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class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon 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Available in 41 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-41" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">41 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Register" title="Register – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Register" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%AC%D9%84_(%D9%84%D8%BA%D9%88%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA)" title="السجل (لغويات) – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="السجل (لغويات)" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rexistru_lling%C3%BC%C3%ADsticu" title="Rexistru llingüísticu – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Rexistru llingüísticu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Live_yezh" title="Live yezh – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Live yezh" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Registre_ling%C3%BC%C3%ADstic" title="Registre lingüístic – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Registre lingüístic" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cywair_(ieithyddiaeth)" title="Cywair (ieithyddiaeth) – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Cywair (ieithyddiaeth)" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sprachebene" title="Sprachebene – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Sprachebene" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Register_(keeleteadus)" title="Register (keeleteadus) – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Register (keeleteadus)" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Registro_ling%C3%BC%C3%ADstico" title="Registro lingüístico – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Registro lingüístico" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingvotavolo" title="Lingvotavolo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Lingvotavolo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hizkuntza-erregistro" title="Hizkuntza-erregistro – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Hizkuntza-erregistro" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%D9%88%D9%86%D9%87_%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%AF%DB%8C_(%D8%B2%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86%E2%80%8C%D8%B4%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B3%DB%8C_%D8%A7%D8%AC%D8%AA%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B9%DB%8C)" title="گونه کاربردی (زبان‌شناسی اجتماعی) – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="گونه کاربردی (زبان‌شناسی اجتماعی)" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Registre_de_langue" title="Registre de langue – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Registre de langue" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sur-ream" title="Sur-ream – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Sur-ream" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%AA%9E%E9%AB%94" title="語體 – Gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="語體" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="Gan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>贛語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%82%AC%EC%9A%A9%EC%97%AD" title="사용역 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="사용역" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF" title="भाषा प्रयुक्ति – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="भाषा प्रयुक्ति" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laras_bahasa" title="Laras bahasa – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Laras bahasa" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A1lsni%C3%B0" title="Málsnið – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Málsnið" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Registro_(linguistica)" title="Registro (linguistica) – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Registro (linguistica)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%A9%D7%9C%D7%91" title="משלב – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="משלב" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unggah-ungguh_basa" title="Unggah-ungguh basa – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Unggah-ungguh basa" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rejista" title="Rejista – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Rejista" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Registrum_(linguistica)" title="Registrum (linguistica) – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Registrum (linguistica)" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regiszter_(nyelv%C3%A9szet)" title="Regiszter (nyelvészet) – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Regiszter (nyelvészet)" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laras_bahasa" title="Laras bahasa – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Laras bahasa" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Register_(taalkunde)" title="Register (taalkunde) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Register (taalkunde)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BD%BF%E7%94%A8%E5%9F%9F" title="使用域 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="使用域" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Registr_(lengh%C3%ACstica)" title="Registr (lenghìstica) – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Registr (lenghìstica)" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rejestr_(j%C4%99zykoznawstwo)" title="Rejestr (językoznawstwo) – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Rejestr (językoznawstwo)" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Registro_(sociolingu%C3%ADstica)" title="Registro (sociolinguística) – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Registro (sociolinguística)" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Registru_de_limb%C4%83" title="Registru de limbă – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Registru de limbă" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Register_(linguistics)" title="Register (linguistics) – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Register (linguistics)" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rekisteri_(kieli)" title="Rekisteri (kieli) – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Rekisteri (kieli)" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Register_(lingvistik)" title="Register (lingvistik) – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Register (lingvistik)" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rehistro_(sosyolingguwistika)" title="Rehistro (sosyolingguwistika) – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Rehistro (sosyolingguwistika)" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%B3%D1%96%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80_(%D1%81%D0%BE%D1%86%D1%96%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B2%D1%96%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0)" title="Регістр (соціолінгвістика) – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Регістр (соціолінгвістика)" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ng%E1%BB%AF_v%E1%BB%B1c" title="Ngữ vực – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Ngữ vực" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Livea_sociolinwistike_d%27_on_mot" title="Livea sociolinwistike d' on mot – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Livea sociolinwistike d' on mot" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%AA%9E%E5%9F%9F" title="語域 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="語域" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%AA%9E%E5%9F%9F" title="語域 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="語域" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q286576#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Register_(sociolinguistics)" 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.sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238660782">.mw-parser-output .socling-sidebar-body{width:18.0em}.mw-parser-output .socling-sidebar-header{background-color:#6cf}.mw-parser-output .socling-sidebar-title{border:1px solid #6cf}.mw-parser-output .socling-sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #6cf;border-bottom:1px solid #6cf;background:none;padding-bottom:0.5em}</style><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks plainlist socling-sidebar-body"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title socling-sidebar-title"><a href="/wiki/Sociolinguistics" title="Sociolinguistics">Sociolinguistics</a></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading socling-sidebar-header"> Key concepts</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Code-switching" title="Code-switching">Code-switching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Language_change" title="Language change">Language change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Language_ideology" title="Language ideology">Language ideology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Language_planning" title="Language planning">Language planning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multilingualism" title="Multilingualism">Multilingualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prestige_(sociolinguistics)" title="Prestige (sociolinguistics)">Prestige</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Variation_(linguistics)" title="Variation (linguistics)">Variation</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading socling-sidebar-header"> Areas of study</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Accent_(sociolinguistics)" title="Accent (sociolinguistics)">Accent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bilingual_pun" title="Bilingual pun">Bilingual pun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dialect" title="Dialect">Dialect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diglossia" title="Diglossia">Diglossia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homophonic_translation" title="Homophonic translation">Homophonic translation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macaronic_language" title="Macaronic language">Macaronic language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phono-semantic_matching" title="Phono-semantic matching">Phono-semantic matching</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Register</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discourse_analysis" title="Discourse analysis">Discourse analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Variety_(linguistics)" title="Variety (linguistics)">Language varieties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linguistic_description" title="Linguistic description">Linguistic description</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loanword" title="Loanword">Loanword</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pragmatics" title="Pragmatics">Pragmatics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pidgin" title="Pidgin">Pidgin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soramimi" title="Soramimi">Soramimi</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading socling-sidebar-header"> People</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Sociolinguists" title="Category:Sociolinguists">Sociolinguists</a></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading socling-sidebar-header"> Related fields</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Applied_linguistics" title="Applied linguistics">Applied linguistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_linguistics" title="Historical linguistics">Historical linguistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linguistic_anthropology" title="Linguistic anthropology">Linguistic anthropology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociocultural_linguistics" title="Sociocultural linguistics">Sociocultural linguistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_language" title="Sociology of language">Sociology of language</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below socling-sidebar-below"> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Sociolinguistics" title="Category:Sociolinguistics">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Linguistics" title="Portal:Linguistics">Linguistics