CINXE.COM

Best of Longreads - Longreads

<!doctype html> <html lang="en-US"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8" /> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1" /> <link rel="profile" href="https://gmpg.org/xfn/11" /> <meta name='robots' content='index, follow, max-image-preview:large, max-snippet:-1, max-video-preview:-1' /> <style>img:is([sizes="auto" i],[sizes^="auto," i]){contain-intrinsic-size: 3000px 1500px}</style> <link rel='preconnect' href='https://i0.wp.com' > <script>window._wca = window._wca || [];</script> <!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v24.5 - https://yoast.com/wordpress/plugins/seo/ --> <title>Best of Longreads - Longreads</title><link rel="preload" href="https://i0.wp.com/longreads.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/longreads-logo.png?fit=1024%2C304&amp;ssl=1" as="image" imagesrcset="https://i0.wp.com/longreads.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/longreads-logo.png?w=1176&amp;ssl=1 1176w, https://i0.wp.com/longreads.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/longreads-logo.png?resize=300%2C89&amp;ssl=1 300w, https://i0.wp.com/longreads.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/longreads-logo.png?resize=1024%2C304&amp;ssl=1 1024w, https://i0.wp.com/longreads.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/longreads-logo.png?resize=768%2C228&amp;ssl=1 768w, https://i0.wp.com/longreads.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/longreads-logo.png?resize=400%2C119&amp;ssl=1 400w, https://i0.wp.com/longreads.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/longreads-logo.png?resize=706%2C210&amp;ssl=1 706w, https://i0.wp.com/longreads.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/longreads-logo.png?fit=1024%2C304&amp;ssl=1&amp;w=370 370w" imagesizes="(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px" fetchpriority="high" /><link rel="preload" href="https://i0.wp.com/longreads.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/08/longreads-logo-1.png?fit=600%2C180&amp;ssl=1" as="image" imagesrcset="https://i0.wp.com/longreads.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/08/longreads-logo-1.png?w=600&amp;ssl=1 600w, https://i0.wp.com/longreads.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/08/longreads-logo-1.png?resize=300%2C90&amp;ssl=1 300w, https://i0.wp.com/longreads.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/08/longreads-logo-1.png?resize=400%2C120&amp;ssl=1 400w, https://i0.wp.com/longreads.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/08/longreads-logo-1.png?fit=600%2C180&amp;ssl=1&amp;w=370 370w" imagesizes="(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px" fetchpriority="high" /><style id="perfmatters-used-css">#page{overflow:initial !important;}.cmplz-blocked-content-container .cmplz-blocked-content-notice .cmplz-blocked-content-notice-body,.cmplz-wp-video .cmplz-blocked-content-notice .cmplz-blocked-content-notice-body{display:block;}@keyframes cmplz-fadein{from{opacity:0;}to{opacity:1;}}</style> <link rel="canonical" href="https://longreads.com/best-of/" /> <meta property="og:locale" content="en_US" /> <meta property="og:type" content="article" /> <meta property="og:title" content="Best of Longreads - Longreads" /> <meta property="og:description" content="Collection our very favorite reads of each year since 2011." /> <meta property="og:url" content="http://longreads.com/best-of/" /> <meta property="og:site_name" content="Longreads" /> <meta property="article:modified_time" content="2024-12-02T21:49:50+00:00" /> <meta property="og:image" content="https://longreads.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Best-of-Longreads_-Homepage-Banner-General.jpg" /> <meta property="og:image:width" content="2400" /> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1400" /> <meta property="og:image:type" content="image/jpeg" /> <meta name="twitter:card" content="summary_large_image" /> <meta name="twitter:label1" content="Est. reading time" /> <meta name="twitter:data1" content="1 minute" /> <meta name="twitter:label2" content="Written by" /> <meta name="twitter:data2" content="adminnewspack" /> <script type="application/ld+json" class="yoast-schema-graph">{"@context":"https://schema.org","@graph":[{"@type":"WebPage","@id":"https://longreads.com/best-of/","url":"https://longreads.com/best-of/","name":"Best of Longreads - Longreads","isPartOf":{"@id":"https://longreads.com/#website"},"primaryImageOfPage":{"@id":"https://longreads.com/best-of/#primaryimage"},"image":{"@id":"https://longreads.com/best-of/#primaryimage"},"thumbnailUrl":"https://i0.wp.com/longreads.