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searchaux" style="display:none">American immunologist and whisteblower</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For persons of a similar name, see <a href="/wiki/Richard_Bright_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Richard Bright (disambiguation)">Richard Bright (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%;"><div class="fn" style="font-size:125%;">Rick Bright</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Rick_A._Bright.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Rick_A._Bright.jpg/220px-Rick_A._Bright.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="275" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Rick_A._Bright.jpg/330px-Rick_A._Bright.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Rick_A._Bright.jpg/440px-Rick_A._Bright.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="3000" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">Director of the <a href="/wiki/Biomedical_Advanced_Research_and_Development_Authority" title="Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority">Biomedical Advanced R&D Authority</a><br />Deputy Assistant Secretary of Health and Human Services for <a href="/wiki/Office_of_the_Assistant_Secretary_for_Preparedness_and_Response" class="mw-redirect" title="Office of the Assistant Secretary for Preparedness and Response">Preparedness and Response</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />November 15, 2016 – April 22, 2020</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">President</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Donald Trump</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data">Robin Robinson</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data">Gary Disbrow</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">Member of the <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_Advisory_Board" title="COVID-19 Advisory Board">COVID-19 Advisory Board</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />November 9, 2020–January 10, 2021</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data">Position established*</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data">Position abolished*</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Personal details</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="nickname">Rick Arthur Bright</div><br /><a href="/wiki/Hutchinson,_Kansas" title="Hutchinson, Kansas">Hutchinson, Kansas</a>, U.S.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Education</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/University_of_Kansas" title="University of Kansas">University of Kansas</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Auburn_University_at_Montgomery" title="Auburn University at Montgomery">Auburn University, Montgomery</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Science" title="Bachelor of Science">BS</a>)<br /><a href="/wiki/Emory_University" title="Emory University">Emory University</a> (<a href="/wiki/Master_of_Science" title="Master of Science">MS</a>, <a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_Philosophy" title="Doctor of Philosophy">PhD</a>)</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><b>Scientific career</b></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Fields</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Immunology" title="Immunology">Immunology</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Institutions</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Emory_University" title="Emory University">Emory University</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Yerkes_National_Primate_Research_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="Yerkes National Primate Research Center">Yerkes National Primate Research Center</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Novavax" title="Novavax">Novavax</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Biomedical_Advanced_Research_and_Development_Authority" title="Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority">Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Thesis" title="Thesis">Thesis</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.proquest.com/docview/276273683/">Studies on pathogenicity and control of H5N1 influenza A viruses in mice</a></i> <span style="font-size:97%;">(2002)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Doctoral_advisor" title="Doctoral advisor">Doctoral advisor</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Jacqueline_Katz" title="Jacqueline Katz">Jacqueline Katz</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Other academic advisors</th><td class="infobox-data">Jeff Barksdale</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="border-top: 1px solid right;"><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Rick Arthur Bright</b> is an American <a href="/wiki/Immunologist" class="mw-redirect" title="Immunologist">immunologist</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vaccine" title="Vaccine">vaccine</a> researcher, and <a href="/wiki/Public_health" title="Public health">public health</a> official.<sup id="cite_ref-2020-NYTimes-WhoIs_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2020-NYTimes-WhoIs-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-StolbergQuits_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-StolbergQuits-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2019-PBS-NextFluOutbreak_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2019-PBS-NextFluOutbreak-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was the director of the <a href="/wiki/Biomedical_Advanced_Research_and_Development_Authority" title="Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority">Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority</a> (BARDA) from 2016 to 2020. In May 2020, he filed a <a href="/wiki/Whistleblower" class="mw-redirect" title="Whistleblower">whistleblower</a> complaint, alleging that the <a href="/wiki/First_presidency_of_Donald_Trump" title="First presidency of Donald Trump">Trump administration</a> ignored his early warnings about the <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic" title="COVID-19 pandemic">COVID-19 pandemic</a> and illegally retaliated against him by ousting him from his role<sup id="cite_ref-2020-NYTimes-Hydroxychloroquine_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2020-NYTimes-Hydroxychloroquine-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2020-CNN-Whistleblower_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2020-CNN-Whistleblower-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2020-STAT-Whistleblower_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2020-STAT-Whistleblower-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and demoting him to a position at the <a href="/wiki/National_Institutes_of_Health" title="National Institutes of Health">National Institutes of Health</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2020-STAT-Whistleblower_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2020-STAT-Whistleblower-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On October 6, 2020, Bright resigned from the government.<sup id="cite_ref-StolbergQuits_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-StolbergQuits-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On November 9 he was named a member of President-elect <a href="/wiki/Joe_Biden" title="Joe Biden">Joe Biden</a>'s coronavirus advisory board.<sup id="cite_ref-Mucha_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mucha-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life">Early life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rick_Bright&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Bright was born and raised in <a href="/wiki/Hutchinson,_Kansas" title="Hutchinson, Kansas">Hutchinson, Kansas</a>. In 1984, he graduated from <a href="/wiki/Hutchinson_High_School_(Kansas)" title="Hutchinson High School (Kansas)">Hutchinson High School</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Following two years at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Kansas" title="University of Kansas">University of Kansas</a>, he received a Bachelor of Science degree with a double major in biology (medical technology) and physical science (chemistry)<sup id="cite_ref-2018-HHRG-RickBright-CV_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2018-HHRG-RickBright-CV-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2020-AL-Auburn_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2020-AL-Auburn-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> from <a href="/wiki/Auburn_University-Montgomery" class="mw-redirect" title="Auburn University-Montgomery">Auburn University-Montgomery</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2002-Auburn-Thesis_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2002-Auburn-Thesis-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2002, he earned a Ph.D. in <a href="/wiki/Immunology" title="Immunology">immunology</a> and <a href="/wiki/Molecular_pathological_epidemiology" title="Molecular pathological epidemiology">molecular pathogenesis</a> (<a href="/wiki/Virology" title="Virology">virology</a>) from the Division of Biological and Biomedical Sciences at <a href="/wiki/Emory_University_School_of_Medicine" title="Emory University School of Medicine">Emory University School of