portal</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Sociolinguistics" title="Template:Sociolinguistics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Sociolinguistics" title="Template talk:Sociolinguistics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Sociolinguistics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Sociolinguistics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Sociolinguistics" title="Sociolinguistics">sociolinguistics</a>, a <b>register</b> is a <a href="/wiki/Variety_(linguistics)" title="Variety (linguistics)">variety</a> of <a href="/wiki/Language" title="Language">language</a> used for a particular purpose or particular communicative situation. For example, when speaking officially or in a public setting, an <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a> speaker may be more likely to follow <a href="/wiki/Linguistic_prescription" title="Linguistic prescription">prescriptive norms</a> for formal <a href="/wiki/Usage" class="mw-redirect" title="Usage">usage</a> than in a casual setting, for example, by pronouncing words ending in <i>-ing</i> with a <a href="/wiki/Velar_nasal" class="mw-redirect" title="Velar nasal">velar nasal</a> instead of an <a href="/wiki/Alveolar_nasal" class="mw-redirect" title="Alveolar nasal">alveolar nasal</a> (e.g., <i>walking</i> rather than <i>walkin<span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'</span></i>), choosing words that are considered more formal, such as <i>father</i> vs. <i>dad</i> or <i>child</i> vs. <i>kid</i>, and refraining from using words considered <a href="/wiki/Nonstandard_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Nonstandard dialect">nonstandard</a>, such as <i><a href="/wiki/Ain%27t" title="Ain't">ain't</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Y%27all" title="Y'all">y'all</a></i>. </p><p>As with other types of <a href="/wiki/Language_variation" class="mw-redirect" title="Language variation">language variation</a>, there tends to be a spectrum of registers rather than a discrete set of obviously distinct varieties—numerous registers can be identified, with no clear boundaries between them. Discourse categorization is a complex problem, and even according to the general definition of language variation defined by use rather than user, there are cases where other kinds of language variation, such as regional or age <a href="/wiki/Dialect" title="Dialect">dialect</a>, overlap. Due to this complexity, scholarly consensus has not been reached for the definitions of terms such as <i>register</i>, <i>field</i>, or <i>tenor</i>; different scholars' definitions of these terms often contradict each other. </p><p>Additional terms such as diatype, <a href="/wiki/Genre" title="Genre">genre</a>, <a href="/wiki/Text_types" title="Text types">text types</a>, <a href="/wiki/Style_(sociolinguistics)" title="Style (sociolinguistics)">style</a>, <a href="/wiki/Acrolect" class="mw-redirect" title="Acrolect">acrolect</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mesolect" class="mw-redirect" title="Mesolect">mesolect</a>, <a href="/wiki/Basilect" class="mw-redirect" title="Basilect">basilect</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sociolect" title="Sociolect">sociolect</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ethnolect" title="Ethnolect">ethnolect</a>, among many others, may be used to cover the same or similar ground. Some prefer to restrict the domain of the term <i>register</i> to a specific vocabulary<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWardhaugh1986_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWardhaugh1986-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which one might commonly call <a href="/wiki/Slang" title="Slang">slang</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jargon" title="Jargon">jargon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Argot" class="mw-redirect" title="Argot">argot</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Cant_(language)" title="Cant (language)">cant</a>, while others argue against the use of the term altogether. Crystal and Davy, for instance, have critiqued the way the term has been used "in an almost indiscriminate manner".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrystalDavy1969_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECrystalDavy1969-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These various approaches to the concept of register fall within the scope of disciplines such as sociolinguistics (as noted above), <a href="/wiki/Stylistics" title="Stylistics">stylistics</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWardhaugh1986_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWardhaugh1986-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Pragmatics" title="Pragmatics">pragmatics</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJoos1961_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoos1961-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Systemic_functional_grammar" title="Systemic functional grammar">systemic functional grammar</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHallidayHasan1976_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHallidayHasan1976-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History_and_use">History and use</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Register_(sociolinguistics)&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History and use"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The term <i>register</i> was first used by the linguist <a href="/wiki/T._B._W._Reid" title="T. B. W. Reid">T. B. W. Reid</a> in 1956,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAgha2008_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAgha2008-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and brought into general currency in the 1960s by a group of linguists who wanted to distinguish among variations in language according to the <i>user</i> (defined by variables such as social background, geography, sex and age), and variations according to <i>use</i>, "in the sense that each speaker has a range of varieties and choices between them at different times."