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Best-of-Longreads_-Homepage-Banner-General.jpg?fit=2400%2C1400&ssl=1","datePublished":"2022-08-11T01:21:39+00:00","dateModified":"2024-12-02T21:49:50+00:00","breadcrumb":{"@id":"https://longreads.com/best-of/#breadcrumb"},"inLanguage":"en-US","potentialAction":[{"@type":"ReadAction","target":["https://longreads.com/best-of/"]}]},{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"en-US","@id":"https://longreads.com/best-of/#primaryimage","url":"https://i0.wp.com/longreads.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Best-of-Longreads_-Homepage-Banner-General.jpg?fit=2400%2C1400&ssl=1","contentUrl":"https://i0.wp.com/longreads.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Best-of-Longreads_-Homepage-Banner-General.jpg?fit=2400%2C1400&ssl=1","width":2400,"height":1400},{"@type":"BreadcrumbList","@id":"https://longreads.com/best-of/#breadcrumb","itemListElement":[{"@type":"ListItem","position":1,"name":"Home","item":"https://longreads.com/"},{"@type":"ListItem","position":2,"name":"Best of Longreads"}]},{"@type":"WebSite","@id":"https://longreads.com/#website","url":"https://longreads.com/","name":"Longreads","description":"Longreads : The best longform stories on the web","publisher":{"@id":"https://longreads.com/#organization"},"potentialAction":[{"@type":"SearchAction","target":{"@type":"EntryPoint","urlTemplate":"https://longreads.com/?s={search_term_string}"},"query-input":{"@type":"PropertyValueSpecification","valueRequired":true,"valueName":"search_term_string"}}],"inLanguage":"en-US"},{"@type":"Organization","@id":"https://longreads.com/#organization","name":"Longreads","url":"https://longreads.com/","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"en-US","@id":"https://longreads.com/#/schema/logo/image/","url":"https://i0.wp.com/longreads.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/08/longreads-logo-1.png?fit=600%2C180&ssl=1","contentUrl":"https://i0.wp.com/longreads.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/08/longreads-logo-1.png?fit=600%2C180&ssl=1","width":600,"height":180,"caption":"Longreads"},"image":{"@id":"https://longreads.com/#/schema/logo/image/"}}]}</script> <!-- / Yoast SEO plugin. --> <link rel='dns-prefetch' href='//cdn.parsely.com' /> <link rel='dns-prefetch' href='//stats.wp.com' /> <link rel='dns-prefetch' href='//www.googletagmanager.com' /> <link rel='dns-prefetch' href='//pagead2.googlesyndication.com' /> <link rel='preconnect' href='//i0.wp.com' /> <link rel="alternate" type="application/rss+xml" title="Longreads &raquo; Feed" href="https://longreads.com/feed/" /> <link rel="alternate" type="application/rss+xml" title="Longreads &raquo; Comments Feed" href="https://longreads.com/comments/feed/" /> <link rel="stylesheet" id="wc-blocks-integration-css" media="all" data-pmdelayedstyle="https://longreads.com/wp-content/plugins/woocommerce-subscriptions/vendor/woocommerce/subscriptions-core/build/index.css?ver=8.0.1"> <link rel='stylesheet' id='wp-block-library-css' href='https://longreads.com/wp-includes/css/dist/block-library/style.min.css?ver=6.7.2' media='all' /> <style id='wp-block-library-theme-inline-css'>.wp-block-audio :where(figcaption){color:#555;font-size:13px;text-align:center}.is-dark-theme .wp-block-audio :where(figcaption){color:#ffffffa6}.wp-block-audio{margin:0 0 1em}.wp-block-code{border:1px solid #ccc;border-radius:4px;font-family:Menlo,Consolas,monaco,monospace;padding:.8em 1em}.wp-block-embed :where(figcaption){color:#555;font-size:13px;text-align:center}.is-dark-theme .wp-block-embed :where(figcaption){color:#ffffffa6}.wp-block-embed{margin:0 0 1em}.blocks-gallery-caption{color:#555;font-size:13px;text-align:center}.is-dark-theme .blocks-gallery-caption{color:#ffffffa6}:root :where(.wp-block-image figcaption){color:#555;font-size:13px;text-align:center}.is-dark-theme :root :where(.wp-block-image figcaption){color:#ffffffa6}.wp-block-image{margin:0 0 1em}.wp-block-pullquote{border-bottom:4px solid;border-top:4px solid;color:currentColor;margin-bottom:1.75em}.wp-block-pullquote cite,.wp-block-pullquote footer,.wp-block-pullquote__citation{color:currentColor;font-size:.8125em;font-style:normal;text-transform:uppercase}.wp-block-quote{border-left:.25em