Medicine</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2016-BARDA-Director_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2016-BARDA-Director-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2018-HHRG-RickBright-CV_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2018-HHRG-RickBright-CV-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His dissertation was titled <i>Studies on pathogenicity and control of H5N1 influenza A viruses in mice</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-2002-Auburn-Thesis_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2002-Auburn-Thesis-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His doctoral advisor was <a href="/wiki/Jacqueline_Katz" title="Jacqueline Katz">Jacqueline Katz</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2002-Auburn-Thesis_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2002-Auburn-Thesis-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2010, he completed the Advanced Course in Vaccinology (ADVAC) from the <a href="/wiki/Fondation_M%C3%A9rieux" title="Fondation Mérieux">Fondation Mérieux</a> and <a href="/wiki/University_of_Geneva" title="University of Geneva">University of Geneva</a> in <a href="/wiki/Annecy,_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Annecy, France">Annecy, France</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2018-HHRG-RickBright-CV_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2018-HHRG-RickBright-CV-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Career">Career</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rick_Bright&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Career"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>From 1990 to 1992, Bright worked as a product manager in the Research & Development Department of Osborn Laboratories in <a href="/wiki/Olathe,_Kansas" title="Olathe, Kansas">Olathe, Kansas</a>. From 1994 to 1995, he was a research assistant in the Flow Cytometry Department of the Alabama Reference Lab in <a href="/wiki/Montgomery,_Alabama" title="Montgomery, Alabama">Montgomery, Alabama</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2018-HHRG-RickBright-CV_9-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2018-HHRG-RickBright-CV-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From 1997 to 2000, he worked at the <a href="/wiki/Emory_University" title="Emory University">Emory University</a> Department of Microbiology and Immunology and in the Vaccine Research Center at the <a href="/wiki/Yerkes_National_Primate_Research_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="Yerkes National Primate Research Center">Yerkes National Primate Research Center</a> in Atlanta, Georgia.<sup id="cite_ref-2018-HHRG-RickBright-CV_9-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2018-HHRG-RickBright-CV-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>From 1998 to 2002, Bright worked at the <a href="/wiki/Centers_for_Disease_Control_and_Prevention" title="Centers for Disease Control and Prevention">Centers for Disease Control and Prevention</a> (CDC) in <a href="/wiki/Atlanta,_Georgia" class="mw-redirect" title="Atlanta, Georgia">Atlanta, Georgia</a>, in the Influenza Branch, Immunology and Viral Pathogenesis Section, where he studied <a href="/wiki/Influenza_A_virus_subtype_H5N1" title="Influenza A virus subtype H5N1">Influenza A virus subtype H5N1</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2018-HHRG-RickBright-CV_9-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2018-HHRG-RickBright-CV-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From 2002 to 2003, he shifted to working at the pharmaceutical company, Altea Therapeutics (a subsidiary of <a href="/wiki/Nitto_Denko" title="Nitto Denko">Nitto Denko</a>) in Atlanta, Georgia, where he was a senior research scientist in their Vaccine and Immunology Programs.<sup id="cite_ref-2018-HHRG-RickBright-CV_9-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2018-HHRG-RickBright-CV-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2019-BIO_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2019-BIO-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2003, he rejoined the CDC as an immunologist/virologist in their Disease Control and Prevention, Influenza Division, Strain Surveillance Branch in Atlanta, working on their influenza antiviral drug program and focusing on <a href="/wiki/Avian_influenza" title="Avian influenza">avian influenza</a>. He held that position until 2006.<sup id="cite_ref-2018-HHRG-RickBright-CV_9-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2018-HHRG-RickBright-CV-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2019-SciAm-FluTherapies_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2019-SciAm-FluTherapies-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>From 2006 to 2008, Bright returned to working in the private sector of the <a href="/wiki/Biotechnology" title="Biotechnology">biotechnology</a> industry at <a href="/wiki/Novavax" title="Novavax">Novavax</a> in Maryland, where he was vice president of their global influenza programs as well as of their vaccine research and development. For his work there, he was an adviser to the WHO and the U.S. <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Defense" title="United States Department of Defense">Department of Defense</a> (DOD) and became the recipient of the <a href="/wiki/Charles_C._Shepard" title="Charles C. Shepard">Charles C. Shepard</a> Science Award for Scientific Excellence, jointly awarded by the CDC and the <a href="/wiki/World_Health_Organization" title="World Health Organization">World Health Organization</a> (WHO).<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During that time, he also participated in WHO committees on vaccine development and pandemic preparedness.<sup id="cite_ref-2018-HHRG-RickBright-CV_9-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2018-HHRG-RickBright-CV-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2019-BIO_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2019-BIO-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2016-WHO-Blueprint-Advisory_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2016-WHO-Blueprint-Advisory-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In February 2008, Bright worked at the non-profit <a href="/wiki/PATH_(global_health_organization)" title="PATH (global health organization)">PATH</a> on a <a href="/wiki/Bill_%26_Melinda_Gates_Foundation" title="Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation">Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation</a> grant funded project as the director in vaccine manufacturing capacity building in <a href="/wiki/Viet_Nam" class="mw-redirect" title="Viet Nam">Viet Nam</a>. He was also the scientific director of the influenza vaccine project as well as the global vaccine development program, a position he held until October 2010.<sup id="cite_ref-2018-HHRG-RickBright-CV_9-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2018-HHRG-RickBright-CV-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2010, Bright joined the <a href="/wiki/U.S._Department_of_Health_and_Human_Services" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Department of Health and Human Services">U.S. Department of Health and Human Services</a> (HHS) governmental agency <a href="/wiki/Biomedical_Advanced_Research_and_Development_Authority" title="Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority">Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority</a> (BARDA). He was the program lead of BARDA International Programs, then in June 2011 became acting chief of the influenza antiviral drug advanced development program, a position he held until December 2011. From June 2011 to December 2015, he was both deputy director and acting director of BARDA's Influenza and Emerging Diseases Division, eventually serving as director of the division from December 2014 to November 2016. From February 2016 to November 2016, he was an incident commander in the ASPR/BARDA Zika Response.<sup id="cite_ref-2018-HHRG-RickBright-CV_9-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2018-HHRG-RickBright-CV-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2018-PharmJourn-Zika_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2018-PharmJourn-Zika-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On November 15, 2016, after a competitive selection process, <a href="/wiki/Office_of_the_Assistant_Secretary_for_Preparedness_and_Response" class="mw-redirect" title="Office of the Assistant Secretary for Preparedness and Response">Office of the Assistant Secretary for Preparedness and Response</a> (ASPR) director Nicki Lurie appointed Bright to the position of director of BARDA.<sup id="cite_ref-2016-BARDA-Director_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2016-BARDA-Director-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2020-Xconomy_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2020-Xconomy-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2020-KMB-Complaint_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2020-KMB-Complaint-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He succeeded founding director Robin Robinson. In addition to his role as director of BARDA, he was also deputy assistant secretary for Preparedness and Response in the ASPR.