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHallidayMcIntoshStrevens1964_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHallidayMcIntoshStrevens1964-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The focus is on the way language is used in particular situations, such as <a href="/wiki/Legalese" class="mw-redirect" title="Legalese">legalese</a> or <a href="/wiki/Motherese" class="mw-redirect" title="Motherese">motherese</a>, the language of a biology research lab, of a news report, or of the bedroom. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Michael_Halliday" title="Michael Halliday">M. A. K. Halliday</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ruqaiya_Hasan" title="Ruqaiya Hasan">R. Hasan</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHallidayHasan1976_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHallidayHasan1976-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> interpret <i>register</i> as "the linguistic features which are typically associated with a configuration of situational features—with particular values of the field, mode and tenor." Field for them is "the total event, in which the text is functioning, together with the purposive activity of the speaker or writer; includes subject-matter as one of the elements." Mode is "the function of the text in the event, including both the channel taken by language – spoken or written, extempore or prepared – and its genre, rhetorical mode, as narrative, didactic, persuasive, '<a href="/wiki/Phatic_expression" title="Phatic expression">phatic communion</a>', etc." The tenor refers to "the type of role interaction, the set of relevant social relations, permanent and temporary, among the participants involved". These three values – field, mode and tenor – are thus the determining factors for the linguistic features of the text. "The register is the set of meanings, the configuration of semantic patterns, that are typically drawn upon under the specified conditions, along with the words and structures that are used in the realization of these meanings." Register, in the view of M. A. K. Halliday and R. Hasan, is one of the two defining concepts of text. "A text is a passage of discourse which is coherent in these two regards: it is coherent with respect to the context of situation, and therefore consistent in register; and it is coherent with respect to itself, and therefore cohesive." </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Register_as_formality_scale">Register as formality scale</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Register_(sociolinguistics)&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Register as formality scale"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>One of the most analyzed areas where the use of language is determined by the situation is the formality scale. The term <i>register</i> is often, in <a href="/wiki/Language_teaching" class="mw-redirect" title="Language teaching">language teaching</a> especially, shorthand for formal/informal style, although this is an aging definition. Linguistics textbooks may use the term <i>tenor</i> instead,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHalliday1978_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHalliday1978-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but increasingly prefer the term <i>style—</i>"we characterise styles as varieties of language viewed from the point of view of formality"<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrudgill1992_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETrudgill1992-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>—while defining <i>registers</i> more narrowly as specialist language use related to a particular activity, such as academic jargon. There is very little agreement as to how the spectrum of formality should be divided. </p><p>In one prominent model, <a href="/wiki/Martin_Joos" title="Martin Joos">Martin Joos</a> describes five styles in spoken English:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJoos1961_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoos1961-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><b>Frozen:</b> Also referred to as <b>static</b> register. Printed unchanging language, such as <a href="/wiki/Biblical" class="mw-redirect" title="Biblical">biblical</a> quotations; often contains <a href="/wiki/Archaism" title="Archaism">archaisms</a>. Examples are the <a href="/wiki/Pledge_of_Allegiance_(United_States)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pledge of Allegiance (United States)">Pledge of Allegiance</a> of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_of_America" class="mw-redirect" title="United States of America">United States of America</a> and other "static" vocalizations. The wording is exactly the same every time it is spoken.</li> <li><b>Formal:</b> One-way participation; no interruption; technical vocabulary or exact definitions are important; includes presentations or introductions between strangers.</li> <li><b>Consultative:</b> Two-way participation; background information is provided – prior knowledge is not assumed. "Back-channel behavior" such as "uh huh", "I see", etc. is common. Interruptions are allowed. For example teacher/student, doctor/patient, or expert/apprentice.</li> <li><b>Casual:</b> In-group friends and acquaintances; no background information provided; <a href="/wiki/Elliptical_construction" class="mw-redirect" title="Elliptical construction">ellipsis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Slang" title="Slang">slang</a> common; interruptions common. This is common among friends in a social setting.</li> <li><b>Intimate:</b> Non-public; intonation more important than wording or grammar; private vocabulary. Also includes non-verbal messages. This is most common among family members and close friends.