipedia:Naming conventions (sports teams)">Sports teams</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <ul><li>Numbers</li> <li>Dates</li></ul></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Naming_conventions_(numbers_and_dates)" title="Wikipedia:Naming conventions (numbers and dates)">Numbers and dates</a></li></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <ul><li>Places</li> <li>Events</li></ul></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Naming_conventions_(geographic_names)" title="Wikipedia:Naming conventions (geographic names)">Places</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Naming_conventions_(events)" title="Wikipedia:Naming conventions (events)">Events</a></li></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <ul><li>Lists</li> <li>Categories</li></ul></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Category_names" title="Wikipedia:Category names">Categories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Stand-alone_lists#Naming_conventions" title="Wikipedia:Stand-alone lists">Lists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Naming_conventions_(long_lists)" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Naming conventions (long lists)">Long lists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Stub_sorting/Naming_conventions" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Stub sorting/Naming conventions">Stub sorting</a></li></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Language/country-specific</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Naming_conventions_(writing_systems)" title="Wikipedia:Naming conventions (writing systems)">Writing systems</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Naming_conventions_(languages)" title="Wikipedia:Naming conventions (languages)">All languages</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Naming_conventions_(country-specific_topics)" title="Wikipedia:Naming conventions (country-specific topics)">All countries</a></b></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Naming_conventions_(ancient_Romans)" title="Wikipedia:Naming conventions (ancient Romans)">Ancient Roman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Naming_conventions_(Armenian)" title="Wikipedia:Naming conventions (Armenian)">Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Naming_conventions_(places_in_Bangladesh)" title="Wikipedia:Naming conventions (places in Bangladesh)">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Naming_conventions_(Burmese)" title="Wikipedia:Naming conventions (Burmese)">Burmese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Naming_conventions_(Chinese)" title="Wikipedia:Naming conventions (Chinese)">Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Germany/Conventions" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Germany/Conventions">German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Naming_conventions_(Greek)" title="Wikipedia:Naming conventions (Greek)">Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Naming_conventions_(Hebrew)" title="Wikipedia:Naming conventions (Hebrew)">Hebrew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Naming_conventions_(Indic)" title="Wikipedia:Naming conventions (Indic)">Indic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style_(Ireland-related_articles)" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style (Ireland-related articles)">Irish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Japan-related_articles" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Japan-related articles">Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Naming_conventions_(Korean)" title="Wikipedia:Naming conventions (Korean)">Korean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Naming_conventions_(Macedonia)" title="Wikipedia:Naming conventions (Macedonia)">Macedonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Naming_conventions_(Mongolian)" title="Wikipedia:Naming conventions (Mongolian)">Mongolian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Naming_conventions_(New_Zealand)" title="Wikipedia:Naming conventions (New Zealand)">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Naming_conventions_(Norse_mythology)" title="Wikipedia:Naming conventions (Norse mythology)">Old Norse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Poland-related_articles" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Poland-related articles">Polish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Romanization_of_Russian" title="Wikipedia:Romanization of Russian">Russian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Naming_conventions_(Tibetan)" title="Wikipedia:Naming conventions (Tibetan)">Tibetan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Romanization_of_Ukrainian" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Romanization of Ukrainian">Ukrainian</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Formatting</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Naming_conventions_(capitalization)" title="Wikipedia:Naming conventions (capitalization)">Capitalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Naming_conventions_(use_English)" title="Wikipedia:Naming conventions (use English)">Use English</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Naming_conventions_(definite_or_indefinite_article_at_beginning_of_name)" title="Wikipedia:Naming conventions (definite or indefinite article at beginning of name)">Definite or indefinite article at beginning of name</a></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Naming_conventions_(plurals)" title="Wikipedia:Naming conventions (plurals)">Plurals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Abbreviations#Acronyms_in_page_titles" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Abbreviations">Acronyms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Naming_conventions_(technical_restrictions)" title="Wikipedia:Naming conventions (technical restrictions)">Technical restrictions</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Naming_conventions" title="Template:Naming conventions"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:Naming_conventions&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template talk:Naming conventions (page does not exist)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Naming_conventions" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Naming conventions"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1232484023"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239945185">.mw-parser-output .content-policy-list{width:200px;clear:right}</style><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks help-box noprint content-policy-list plainlist"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <span style="font-size:120%"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Content_policies" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Content policies">Content policies</a></span></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Neutral_point_of_view" title="Wikipedia:Neutral point of view">Neutral point of view</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research" title="Wikipedia:No original research">No original research</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">Verifiability</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Article titles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Biographies_of_living_persons" title="Wikipedia:Biographies of living persons">Biographies of living persons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Image_use_policy" title="Wikipedia:Image use policy">Image use policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:What_Wikipedia_is_not" title="Wikipedia:What Wikipedia is not">What Wikipedia is not</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Content_policy_list" title="Template:Content policy list"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Content_policy_list" title="Template talk:Content policy list"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Content_policy_list" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Content policy list"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>A <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia">Wikipedia</a> <b>article title</b> is the large heading displayed above the article's content, and the basis for the article's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Page_name" title="Wikipedia:Page name">page name</a> and <a href="/wiki/URL" title="URL">URL</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The title indicates what the article is about and distinguishes it from other articles.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The title may simply be the name (or a name) of the subject of the article, or, if the article topic has no name, it may be a description of the topic. Because no two articles can have the same title,<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> it is sometimes necessary to add distinguishing information, often in the form of a description in <a href="/wiki/Parentheses" class="mw-redirect" title="Parentheses">parentheses</a> after the name. Generally, article titles are based on what the subject is called in <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:SOURCES" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:SOURCES">reliable sources</a>. When this offers multiple possibilities, editors choose among them by considering <a href="#Deciding_on_an_article_title">several principles</a>: the ideal article title precisely identifies the subject; it is short, natural, distinguishable and recognizable; and resembles titles for similar articles. </p><p>This page explains in detail the considerations, or <b>naming conventions</b>, on which choices of article titles are based. This page does <em>not</em> detail titling for pages in other namespaces, such as <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Categorization#Naming_conventions" title="Wikipedia:Categorization">categories</a>. It is supplemented by other more specific guidelines (see the box to the right), which should be interpreted in conjunction with other policies, particularly the three core content policies: <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">Verifiability</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research" title="Wikipedia:No original research">No original research</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Neutral_point_of_view" title="Wikipedia:Neutral point of view">Neutral point of view</a>. </p><p>If necessary, an article's title can be changed by a page move.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>d<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For information on page move procedures, see <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Moving_a_page" title="Wikipedia:Moving a page">Wikipedia:Moving a page</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Requested_moves" title="Wikipedia:Requested moves">Wikipedia:Requested moves</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc"/> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 ext-discussiontools-init-section"><h2 id="Deciding_on_an_article_title" data-mw-thread-id="h-Deciding_on_an_article_title"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Deciding_on_an_article_title"></span>Deciding on an article title<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Deciding_on_an_article_title"></span></h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1252059228"><div class="module-shortcutanchordiv"><span id="WP:CRITERIA"></span></div><div class="module-shortcutboxplain noprint" role="note"><div class="module-shortcutlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Shortcut" title="Wikipedia:Shortcut">Shortcut</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:CRITERIA&redirect=no">WP:CRITERIA</a></span></li></ul></div></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"WP:CRITERIA" redirects here. For criteria of other actions, see <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Criteria_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Wikipedia:Criteria (disambiguation)">Wikipedia:Criteria (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238216509">.mw-parser-output .vanchor>:target~.vanchor-text{background-color:#b1d2ff}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .vanchor>:target~.vanchor-text{background-color:#0f4dc9}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .vanchor>:target~.vanchor-text{background-color:#0f4dc9}}</style><span class="vanchor"><span id="Article_titles_are"></span><span class="vanchor-text">Article titles are</span></span> based on how <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#WP:SOURCES" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">reliable English-language sources</a> refer to the article's subject. There is often more than one appropriate title for an article. In that case, editors choose the best title by <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Consensus" title="Wikipedia:Consensus">consensus</a> based on the considerations that this page explains. A good Wikipedia article title has the five following characteristics: </p> <ul><li><span class="anchor" id="RECOGNISE"></span><span class="anchor" id="RECOGNIZE"></span><span class="anchor" id="Recognizability"></span><span class="anchor" id="recognise"></span><span class="anchor" id="recognize"></span><b>Recognizability</b> – The title is a name or description of the subject that someone familiar with, although not necessarily an expert in, the subject area will recognize.</li> <li><span class="anchor" id="NATURAL"></span><span class="anchor" id="Naturalness"></span><span class="anchor" id="natural"></span><b>Naturalness</b> – The title is one that readers are likely to look or search for and that editors would naturally use to link to the article from other articles. Such a title usually conveys what the subject is actually called in English.</li> <li><span class="anchor" id="PRECISE"></span><span class="anchor" id="precise"></span><b>Precision</b> – The title unambiguously identifies the article's subject and distinguishes it from other subjects. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1033199720">.mw-parser-output div.crossreference{padding-left:0}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><span role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable crossreference">(See <a href="#Precision_and_disambiguation">§ Precision and disambiguation</a>, below.)</span></li> <li><span class="anchor" id="CONCISE"></span><span class="anchor" id="concise"></span><b>Concision</b> – The title is not longer than necessary to identify the article's subject and distinguish it from other subjects. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033199720"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><span role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable crossreference">(See <a href="#Concision">§ Concision</a>, below.)</span></li> <li><span class="anchor" id="CONSISTENT"></span><span class="anchor" id="consistent"></span><b>Consistency</b> – The title is consistent with the pattern of similar articles' titles. Many of these patterns are listed (and linked) as <a href="#nameconbox">topic-specific naming conventions on article titles</a>, in the box above. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033199720"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><span role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable crossreference">(See <a href="#Consistency">§ Consistency</a>, below.)</span></li></ul> <p>These should be seen as goals, not as rules. For most topics, there is a simple and obvious title that meets these goals satisfactorily. If so, use it as a straightforward choice. However, in some cases the choice is not so obvious. It may be necessary to favor one or more of these goals over the others. This is done by consensus. For instance, the recognizable, natural, and concise title <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> is preferred over the more precise title <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Northern_Ireland" class="mw-redirect" title="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland">United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033199720"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><span role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable crossreference">(For more details, see <a href="#Use_commonly_recognizable_names">§ Use commonly recognizable names</a>, below.)</span> </p><p>When titling articles in specific fields, or with respect to particular problems, there is often previous consensus that can be used as a precedent. Look to the guideline pages referenced. When no previous consensus exists, a new consensus is established through discussion, with the above questions in mind. The choice of article titles should put the interests of readers before those of editors, and those of a general audience before those of specialists. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Redirect" title="Wikipedia:Redirect">Redirects</a> should be created to articles that may reasonably be searched for or linked to under two or more names (such as <a href="/wiki/Category:Redirects_from_alternative_spellings" title="Category:Redirects from alternative spellings">different spellings</a> or <a href="/wiki/Category:Redirects_from_former_names" title="Category:Redirects from former names">former names</a>). Conversely, a name that could refer to several different articles may require <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Disambiguation" title="Wikipedia:Disambiguation">disambiguation</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 ext-discussiontools-init-section"><h2 id="Use_commonly_recognizable_names" data-mw-thread-id="h-Use_commonly_recognizable_names"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Use_commonly_recognizable_names"></span><span id="Common_names"></span> Use commonly recognizable names<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Use_commonly_recognizable_names"></span></h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Official_names" title="Wikipedia:Official names">Wikipedia:Official names</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1252059228"><div class="module-shortcutanchordiv"><span id="WP:UCRN"></span><span id="WP:COMMONNAME"></span><span id="WP:COMMONTERM"></span></div><div class="module-shortcutboxplain noprint" role="note"><div class="module-shortcutlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Shortcut" title="Wikipedia:Shortcut">Shortcuts</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:UCRN&redirect=no">WP:UCRN</a></span></li><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:COMMONNAME&redirect=no">WP:COMMONNAME</a></span></li><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:COMMONTERM&redirect=no">WP:COMMONTERM</a></span></li></ul></div></div> <p>In Wikipedia, an article title is a <a href="/wiki/Natural-language" class="mw-redirect" title="Natural-language">natural-language</a> word or expression that indicates the subject of the article; as such, the article title is usually the name of the person, or of the place, or of whatever else the topic of the article is. However, some topics have multiple names, and some names have multiple topics; this can lead to disagreement about which name should be used for a given article's title. Wikipedia does not necessarily use the subject's official name as an article title; it generally prefers the name that is most commonly used (as determined by its prevalence in a significant majority of <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Independent_sources" title="Wikipedia:Independent sources">independent</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources" title="Wikipedia:Reliable sources">reliable</a>, English-language sources) as such names will usually best fit the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:CRITERIA" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:CRITERIA">five criteria</a> listed above.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>e<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When there is no single, obvious name that is demonstrably the most frequently used for the topic by these sources, editors should reach a consensus as to which title is best by considering these criteria directly. </p><p>For cases where usage differs among English-speaking countries, see also <a href="#National_varieties_of_English">National varieties of English</a>, below. </p><p>Editors should also consider <a href="#Deciding_on_an_article_title">all five of the criteria for article titles</a> outlined above. Ambiguous<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>f<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or inaccurate names for the article subject, as determined in reliable sources, are often avoided even though they may be more frequently used by reliable sources. Neutrality is also considered; see <a href="#Neutrality_in_article_titles">§ Neutrality in article titles</a>, below. Article titles should be neither <a href="/wiki/Vulgarism" title="Vulgarism">vulgar</a> (unless unavoidable) nor <a href="/wiki/Pedantic" class="mw-redirect" title="Pedantic">pedantic</a>. When there are multiple names for a subject, all of which are fairly common, and the most common has problems, it is perfectly reasonable to choose one of the others. </p><p>Although official, scientific, birth, original, or trademarked names are often used for article titles, the term or name most typically used in reliable sources is generally preferred. Other encyclopedias are among the sources that may be helpful in deciding what titles are in an encyclopedic <a href="/wiki/Register_(socio-linguistics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Register (socio-linguistics)">register</a>, as well as what names are most frequently used. </p><p>The following are examples of the application of the concept of commonly used names in support of recognizability: </p><p><b><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Naming_conventions_(people)" title="Wikipedia:Naming conventions (people)">People</a></b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi" title="Mahatma Gandhi">Mahatma Gandhi</a> (not: Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mansa_Musa" title="Mansa Musa">Mansa Musa</a> (not: Musa I)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton">Bill Clinton</a> (not: William Jefferson Clinton)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._K._Rowling" title="J. K. Rowling">J. K. Rowling</a> (not: Joanne Rowling)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bono" title="Bono">Bono</a> (not: Paul Hewson)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Antony" title="Mark Antony">Mark Antony</a> (not: Marcus Antonius)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shirley_Temple" title="Shirley Temple">Shirley Temple</a> (not: Shirley Temple Black)</li></ul> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Naming_conventions_(geographic_names)" title="Wikipedia:Naming conventions (geographic names)">Places</a></b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a> (not: Deutschland)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Pyramid_of_Giza" title="Great Pyramid of Giza">Great Pyramid of Giza</a> (not: Pyramid of Khufu)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Korea" title="North Korea">North Korea</a> (not: Democratic People's Republic of Korea)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Westminster_Abbey" title="Westminster Abbey">Westminster Abbey</a> (not: Collegiate Church of Saint Peter at Westminster)</li></ul> <p><b>Scientific and technical topics</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aspirin" title="Aspirin">Aspirin</a> (not: acetylsalicylic acid)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diesel_engine" title="Diesel engine">Diesel engine</a> (not: compression-ignition engine)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guinea_pig" title="Guinea pig">Guinea pig</a> (not: <i>Cavia porcellus</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polio" title="Polio">Polio</a> (not: poliomyelitis)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_flu" title="Spanish flu">Spanish flu</a> (not: 1918 influenza pandemic)</li></ul> <p><b>Product names and fictional characters</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Windows_XP" title="Windows XP">Windows XP</a> (not: Windows NT 5.1)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sailor_Moon_(character)" title="Sailor Moon (character)">Sailor Moon (character)</a> (not: Usagi Tsukino)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darth_Vader" title="Darth Vader">Darth Vader</a> (not: Anakin Skywalker)</li></ul> <p><b>Other topics</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cello" title="Cello">Cello</a> (not: Violoncello)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/FIFA" title="FIFA">FIFA</a> (not: <span title="French-language text"><span lang="fr">Fédération Internationale de Football Association</span></span> or International Federation of Association Football)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mueller_report" title="Mueller report">Mueller report</a> (not: <i>Report on the Investigation into Russian Interference in the 2016 Presidential Election</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proxima_Centauri" title="Proxima Centauri">Proxima Centauri</a> (not: V645 Centauri or Alpha Centauri C)</li></ul> <p>In determining which of several alternative names is most frequently used, it is useful to observe the usage of major international organizations, major English-language media outlets, quality encyclopedias, geographic name servers, major scientific bodies, and notable scientific journals. A <a href="/wiki/Search_engine" title="Search engine">search engine</a> may help to collect this data; when using a search engine, restrict the results to pages written in English, and exclude the word "Wikipedia". When using Google, generally a search of Google Books and News Archive should be defaulted to before a web search, as they concentrate reliable sources (exclude works from <i>Books, LLC</i> when searching Google Books<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>g<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>). Search engine results are subject to certain biases and technical limitations; for detailed advice on the use of search engines and the interpretation of their results, see <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Search_engine_test" title="Wikipedia:Search engine test">Wikipedia:Search engine test</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Name_changes" data-mw-thread-id="h-Name_changes-Use_commonly_recognizable_names"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Name_changes-Use_commonly_recognizable_names"></span>Name changes<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Name_changes-Use_commonly_recognizable_names"></span></h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1252059228"><div class="module-shortcutanchordiv"><span id="WP:NAMECHANGES"></span></div><div class="module-shortcutboxplain noprint" role="note"><div class="module-shortcutlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Shortcut" title="Wikipedia:Shortcut">Shortcut</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:NAMECHANGES&redirect=no">WP:NAMECHANGES</a></span></li></ul></div></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"WP:NAMECHANGES" redirects here. For the manual of style for biographies, see <a href="/wiki/MOS:CHANGEDNAME" class="mw-redirect" title="MOS:CHANGEDNAME">MOS:CHANGEDNAME</a>. For changing your Wikipedia username, see <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:RENAME" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:RENAME">WP:RENAME</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Naming_conventions_(people)#Self-published_name_changes" title="Wikipedia:Naming conventions (people)">Wikipedia:Naming conventions (people) § Self-published name changes</a></div> <p>Sometimes the subject of an article will undergo a change of name. When this occurs, we give extra weight to <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Reliable_sources" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">independent, reliable, English-language sources</a> ("reliable sources" for short) written after the name change. If the reliable sources written after the change is announced routinely use the new name, Wikipedia should follow suit and change relevant titles to match. If, on the other hand, reliable sources written after the name change is announced continue to use the established name <em>when discussing the article topic in the present day</em>, Wikipedia should continue to do so as well, as described above at <a href="#Use_commonly_recognizable_names">§ Use commonly recognizable names</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:What_Wikipedia_is_not#Wikipedia_is_not_a_crystal_ball" title="Wikipedia:What Wikipedia is not">Wikipedia is not a crystal ball</a>. We do not know what terms or names will be used in the future, but only what is and has been in use, and is therefore familiar to our readers. However, <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Common_sense" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Common sense">common sense</a> can be applied – if the subject of an article has a name change, it is reasonable to consider the usage following the change in <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources" title="Wikipedia:Reliable sources">reliable</a>, English-language sources. This provision also applies to names used as part of descriptive titles. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 ext-discussiontools-init-section"><h2 id="Neutrality_in_article_titles" data-mw-thread-id="h-Neutrality_in_article_titles"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Neutrality_in_article_titles"></span>Neutrality in article titles<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Neutrality_in_article_titles"></span></h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1252059228"><div class="module-shortcutanchordiv"><span id="WP:NPOVTITLE"></span><span id="WP:POVTITLE"></span></div><div class="module-shortcutboxplain noprint" role="note"><div class="module-shortcutlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Shortcut" title="Wikipedia:Shortcut">Shortcuts</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:NPOVTITLE&redirect=no">WP:NPOVTITLE</a></span></li><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:POVTITLE&redirect=no">WP:POVTITLE</a></span></li></ul></div></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Neutral_point_of_view#Naming" title="Wikipedia:Neutral point of view">Wikipedia:Neutral point of view § Naming</a></div> <p>Conflicts often arise over whether an article title complies with Wikipedia's Neutral Point of View policy. Resolving such debates depends on whether the article title is a <i>name</i> derived from reliable sources or a <i>descriptive title</i> created by Wikipedia editors. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Non-neutral_but_common_names" data-mw-thread-id="h-Non-neutral_but_common_names-Neutrality_in_article_titles"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Non-neutral_but_common_names-Neutrality_in_article_titles"></span>Non-neutral but common names<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Non-neutral_but_common_names-Neutrality_in_article_titles"></span></h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1252059228"><div class="module-shortcutanchordiv"><span id="WP:NPOVNAME"></span><span id="WP:POVNAME"></span></div><div class="module-shortcutboxplain noprint" role="note"><div class="module-shortcutlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Shortcut" title="Wikipedia:Shortcut">Shortcuts</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:NPOVNAME&redirect=no">WP:NPOVNAME</a></span></li><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:POVNAME&redirect=no">WP:POVNAME</a></span></li></ul></div></div> <p>When the subject of an article is referred to mainly by a single common name, as evidenced through usage in a significant majority of English-language sources, Wikipedia generally follows the sources and uses that name as its article title (subject to the other naming criteria). Sometimes that common name includes non-neutral words that Wikipedia normally avoids (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Alexander_the_Great" title="Alexander the Great">Alexander the Great</a>, or the <a href="/wiki/Teapot_Dome_scandal" title="Teapot Dome scandal">Teapot Dome scandal</a>). In such cases, the prevalence of the name, or the fact that a given description has effectively become a proper name (and that proper name has become the common name), generally overrides concern that Wikipedia might appear as endorsing one side of an issue. An article title with non-neutral terms cannot simply be <i>a</i> name commonly used in the past; it must be <i>the</i> common name in current use. </p><p>Notable circumstances under which Wikipedia often avoids a common name for lacking neutrality include the following: </p> <ol><li>Trendy slogans and monikers that seem unlikely to be remembered or connected with a particular issue years later</li> <li>Colloquialisms where far more encyclopedic alternatives are obvious</li></ol> <p>Article titles and redirects should anticipate what readers <i>will type as a first guess</i> and balance that with what readers <i>expect to be taken to</i>. Thus, typing "<a href="/wiki/Octomom" class="mw-redirect" title="Octomom">Octomom</a>" properly redirects to <a href="/wiki/Nadya_Suleman" title="Nadya Suleman">Nadya Suleman</a>, which is in keeping with point 2, above. Typing "<a href="/wiki/Antennagate" class="mw-redirect" title="Antennagate">Antennagate</a>" redirects the reader to a particular section of <a href="/wiki/IPhone_4" title="IPhone 4">iPhone 4</a>, which is in keeping with points 1 and 2, above. Typing "<a href="/wiki/Great_Leap_Forward" title="Great Leap Forward">Great Leap Forward</a>" does not redirect, which is in keeping with the general principle. </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Redirect#Neutrality_of_redirects" title="Wikipedia:Redirect">Wikipedia:Redirect § Neutrality of redirects</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Non-judgmental_descriptive_titles" data-mw-thread-id="h-Non-judgmental_descriptive_titles-Neutrality_in_article_titles"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Non-judgmental_descriptive_titles-Neutrality_in_article_titles"></span>Non-judgmental descriptive titles<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Non-judgmental_descriptive_titles-Neutrality_in_article_titles"></span></h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1252059228"><div class="module-shortcutanchordiv"><span id="WP:NDESC"></span></div><div class="module-shortcutboxplain noprint" role="note"><div class="module-shortcutlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Shortcut" title="Wikipedia:Shortcut">Shortcut</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:NDESC&redirect=no">WP:NDESC</a></span></li></ul></div></div> <p>In some cases a descriptive phrase (such as <a href="/wiki/Restoration_of_the_Everglades" title="Restoration of the Everglades">Restoration of the Everglades</a>) is best as the title. These are often invented specifically for articles, and should reflect a <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Neutral_point_of_view" title="Wikipedia:Neutral point of view">neutral point of view</a>, rather than suggesting