solid;margin:0 0 1.75em;padding-left:1em}.wp-block-quote cite,.wp-block-quote footer{color:currentColor;font-size:.8125em;font-style:normal;position:relative}.wp-block-quote:where(.has-text-align-right){border-left:none;border-right:.25em solid;padding-left:0;padding-right:1em}.wp-block-quote:where(.has-text-align-center){border:none;padding-left:0}.wp-block-quote.is-large,.wp-block-quote.is-style-large,.wp-block-quote:where(.is-style-plain){border:none}.wp-block-search .wp-block-search__label{font-weight:700}.wp-block-search__button{border:1px solid #ccc;padding:.375em .625em}:where(.wp-block-group.has-background){padding:1.25em 2.375em}.wp-block-separator.has-css-opacity{opacity:.4}.wp-block-separator{border:none;border-bottom:2px solid;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}.wp-block-separator.has-alpha-channel-opacity{opacity:1}.wp-block-separator:not(.is-style-wide):not(.is-style-dots){width:100px}.wp-block-separator.has-background:not(.is-style-dots){border-bottom:none;height:1px}.wp-block-separator.has-background:not(.is-style-wide):not(.is-style-dots){height:2px}.wp-block-table{margin:0 0 1em}.wp-block-table td,.wp-block-table th{word-break:normal}.wp-block-table :where(figcaption){color:#555;font-size:13px;text-align:center}.is-dark-theme .wp-block-table :where(figcaption){color:#ffffffa6}.wp-block-video :where(figcaption){color:#555;font-size:13px;text-align:center}.is-dark-theme .wp-block-video :where(figcaption){color:#ffffffa6}.wp-block-video{margin:0 0 1em}:root :where(.wp-block-template-part.has-background){margin-bottom:0;margin-top:0;padding:1.25em 2.375em}</style> <style id='co-authors-plus-coauthors-style-inline-css'>.wp-block-co-authors-plus-coauthors.is-layout-flow [class*=wp-block-co-authors-plus]{display:inline}</style> <style id='co-authors-plus-avatar-style-inline-css'>.wp-block-co-authors-plus-avatar :where(img){height:auto;max-width:100%;vertical-align:bottom}.wp-block-co-authors-plus-coauthors.is-layout-flow .wp-block-co-authors-plus-avatar :where(img){vertical-align:middle}.wp-block-co-authors-plus-avatar:is(.alignleft,.alignright){display:table}.wp-block-co-authors-plus-avatar.aligncenter{display:table;margin-inline:auto}</style> <style id='co-authors-plus-image-style-inline-css'>.wp-block-co-authors-plus-image{margin-bottom:0}.wp-block-co-authors-plus-image :where(img){height:auto;max-width:100%;vertical-align:bottom}.wp-block-co-authors-plus-coauthors.is-layout-flow .wp-block-co-authors-plus-image :where(img){vertical-align:middle}.wp-block-co-authors-plus-image:is(.alignfull,.alignwide) :where(img){width:100%}.wp-block-co-authors-plus-image:is(.alignleft,.alignright){display:table}.wp-block-co-authors-plus-image.aligncenter{display:table;margin-inline:auto}</style> <style id='wp-parsely-recommendations-style-inline-css'>.parsely-recommendations-list-title{font-size:1.2em}.parsely-recommendations-list{list-style:none;padding:unset}.parsely-recommendations-cardbody{overflow:hidden;padding:.8em;text-overflow:ellipsis;white-space:nowrap}.parsely-recommendations-cardmedia{padding:.8em .8em 0}</style> <link rel="stylesheet" id="wc-memberships-blocks-css" media="all" data-pmdelayedstyle="https://longreads.com/wp-content/plugins/woocommerce-memberships/assets/css/blocks/wc-memberships-blocks.min.css?ver=1.26.6"> <link rel='stylesheet' id='mediaelement-css' href='https://longreads.com/wp-includes/js/mediaelement/mediaelementplayer-legacy.min.css?ver=4.2.17' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='wp-mediaelement-css' href='https://longreads.com/wp-includes/js/mediaelement/wp-mediaelement.min.css?ver=6.7.2' media='all' /> <style id='jetpack-sharing-buttons-style-inline-css'>.jetpack-sharing-buttons__services-list{display:flex;flex-direction:row;flex-wrap:wrap;gap:0;list-style-type:none;margin:5px;padding:0}.jetpack-sharing-buttons__services-list.has-small-icon-size{font-size:12px}.jetpack-sharing-buttons__services-list.has-normal-icon-size{font-size:16px}.jetpack-sharing-buttons__services-list.has-large-icon-size{font-size:24px}.jetpack-sharing-buttons__services-list.has-huge-icon-size{font-size:36px}@media print{.jetpack-sharing-buttons__services-list{display:none!important}}.editor-styles-wrapper .wp-block-jetpack-sharing-buttons{gap:0;padding-inline-start:0}ul.jetpack-sharing-buttons__services-list.has-background{padding:1.25em 2.375em}</style> <style