<sup id="cite_ref-2016-WHO-Blueprint-Advisory_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2016-WHO-Blueprint-Advisory-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2020-BARDA-Bio_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2020-BARDA-Bio-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On October 29, 2019, two months prior to the <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic" title="COVID-19 pandemic">COVID-19 pandemic</a>, Bright participated in a meeting titled "Universal Flu Vaccine" at the <a href="/wiki/Milken_Institute_School_of_Public_Health" title="Milken Institute School of Public Health">Milken Institute School of Public Health</a> with other government officials, including <a href="/wiki/Anthony_Fauci" title="Anthony Fauci">Anthony Fauci</a>. The meeting discussed a perceived need to "blow up the system" in-order to bypass regulatory control on <a href="/wiki/MRNA_vaccine" title="MRNA vaccine">mRNA vaccines</a>. Participants also discussed the need to create an "aura of excitement" and "make influenza sexy" in order to revive government funding and drive production of mRNA vaccines, which Bright and others considered superior to "traditional egg-based vaccines".<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On April 20, 2020, in the midst of the <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_United_States" title="COVID-19 pandemic in the United States">COVID-19 pandemic in the United States</a>, Bright was reassigned to the <a href="/wiki/National_Institutes_of_Health" title="National Institutes of Health">National Institutes of Health</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2020-CBS-Ouster_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2020-CBS-Ouster-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An HHS spokesperson said Bright's new role would be to help "accelerate the development and deployment of novel point-of-care testing platforms".<sup id="cite_ref-2020-Politico-Ouster_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2020-Politico-Ouster-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bright challenged his transfer, stating that it was retaliation his insistence that the government address the pandemic by investing the billions of dollars allocated by Congress for that purpose in supplies and "safe and scientifically vetted solutions, and not in drugs, vaccines and other technologies that lack scientific merit." He said such unproven drugs were being promoted by individuals with political connections and that he resisted these endeavors, which he called "cronyism."<sup id="cite_ref-2020-CNN-Statement_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2020-CNN-Statement-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Among these complaints, Bright objected to providing additional federal funding to Ridgeback Biotherapeutics to further develop <a href="/wiki/Molnupiravir" title="Molnupiravir">molnupiravir</a> into a treatment for <a href="/wiki/COVID-19" title="COVID-19">COVID-19</a>. He argued that although the drug had shown potential against coronaviruses including SARS-CoV-2, it had already received substantial government support.<sup id="cite_ref-Cohen2020_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cohen2020-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bright also wanted to see more safety data for molnupiravir before final sign-off, due to the fact that some other <a href="/wiki/Nucleoside_analogue" title="Nucleoside analogue">nucleoside analogue</a> drugs had caused <a href="/wiki/Birth_defect" title="Birth defect">birth defects</a> in animal studies.<sup id="cite_ref-Cohen2020_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cohen2020-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Koons2021_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Koons2021-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In his complaint, he asked to be reinstated as director at BARDA, accusing the <a href="/wiki/First_presidency_of_Donald_Trump" title="First presidency of Donald Trump">Trump administration</a> of removing him from his position and demoting him to an NIH post in retaliation for his warnings about the virus and his opposition to <a href="/wiki/Off-label_use" title="Off-label use">off-label use</a> of <a href="/wiki/Hydroxychloroquine" title="Hydroxychloroquine">hydroxychloroquine</a>, an antimalarial drug that was promoted by President <a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Donald Trump</a> and his supporters as a potential miracle drug for COVID-19, but which increased mortality in subjects.<sup id="cite_ref-2020-Vox-Ouster_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2020-Vox-Ouster-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bright characterized his transfer as a retaliatory demotion and asked the HHS Inspector General to investigate it.<sup id="cite_ref-2020-Vox-Ouster_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2020-Vox-Ouster-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On October 6 Bright resigned from the federal government.<sup id="cite_ref-StolbergQuits_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-StolbergQuits-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On November 9, <a href="/wiki/President-elect_of_the_United_States" title="President-elect of the United States">President-elect</a> <a href="/wiki/Joe_Biden" title="Joe Biden">Joe Biden</a> named Bright to be one of the 13 members of his coronavirus task force.<sup id="cite_ref-Mucha_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mucha-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In March 2021 he was hired by the <a href="/wiki/Rockefeller_Foundation" title="Rockefeller Foundation">Rockefeller Foundation</a> as Senior Vice President of Pandemic Prevention and Response. His assignment is to "lead the Foundation’s work to collaborate with leading global public health emergency organizations and entities to develop a pandemic prevention institute that aims to avert future pandemics by identifying and responding to the earliest alerts of a disease outbreak and stopping it in the first 100 days."<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="COVID-19_whistleblower_complaint">COVID-19 whistleblower complaint</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rick_Bright&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: COVID-19 whistleblower complaint"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On May 5, 2020,<sup id="cite_ref-2020-WashPost-Ouster_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2020-WashPost-Ouster-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bright filed a <a href="/wiki/Whistleblower" class="mw-redirect" title="Whistleblower">whistleblower</a> complaint ("Complaint of Prohibited Personnel Practice and Other Prohibited Activity") against the HHS in the <a href="/wiki/U.S._Office_of_Special_Counsel" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Office of Special Counsel">U.S. Office of Special Counsel</a>, an independent agency that protects whistleblowers.<sup id="cite_ref-StolbergQuits_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-StolbergQuits-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2020-KMB-Complaint_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2020-KMB-Complaint-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2020-NYTimes-FedWatchdog_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2020-NYTimes-FedWatchdog-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The complaint included accompanying exhibits,<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> only some of which have become public.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bright suggested that the administration prioritized "<a href="/wiki/Cronyism" title="Cronyism">cronyism</a> over science" and that he had been pressured to let politics drive decisions rather than science.<sup id="cite_ref-2020-Vox-Ouster_28-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2020-Vox-Ouster-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2020-FierceBiotech-Ouster_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2020-FierceBiotech-Ouster-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2020-BBC-Ouster_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2020-BBC-Ouster-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2020-MSNBC-Ouster_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2020-MSNBC-Ouster-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2020-CNBC-Ouster_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2020-CNBC-Ouster-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2020-CNN-HHS-Turmoil_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2020-CNN-HHS-Turmoil-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In his complaint, Bright also noted the dangers in pursuing EIDD-2801 (now marketed under the tradename <a href="/wiki/Molnupiravir" title="Molnupiravir">Molnupiravir</a>), an oral antiviral candidate previously supported by NIAID led by Dr. <a href="/wiki/Anthony_Fauci" title="Anthony Fauci">Anthony Fauci</a> and DOD.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Later in May, pharmaceutical giant Merck announced plans to develop the drug.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In February 2021, Bright co-authored an opinion editorial in the Washington Post claiming "efforts to develop a therapeutics were slow and limited." The editorial stressed the need for orally administered therapeutics and emphasized the need for non-advanced therapeutic development.