any editor's opinions. Avoid <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch">judgmental and non-neutral words</a>; for example, <i>allegation</i> or <i>alleged</i> can either imply wrongdoing, or in a non-criminal context may imply a claim "made with little or no proof" and so should be avoided in a descriptive title. (Exception: articles where the topic is an actual accusation of illegality under law, discussed as such by reliable sources even if not yet proven in a court of law. These are appropriately described as "allegations".) </p><p>However, <a href="#Non-neutral_but_common_names">non-neutral but common names</a> (see preceding subsection) may be used <i>within</i> a descriptive title. Even descriptive titles should be based on sources, and may therefore incorporate names and terms that are commonly used by sources. (Example: Because "Boston Massacre" is an acceptable title on its own, the descriptive title "Political impact of the Boston Massacre" would also be acceptable.) </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 ext-discussiontools-init-section"><h2 id="Explicit_conventions" data-mw-thread-id="h-Explicit_conventions"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Explicit_conventions"></span>Explicit conventions<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Explicit_conventions"></span></h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1252059228"><div class="module-shortcutanchordiv"><span id="WP:ATEC"></span><span id="WP:ATNC"></span></div><div class="module-shortcutboxplain noprint" role="note"><div class="module-shortcutlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Shortcut" title="Wikipedia:Shortcut">Shortcuts</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:ATEC&redirect=no">WP:ATEC</a></span></li><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:ATNC&redirect=no">WP:ATNC</a></span></li></ul></div></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main page: <a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_naming_conventions" title="Category:Wikipedia naming conventions">Category:Wikipedia naming conventions</a></div> <p>Wikipedia has many <i>naming conventions</i> relating to specific subject domains (as listed in the box at the top of this page). In rare cases, these recommend the use of titles that are not strictly the common name (as in the case of the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style_(medicine-related_articles)" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style (medicine-related articles)">conventions for medicine</a>). This practice of using specialized names is often controversial, and should not be adopted unless it produces clear benefits outweighing the use of common names. When it is, the article titles adopted should follow a neutral and common convention specific to that subject domain, and otherwise adhere to the general principles for titling articles on Wikipedia. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 ext-discussiontools-init-section"><h2 id="Precision" data-mw-thread-id="h-Precision"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Precision"></span>Precision<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Precision"></span></h2></div> <p><span class="anchor" id="Precision_and_disambiguation"></span> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1252059228"><div class="module-shortcutanchordiv"><span id="WP:PRECISION"></span><span id="WP:PRECISE"></span><span id="WP:OVERPRECISION"></span></div><div class="module-shortcutboxplain noprint" role="note"><div class="module-shortcutlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Shortcut" title="Wikipedia:Shortcut">Shortcuts</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:PRECISION&redirect=no">WP:PRECISION</a></span></li><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:PRECISE&redirect=no">WP:PRECISE</a></span></li><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:OVERPRECISION&redirect=no">WP:OVERPRECISION</a></span></li></ul></div></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"MOS:PRECISION" redirects here. For the precision of numbers, see <a href="/wiki/MOS:UNCERTAINTY" class="mw-redirect" title="MOS:UNCERTAINTY">MOS:UNCERTAINTY</a>. For the precision of geographical coordinates, see <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:OPCOORD" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:OPCOORD">WP:OPCOORD</a>. For the precision of statements about dates, see <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:PRECISELANG" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:PRECISELANG">WP:PRECISELANG</a>.</div> <p>Usually, titles should unambiguously define the topical scope of the article, but should be no more precise than that. For instance, <a href="/wiki/Saint_Teresa_of_Calcutta" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Teresa of Calcutta">Saint Teresa of Calcutta</a> is too precise, as <a href="/wiki/Mother_Teresa" title="Mother Teresa">Mother Teresa</a> is precise enough to indicate exactly the same topic. On the other hand, <a href="/wiki/Columbia" class="mw-disambig" title="Columbia">Columbia</a> would not be precise enough to unambiguously identify the <a href="/wiki/Columbia_River" title="Columbia River">Columbia River</a>. </p><p>Exceptions to the precision criterion may sometimes result from the application of some other <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NAMINGCRITERIA" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NAMINGCRITERIA">naming criteria</a>. Most of these exceptions are described in specific Wikipedia guidelines or by Wikipedia projects, such as <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Primary_topic" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Primary topic">Primary topic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Naming_conventions_(geographic_names)" title="Wikipedia:Naming conventions (geographic names)">Geographic names</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Naming_conventions_(royalty_and_nobility)" title="Wikipedia:Naming conventions (royalty and nobility)">Names of royals and nobles</a>. For instance: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bothell" class="mw-redirect" title="Bothell">Bothell</a> is already precise enough to be unambiguous, but we instead use <a href="/wiki/Bothell,_Washington" title="Bothell, Washington">Bothell, Washington</a> (see <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Naming_conventions_(geographic_names)" title="Wikipedia:Naming conventions (geographic names)">Geographic names</a>), seeking a more natural and recognizable title which is also consistent with most other articles on American cities.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy" title="Energy">Energy</a> is not precise enough to unambiguously indicate the physical property (see <a href="/wiki/Energy_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Energy (disambiguation)">Energy (disambiguation)</a>). However, it is preferred over "Energy (physics)", as it is more concise, and precise enough to be understood by most people (see <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Primary_topic" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Primary topic">Primary topic</a>, and the concision and recognizability <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NAMINGCRITERIA" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NAMINGCRITERIA">criteria</a>).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leeds_North_West" class="mw-redirect" title="Leeds North West">Leeds North West</a> is precise enough to be unambiguous, but <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Naming_conventions_(UK_Parliament_constituencies)" title="Wikipedia:Naming conventions (UK Parliament constituencies)">Wikipedia:Naming conventions (UK Parliament constituencies)</a> specify the addition of the qualifier in <a href="/wiki/Leeds_North_West_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Leeds North West (UK Parliament constituency)">Leeds North West (UK Parliament constituency)</a> with a redirect from <a href="/wiki/Leeds_North_West" class="mw-redirect" title="Leeds North West">Leeds North West</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/M-185" class="mw-redirect" title="M-185">M-185</a> is precise enough to be unambiguous, but <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Naming_conventions_(U.S._state_and_territory_highways)" title="Wikipedia:Naming conventions (U.S. state and territory highways)">Wikipedia:Naming conventions (U.S. state and territory highways)</a> specify adding the qualifier <a href="/wiki/M-185_(Michigan_highway)" title="M-185 (Michigan highway)">M-185 (Michigan highway)</a> with a redirect from <a href="/wiki/M-185" class="mw-redirect" title="M-185">M-185</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Disambiguation" data-mw-thread-id="h-Disambiguation-Precision"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Disambiguation-Precision"></span>Disambiguation<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Disambiguation-Precision"></span></h3></div> <p><span class="anchor" id="DAB"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1252059228"></p><div class="module-shortcutanchordiv"><span id="WP:QUALIFIER"></span><span id="WP:TITLEDAB"></span></div><div class="module-shortcutboxplain noprint" role="note"><div class="module-shortcutlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Shortcut" title="Wikipedia:Shortcut">Shortcuts</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:QUALIFIER&redirect=no">WP:QUALIFIER</a></span></li><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:TITLEDAB&redirect=no">WP:TITLEDAB</a></span></li></ul></div></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This policy section should be read in conjunction with the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Disambiguation#Naming_the_specific_topic_articles" title="Wikipedia:Disambiguation">disambiguation guideline</a>.</div> <p>It is not always possible to use the exact title that may be desired for an article, as that title may have other meanings, and therefore may have been already used for other articles. According to the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:PRECISION" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:PRECISION">precision criterion</a>, only as much detail as is necessary to distinguish one topic from another should be used. For example, it would be redundant to title an article "Queen (rock band)", as <a href="/wiki/Queen_(band)" title="Queen (band)">Queen (band)</a> is precise enough to distinguish the rock band from <a href="/wiki/Queen_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Queen (disambiguation)">other uses of the term "Queen"</a>. This may result in acceptable inconsistencies; the article on chickens is found at <a href="/wiki/Chicken" title="Chicken">Chicken</a>, but the article on turkeys is at <a href="/wiki/Turkey_(bird)" title="Turkey (bird)">Turkey (bird)</a> to disambiguate it from the country <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a>. </p><p>As a general rule, when a topic's preferred title can also refer to other topics covered in Wikipedia: </p> <ol><li>If the article is about the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Primary_topic" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Primary topic">primary topic</a> to which the ambiguous name refers, then that name can be its title without modification, provided it follows all other applicable policies.</li> <li>If the article is not about the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Primary_topic" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Primary topic">primary topic</a> for the ambiguous name, the title must be <i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:D" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:D">disambiguated</a></i>.</li></ol> <p>When deciding on which disambiguation method(s) to use, all <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:CRITERIA" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:CRITERIA">article titling criteria</a> are weighed in: </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Natural_disambiguation" data-mw-thread-id="h-Natural_disambiguation-Disambiguation"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Natural_disambiguation-Disambiguation"></span>Natural disambiguation<span class="anchor" id="NATURALDIS"></span><span class="anchor" id="NATDIS"></span><span data-mw-comment-end="h-Natural_disambiguation-Disambiguation"></span></h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1252059228"><div class="module-shortcutanchordiv"><span id="WP:NATURAL"></span><span id="WP:NATDIS"></span></div><div class="module-shortcutboxplain noprint" role="note"><div class="module-shortcutlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Shortcut" title="Wikipedia:Shortcut">Shortcuts</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:NATURAL&redirect=no">WP:NATURAL</a></span></li><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:NATDIS&redirect=no">WP:NATDIS</a></span></li></ul></div></div> <p>Using an alternative name that the subject is also commonly called in English <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:SOURCES" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:SOURCES">reliable sources</a>, albeit not as commonly as the preferred-but-ambiguous title, is sometimes preferred. However, do not use obscure or <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTNEO" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTNEO">made-up names</a>. </p> <ul><li><i>Example</i>: The word "French" commonly refers to either the people or the language. Because of the ambiguity, we use the alternative but still common titles, <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French language</a> and <a href="/wiki/French_people" title="French people">French people</a>, allowing natural disambiguation. In a similar vein, <a href="/wiki/Hand_fan" title="Hand fan">hand fan</a> is preferable to <a href="/wiki/Fan_(implement)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fan (implement)">fan (implement)</a>. Sometimes, this requires a change in the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:ENGVAR" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:ENGVAR">variety of English used</a>; for instance, <a href="/wiki/Lift_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Lift (disambiguation)">Lift</a> is a disambiguation page with no primary topic, so <a href="/wiki/Elevator" title="Elevator">Elevator</a> is the title of the article on the lifting device.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Comma-separated_disambiguation" data-mw-thread-id="h-Comma-separated_disambiguation-Disambiguation"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Comma-separated_disambiguation-Disambiguation"></span>Comma-separated disambiguation<span class="anchor" id="COMMADIS"></span><span data-mw-comment-end="h-Comma-separated_disambiguation-Disambiguation"></span></h4></div> <p>With place names, if the disambiguating term is a higher-level administrative division, it is often separated using a comma instead of parentheses, as in <a href="/wiki/Windsor,_Berkshire" title="Windsor, Berkshire">Windsor, Berkshire</a> (see <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Naming_conventions_(geographic_names)" title="Wikipedia:Naming conventions (geographic names)">Geographic names</a>). Comma-separated titles are also used in other contexts (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Diana,_Princess_of_Wales" title="Diana, Princess of Wales">Diana, Princess of Wales</a> uses a substantive title as part of the usual <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Naming_conventions_(royalty_and_nobility)" title="Wikipedia:Naming conventions (royalty and nobility)">Names of royals and nobles</a> conventions, not as a disambiguating term). However, titles such as <a href="/wiki/Tony_Blair" title="Tony Blair">Tony Blair</a> and <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Waterloo" title="Battle of Waterloo">Battle of Waterloo</a> are preferred over alternatives such as "Blair, Anthony Charles Lynton" and "Waterloo, Battle of", in which a comma is used to change the natural ordering of the words. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Parenthetical_disambiguation" data-mw-thread-id="h-Parenthetical_disambiguation-Disambiguation"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Parenthetical_disambiguation-Disambiguation"></span>Parenthetical disambiguation<span class="anchor" id="PARENDIS"></span><span class="anchor" id="PARENTHDIS"></span><span data-mw-comment-end="h-Parenthetical_disambiguation-Disambiguation"></span></h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1252059228"><div class="module-shortcutanchordiv"><span id="WP:NC()"></span><span id="WP:PARENDIS"></span><span id="WP:PARENTHDIS"></span></div><div class="module-shortcutboxplain noprint" role="note"><div class="module-shortcutlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Shortcut" title="Wikipedia:Shortcut">Shortcuts</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:NC()&redirect=no">WP:NC()</a></span></li><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:PARENDIS&redirect=no">WP:PARENDIS</a></span></li><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:PARENTHDIS&redirect=no">WP:PARENTHDIS</a></span></li></ul></div></div> <p>Adding a disambiguating term in parentheses after the ambiguous name is Wikipedia's standard disambiguation technique when none of the other solutions lead to an optimal article title. </p> <ul><li><i>Example</i>: The word "mercury" has distinct meanings that do not have sufficiently common alternative names, so instead we use parenthetical disambiguation: <a href="/wiki/Mercury_(element)" title="Mercury (element)">Mercury (element)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mercury_(planet)" title="Mercury (planet)">Mercury (planet)</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Mercury_(mythology)" title="Mercury (mythology)">Mercury (mythology)</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Descriptive_title" data-mw-thread-id="h-Descriptive_title-Disambiguation"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Descriptive_title-Disambiguation"></span>Descriptive title<span class="anchor" id="DESCRIPDIS"></span><span class="anchor" id="DESCRIPTDIS"></span><span data-mw-comment-end="h-Descriptive_title-Disambiguation"></span></h4></div> <p>Where there is no acceptable set name for a topic, such that a title of our own conception is necessary, more latitude is allowed to form descriptive and unique titles. </p> <ul><li><i>Examples</i>: <a href="/wiki/List_of_birds_of_Nicaragua" title="List of birds of Nicaragua">List of birds of Nicaragua</a>, <a href="/wiki/Campaign_history_of_the_Roman_military" title="Campaign history of the Roman military">Campaign history of the Roman military</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pontius_Pilate%27s_wife" title="Pontius Pilate's wife">Pontius Pilate's wife</a> (see <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NCP#Descriptive_titles" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NCP">WP:NCP § Descriptive titles</a>)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Combinations_of_the_above" data-mw-thread-id="h-Combinations_of_the_above-Disambiguation"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Combinations_of_the_above-Disambiguation"></span>Combinations of the above<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Combinations_of_the_above-Disambiguation"></span></h4></div> <p>These are exceptional, in most cases to be avoided as per <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:CONCISE" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:CONCISE">WP:CONCISE</a>. </p> <ul><li><i>Example</i>: "comma-separated" + "parenthetical": <a href="/wiki/Wiegenlied,_D_498_(Schubert)" title="Wiegenlied, D 498 (Schubert)">Wiegenlied, D 498 (Schubert)</a> (see <a href="/wiki/Talk:Wiegenlied,_D_498_(Schubert)#Requested_moves" title="Talk:Wiegenlied, D 498 (Schubert)">Talk:Wiegenlied, D 498 (Schubert) § Requested moves</a>)</li></ul> <p>Commas and parentheses (round brackets) are the only <a href="#Special_characters">characters</a> that can be used without restriction to separate a disambiguating term in an article title. Colons can be used in the limited cases of <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Naming_conventions_(books)#Subtitles" title="Wikipedia:Naming conventions (books)">subtitles of some creative works</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Naming_conventions_(long_lists)#Long_(split)_list_naming_recommendations" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Naming conventions (long lists)">lists split over several pages</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="When_a_spelling_variant_indicates_a_distinct_topic" data-mw-thread-id="h-When_a_spelling_variant_indicates_a_distinct_topic-Precision"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-When_a_spelling_variant_indicates_a_distinct_topic-Precision"></span><span id="Using_minor_details_to_naturally_disambiguate_articles"></span>When a spelling variant indicates a distinct topic<span data-mw-comment-end="h-When_a_spelling_variant_indicates_a_distinct_topic-Precision"></span></h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1252059228"><div class="module-shortcutanchordiv"><span id="WP:SMALLDETAILS"></span><span id="WP:DIFFCAPS"></span><span id="WP:DIFFPUNCT"></span></div><div class="module-shortcutboxplain noprint" role="note"><div class="module-shortcutlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Shortcut" title="Wikipedia:Shortcut">Shortcuts</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:SMALLDETAILS&redirect=no">WP:SMALLDETAILS</a></span></li><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:DIFFCAPS&redirect=no">WP:DIFFCAPS</a></span></li><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:DIFFPUNCT&redirect=no">WP:DIFFPUNCT</a></span></li></ul></div></div> <p>Ambiguity may arise when typographically near-identical expressions have distinct meanings, e.g. <a href="/wiki/Iron_maiden" title="Iron maiden">iron maiden</a> vs. <a href="/wiki/Iron_Maiden" title="Iron Maiden">Iron Maiden</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Friendly_fire" title="Friendly fire">friendly fire</a> vs. the other meanings listed at <a href="/wiki/Friendly_Fire_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Friendly Fire (disambiguation)">Friendly Fire</a>. The general approach is that whatever readers might type in the search box, they are guided as swiftly as possible to the topic they might reasonably be expected to be looking for, by such disambiguation techniques as <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:HATNOTE" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:HATNOTE">hatnotes</a> or <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Disambiguation_pages" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Disambiguation pages">disambiguation pages</a>. When such navigation aids are in place, small details are often sufficient to distinguish topics, e.g. <a href="/wiki/MAVEN" title="MAVEN">MAVEN</a> vs. <a href="/wiki/Maven" class="mw-disambig" title="Maven">Maven</a>; <i><a href="/wiki/Airplane!" title="Airplane!">Airplane!</a></i> vs. <a href="/wiki/Airplane" title="Airplane">Airplane</a>; <a href="/wiki/Sea-Monkeys" title="Sea-Monkeys">Sea-Monkeys</a> vs. <a href="/wiki/SeaMonkey" title="SeaMonkey">SeaMonkey</a>; <i><a href="/wiki/The_W%C3%B6rld_Is_Yours" title="The Wörld Is Yours">The Wörld Is Yours</a></i> vs. other topics listed at <a href="/wiki/The_World_Is_Yours" class="mw-disambig" title="The World Is Yours">The World Is Yours</a>. </p><p>However, when renaming to a less ambiguous page name can be done without wandering from <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:CRITERIA" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:CRITERIA">WP:CRITERIA</a>, such renaming should be considered: </p> <ul><li><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Passio_%28P%C3%A4rt%29&type=revision&diff=671807199&oldid=659081975">Renaming "<i>Passio Domini Nostri Jesu Christi secundum Joannem</i>" to "<i>Passio</i> (Pärt)"</a> for the ambiguity of the first expression with <a href="/wiki/Passio_Domini_Nostri_Iesu_Christi_secundum_Ioannem" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Passio Domini Nostri Iesu Christi secundum Ioannem">Passio Domini Nostri Iesu Christi secundum Ioannem</a>.</li></ul> <p>And a well-known concept may still be the primary topic for a variant or incorrect spelling, even if a much less well-known subject uses that spelling: </p> <ul><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cold_war&redirect=no">Cold war</a></span> redirects to <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a>, with the broad concept discussed at <a href="/wiki/Cold_war_(term)" title="Cold war (term)">Cold war (term)</a></li> <li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gray_Poupon&redirect=no">Gray Poupon</a></span> redirects to <a href="/wiki/Grey_Poupon" title="Grey Poupon">Grey Poupon</a>; an album of that name is at <a href="/wiki/Gray_Poupon_(album)" title="Gray Poupon (album)"><i>Gray Poupon</i> (album)</a></li></ul> <p>In certain instances, plural forms may also be used to naturally distinguish articles; see <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Naming_conventions_(plurals)#Primary_topic" title="Wikipedia:Naming conventions (plurals)">Wikipedia:Naming conventions (plurals) § Primary topic</a> for details. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 ext-discussiontools-init-section"><h2 id="Concision" data-mw-thread-id="h-Concision"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Concision"></span>Concision<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Concision"></span></h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1252059228"><div class="module-shortcutanchordiv"><span id="WP:CONCISE"></span></div><div class="module-shortcutboxplain noprint" role="note"><div class="module-shortcutlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Shortcut" title="Wikipedia:Shortcut">Shortcut</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:CONCISE&redirect=no">WP:CONCISE</a></span></li></ul></div></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"WP:CONCISE" redirects here. For the essay advising a concise writing style, see <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:TLDR" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:TLDR">WP:TLDR</a>.</div> <p>The goal of concision is to balance brevity with sufficient information to identify the topic to a person familiar with the general subject area. </p><p>For example: </p> <ul><li>The official name of <a href="/wiki/Rhode_Island" title="Rhode Island">Rhode Island</a>, used in various state publications, was formerly <a href="/wiki/State_of_Rhode_Island_and_Providence_Plantations" class="mw-redirect" title="State of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations">State of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations</a>. Both titles are precise and unambiguous, but <a href="/wiki/Rhode_Island" title="Rhode Island">Rhode Island</a> was the most concise title to fully identify the subject.</li> <li>The full name of Fiona Apple's 1999 album is 90 words and 444 characters long, but it is abbreviated in sources (and in its Wikipedia title) to <i><a href="/wiki/When_the_Pawn..." title="When the Pawn...">When the Pawn...</a></i> (see also <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:SUBTITLES" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:SUBTITLES">WP:SUBTITLES</a>).</li></ul> <p>Exceptions exist for biographical articles. For example, given names and family names are usually not omitted or abbreviated for the purposes of concision. Thus <a href="/wiki/Oprah_Winfrey" title="Oprah Winfrey">Oprah Winfrey</a> (not <a href="/wiki/Oprah" class="mw-redirect" title="Oprah">Oprah</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Jean-Paul_Sartre" title="Jean-Paul Sartre">Jean-Paul Sartre</a> (not <a href="/wiki/J._P._Sartre" class="mw-redirect" title="J. P. Sartre">J. P. Sartre</a>). See <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Naming_conventions_(people)" title="Wikipedia:Naming conventions (people)">Wikipedia:Naming conventions (people)</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 ext-discussiontools-init-section"><h2 id="Consistency" data-mw-thread-id="h-Consistency"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Consistency"></span>Consistency<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Consistency"></span></h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1252059228"><div class="module-shortcutanchordiv"><span id="WP:CONSISTENT"></span></div><div class="module-shortcutboxplain noprint" role="note"><div class="module-shortcutlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Shortcut" title="Wikipedia:Shortcut">Shortcut</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:CONSISTENT&redirect=no">WP:CONSISTENT</a></span></li></ul></div></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For examples of Wikipedia practices regarding consistency in article titles, see <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:TITLECON" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:TITLECON">WP:TITLECON</a>.</div> <p>To the extent that it is practical, titles should be consistent among articles covering similar topics. However, there has been a history of consensus among editors regarding several areas where consistency does <em>not</em> control titling: </p> <ul><li>Disambiguation: for example, the use of a parenthetical disambiguator in <a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)">Georgia (country)</a> does not support an argument that all country articles should use them, e.g. for <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan_(country)" class="mw-redirect" title="Azerbaijan (country)">Azerbaijan (country)</a> or <a href="/wiki/Armenia_(country)" class="mw-redirect" title="Armenia (country)">Armenia (country)</a>. This is also the case with natural disambiguation: the existence of <a href="/wiki/Quer%C3%A9taro_City" class="mw-redirect" title="Querétaro City">Querétaro City</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chihuahua_City" title="Chihuahua City">Chihuahua City</a> does not mean we have to have <a href="/wiki/Guadalajara_City" class="mw-redirect" title="Guadalajara City">Guadalajara City</a> instead of <a href="/wiki/Guadalajara" title="Guadalajara">Guadalajara</a>.</li> <li>Spellings that differ between varieties of English: <a href="/wiki/Orange_(colour)" title="Orange (colour)">Orange (colour)</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lime_(color)" title="Lime (color)">Lime (color)</a> peaceably coexist, as do <a href="/wiki/Motorcycle_tyre" title="Motorcycle tyre">motorcycle tyre</a> and <a href="/wiki/Snow_tire" title="Snow tire">snow tire</a>.</li> <li>It is not considered important for article titles on the English Wikipedia to be consistent with titles used by the corresponding articles on other language versions of Wikipedia.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 ext-discussiontools-init-section"><h2 id="English-language_titles" data-mw-thread-id="h-English-language_titles"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-English-language_titles"></span>English-language titles<span data-mw-comment-end="h-English-language_titles"></span></h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1252059228"><div class="module-shortcutanchordiv"><span id="WP:ENGLISHTITLE"></span></div><div class="module-shortcutboxplain noprint" role="note"><div class="module-shortcutlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Shortcut" title="Wikipedia:Shortcut">Shortcut</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:ENGLISHTITLE&redirect=no">WP:ENGLISHTITLE</a></span></li></ul></div></div> <p>On the English Wikipedia, article titles are written using the English language. However, it must be remembered that the English language contains many loan words and phrases taken from other languages. If a word or phrase (originally taken from some other language) is commonly used by English-language sources, it can be considered to be an English-language word or phrase (example: <a href="/wiki/Coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="Coup d'état">coup d'état</a>). </p><p>The English-language names of some topics may differ according to how names are anglicized from other languages, or according to different varieties of English (e.g. American English, British English, Australian English, etc.). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Foreign_names_and_anglicization" data-mw-thread-id="h-Foreign_names_and_anglicization-English-language_titles"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Foreign_names_and_anglicization-English-language_titles"></span><span id="Use_English"></span><span id="Foreign_names_and_Anglicization"></span>Foreign names and anglicization<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Foreign_names_and_anglicization-English-language_titles"></span></h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1252059228"><div class="module-shortcutanchordiv"><span id="WP:UE"></span><span id="WP:TRANSLITERATE"></span></div><div class="module-shortcutboxplain noprint" role="note"><div class="module-shortcutlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Shortcut" title="Wikipedia:Shortcut">Shortcuts</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:UE&redirect=no">WP:UE</a></span></li><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:TRANSLITERATE&redirect=no">WP:TRANSLITERATE</a></span></li></ul></div></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Naming_conventions_(use_English)" title="Wikipedia:Naming conventions (use English)">Wikipedia:Naming conventions (use English)</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the policy regarding non-English sources, see <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:RSUE" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:RSUE">WP:RSUE</a>.