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="ISO_standard">ISO standard</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Register_(sociolinguistics)&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: ISO standard"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/International_Organization_for_Standardization" title="International Organization for Standardization">International Organization for Standardization</a> (ISO) has defined the international standard <a href="/wiki/ISO_12620" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO 12620">ISO 12620</a>, <i>Management of terminology resources – Data category specifications</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEISO2019_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEISO2019-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is a registry for registering linguistic terms used in various fields of translation, computational linguistics and natural language processing and defining mappings both between different terms and the same terms used in different systems. The registers identified are: </p> <ul><li>bench-level register</li> <li>dialect register</li> <li>facetious register</li> <li>formal register</li> <li>in-house register</li> <li>ironic register</li> <li>neutral register</li> <li>slang register</li> <li>taboo register</li> <li>technical register</li> <li>vulgar register</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Diatype">Diatype</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Register_(sociolinguistics)&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Diatype"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The term <i>diatype</i> is sometimes used to describe language variation which is determined by its social purpose.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGregory1967_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGregory1967-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In this formulation, language variation can be divided into two categories: <a href="/wiki/Dialect" title="Dialect">dialect</a>, for variation according to <i>user</i>, and diatype for variation according to <i>use</i> (e.g. the specialised language of an academic journal). This definition of diatype is very similar to those of <i>register.</i> The distinction between dialect and diatype is not always clear; in some cases a language variety may be understood as both a dialect and a diatype. Diatype is usually analysed in terms of <i>field</i>, the subject matter or setting; <i>tenor</i>, the participants and their relationships; and <i>mode</i>, the channel of communication, such as spoken, written or signed. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Register_(sociolinguistics)&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Child-directed_speech" class="mw-redirect" title="Child-directed speech">Child-directed speech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code-switching" title="Code-switching">Code-switching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colloquialism" title="Colloquialism">Colloquialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diglossia" title="Diglossia">Diglossia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elderspeak" title="Elderspeak">Elderspeak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etiquette" title="Etiquette">Etiquette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honorifics_(linguistics)" title="Honorifics (linguistics)">Honorifics (linguistics)</a> - politeness markers</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honorific_speech_in_Japanese" title="Honorific speech in Japanese">Honorific speech in Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_speech_levels" title="Korean speech levels">Korean speech levels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Literary_language" title="Literary language">Literary language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prestige_(sociolinguistics)" title="Prestige (sociolinguistics)">Prestige (sociolinguistics)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tone_(literature)" title="Tone (literature)">Tone (literature)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vernacular" title="Vernacular">Vernacular</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Register_(sociolinguistics)&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWardhaugh1986-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWardhaugh1986_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWardhaugh1986_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWardhaugh1986">Wardhaugh 1986</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECrystalDavy1969-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrystalDavy1969_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCrystalDavy1969">Crystal & Davy 1969</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoos1961-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJoos1961_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJoos1961_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJoos1961">Joos 1961</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHallidayHasan1976-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHallidayHasan1976_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHallidayHasan1976_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHallidayHasan1976">Halliday & Hasan 1976</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAgha2008-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAgha2008_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAgha2008">Agha 2008</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHallidayMcIntoshStrevens1964-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHallidayMcIntoshStrevens1964_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHallidayMcIntoshStrevens1964">Halliday, McIntosh & Strevens 1964</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHalliday1978-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHalliday1978_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHalliday1978">Halliday 1978</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETrudgill1992-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrudgill1992_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTrudgill1992">Trudgill 1992</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEISO2019-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEISO2019_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFISO2019">ISO 2019</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGregory1967-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGregory1967_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGregory1967">Gregory 1967</a>.