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On May 7, 2020, the U.S. Office of Special Counsel determined that there were "reasonable grounds to believe" that the Trump administration's HHS had unlawfully retaliated against Bright, in violation of the <a href="/wiki/Whistleblower_Protection_Act" title="Whistleblower Protection Act">Whistleblower Protection Act</a>, "because he made protected disclosures in the best interest of the American public." The office recommended that he be reinstated as head of <a href="/wiki/BARDA" class="mw-redirect" title="BARDA">BARDA</a> while the investigation is undertaken.<sup id="cite_ref-2020-NYTimes-FedWatchdog_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2020-NYTimes-FedWatchdog-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the recommendation was not binding on HHS,<sup id="cite_ref-StolbergQuits_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-StolbergQuits-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2020-NYTimes-FedWatchdog_32-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2020-NYTimes-FedWatchdog-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and he was not reinstated.<sup id="cite_ref-StolbergQuits_2-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-StolbergQuits-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In written testimony at a May 14, 2020, hearing before the <a href="/wiki/House_Energy_and_Commerce_Committee" class="mw-redirect" title="House Energy and Commerce Committee">House Energy and Commerce Committee</a>'s <a href="/wiki/United_States_House_Energy_Subcommittee_on_Health" title="United States House Energy Subcommittee on Health">Health Subcommittee</a> (issued the previous day), Bright warned that "the darkest winter in modern history" could come in 2020 if the country failed to undertake a vigorous response to fight the virus: "Our window of opportunity is closing. If we fail to develop a national coordinated response, <a href="/wiki/Evidence-based_policy" title="Evidence-based policy">based in science</a>, I fear the pandemic will get far worse and be prolonged, causing unprecedented illness and fatalities."<sup id="cite_ref-5132020_cnn_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5132020_cnn-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He told the subcommittee that "Lives were endangered, and I believe lives were lost" as a result of the administration's failure to heed his earlier warnings.<sup id="cite_ref-StolbergQuits_2-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-StolbergQuits-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He testified that 12–18 months for vaccine development was only possible if everything went perfectly, and he thought it would take longer.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was represented by attorney <a href="/wiki/Debra_Katz" title="Debra Katz">Debra Katz</a> in connection with his whistleblower complaint.<sup id="cite_ref-StolbergQuits_2-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-StolbergQuits-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2020-KMB-Complaint_20-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2020-KMB-Complaint-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2020-NYTimes-FedWatchdog_32-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2020-NYTimes-FedWatchdog-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Trump dismissed Bright as a "disgruntled employee" in <a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump_on_Twitter" class="mw-redirect" title="Donald Trump on Twitter">Twitter posts</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-StolbergQuits_2-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-StolbergQuits-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On October 6, 2020, Bright submitted what he called his "involuntary resignation" from his final government post, because, as he explained, his superiors had made his work life intolerable. In an addendum to his whistleblower complaint, he stated that, following his demotion, he had been given "no meaningful work" since September 4; that NIH officials had rejected his proposals for a national <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_testing" title="COVID-19 testing">COVID-19 testing</a> strategy "because of political considerations"; and that officials had ignored his request that he join the $10 billion <a href="/wiki/Operation_Warp_Speed" title="Operation Warp Speed">Operation Warp Speed</a> initiative to develop a COVID-19 vaccine.<sup id="cite_ref-StolbergQuits_2-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-StolbergQuits-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Other_activities">Other activities</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rick_Bright&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Other activities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coalition_for_Epidemic_Preparedness_Innovations" title="Coalition for Epidemic Preparedness Innovations">Coalition for Epidemic Preparedness Innovations</a> (CEPI), Member of the Scientific Advisory Committee (since 2023)<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rick_Bright&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rebekah_Jones" title="Rebekah Jones">Rebekah Jones</a>, former <a href="/wiki/Florida_Department_of_Health" title="Florida Department of Health">Florida Department of Health</a> data scientist and whistleblower</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashley_Gj%C3%B8vik" title="Ashley Gjøvik">Ashley Gjøvik</a>, former <a href="/wiki/Apple_Inc." title="Apple Inc.">Apple</a> program manager and whistleblower</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li_Wenliang" title="Li Wenliang">Li Wenliang</a>, former <a href="/wiki/Central_Hospital_of_Wuhan" title="Central Hospital of Wuhan">Central Hospital of Wuhan</a> ophthalmologist and <a href="/wiki/COVID-19" title="COVID-19">COVID-19</a> whistleblower</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rick_Bright&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-2020-NYTimes-WhoIs-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2020-NYTimes-WhoIs_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFStolberg2020" class="citation news cs1">Stolberg, Sheryl Gay (May 5, 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2020/05/05/us/politics/rick-bright-coronavirus-whistleblower.html">"Who is Rick Bright? 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 9,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=HHS+whistleblower+says+coronavirus+vaccine+won%27t+be+ready+in+18+months%3A+%27We%27ve+never+seen+everything+go+perfectly%27&rft.pub=Cnbc.com&rft.date=2020-05-14&rft.aulast=Feuer&rft.aufirst=Will&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnbc.com%2F2020%2F05%2F14%2Fhhs-whistleblower-says-coronavirus-vaccine-wont-be-ready-in-18-months-weve-never-seen-everything-go-perfectly.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARick+Bright" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cepi.net/news_cepi/new-experts-appointed-to-join-cepi-scientific-advisory-committee/">New experts appointed to join CEPI Scientific Advisory Committee</a> <a href="/wiki/Coalition_for_Epidemic_Preparedness_Innovations" title="Coalition for Epidemic Preparedness Innovations">Coalition for Epidemic Preparedness Innovations</a> (CEPI), press release of 6 November 2023.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rick_Bright&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 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title="q:Special:Search/Rick Bright">Rick Bright</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Scholia_logo.svg/40px-Scholia_logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Scholia_logo.svg/60px-Scholia_logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Scholia_logo.svg/80px-Scholia_logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="107" data-file-height="104" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Wikidata:Scholia" class="extiw" title="d:Wikidata:Scholia">Scholia</a> has an <i>author</i> profile for <i><b><a href="https://iw.toolforge.org/scholia/author/Q91497504" class="extiw" title="toolforge:scholia/author/Q91497504">Rick Bright</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.c-span.org/person/?104137">Appearances</a> on <a href="/wiki/C-SPAN" title="C-SPAN">C-SPAN</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://energycommerce.house.gov/sites/democrats.energycommerce.house.gov/files/documents/200511%20Testimony%20of%20Dr.%20Rick%20BrightRevised.pdf">Scientific Integrity in the COVID-19 Response</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210318062734/https://energycommerce.house.gov/sites/democrats.energycommerce.house.gov/files/documents/200511%20Testimony%20of%20Dr.