</div> <p>The choice between anglicized and local spellings should follow English-language usage, e.g. the non-anglicized titles <a href="/wiki/Besan%C3%A7on" title="Besançon">Besançon</a>, <a href="/wiki/S%C3%B8ren_Kierkegaard" title="Søren Kierkegaard">Søren Kierkegaard</a>, and <a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6ttingen" title="Göttingen">Göttingen</a> are used because they predominate in English-language reliable sources, whereas for the same reason the anglicized title forms <a href="/wiki/Nuremberg" title="Nuremberg">Nuremberg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Delicatessen" title="Delicatessen">delicatessen</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Florence" title="Florence">Florence</a> are used (as opposed to Nürnberg, Delikatessen, and Firenze, respectively). </p><p>If there are too few reliable English-language sources to constitute an established usage, follow the conventions of the language appropriate to the subject (German for German politicians, Portuguese for Brazilian towns, and so on). For lesser known geographical objects or structures with few reliable English sources, follow the translation convention, if any, used for well known objects or structures of the same type e.g. because <i>Rheintal</i> and <i>Moseltal</i> are translated <a href="/wiki/Rhine_Valley" title="Rhine Valley">Rhine Valley</a> and <a href="/wiki/Moselle_Valley" title="Moselle Valley">Moselle Valley</a>, it makes sense to translate lesser known valley names in the same way. For ideas on how to deal with situations where there are several competing foreign terms, see "<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Naming_conventions_(geographic_names)#Multiple_local_names" title="Wikipedia:Naming conventions (geographic names)">Multiple local names</a>" and "<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Naming_conventions_(geographic_names)#Use_modern_names" title="Wikipedia:Naming conventions (geographic names)">Use modern names</a>" in the geographical naming guideline. Such discussions can <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:RFC" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:RFC">benefit from outside opinions</a> so as to avoid a struggle over which language to follow. </p><p>Names not originally in a <a href="/wiki/Latin_alphabet" title="Latin alphabet">Latin alphabet</a>, such as Greek, Chinese, or Russian names, <b>must</b> be <a href="/wiki/Romanization" title="Romanization">romanized</a>. Established systematic romanizations, such as <a href="/wiki/Hanyu_Pinyin" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanyu Pinyin">Hanyu Pinyin</a>, are preferred. However, if there is a common English-language form of the name, then use it, even if it is unsystematic (as with <a href="/wiki/Tchaikovsky" class="mw-redirect" title="Tchaikovsky">Tchaikovsky</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chiang_Kai-shek" title="Chiang Kai-shek">Chiang Kai-shek</a>). For a list of romanization conventions by language, see <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Romanization" title="Wikipedia:Romanization">Wikipedia:Romanization</a>. </p><p>Wikipedia generally uses the character <i><a href="/wiki/%C3%86" title="Æ">æ</a></i> to represent the Anglo-Saxon ligature <i>æsc</i>. For Latin- or Greek-derived words (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Paean" title="Paean">Paean</a>, <a href="/wiki/Amoeba" title="Amoeba">Amoeba</a>, <a href="/wiki/Estrogen" title="Estrogen">Estrogen</a>), use <i>e</i>, <i>ae</i>, or <i>oe</i>, depending on modern usage and the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:ENGVAR" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:ENGVAR">national variety of English</a> used in the article. </p><p>In deciding whether and how to translate a foreign name into English, follow English-language usage. If there is no established English-language treatment for a name, translate it if this can be done without loss of accuracy and with greater understanding for the English-speaking reader. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="National_varieties_of_English" data-mw-thread-id="h-National_varieties_of_English-English-language_titles"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-National_varieties_of_English-English-language_titles"></span>National varieties of English<span data-mw-comment-end="h-National_varieties_of_English-English-language_titles"></span></h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style#National_varieties_of_English" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style">Wikipedia:Manual of Style § National varieties of English</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1252059228"><div class="module-shortcutanchordiv"><span id="WP:TITLEVAR"></span></div><div class="module-shortcutboxplain noprint" role="note"><div class="module-shortcutlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Shortcut" title="Wikipedia:Shortcut">Shortcut</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:TITLEVAR&redirect=no">WP:TITLEVAR</a></span></li></ul></div></div> <p>If a topic has strong <a href="/wiki/MOS:TIES" class="mw-redirect" title="MOS:TIES">ties</a> to a particular English-speaking nation, the title of its article should use that nation's variety of English (for example, compare <a href="/wiki/Australian_Defence_Force" title="Australian Defence Force">Australian <i>Defence</i> Force</a> with <a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Defense" title="United States Secretary of Defense">United States Secretary of <i>Defense</i></a>). </p><p>Otherwise, all national varieties of English are acceptable in article titles; Wikipedia does not prefer one in particular. <a href="/wiki/American_English" title="American English">American English</a> spelling should not be respelled to <a href="/wiki/British_English" title="British English">British English</a> spelling, and vice versa; for example, both <i>color</i> and <i>colour</i> are acceptable and used in article titles (such as <a href="/wiki/Color_gel" title="Color gel">color gel</a> and <a href="/wiki/Colour_state" title="Colour state">colour state</a>). Very occasionally, a less common but non-nation-specific term is selected to avoid having to choose between national varieties: for example, <a href="/wiki/Soft_drink" title="Soft drink">soft drink</a> was selected to avoid the choice between the British <i>fizzy drink</i>, American <i>soda</i>, American and Canadian <i>pop</i>, and a slew of other nation- and region-specific names. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 ext-discussiontools-init-section"><h2 id="Treatment_of_alternative_names" data-mw-thread-id="h-Treatment_of_alternative_names"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Treatment_of_alternative_names"></span>Treatment of alternative names<span class="anchor" id="Wikipedia:Alternative_titles"></span><span data-mw-comment-end="h-Treatment_of_alternative_names"></span></h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1252059228"><div class="module-shortcutanchordiv"><span id="WP:OTHERNAMES"></span></div><div class="module-shortcutboxplain noprint" role="note"><div class="module-shortcutlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Shortcut" title="Wikipedia:Shortcut">Shortcut</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:OTHERNAMES&redirect=no">WP:OTHERNAMES</a></span></li></ul></div></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Lead_section#Alternative_names" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Lead section">Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Lead section § Alternative names</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Article_title_versus_first_sentence_(new).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Article_title_versus_first_sentence_%28new%29.png/300px-Article_title_versus_first_sentence_%28new%29.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Article_title_versus_first_sentence_%28new%29.png/450px-Article_title_versus_first_sentence_%28new%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Article_title_versus_first_sentence_%28new%29.png/600px-Article_title_versus_first_sentence_%28new%29.png 2x" data-file-width="940" data-file-height="463"/></a><figcaption>The <b>article title</b> appears at the top of a reader's browser window and as a large level 1 heading above the editable text of an article, circled here in dark red. The name or names given in the first sentence do not always match the article title.</figcaption></figure> <p>By the design of Wikipedia's software, an article can only have one title. When this title is a name, significant alternative names for the topic should be mentioned in the article, usually in the first sentence or paragraph. If there are three or more alternative names – including alternative spellings, longer or shorter forms, historic names, and significant names in other languages – or there is something notable about the names themselves, a separate name section is recommended. Alternative names may be used in article text when context dictates that they are more appropriate than the name used as the title of the article. For example, the city now called <a href="/wiki/Gda%C5%84sk" title="Gdańsk">Gdańsk</a> is referred to as <a href="/wiki/Danzig" class="mw-redirect" title="Danzig">Danzig</a> in historic contexts to which that name is more suited (e.g. when it was part of Germany or a Free City). Likewise, even though <a href="/wiki/Color" title="Color">Color</a>'s title omits the "u", <a href="/wiki/Orange_(colour)" title="Orange (colour)">Orange (colour)</a>'s title does not. </p><p>All significant alternative titles, names, or forms of names that apply to a specific article should usually be made to <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Redirect" title="Wikipedia:Redirect">redirect</a> to that article. If they are ambiguous, it should be ensured that the article can at least be reached from a disambiguation page for the alternative term. Note that the exact capitalization of the article's title does not affect Wikipedia <a href="/wiki/Help:Searching" title="Help:Searching">search</a>, so it is not necessary to create redirects from alternative capitalizations unless these are likely to be used in links; see <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Naming_conventions_(capitalization)" title="Wikipedia:Naming conventions (capitalization)">Naming conventions (capitalization)</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:PIPE" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:PIPE">Piped links</a> are often used in article text to allow a subject with a lengthy article title to be referred to using a more concise term where this does not produce ambiguity. </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 ext-discussiontools-init-section"><h2 id="Article_title_format" data-mw-thread-id="h-Article_title_format"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Article_title_format"></span><span class="anchor" id="Name_construction"></span> Article title format<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Article_title_format"></span></h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1252059228"><div class="module-shortcutanchordiv"><span id="WP:TITLEFORMAT"></span></div><div class="module-shortcutboxplain noprint" role="note"><div class="module-shortcutlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Shortcut" title="Wikipedia:Shortcut">Shortcut</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:TITLEFORMAT&redirect=no">WP:TITLEFORMAT</a></span></li></ul></div></div> <p>The following points are used in deciding on questions not covered by the five principles; consistency on these helps avoid duplicate articles: </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Use_sentence_case" data-mw-thread-id="h-Use_sentence_case-Article_title_format"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Use_sentence_case-Article_title_format"></span><span class="anchor" id="Sentence_case"></span> Use sentence case<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Use_sentence_case-Article_title_format"></span></h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"WP:LOWERCASE" redirects here. You may also be looking for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Naming_conventions_(technical_restrictions)#Lowercase_first_letter" title="Wikipedia:Naming conventions (technical restrictions)">Wikipedia:Naming conventions (technical restrictions) § Lowercase first letter</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1252059228"><div class="module-shortcutanchordiv"><span id="WP:LOWERCASE"></span></div><div class="module-shortcutboxplain noprint" role="note"><div class="module-shortcutlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Shortcut" title="Wikipedia:Shortcut">Shortcut</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:LOWERCASE&redirect=no">WP:LOWERCASE</a></span></li></ul></div></div> <p>Titles are written in <a href="/wiki/Sentence_case" class="mw-redirect" title="Sentence case">sentence case</a>. The initial letter of a title is almost always capitalized by default; otherwise, words are not capitalized unless they would be so in running text. When this is done, the title is simple to link to in other articles: <i><a href="/wiki/Northwestern_University" title="Northwestern University">Northwestern University</a> offers more graduate work than a typical <a href="/wiki/Liberal_arts_college" title="Liberal arts college">liberal arts college</a>.</i> Note that the capitalization of the initial letter is ignored in links. For initial lowercase letters, as in <a href="/wiki/EBay" title="EBay">eBay</a>, see the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Naming_conventions_(technical_restrictions)#Lowercase_first_letter" title="Wikipedia:Naming conventions (technical restrictions)">technical restrictions</a> page. For more guidance, see <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Naming_conventions_(capitalization)" title="Wikipedia:Naming conventions (capitalization)">WP:Naming conventions (capitalization)</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Proper_names" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Proper names">WP:Manual of Style/Proper names</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Use_singular_form" data-mw-thread-id="h-Use_singular_form-Article_title_format"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Use_singular_form-Article_title_format"></span><span class="anchor" id="Use_singular"></span> Use singular form<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Use_singular_form-Article_title_format"></span></h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1252059228"><div class="module-shortcutanchordiv"><span id="WP:SINGULAR"></span><span id="WP:ARTSINGLE"></span></div><div class="module-shortcutboxplain noprint" role="note"><div class="module-shortcutlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Shortcut" title="Wikipedia:Shortcut">Shortcuts</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:SINGULAR&redirect=no">WP:SINGULAR</a></span></li><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:ARTSINGLE&redirect=no">WP:ARTSINGLE</a></span></li></ul></div></div> <p>Article titles are generally singular in form, e.g. <a href="/wiki/Horse" title="Horse">Horse</a>, not <a href="/wiki/Horses" class="mw-redirect" title="Horses">Horses</a>. Exceptions include nouns that are <a href="/wiki/Plurale_tantum" title="Plurale tantum">always in a plural form</a> in English (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Scissors" title="Scissors">scissors</a> or <a href="/wiki/Trousers" title="Trousers">trousers</a>) and the names of <a href="/wiki/Class_(set_theory)" title="Class (set theory)">classes</a> of objects (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Arabic_numerals" title="Arabic numerals">Arabic numerals</a> or <a href="/wiki/Bantu_languages" title="Bantu languages">Bantu languages</a>). For more guidance, see <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Naming_conventions_(plurals)" title="Wikipedia:Naming conventions (plurals)">WP:Naming conventions (plurals)</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Avoid_ambiguous_abbreviations" data-mw-thread-id="h-Avoid_ambiguous_abbreviations-Article_title_format"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Avoid_ambiguous_abbreviations-Article_title_format"></span>Avoid ambiguous abbreviations<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Avoid_ambiguous_abbreviations-Article_title_format"></span></h3></div> <p>Abbreviations and acronyms are often ambiguous and thus should be avoided unless the subject is known primarily by its abbreviation and that abbreviation is primarily associated with the subject (e.g. <a href="/wiki/PBS" title="PBS">PBS</a>, <a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a>, <a href="/wiki/Laser" title="Laser">Laser</a>). It is also unnecessary to include an acronym in addition to the name in a title. Acronyms may be used for parenthetical disambiguation (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_(UK)" title="Conservative Party (UK)">Conservative Party (UK)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Georgia_(U.S._state)" title="Georgia (U.S. state)">Georgia (U.S. state)</a>). For more details, see <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Abbreviations#Acronyms_in_page_titles" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Abbreviations">WP:Manual of Style/Abbreviations § Acronyms in page titles</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Avoid_definite_and_indefinite_articles" data-mw-thread-id="h-Avoid_definite_and_indefinite_articles-Article_title_format"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Avoid_definite_and_indefinite_articles-Article_title_format"></span><span class="anchor" id="Avoid_starting_with_an_article"></span> Avoid definite and indefinite articles<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Avoid_definite_and_indefinite_articles-Article_title_format"></span></h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1252059228"><div class="module-shortcutanchordiv"><span id="WP:DEFINITE"></span></div><div class="module-shortcutboxplain noprint" role="note"><div class="module-shortcutlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Shortcut" title="Wikipedia:Shortcut">Shortcut</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:DEFINITE&redirect=no">WP:DEFINITE</a></span></li></ul></div></div> <p>Do not place definite or indefinite <a href="/wiki/Article_(grammar)" title="Article (grammar)">articles</a> (<i>the</i>, <i>a</i>, and <i>an</i>) at the beginning of titles unless they are part of a proper name (e.g. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Old_Man_and_the_Sea" title="The Old Man and the Sea">The Old Man and the Sea</a></i>) or otherwise change the meaning (e.g. <a href="/wiki/The_Crown" title="The Crown">The Crown</a>). They needlessly lengthen article titles, and interfere with sorting and searching. For more guidance, see <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Naming_conventions_(definite_or_indefinite_article_at_beginning_of_name)" title="Wikipedia:Naming conventions (definite or indefinite article at beginning of name)">WP:Naming conventions (definite or indefinite article at beginning of name)</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Use_nouns" data-mw-thread-id="h-Use_nouns-Article_title_format"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Use_nouns-Article_title_format"></span><span class="anchor" id="adjective"></span> <span class="anchor" id="nouns"></span> Use nouns<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Use_nouns-Article_title_format"></span></h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1252059228"><div class="module-shortcutanchordiv"><span id="WP:NOUN"></span><span id="WP:GERUND"></span></div><div class="module-shortcutboxplain noprint" role="note"><div class="module-shortcutlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Shortcut" title="Wikipedia:Shortcut">Shortcuts</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:NOUN&redirect=no">WP:NOUN</a></span></li><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:GERUND&redirect=no">WP:GERUND</a></span></li></ul></div></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Noun" title="Noun">Nouns</a> and <a href="/wiki/Noun_phrase" title="Noun phrase">noun phrases</a> are normally preferred over titles using other parts of speech; such a title can be the subject of the first sentence. One major exception is for titles that are quotations or titles of works: <a href="/wiki/A_rolling_stone_gathers_no_moss" title="A rolling stone gathers no moss">A rolling stone gathers no moss</a>, or "<a href="/wiki/Try_to_Remember" title="Try to Remember">Try to Remember</a>". Adjective and verb forms (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Elegant" class="mw-redirect" title="Elegant">elegant</a>) should redirect to articles titled with the corresponding noun (<a href="/wiki/Elegance" title="Elegance">Elegance</a>) or disambiguation pages, like <a href="/wiki/Organic" class="mw-disambig" title="Organic">Organic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Talk" class="mw-disambig" title="Talk">Talk</a>. Sometimes the noun corresponding to a verb is the <a href="/wiki/Gerund" title="Gerund">gerund</a> (<i>-ing</i> form), as in <a href="/wiki/Swimming" title="Swimming">Swimming</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Do_not_enclose_titles_in_quotes" data-mw-thread-id="h-Do_not_enclose_titles_in_quotes-Article_title_format"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Do_not_enclose_titles_in_quotes-Article_title_format"></span><span class="anchor" id="No_quotes"></span> Do not enclose titles in quotes<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Do_not_enclose_titles_in_quotes-Article_title_format"></span></h3></div> <p>Article titles that are quotes (or song titles, etc.) are not enclosed in quotation marks (e.g. <a href="/wiki/To_be,_or_not_to_be" title="To be, or not to be">To be, or not to be</a> is the article title, whereas <a href="/wiki/%22To_be,_or_not_to_be%22" class="mw-redirect" title=""To be, or not to be"">"To be, or not to be"</a> is a redirect to that article). An exception is made when the quotation marks are part of a name or title (as in the TV episode <a href="/wiki/Marge_Simpson_in:_%22Screaming_Yellow_Honkers%22" title="Marge Simpson in: "Screaming Yellow Honkers"">Marge Simpson in: "Screaming Yellow Honkers"</a> or the album <a href="/wiki/%22Heroes%22_(David_Bowie_album)" class="mw-redirect" title=""Heroes" (David Bowie album)"><i>"Heroes"</i> (David Bowie album)</a>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Do_not_create_subsidiary_articles" data-mw-thread-id="h-Do_not_create_subsidiary_articles-Article_title_format"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Do_not_create_subsidiary_articles-Article_title_format"></span><span class="anchor" id="Subsidiary_articles"></span> Do not create subsidiary articles<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Do_not_create_subsidiary_articles-Article_title_format"></span></h3></div> <p>Do not use titles suggesting that one article forms part of another: even if an article is considered subsidiary to another (as where <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Summary_style" title="Wikipedia:Summary style">summary style</a> is used), it should be named independently. For example, an article on transport in Azerbaijan should not be given a name like "Azerbaijan/Transport" or "Azerbaijan (transport)"; use <a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Azerbaijan" title="Transport in Azerbaijan">Transport in Azerbaijan</a>. (This does not always apply in non-article <a href="/wiki/Help:Namespace" class="mw-redirect" title="Help:Namespace">namespaces</a>; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033199720"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><span role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable crossreference">see <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Subpages" title="Wikipedia:Subpages">WP:Subpages</a></span>.) </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Follow_reliable_sources_for_names_of_persons" data-mw-thread-id="h-Follow_reliable_sources_for_names_of_persons-Article_title_format"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Follow_reliable_sources_for_names_of_persons-Article_title_format"></span><span class="anchor" id="Initials"></span> Follow reliable sources for names of persons<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Follow_reliable_sources_for_names_of_persons-Article_title_format"></span></h3></div> <p>When deciding whether to use middle names, or initials, follow the guidelines at <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Middle_names" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Middle names">WP:Middle names</a>, which means using the form most commonly used by reliable sources (e.g. <a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy" title="John F. Kennedy">John F. Kennedy</a>, <a href="/wiki/J._P._Morgan" title="J. P. Morgan">J. P. Morgan</a>, <a href="/wiki/F._Scott_Fitzgerald" title="F. Scott Fitzgerald">F. Scott Fitzgerald</a>), with few if any exceptions. See also the <a href="#Concision">Concision</a> section above. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Special_characters" data-mw-thread-id="h-Special_characters-Article_title_format"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Special_characters-Article_title_format"></span><span class="anchor" id="Special_characters"></span> Special characters<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Special_characters-Article_title_format"></span></h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1252059228"><div class="module-shortcutanchordiv"><span id="WP:TSC"></span><span id="WP:TITLESPECIALCHARACTERS"></span></div><div class="module-shortcutboxplain noprint" role="note"><div class="module-shortcutlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Shortcut" title="Wikipedia:Shortcut">Shortcuts</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:TSC&redirect=no">WP:TSC</a></span></li><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:TITLESPECIALCHARACTERS&redirect=no">WP:TITLESPECIALCHARACTERS</a></span></li></ul></div></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Naming_conventions_(technical_restrictions)" title="Wikipedia:Naming conventions (technical restrictions)">Wikipedia:Naming conventions (technical restrictions)</a></div> <p>There are technical restrictions on the use of certain characters in page titles, due to how MediaWiki stores and matches the titles. The following characters <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Page_name#Technical_restrictions_and_limitations" title="Wikipedia:Page name">cannot be used</a> at all: <code># < > [ ] | { } _</code> </p><p>There are restrictions on titles containing <a href="/wiki/Colon_(punctuation)" title="Colon (punctuation)">colons</a>, <a href="/wiki/Full_stop" title="Full stop">periods</a>, and some other characters, which may be addressed through <a href="/wiki/Template:Correct_title" title="Template:Correct title">Template:Correct title</a>. Technically, all other Unicode characters can be used in page titles. However, some characters should still be avoided or require special treatment: </p> <ul><li><b>Characters not on a standard keyboard (use redirects):</b> Sometimes the most appropriate title contains <a href="/wiki/Diacritic" title="Diacritic">diacritics</a> (accent marks), dashes, or other letters and characters not found on most English-language keyboards. This can make it difficult to navigate to the article directly. In such cases, provide redirects from versions of the title that use only standard keyboard characters. (Similarly, in cases where it is determined that the most appropriate title is one that omits <a href="/wiki/Diacritic" title="Diacritic">diacritics</a>, dashes, and other letters not found on most English-language keyboards, provide redirects from versions of the title that contain them.) However, avoid <a href="/wiki/Combining_character" title="Combining character">combining diacritical marks</a>, which are difficult to type and interfere with adjacent characters.</li> <li><b>Quotation marks (avoid them):</b> Double (<span class="example deprecated-content example-bad" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-removed, #8B0000);">"..."</span>) and single quotation marks (<span class="example deprecated-content example-bad" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-removed, #8B0000);">'...'</span>), as well as variations such as typographic (curly) quotation marks (<span class="example deprecated-content example-bad" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-removed, #8B0000);">“...”</span>), "low-high" quotation marks (<span class="example deprecated-content example-bad" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-removed, #8B0000);">„...“</span>), <a href="/wiki/Guillemet" title="Guillemet">guillemets</a> (<span class="example deprecated-content example-bad" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-removed, #8B0000);">«...»</span>), and angled quotation marks or backticks (<span class="example deprecated-content example-bad" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-removed, #8B0000);">`...´</span>) should be avoided in titles. Exceptions can be made when they are part of the proper title (e.g. <i><a href="/wiki/%22A%22_Is_for_Alibi" title=""A" Is for Alibi">"A" Is for Alibi</a></i>) or required by <a href="/wiki/Orthography" title="Orthography">orthography</a> (e.g. <a href="/wiki/%22Weird_Al%22_Yankovic" title=""Weird Al" Yankovic">"Weird Al" Yankovic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fargesia_%27Rufa%27" title="Fargesia 'Rufa'"><i>Fargesia</i> 'Rufa'</a>).</li></ul> <dl><dd>Similarly, various <a href="/wiki/Apostrophe" title="Apostrophe">apostrophe</a>(-like) variants (<span class="example deprecated-content example-bad" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-removed, #8B0000);">’ ʻ ʾ ʿ ᾿ ῾ ‘ ’ <sup>c</sup></span>), should generally not be used in page titles. A common exception is the simple apostrophe character (', same glyph as the single quotation mark) itself (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Anthony_d%27Offay" title="Anthony d'Offay">Anthony d'Offay</a>), which should, however, be used sparingly (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Quran</a> instead of <a href="/wiki/Qur%27an" class="mw-redirect" title="Qur'an">Qur'an</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bismarck_(apple)" title="Bismarck (apple)">Bismarck (apple)</a> instead of <a href="/wiki/Malus_domestica_%27Bismarck%27" class="mw-redirect" title="Malus domestica 'Bismarck'"><i>Malus domestica</i> 'Bismarck'</a>). If, exceptionally, other variants are used, a redirect with the apostrophe variant should be created (e.g. <a href="/wiki/%27Elisiva_Fusipala_Tauki%27onetuku" class="mw-redirect" title="'Elisiva Fusipala Tauki'onetuku">'Elisiva Fusipala Tauki'onetuku</a> redirects to <a href="/wiki/%CA%BBElisiva_Fusipala_Tauki%CA%BBonetuku" title="ʻElisiva Fusipala Taukiʻonetuku">ʻElisiva Fusipala Taukiʻonetuku</a>).</dd> <dd>See also <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style_(punctuation)" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style (punctuation)">WP:Manual of Style (punctuation)</a> and <a href="/wiki/MOS:APOSTROPHE" class="mw-redirect" title="MOS:APOSTROPHE">MOS:APOSTROPHE</a>.</dd></dl> <ul><li><b>Symbols (avoid them):</b> Symbols such as "♥", as sometimes found in advertisements or logos, should never be used in titles. This includes non-Latin punctuation such as the characters in Unicode's <a href="/wiki/CJK_Symbols_and_Punctuation" title="CJK Symbols and Punctuation">CJK Symbols and Punctuation</a> block.</li> <li><b>Characters not supported on all browsers (avoid them):</b> If there is a reasonable alternative, avoid characters that are so uncommon that not all browser and operating system combinations will render them. For example, the article <a href="/wiki/Fleur-de-lis" title="Fleur-de-lis">Fleur-de-lis</a> carries that title rather than the symbol ⚜ itself, which many readers would see as just a rectangular box.</li> <li><b>Fractions:</b> See <a href="/wiki/MOS:FRAC" class="mw-redirect" title="MOS:FRAC">MOS:FRAC</a>. Templates and LaTeX-style markup cannot be used in article titles.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Italics_and_other_formatting" data-mw-thread-id="h-Italics_and_other_formatting-Article_title_format"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Italics_and_other_formatting-Article_title_format"></span>Italics and other formatting<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Italics_and_other_formatting-Article_title_format"></span></h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1252059228"><div class="module-shortcutanchordiv"><span id="WP:ITALICTITLE"></span></div><div class="module-shortcutboxplain noprint" role="note"><div class="module-shortcutlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Shortcut" title="Wikipedia:Shortcut">Shortcut</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:ITALICTITLE&redirect=no">WP:ITALICTITLE</a></span></li></ul></div></div> <p>Use italics when <a href="/wiki/MOS:ITALIC" class="mw-redirect" title="MOS:ITALIC">italics would be necessary in running text</a>; for example, <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Tree_of_Life#Article_titles" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Tree of Life">taxonomic names</a>, the names of ships, the titles of <a href="/wiki/MOS:MAJORWORK" class="mw-redirect" title="MOS:MAJORWORK">books, films, and other creative works</a>, and <a href="/wiki/MOS:FOREIGNITALIC" class="mw-redirect" title="MOS:FOREIGNITALIC">foreign phrases</a> are italicized both in ordinary text and in article titles.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>h<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The titles of articles, chapters, songs, episodes, storylines, research papers and other short works instead take double quotation marks. Italics are not used for major religious works (<span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">the Bible</span>, <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">the Quran</span>, <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">the Talmud</span>). Many of these titles should also be in <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Titles_of_works#Capital_letters" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Titles of works">title case</a>. </p><p>Italic formatting cannot be part of the actual (stored) title of a page; adding single quotes to a page title will cause those quotes to become part of the URL, rather than affecting its appearance. A title or part of it is made to appear in italics with the use of the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:DISPLAYTITLE" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:DISPLAYTITLE">DISPLAYTITLE</a> magic word or the <span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:Italic_title" title="Template:Italic title">Italic title</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span> template. In addition, certain templates, including <a href="/wiki/Template:Infobox_book" title="Template:Infobox book">Template:Infobox book</a>, <a href="/wiki/Template:Infobox_film" title="Template:Infobox film">Template:Infobox film</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Template:Infobox_album" title="Template:Infobox album">Template:Infobox album</a>, by default italicize the titles of the pages they appear on; see those template pages for documentation. See <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Naming_conventions_(technical_restrictions)#Italics_and_formatting" title="Wikipedia:Naming conventions (technical restrictions)">WP:Naming conventions (technical restrictions) § Italics and formatting</a> on the technical restrictions page for further details. </p><p>Other types of formatting (such as bold type and superscript) can technically be achieved in the same way, but should generally <i>not</i> be used in Wikipedia article titles (except for articles on mathematics). Quotation marks (such as around song titles) would not require special techniques for display, but are nevertheless avoided in titles; see <a href="#Article_title_format">§ Article title format</a> above. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Standard_English_and_trademarks" data-mw-thread-id="h-Standard_English_and_trademarks-Article_title_format"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Standard_English_and_trademarks-Article_title_format"></span>Standard English and trademarks<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Standard_English_and_trademarks-Article_title_format"></span></h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1252059228"><div class="module-shortcutanchordiv"><span id="WP:TITLETM"></span></div><div class="module-shortcutboxplain noprint" role="note"><div class="module-shortcutlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Shortcut" title="Wikipedia:Shortcut">Shortcut</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:TITLETM&redirect=no">WP:TITLETM</a></span></li></ul></div></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Trademarks" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Trademarks">Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Trademarks</a></div> <p>Article titles follow standard English text formatting in the case of trademarks, unless the trademarked spelling is demonstrably the most common usage in sources independent of the owner of the trademark. Items in full or partial uppercase (such as <i><a href="/wiki/Invader_ZIM" class="mw-redirect" title="Invader ZIM">Invader ZIM</a></i>) should have standard capitalization (<i><a href="/wiki/Invader_Zim" title="Invader Zim">Invader Zim</a></i>); however, if the name is ambiguous, and one meaning is usually capitalized, this is one possible method of disambiguation. </p><p>Exceptions include article titles with the first letter lowercase and the second letter uppercase, such as <a href="/wiki/IPod" title="IPod">iPod</a> and <a href="/wiki/EBay" title="EBay">eBay</a>. For these, see <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Naming_conventions_(technical_restrictions)#Lowercase_first_letter" title="Wikipedia:Naming conventions (technical restrictions)">WP:Naming conventions (technical restrictions) § Lowercase first letter</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 ext-discussiontools-init-section"><h2 id="Titles_containing_"and"" data-mw-thread-id="h-Titles_containing_"and""><span id="Titles_containing_.22and.22"></span><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Titles_containing_"and""></span>Titles containing "and"<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Titles_containing_"and""></span></h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1252059228"><div class="module-shortcutanchordiv"><span id="WP:AND"></span></div><div class="module-shortcutboxplain noprint" role="note"><div class="module-shortcutlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Shortcut" title="Wikipedia:Shortcut">Shortcut</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:AND&redirect=no">WP:AND</a></span></li></ul></div></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"WP:AND" redirects here. For the Manual of Style guidance on the use of the word "and" vs ampersands, see <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%26" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:&">WP:&</a>.</div> <p>Sometimes two or more closely related or complementary concepts are most sensibly covered by a single article. Where possible, use a title covering all cases: for example, <a href="/wiki/Endianness" title="Endianness">Endianness</a> covers the concepts "big-endian" and "little-endian". Where no reasonable overarching title is available, it is permissible to construct an article title using "and", as in <a href="/wiki/Promotion_and_relegation" title="Promotion and relegation">Promotion and relegation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hellmann%27s_and_Best_Foods" title="Hellmann's and Best Foods">Hellmann's and Best Foods</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tropical_storms_Amanda_and_Cristobal" title="Tropical storms Amanda and Cristobal">Tropical storms Amanda and Cristobal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pioneer_6,_7,_8,_and_9" title="Pioneer 6, 7, 8, and 9">Pioneer 6, 7, 8, and 9</a>. (The individual terms – such as <a href="/wiki/Pioneer_6" class="mw-redirect" title="Pioneer 6">Pioneer 6</a> – should redirect to the combined page, or be linked there via a disambiguation page or hatnote if they have other meanings.) </p><p>It is generally best to list topics in alphabetical order, especially those involving different countries or cultures, as in <a href="/wiki/Canada%E2%80%93United_States_border" title="Canada–United States border">Canada–United States border</a>. However, when a conventional or more logical ordering exists, it should be used instead, such as at <a href="/wiki/Yin_and_yang" title="Yin and yang">yin and yang</a>. If one concept is more commonly encountered than the other, it may be listed first, as in <a href="/wiki/Electrical_resistance_and_conductance" title="Electrical resistance and conductance">Electrical resistance and conductance</a>. Alternative titles using reverse ordering (such as <a href="/wiki/Relegation_and_promotion" class="mw-redirect" title="Relegation and promotion">Relegation and promotion</a>) should be redirects. </p><p>Titles containing "and" are often red flags that the article has <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Neutral_point_of_view" title="Wikipedia:Neutral point of view">neutrality</a> problems or is engaging in <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Original_research" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Original research">original research</a>: avoid the use of "and" in ways that appear biased. For example, use <a href="/wiki/Islamic_terrorism" title="Islamic terrorism">Islamic terrorism</a>, not "<a href="/wiki/Islam_and_terrorism" class="mw-redirect" title="Islam and terrorism">Islam and terrorism</a>"; however, "<a href="/w/index.php?title=Media_coupling_of_Islam_and_terrorism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Media coupling of Islam and terrorism (page does not exist)">Media coupling of Islam and terrorism</a>" may be acceptable. Avoid the use of "and" to combine concepts that are not commonly combined in reliable sources. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 ext-discussiontools-init-section"><h2 id="Considering_changes" data-mw-thread-id="h-Considering_changes"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Considering_changes"></span>Considering changes<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Considering_changes"></span></h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1252059228"><div class="module-shortcutanchordiv"><span id="WP:TITLECHANGES"></span></div><div class="module-shortcutboxplain noprint" role="note"><div class="module-shortcutlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Shortcut" title="Wikipedia:Shortcut">Shortcut</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:TITLECHANGES&redirect=no">WP:TITLECHANGES</a></span></li></ul></div></div> <p>Changing one controversial title to another <i>without</i> a discussion that leads to consensus is strongly discouraged. If an article title has been stable for a long time,<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>i<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and there is no good reason to change it, it should not be changed. Consensus among editors determines if there does exist a good reason to change the title. If it has never been stable, or it has been unstable for a long time, and no consensus can be reached on what the title should be, default to the title the article had when the first major contribution after the article ceased to be a <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Stub" title="Wikipedia:Stub">stub</a> was made.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>j<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Any potentially controversial proposal to change a title should be advertised at <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Requested_moves" title="Wikipedia:Requested moves">Wikipedia:Requested moves</a>, and consensus reached before any change is made. Debating controversial titles is often unproductive, and there are many other ways to help <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contributing_to_Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia:Contributing to Wikipedia">improve Wikipedia</a>. </p><p>In discussing the appropriate title of an article, remember that the choice of title is not dependent on whether a name is "right" in a moral or political sense. Nor does the use of a name in the title of one article require that all related articles use the same name in their titles; there is often some reason for inconsistencies in common usage. For example, Wikipedia has articles on both the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Stalingrad" title="Battle of Stalingrad">Battle of Stalingrad</a> and on <a href="/wiki/Volgograd" title="Volgograd">Volgograd</a>, which is the current name of Stalingrad. </p><p>Although titles for articles are subject to consensus, do not invent names or use extremely uncommon names as a means of compromising between opposing points of view. Wikipedia describes current usage but cannot prescribe a particular usage or invent new names. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 ext-discussiontools-init-section"><h2 id="Proposed_naming_conventions_and_guidelines" data-mw-thread-id="h-Proposed_naming_conventions_and_guidelines"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Proposed_naming_conventions_and_guidelines"></span>Proposed naming conventions and guidelines<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Proposed_naming_conventions_and_guidelines"></span></h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main pages: <a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_naming_conventions_proposals" title="Category:Wikipedia naming conventions proposals">Category:Wikipedia naming conventions proposals</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Policies_and_guidelines" title="Wikipedia:Policies and guidelines">Wikipedia:Policies and guidelines</a></div> <p>Proposals for new naming conventions and guidelines should be advertised on <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia_talk:Article_titles" title="Wikipedia talk:Article titles">this page's talk page</a>, at <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Requests_for_comment" title="Wikipedia:Requests for comment">requests for comment</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Village_pump" title="Wikipedia:Village pump">Village Pump</a>, and any related pages. If a strong <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Consensus" title="Wikipedia:Consensus">consensus</a> has formed, the proposal is adopted and is added to the <a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_naming_conventions" title="Category:Wikipedia naming conventions">naming conventions category</a>. </p><p>New naming conventions for specific categories of articles often arise from <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject">WikiProjects</a>. For a manually updated list of current and former proposals, see <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Proposed_naming_conventions_and_guidelines" title="Wikipedia:Proposed naming conventions and guidelines">Proposed naming conventions and guidelines</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 ext-discussiontools-init-section"><h2 id="See_also" data-mw-thread-id="h-See_also"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-See_also"></span>See also<span data-mw-comment-end="h-See_also"></span></h2></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style#Article_titles" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style">Wikipedia:Manual of Style § Article titles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Lead_section#Format_of_the_first_sentence" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Lead section">Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Lead section § Format of the first sentence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Category_names" title="Wikipedia:Category names">Wikipedia:Category names</a>, a list of guidelines concerning naming conventions for categories</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linguistic_description" title="Linguistic description">Linguistic description</a> and <a href="/wiki/Linguistic_prescription" title="Linguistic prescription">Linguistic prescription</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Extension:TitleBlacklist" class="extiw" title="mw:Extension:TitleBlacklist">MediaWiki:TitleBlacklist extension</a>, a tool to block the creation of pages with disallowed titles (and their derivatives/variants)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Naming_conventions_(technical_restrictions)" title="Wikipedia:Naming conventions (technical restrictions)">Wikipedia:Naming conventions (technical restrictions)</a>, software limitations on the names of Wikipedia pages (articles, categories, templates, etc.)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:In_versus_of" title="Wikipedia:In versus of">Wikipedia:<i>In</i> versus <i>of</i></a>, proper use of <i>in</i> and <i>of</i> (or some alternatives, as <i>from</i> and <i>on</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Ambiguous_subjects" title="Wikipedia:Ambiguous subjects">Wikipedia:Ambiguous subjects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources#Headlines" title="Wikipedia:Reliable sources">Wikipedia:Reliable sources § Headlines</a>, on the unreliability of news headlines for sourcing</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 ext-discussiontools-init-section"><h2 id="Notes" data-mw-thread-id="h-Notes"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Notes"></span>Notes<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Notes"></span></h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Specifically, it is the <code> <h1 id="firstHeading"></code> <a href="/wiki/HTML_element" title="HTML element">HTML element</a> that appears at the top of the article's page. It <i>should</i> be the only <code> <h1></code> element on the page, but because editors have the ability to add any level of heading to a page's text, that cannot be guaranteed. An additional <code>=Level-1 heading=</code> found in an article body should be converted to <code>==Level 2==</code>, and any subsections under it adjusted to compensate.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The title displayed as the article's main heading is usually identical (and always similar) to the stored title by which the page is referenced in category listings, recent changes lists, etc., and that appears (suitably encoded as necessary) in the page's <a href="/wiki/URL" title="URL">URL</a>. For technical details, see <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Page_name" title="Wikipedia:Page name">Wikipedia:Page name</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">It is technically possible, but undesirable for various reasons, to make different pages display with the same title.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">When an article's title is changed, its database entry is altered but not actually moved. For this reason, a title change is sometimes called a <i>rename</i>, although <i>move</i> remains the most common term.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">This includes but is not limited to usage in the sources used as references for the article. Discussions about article titles commonly look at additional off-site sourcing, such as frequency of usage in news publications, books, and journals. "Common name" in the context of article naming means a <em>commonly or frequently used name</em>, and not necessarily a <a href="/wiki/Common_name" title="Common name">common (vernacular) name</a>, as opposed to <a href="/wiki/Scientific_name" class="mw-redirect" title="Scientific name">scientific name</a>, as used in some disciplines.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Ambiguity</i> as used here is unrelated to whether a title requires <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Disambiguation" title="Wikipedia:Disambiguation">disambiguation pages</a> on the English Wikipedia. For example, "heart attack" is an ambiguous title, because the term can refer to multiple medical conditions, including <a href="/wiki/Cardiac_arrest" title="Cardiac arrest">cardiac arrest</a> and <a href="/wiki/Myocardial_infarction" title="Myocardial infarction">myocardial infarction</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Add this code in the search: <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">-inauthor:"Books, LLC"</span> (the quotation marks " " are essential); Books, LLC "publishes" compilations of WP articles.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">This was decided during a July–September 2010 poll; see <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia_talk:Article_titles/Archive_29#RfC:_Use_of_italics_in_article_titles" title="Wikipedia talk:Article titles/Archive 29">Wikipedia talk:Article titles/Archive 29 § RfC: Use of italics in article titles</a>, as well as the discussions that led up to the poll at <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia_talk:Manual_of_Style/Archive_116#Italicised_article_titles" title="Wikipedia talk:Manual of Style/Archive 116">WT:Manual of Style/Archive 116 § Italicised article titles</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia_talk:Manual_of_Style/Archive_116#Request_for_comment:_Use_of_italics_in_article_names" title="Wikipedia talk:Manual of Style/Archive 116">WT:Manual of Style/Archive 116 § Request for comment: Use of italics in article names</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">No clear consensus has been found for a timeframe, see <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Stable_version_to_revert_to" title="Wikipedia:Stable version to revert to">Wikipedia:Stable version to revert to</a> (and the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia_talk:Stable_version_to_revert_to" title="Wikipedia talk:Stable version to revert to"> talk page</a>). The content change after the move is also relevant, as well as the time a previous move was made. If significant changes have been made after a move, several months may be considered "stable". Otherwise, significantly longer is generally required.