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Register_(sociolinguistics)&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFCrystalDavy1969" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_Crystal" title="David Crystal">Crystal, D</a>; Davy, D. (1969). <i>Investigating English Style</i>. London: <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Investigating+English+Style&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1969&rft.aulast=Crystal&rft.aufirst=D&rft.au=Davy%2C+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARegister+%28sociolinguistics%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAgha2008" class="citation book cs1">Agha, Asif (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qMXdopSc7BIC&pg=PA36">"Registers of language"</a>. In Alessandro Duranti (ed.). <i>A Companion to Linguistic Anthropology</i>. John Wiley & Sons. pp. 23–45. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-470-99726-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-470-99726-0"><bdi>978-0-470-99726-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Registers+of+language&rft.btitle=A+Companion+to+Linguistic+Anthropology&rft.pages=23-45&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-470-99726-0&rft.aulast=Agha&rft.aufirst=Asif&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqMXdopSc7BIC%26pg%3DPA36&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARegister+%28sociolinguistics%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGregory1967" class="citation journal cs1">Gregory, M. (1967). 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A. K.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Ruqaiya_Hasan" title="Ruqaiya Hasan">Hasan, R.</a> (1976). <i>Cohesion in English</i>. London: <a href="/wiki/Longman" title="Longman">Longman</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cohesion+in+English&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Longman&rft.date=1976&rft.aulast=Halliday&rft.aufirst=M.+A.+K.&rft.au=Hasan%2C+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARegister+%28sociolinguistics%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHallidayMcIntoshStrevens1964" class="citation book cs1">Halliday, M. A. K.; McIntosh, M.; Strevens, P. (1964). "Comparison and translation". <i>The Linguistic Sciences and Language Teaching</i>. London: Longman.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Comparison+and+translation&rft.btitle=The+Linguistic+Sciences+and+Language+Teaching&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Longman&rft.date=1964&rft.aulast=Halliday&rft.aufirst=M.+A.+K.&rft.au=McIntosh%2C+M.&rft.au=Strevens%2C+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARegister+%28sociolinguistics%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHalliday1978" class="citation book cs1">Halliday, M. A. K. (1978). <i>Language as Social Semiotic: The Social Interpretation of Language and Meaning</i>. 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New York: <a href="/wiki/Harcourt,_Brace_and_World" class="mw-redirect" title="Harcourt, Brace and World">Harcourt, Brace and World</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Five+Clocks&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Harcourt%2C+Brace+and+World&rft.date=1961&rft.aulast=Joos&rft.aufirst=M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARegister+%28sociolinguistics%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFQuirkGreenbaumLeechSvartvik1985" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Sidney_Greenbaum" title="Sidney Greenbaum">Quirk, R.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Leech" title="Geoffrey Leech">Greenbaum, S.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Edward_Arnold_(publisher)" title="Edward Arnold (publisher)">Leech, G.</a>; Svartvik, J. (1985). <i>A Comprehensive Grammar of the English Language</i>. Longman, Harcourt.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Comprehensive+Grammar+of+the+English+Language&rft.pub=Longman%2C+Harcourt&rft.date=1985&rft.aulast=Quirk&rft.aufirst=R.&rft.au=Greenbaum%2C+S.&rft.au=Leech%2C+G.&rft.au=Svartvik%2C+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARegister+%28sociolinguistics%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReid1956" class="citation journal cs1">Reid, T. B. W. (1956). 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Cambridge University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Genre+Analysis%3A+English+in+Academic+and+Research+Settings&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1990&rft.aulast=Swales&rft.aufirst=J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARegister+%28sociolinguistics%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTrosborg1997" class="citation book cs1">Trosborg, A. (1997). "Text Typology: Register, Genre and Text Type". In Trosborg, Anna (ed.). <i>Text Typology and Translation</i>. John Benjamins Publishing Company. pp. 3–23.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Text+Typology%3A+Register%2C+Genre+and+Text+Type&rft.btitle=Text+Typology+and+Translation&rft.pages=3-23&rft.pub=John+Benjamins+Publishing+Company&rft.date=1997&rft.aulast=Trosborg&rft.aufirst=A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARegister+%28sociolinguistics%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTrudgill1992" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Peter_Trudgill" title="Peter Trudgill">Trudgill, P.</a> (1992). <i>Introducing Language and Society</i>. 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Heidelberg: Quelle & Meyer.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Text+Grammar+of+English&rft.place=Heidelberg&rft.pub=Quelle+%26+Meyer&rft.date=1982&rft.aulast=Werlich&rft.aufirst=E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARegister+%28sociolinguistics%29" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Register_(sociolinguistics)&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://web.cn.edu/kwheeler/formality.html">L. 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