%20Rick%20BrightRevised.pdf">Archived</a> March 18, 2021, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Written Testimony to the <a href="/wiki/United_States_House_Committee_on_Energy_and_Commerce" title="United States House Committee on Energy and Commerce">House Subcommittee on Health</a>, May 14, 2020</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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.navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_United_States" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist 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(2021)">2021</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/United_States_medical_cases" title="Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/United States medical cases">Data</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/United_States_medical_cases_by_state" title="Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/United States medical cases by state">by state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/United_States_medical_cases_chart" title="Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/United States medical cases chart">chart</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_testing_in_the_United_States" title="COVID-19 testing in the United States">Testing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_the_United_States" title="COVID-19 vaccination in the United States">Vaccination</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_mandates_in_the_United_States" title="COVID-19 vaccination mandates in the United States">mandates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_vaccine_hesitancy_in_the_United_States" title="COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy in the United States">misinformation and hesitancy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_misinformation_by_the_United_States" title="COVID-19 misinformation by the United States">Misinformation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Locations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">States and D.C.</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Alabama" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Alabama">Alabama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Alaska" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Alaska">Alaska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Arizona" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Arizona">Arizona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Arkansas" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Arkansas">Arkansas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_California" title="COVID-19 pandemic in California">California</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_California" title="Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in California">timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_San_Francisco_Bay_Area" title="COVID-19 pandemic in the San Francisco Bay Area">S.F. Bay Area</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Colorado" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Colorado">Colorado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Connecticut" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Connecticut">Connecticut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Delaware" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Delaware">Delaware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Florida" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Florida">Florida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Georgia_(U.S._state)" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Georgia (U.S. state)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Hawaii" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Hawaii">Hawaii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Idaho" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Idaho">Idaho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Illinois" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Illinois">Illinois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Indiana" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Indiana">Indiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Iowa" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Iowa">Iowa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Kansas" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Kansas">Kansas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Kentucky" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Kentucky">Kentucky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Louisiana" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Louisiana">Louisiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Maine" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Maine">Maine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Maryland" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Maryland">Maryland</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Maryland" title="Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Maryland">timeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Massachusetts" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Massachusetts">Massachusetts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Massachusetts" title="Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Massachusetts">timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Boston" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Boston">Boston</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Boston" title="Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Boston">timeline</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Michigan" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Michigan">Michigan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Minnesota" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Minnesota">Minnesota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Mississippi" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Mississippi">Mississippi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Missouri" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Missouri">Missouri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Montana" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Montana">Montana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Nebraska" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Nebraska">Nebraska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Nevada" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Nevada">Nevada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_New_Hampshire" title="COVID-19 pandemic in New Hampshire">New Hampshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_New_Jersey" title="COVID-19 pandemic in New Jersey">New Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_New_Mexico" title="COVID-19 pandemic in New Mexico">New Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_New_York_(state)" title="COVID-19 pandemic in New York (state)">New York</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_New_York_City" title="COVID-19 pandemic in New York City">New York City</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_New_York_City" title="Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in New York City">timeline</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_North_Carolina" title="COVID-19 pandemic in North Carolina">North Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_North_Dakota" title="COVID-19 pandemic in North Dakota">North Dakota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Ohio" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Ohio">Ohio</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Columbus,_Ohio" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Columbus, Ohio">Columbus</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Oklahoma" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Oklahoma">Oklahoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Oregon" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Oregon">Oregon</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Portland,_Oregon" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Portland, Oregon">Portland</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Pennsylvania" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Philadelphia" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Philadelphia">Philadelphia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Rhode_Island" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Rhode Island">Rhode Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_South_Carolina" title="COVID-19 pandemic in South Carolina">South Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_South_Dakota" title="COVID-19 pandemic in South Dakota">South Dakota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Tennessee" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Tennessee">Tennessee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Texas" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Texas">Texas</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Texas" title="Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Texas">timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Austin,_Texas" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Austin, Texas">Austin</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Utah" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Utah">Utah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Vermont" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Vermont">Vermont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Virginia" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Virginia">Virginia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Washington_(state)" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Washington (state)">Washington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Washington,_D.C." title="COVID-19 pandemic in Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/White_House_COVID-19_outbreak" title="White House COVID-19 outbreak">White House</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_West_Virginia" title="COVID-19 pandemic in West Virginia">West