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">This paragraph was adopted to stop move warring. It is an adaptation of the wording in the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:MOS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:MOS">Manual of Style</a>, which is based on the Arbitration Committee's decision in the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Requests_for_arbitration/Jguk" title="Wikipedia:Requests for arbitration/Jguk">Jguk case</a>.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 ext-discussiontools-init-section"><h2 id="External_links" data-mw-thread-id="h-External_links"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-External_links"></span>External links<span data-mw-comment-end="h-External_links"></span></h2></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/ngrams">Google Book Ngram Viewer</a>, a graphic plotter of case-sensitive frequency of multi-term usage in books over time, through 2022</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Wikipedia_key_policies_and_guidelines_(?)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Wikipedia_policies_and_guidelines" title="Template:Wikipedia policies and guidelines"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Wikipedia_policies_and_guidelines" title="Template talk:Wikipedia policies and guidelines"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Wikipedia_policies_and_guidelines" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Wikipedia policies and guidelines"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Wikipedia_key_policies_and_guidelines_(?)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Wikipedia key <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Policies_and_guidelines" title="Wikipedia:Policies and guidelines">policies and guidelines</a> <span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Wikipedia's policies and guidelines are developed by the community to describe best practices, clarify principles, resolve conflicts, and otherwise further our goal.">(?)</span></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><div> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Five_pillars" title="Wikipedia:Five pillars">Five pillars</a></b> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Ignore_all_rules" title="Wikipedia:Ignore all rules">Ignore all rules</a></b></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:6.9em;text-align:left;">Content <span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="defines the scope of the encyclopedia and the material that is suitable for it">(?)</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left; font-weight: normal;"><b><span style="color:#118811;"><abbr title="Policies"><span style="font-size:120%">P</span></abbr></span></b></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">Verifiability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research" title="Wikipedia:No original research">No original research</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Neutral_point_of_view" title="Wikipedia:Neutral point of view">Neutral point of view</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:What_Wikipedia_is_not" title="Wikipedia:What Wikipedia is not">What Wikipedia is not</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Biographies_of_living_persons" title="Wikipedia:Biographies of living persons">Biographies of living persons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Copyrights" title="Wikipedia:Copyrights">Copyright</a> (<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Copyright_violations" title="Wikipedia:Copyright violations">Copyright violations</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Image_use_policy" title="Wikipedia:Image use policy">Image use</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Article titles</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left; font-weight: normal;"><b><span style="color:#0077A4;"><abbr title="Guidelines"><span style="font-size:120%">G</span></abbr></span></b></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Notability" title="Wikipedia:Notability">Notability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Autobiography" title="Wikipedia:Autobiography">Autobiography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">Citing sources</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources" title="Wikipedia:Reliable sources">Reliable sources</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Identifying_reliable_sources_(medicine)" title="Wikipedia:Identifying reliable sources (medicine)">Medicine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Do_not_include_the_full_text_of_lengthy_primary_sources" title="Wikipedia:Do not include the full text of lengthy primary sources">Do not include copies of lengthy primary sources</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Plagiarism" title="Wikipedia:Plagiarism">Plagiarism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Do_not_create_hoaxes" title="Wikipedia:Do not create hoaxes">Don't create hoaxes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Fringe_theories" title="Wikipedia:Fringe theories">Fringe theories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Patent_nonsense" title="Wikipedia:Patent nonsense">Patent nonsense</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:External_links" title="Wikipedia:External links">External links</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:6.9em;text-align:left;">Conduct <span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="describes how editors can successfully collaborate and what behavior is acceptable">(?)</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left; font-weight: normal;"><b><span style="color:#118811;"><abbr title="Policies"><span style="font-size:120%">P</span></abbr></span></b></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Civility" title="Wikipedia:Civility">Civility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Consensus" title="Wikipedia:Consensus">Consensus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Harassment" title="Wikipedia:Harassment">Harassment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Vandalism" title="Wikipedia:Vandalism">Vandalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Ignore_all_rules" title="Wikipedia:Ignore all rules">Ignore all rules</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_personal_attacks" title="Wikipedia:No personal attacks">No personal attacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Ownership_of_content" title="Wikipedia:Ownership of content">Ownership of content</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Edit_warring" title="Wikipedia:Edit warring">Edit warring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Dispute_resolution" title="Wikipedia:Dispute resolution">Dispute resolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Sockpuppetry" title="Wikipedia:Sockpuppetry">Sockpuppetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_legal_threats" title="Wikipedia:No legal threats">No legal threats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Child_protection" title="Wikipedia:Child protection">Child protection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Paid-contribution_disclosure" title="Wikipedia:Paid-contribution disclosure">Paid-contribution disclosure</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left; font-weight: normal;"><b><span style="color:#0077A4;"><abbr title="Guidelines"><span style="font-size:120%">G</span></abbr></span></b></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Assume_good_faith" title="Wikipedia:Assume good faith">Assume good faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Conflict_of_interest" title="Wikipedia:Conflict of interest">Conflict of interest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Disruptive_editing" title="Wikipedia:Disruptive editing">Disruptive editing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Do_not_disrupt_Wikipedia_to_illustrate_a_point" title="Wikipedia:Do not disrupt Wikipedia to illustrate a point">Do not disrupt Wikipedia to illustrate a point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Etiquette" title="Wikipedia:Etiquette">Etiquette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Gaming_the_system" title="Wikipedia:Gaming the system">Gaming the system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_do_not_bite_the_newcomers" title="Wikipedia:Please do not bite the newcomers">Please do not bite the newcomers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Courtesy_vanishing" title="Wikipedia:Courtesy vanishing">Courtesy vanishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Responding_to_threats_of_harm" title="Wikipedia:Responding to threats of harm">Responding to threats of harm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Talk_page_guidelines" title="Wikipedia:Talk page guidelines">Talk page guidelines</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Signatures" title="Wikipedia:Signatures">Signatures</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:6.9em;text-align:left;">Deletion <span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="explains the processes by which pages, revisions, and logs may be deleted">(?)</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="P" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left; font-weight: normal;"><b><span style="color:#118811;"><abbr title="Policies"><span style="font-size:120%">P</span></abbr></span></b></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Deletion_policy" title="Wikipedia:Deletion policy">Deletion policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Proposed_deletion" title="Wikipedia:Proposed deletion">Proposed deletion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Proposed_deletion_of_biographies_of_living_people" title="Wikipedia:Proposed deletion of biographies of living people">Biographies</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Criteria_for_speedy_deletion" title="Wikipedia:Criteria for speedy deletion">Criteria for speedy deletion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Attack_page" title="Wikipedia:Attack page">Attack page</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Oversight" title="Wikipedia:Oversight">Oversight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Revision_deletion" title="Wikipedia:Revision deletion">Revision deletion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:6.9em;text-align:left;">Enforcement <span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="explains the various means by which standards may be enforced">(?)</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="P" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left; font-weight: normal;"><b><span style="color:#118811;"><abbr title="Policies"><span style="font-size:120%">P</span></abbr></span></b></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Administrators" title="Wikipedia:Administrators">Administrators</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Banning_policy" title="Wikipedia:Banning policy">Banning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Blocking_policy" title="Wikipedia:Blocking policy">Blocking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Protection_policy" title="Wikipedia:Protection policy">Page protection</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:6.9em;text-align:left;">Editing <span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="documents the various protocols about style and grouping">(?)</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left; font-weight: normal;"><b><span style="color:#118811;"><abbr title="Policies"><span style="font-size:120%">P</span></abbr></span></b></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Editing_policy" title="Wikipedia:Editing policy">Editing policy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left; font-weight: normal;"><b><span style="color:#0077A4;"><abbr title="Guidelines"><span style="font-size:120%">G</span></abbr></span></b></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Article_size" title="Wikipedia:Article size">Article size</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Summary_style" title="Wikipedia:Summary style">Summary style</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Be_bold" title="Wikipedia:Be bold">Be bold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Disambiguation" title="Wikipedia:Disambiguation">Disambiguation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Hatnote" title="Wikipedia:Hatnote">Hatnotes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Broad-concept_article" title="Wikipedia:Broad-concept article">Broad-concept article</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Make_technical_articles_understandable" title="Wikipedia:Make technical articles understandable">Understandability</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left; font-weight: normal;">Style</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style">Manual of Style</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Contents" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Contents">Contents</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Accessibility" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Accessibility">Accessibility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers">Dates and numbers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Images" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Images">Images</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Layout" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Layout">Layout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Lead_section" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Lead section">Lead section</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Linking" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Linking">Linking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Lists" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Lists">Lists</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left; font-weight: normal;">Classification</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Categories,_lists,_and_navigation_templates" title="Wikipedia:Categories, lists, and navigation templates">Categories, lists, and navigation templates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Categorization" title="Wikipedia:Categorization">Categorization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Template_namespace" title="Wikipedia:Template namespace">Template namespace</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:6.9em;text-align:left;">Project content <span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="protocols related to administration">(?)</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="G" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left; font-weight: normal;"><b><span style="color:#0077A4;"><abbr title="Guidelines"><span style="font-size:120%">G</span></abbr></span></b></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Project_namespace" title="Wikipedia:Project namespace">Project namespace</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Council/Guide" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Council/Guide">WikiProjects</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:User_pages" title="Wikipedia:User pages">User pages</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Userboxes" title="Wikipedia:Userboxes">User boxes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Shortcut" title="Wikipedia:Shortcut">Shortcuts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Subpages" title="Wikipedia:Subpages">Subpages</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:6.9em;text-align:left;;background: #dddddd;color:inherit;"><abbr title="Wikimedia Foundation">WMF</abbr> <abbr title="official policies and statements of the Wikimedia Foundation">(?)</abbr></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="P" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left; font-weight: normal; background: #e6e6e6;color:inherit;"><b><span style="color:#118811;"><abbr title="Policies"><span style="font-size:120%">P</span></abbr></span></b></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct" class="extiw" title="wmf:Policy:Universal Code of Conduct">Universal Code of Conduct</a></li> <li><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="wmf:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a></li> <li><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Policies" class="extiw" title="wmf:Policies">List of policies</a></li> <li><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Friendly_space_policy" class="extiw" title="wmf:Friendly space policy">Friendly space policy</a></li> <li><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Resolution:Licensing_policy" class="extiw" title="wmf:Resolution:Licensing policy">Licensing and copyright</a></li> <li><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="wmf:Privacy policy">Privacy policy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;;font-weight: normal;"><div> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:List_of_policies_and_guidelines" title="Wikipedia:List of policies and guidelines">List of all policies and guidelines</a></b> <ul><li><b><span style="color:#118811;"><span style="font-size:120%">P</span></span></b>: <b><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:List_of_policies" title="Wikipedia:List of policies">List of policies</a></b></li> <li><b><span style="color:#0077A4;"><span style="font-size:120%">G</span></span></b>: <b><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:List_of_guidelines" title="Wikipedia:List of guidelines">List of guidelines</a></b></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Principles" title="Wikipedia:Principles">Summaries of values and principles</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" 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