Virginia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Wisconsin" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Wisconsin">Wisconsin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Wyoming" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Wyoming">Wyoming</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Territories and<br />other areas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_American_Samoa" title="COVID-19 pandemic in American Samoa">American Samoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Guantanamo_Bay_Naval_Base" title="COVID-19 pandemic in the Guantanamo Bay Naval Base">Guantanamo Bay Naval Base</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_U.S._immigration_detention" title="COVID-19 pandemic in U.S. immigration detention">Immigration detention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Guam" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Guam">Guam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Navajo_Nation" title="COVID-19 pandemic in the Navajo Nation">Navajo Nation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Northern_Mariana_Islands" title="COVID-19 pandemic in the Northern Mariana Islands">Northern Mariana Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Puerto_Rico" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_United_States_Virgin_Islands" title="COVID-19 pandemic in the United States Virgin Islands">U.S. Virgin Islands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ships</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_on_Grand_Princess" title="COVID-19 pandemic on Grand Princess">Grand Princess</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_on_USS_Theodore_Roosevelt" title="COVID-19 pandemic on USS Theodore Roosevelt">USS <i>Theodore Roosevelt</i></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic" title="United States responses to the COVID-19 pandemic">Responses</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Government<br />response</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Pre-pandemic exercises <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crimson_Contagion" title="Crimson Contagion">Crimson Contagion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johns_Hopkins_Center_for_Health_Security#Event_201" title="Johns Hopkins Center for Health Security">Event 201</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U.S._federal_government_response_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic" title="U.S. federal government response to the COVID-19 pandemic">Federal government response</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Communication_of_the_Trump_administration_during_the_COVID-19_pandemic" title="Communication of the Trump administration during the COVID-19 pandemic">Trump administration communication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Warp_Speed" title="Operation Warp Speed">Operation Warp Speed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biden_administration_COVID-19_action_plan" title="Biden administration COVID-19 action plan">Biden administration COVID-19 action plan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U.S._state_and_local_government_responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic" title="U.S. state and local government responses to the COVID-19 pandemic">State and local government responses</a> <ul><li>state responses <ul><li><a href="/wiki/California_government_response_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic" title="California government response to the COVID-19 pandemic">California government response</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_state_government_response_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic" title="New York state government response to the COVID-19 pandemic">New York government response</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Texas_government_response_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic" title="Texas government response to the COVID-19 pandemic">Texas government response</a></li></ul></li> <li>Regional responses <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_States_Multi-state_Council" title="Eastern States Multi-state Council">Eastern States Multi-state Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midwest_Governors_Regional_Pact" title="Midwest Governors Regional Pact">Midwest Governors Regional Pact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_States_Pact" title="Western States Pact">Western States Pact</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_eviction_moratoriums_in_the_United_States" title="COVID-19 eviction moratoriums in the United States">Eviction moratoriums</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_House_Select_Subcommittee_on_the_Coronavirus_Pandemic" title="United States House Select Subcommittee on the Coronavirus Pandemic">House Select Subcommittee on the Coronavirus Pandemic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_House_Coronavirus_Task_Force" title="White House Coronavirus Task Force">White House Coronavirus Task Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_Advisory_Board" title="COVID-19 Advisory Board">COVID-19 Advisory Board</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_American_Economic_Revival_Industry_Groups" title="Great American Economic Revival Industry Groups">Great American Economic Revival Industry Groups</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hospital_ships_designated_for_the_COVID-19_pandemic" title="Hospital ships designated for the COVID-19 pandemic">Hospital ships</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/USNS_Mercy" title="USNS Mercy">USNS <i>Mercy</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USNS_Comfort" title="USNS Comfort">USNS <i>Comfort</i></a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_Oval_Office_address" title="2020 Oval Office address">2020 Oval Office address</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paycheck_Protection_Program" title="Paycheck Protection Program">Paycheck Protection Program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pandemic_Response_Accountability_Committee" title="Pandemic Response Accountability Committee">Pandemic Response Accountability Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_Inspector_General_for_Pandemic_Recovery" title="Special Inspector General for Pandemic Recovery">Special Inspector General for Pandemic Recovery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_Congressional_Oversight_Commission" title="COVID-19 Congressional Oversight Commission">COVID-19 Congressional Oversight Commission</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Legislation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coronavirus_Preparedness_and_Response_Supplemental_Appropriations_Act,_2020" title="Coronavirus Preparedness and Response Supplemental Appropriations Act, 2020">Coronavirus Preparedness and Response Supplemental Appropriations Act, 2020</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Families_First_Coronavirus_Response_Act" title="Families First Coronavirus Response Act">Families First Coronavirus Response Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CARES_Act" title="CARES Act">CARES Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paycheck_Protection_Program_and_Health_Care_Enhancement_Act" title="Paycheck Protection Program and Health Care Enhancement Act">Paycheck Protection Program and Health Care Enhancement Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HEROES_Act" title="HEROES Act">HEROES Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HEALS_Act" title="HEALS Act">HEALS Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Rescue_Plan_Act_of_2021" title="American Rescue Plan Act of 2021">American Rescue Plan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Private<br />response</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Center_for_COVID_Control" title="Center for COVID Control">Center for COVID Control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Covid_Act_Now" title="Covid Act Now">Covid Act Now</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID_Tracking_Project" title="COVID Tracking Project">COVID Tracking Project</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MusiCares_COVID-19_Relief_Fund" title="MusiCares COVID-19 Relief Fund">MusiCares COVID-19 Relief Fund</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Media</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/30_Rock:_A_One-Time_Special" title="30 Rock: A One-Time Special">30 Rock: A One-Time Special</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Acting_for_a_Cause" title="Acting for a Cause">Acting for a Cause</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Digital_Drag_Fest" title="Digital Drag Fest">Digital Drag Fest</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Home_Movie:_The_Princess_Bride" title="Home Movie: The Princess Bride">Home Movie: The Princess Bride</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/IHeart_Living_Room_Concert_for_America" title="IHeart Living Room Concert for America">iHeart Living Room Concert for America</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Make_It_Work!" title="Make It Work!">Make It Work!</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Saturday_Night_Seder" title="Saturday Night Seder">Saturday Night Seder</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Saturday_Night_Live_at_Home" title="Saturday Night Live at Home">Saturday Night Live at Home</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sesame_Street:_Elmo%27s_Playdate" title="Sesame Street: Elmo's Playdate">Sesame Street: Elmo's Playdate</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Disney_Family_Singalong" title="The Disney Family Singalong">The Disney Family Singalong</a></i> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Disney_Family_Singalong:_Volume_II" class="mw-redirect" title="The Disney Family Singalong: Volume II">Volume II</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Take_Me_to_the_World:_A_Sondheim_90th_Birthday_Celebration" title="Take Me to the World: A Sondheim 90th Birthday Celebration">Take Me to the World: A Sondheim 90th Birthday Celebration</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Together_at_Home" title="Together at Home">Together at Home</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Saving_Our_Selves" title="Saving Our Selves">Saving Our Selves</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Parks_and_Recreation_Special" title="A Parks and Recreation Special">A Parks and Recreation Special</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rise_Up_New_York!" title="Rise Up New York!">Rise Up New York!</a></i></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/U.S._Deaths_Near_100,000,_An_Incalculable_Loss" title="U.S. Deaths Near 100,000, An Incalculable Loss">U.S. Deaths Near 100,000, An Incalculable Loss</a>"</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dear_Class_of_2020" title="Dear Class of 2020">Dear Class of 2020</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Graduation2020" title="Graduation2020">#Graduation2020</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Graduate_Together:_America_Honors_the_High_School_Class_of_2020" title="Graduate Together: America Honors the High School Class of 2020">Graduate Together: America Honors the High School Class of 2020</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/We_Are_One:_A_Global_Film_Festival" title="We Are One: A Global Film Festival">We Are One: A Global Film Festival</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Global_Goal:_Unite_for_Our_Future" title="Global Goal: Unite for Our Future">Global Goal: Unite for Our Future</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Killer_Party" title="A Killer Party">A Killer Party</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Disney_Holiday_Singalong" class="mw-redirect" title="The Disney Holiday Singalong">The Disney Holiday Singalong</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/WrestleMania_36" title="WrestleMania 36">WrestleMania 36</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ratatouille_the_Musical" title="Ratatouille the Musical">Ratatouille the Musical</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicole_Kidman_AMC_Theatres_commercial" title="Nicole Kidman AMC Theatres commercial">Nicole Kidman AMC Theatres commercial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/93rd_Academy_Awards" title="93rd Academy Awards">93rd Academy Awards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/74th_Tony_Awards" title="74th Tony Awards">74th Tony Awards</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Stars_in_the_House" title="Stars in the House">Stars in the House</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Impacts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Social_impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_United_States" title="Social impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in the United States">Social</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2020_United_States_presidential_election#Effects_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic" title="2020 United States presidential election">2020 presidential election</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Postal_voting_in_the_2020_United_States_elections" title="Postal voting in the 2020 United States elections">postal voting</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021_hospital_crisis_in_the_U.S._from_COVID-19" title="2021 hospital crisis in the U.S. from COVID-19">2021 hospital crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_abortion_in_the_United_States" title="Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on abortion in the United States">Abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_congressional_insider_trading_scandal" title="2020 congressional insider trading scandal">Congressional insider trading scandal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_education_in_the_United_States" title="Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on education in the United States">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Face_masks_during_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_United_States" title="Face masks during the COVID-19 pandemic in the United States">Face masks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_foster_care_in_the_United_States" title="Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on foster care in the United States">Foster care</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Teams" title="Microsoft Teams">Microsoft Teams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_protests_in_the_United_States" title="COVID-19 protests in the United States">Protests</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Open_the_States" title="Open the States">Open the States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Floyd_protests" title="George Floyd protests">George Floyd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020%E2%80%9321_United_States_election_protests" title="2020–21 United States election protests">Election</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/January_6_United_States_Capitol_attack" title="January 6 United States Capitol attack">United States Capitol attack</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_disparities_in_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_United_States" title="Racial disparities in the COVID-19 pandemic in the United States">Racial disparities</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_African_diaspora" class="mw-redirect" title="Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on African diaspora">African-American communities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_Native_American_tribes_and_tribal_communities" title="Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on Native American tribes and tribal communities">Native American communities</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_United_States#Sports" title="Social impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in the United States">Sports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_television_in_the_United_States" title="Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on television in the United States">Television</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_American_television_series_impacted_by_the_COVID-19_pandemic" title="List of American television series impacted by the COVID-19 pandemic">programs affected</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_the_Walt_Disney_Company" title="Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the Walt Disney Company">The Walt Disney Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoom_Communications" title="Zoom Communications">Zoom Video Communications</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2022%E2%80%932023_pediatric_care_crisis" title="2022–2023 pediatric care crisis">2022–2023 pediatric care crisis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economic_impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_United_States" title="Economic impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in the United States">Economic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_the_meat_industry_in_the_United_States" title="Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the meat industry in the United States">Meat industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_recession" title="COVID-19 recession">Recession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_the_restaurant_industry_in_the_United_States" title="Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the restaurant industry in the United States">Restaurant industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_stock_market_crash" title="2020 stock market crash">Stock market crash</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Strikes_during_the_COVID-19_pandemic" title="Strikes during the COVID-19 pandemic">Strikes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2020%E2%80%932021_Alabama_aluminum_plant_strike" title="2020–2021 Alabama aluminum plant strike">Alabama aluminum plant strike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021_Allegheny_Technologies_strike" title="2021 Allegheny Technologies strike">Allegheny Technologies strike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_Bath_shipbuilders%27_strike" title="2020 Bath shipbuilders' strike">Bath shipbuilders' strike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021%E2%80%932022_Columbia_University_strike" title="2021–2022 Columbia University strike">Columbia University strike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021_Frito-Lay_strike" title="2021 Frito-Lay strike">Frito-Lay strike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022%E2%80%932023_HarperCollins_strike" title="2022–2023 HarperCollins strike">HarperCollins strike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021_Heaven_Hill_strike" title="2021 Heaven Hill strike">Heaven Hill strike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021_Hunts_Point_Produce_Market_strike" title="2021 Hunts Point Produce Market strike">Hunts Point Produce Market strike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021_John_Deere_strike" title="2021 John Deere strike">John Deere strike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021_Kellogg%27s_strike" title="2021 Kellogg's strike">Kellogg's strike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021_Mercy_Hospital_strike" title="2021 Mercy Hospital strike">Mercy Hospital strike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_Michigan_graduate_students%27_strike" title="2020 Michigan graduate students' strike">Michigan graduate students' strike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021_Nabisco_strike" title="2021 Nabisco strike">Nabisco strike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021_Oregon_Tech_strike" title="2021 Oregon Tech strike">Oregon Tech strike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021%E2%80%932022_Saint_Vincent_Hospital_strike" title="2021–2022 Saint Vincent Hospital strike">Saint Vincent Hospital strike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021_St._Charles_Bend_strike" title="2021 St. Charles Bend strike">St. Charles Bend strike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021_St._Paul_Park_refinery_strike" title="2021 St. Paul Park refinery strike">St. Paul Park refinery strike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_University_of_Illinois_Hospital_strikes" title="2020 University of Illinois Hospital strikes">University of Illinois Hospital strikes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021_Virginia_Volvo_Trucks_strike" title="2021 Virginia Volvo Trucks strike">Virginia Volvo Trucks strike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021%E2%80%932023_Warrior_Met_Coal_strike" title="2021–2023 Warrior Met Coal strike">Warrior Met Coal strike</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Notable<br />people</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Federal</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jerome_Adams" title="Jerome Adams">Jerome Adams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scott_Atlas" title="Scott Atlas">Scott Atlas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alex_Azar" title="Alex Azar">Alex Azar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joe_Biden" title="Joe Biden">Joe Biden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deborah_Birx" title="Deborah Birx">Deborah Birx</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Rick Bright</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Fauci" title="Anthony Fauci">Anthony Fauci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pete_Gaynor" title="Pete Gaynor">Pete Gaynor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brett_Giroir" title="Brett Giroir">Brett Giroir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Hahn" title="Stephen Hahn">Stephen Hahn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashish_Jha" title="Ashish Jha">Ashish Jha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ron_Klain" title="Ron Klain">Ron Klain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nancy_Messonnier" title="Nancy Messonnier">Nancy Messonnier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vivek_Murthy" title="Vivek Murthy">Vivek Murthy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Navarro" title="Peter Navarro">Peter Navarro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mike_Pence" title="Mike Pence">Mike Pence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustave_F._Perna" title="Gustave F. Perna">Gustave F. Perna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_R._Redfield" title="Robert R. Redfield">Robert R. Redfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Todd_T._Semonite" title="Todd T. Semonite">Todd T. Semonite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moncef_Slaoui" title="Moncef Slaoui">Moncef Slaoui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andy_Slavitt" title="Andy Slavitt">Andy Slavitt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Donald Trump</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rochelle_Walensky" title="Rochelle Walensky">Rochelle Walensky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeff_Zients" title="Jeff Zients">Jeff Zients</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">State and<br />local</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amy_Acton" title="Amy Acton">Amy Acton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Adams" title="Eric Adams">Eric Adams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greg_Abbott" title="Greg Abbott">Greg Abbott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kate_Brown" title="Kate Brown">Kate Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Cuomo" title="Andrew Cuomo">Andrew Cuomo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dave_A._Chokshi" title="Dave A. Chokshi">Dave A. Chokshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_de_Blasio" title="Bill de Blasio">Bill de Blasio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ron_DeSantis" title="Ron DeSantis">Ron DeSantis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mike_DeWine" title="Mike DeWine">Mike DeWine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Garcetti" title="Eric Garcetti">Eric Garcetti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kathy_Hochul" title="Kathy Hochul">Kathy Hochul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Larry_Hogan" title="Larry Hogan">Larry Hogan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jay_Inslee" title="Jay Inslee">Jay Inslee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Kenney" title="Jim Kenney">Jim Kenney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brian_Kemp" title="Brian Kemp">Brian Kemp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ned_Lamont" title="Ned Lamont">Ned Lamont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lori_Lightfoot" title="Lori Lightfoot">Lori Lightfoot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phil_Murphy" title="Phil Murphy">Phil Murphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gavin_Newsom" title="Gavin Newsom">Gavin Newsom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._B._Pritzker" title="J. B. Pritzker">J. B. Pritzker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gretchen_Whitmer" title="Gretchen Whitmer">Gretchen Whitmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Wolf" title="Tom Wolf">Tom Wolf</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Scientists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yaneer_Bar-Yam" title="Yaneer Bar-Yam">Yaneer Bar-Yam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Bergstrom" title="Carl Bergstrom">Carl Bergstrom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandy_Cohen" title="Mandy Cohen">Mandy Cohen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kizzmekia_Corbett" title="Kizzmekia Corbett">Kizzmekia Corbett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natalie_Dean" title="Natalie Dean">Natalie Dean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Feigl-Ding" title="Eric Feigl-Ding">Eric Feigl-Ding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C%C3%A9line_Gounder" title="Céline Gounder">Céline Gounder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scott_Gottlieb" title="Scott Gottlieb">Scott Gottlieb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Hotez" title="Peter Hotez">Peter Hotez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akiko_Iwasaki" title="Akiko Iwasaki">Akiko Iwasaki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashish_Jha" title="Ashish Jha">Ashish Jha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marc_Lipsitch" title="Marc Lipsitch">Marc Lipsitch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syra_Madad" title="Syra Madad">Syra Madad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lauren_Meyers" title="Lauren Meyers">Lauren Meyers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Mina_(epidemiologist)" title="Michael Mina (epidemiologist)">Michael Mina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Osterholm" title="Michael Osterholm">Michael Osterholm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kimberly_Prather" title="Kimberly Prather">Kimberly Prather</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caitlin_Rivers" title="Caitlin Rivers">Caitlin Rivers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><b><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:SARS-CoV-2_(Wikimedia_colors).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="virus icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/SARS-CoV-2_%28Wikimedia_colors%29.svg/26px-SARS-CoV-2_%28Wikimedia_colors%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="26" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/SARS-CoV-2_%28Wikimedia_colors%29.svg/39px-SARS-CoV-2_%28Wikimedia_colors%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/SARS-CoV-2_%28Wikimedia_colors%29.svg/52px-SARS-CoV-2_%28Wikimedia_colors%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="666" data-file-height="711" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:COVID-19" title="Portal:COVID-19">COVID-19 portal</a></b></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; 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