id='classic-theme-styles-inline-css'>.wp-block-button__link{color:#fff;background-color:#32373c;border-radius:9999px;box-shadow:none;text-decoration:none;padding:calc(.667em + 2px) calc(1.333em + 2px);font-size:1.125em}.wp-block-file__button{background:#32373c;color:#fff;text-decoration:none}</style> <style id='global-styles-inline-css'>:root{--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--square: 1;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--4-3: 4/3;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--3-4: 3/4;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--3-2: 3/2;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--2-3: 2/3;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--16-9: 16/9;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--9-16: 9/16;--wp--preset--color--black: #000000;--wp--preset--color--cyan-bluish-gray: #abb8c3;--wp--preset--color--white: #FFFFFF;--wp--preset--color--pale-pink: #f78da7;--wp--preset--color--vivid-red: #cf2e2e;--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-orange: #ff6900;--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-amber: #fcb900;--wp--preset--color--light-green-cyan: #7bdcb5;--wp--preset--color--vivid-green-cyan: #00d084;--wp--preset--color--pale-cyan-blue: #8ed1fc;--wp--preset--color--vivid-cyan-blue: #0693e3;--wp--preset--color--vivid-purple: #9b51e0;--wp--preset--color--primary: #cc0000;--wp--preset--color--primary-variation: #a40000;--wp--preset--color--secondary: #666666;--wp--preset--color--secondary-variation: #3e3e3e;--wp--preset--color--dark-gray: #111111;--wp--preset--color--medium-gray: #767676;--wp--preset--color--light-gray: #EEEEEE;--wp--preset--gradient--vivid-cyan-blue-to-vivid-purple: linear-gradient(135deg,rgba(6,147,227,1) 0%,rgb(155,81,224) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--light-green-cyan-to-vivid-green-cyan: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(122,220,180) 0%,rgb(0,208,130) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-vivid-amber-to-luminous-vivid-orange: linear-gradient(135deg,rgba(252,185,0,1) 0%,rgba(255,105,0,1) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-vivid-orange-to-vivid-red: linear-gradient(135deg,rgba(255,105,0,1) 0%,rgb(207,46,46) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--very-light-gray-to-cyan-bluish-gray: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(238,238,238) 0%,rgb(169,184,195) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--cool-to-warm-spectrum: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(74,234,220) 0%,rgb(151,120,209) 20%,rgb(207,42,186) 40%,rgb(238,44,130) 60%,rgb(251,105,98) 80%,rgb(254,248,76) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--blush-light-purple: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(255,206,236) 0%,rgb(152,150,240) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--blush-bordeaux: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(254,205,165) 0%,rgb(254,45,45) 50%,rgb(107,0,62) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-dusk: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(255,203,112) 0%,rgb(199,81,192) 50%,rgb(65,88,208) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--pale-ocean: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(255,245,203) 0%,rgb(182,227,212) 50%,rgb(51,167,181) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--electric-grass: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(202,248,128) 0%,rgb(113,206,126) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--midnight: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(2,3,129) 0%,rgb(40,116,252) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--grad-1: linear-gradient( 135deg,rgb( 204,0,0) 0%,rgb( 164,0,0) 100% );--wp--preset--gradient--grad-2: linear-gradient( 135deg,rgb( 102,102,102) 0%,rgb( 62,62,62) 100% );--wp--preset--gradient--grad-3: linear-gradient( 135deg,rgb( 17,17,17 ) 0%,rgb( 85,85,85 ) 100% );--wp--preset--gradient--grad-4: linear-gradient( 135deg,rgb( 68,68,68 ) 0%,rgb( 136,136,136 ) 100% );--wp--preset--gradient--grad-5: linear-gradient( 135deg,rgb( 119,119,119 ) 0%,rgb( 221,221,221 ) 100% );--wp--preset--gradient--grad-6: linear-gradient( 135deg,rgb( 221,221,221 ) 0%,rgb( 255,255,255 ) 100% );--wp--preset--font-size--small: 16px;--wp--preset--font-size--medium: 20px;--wp--preset--font-size--large: 36px;--wp--preset--font-size--x-large: 42px;--wp--preset--font-size--normal: 20px;--wp--preset--font-size--huge: 44px;--wp--preset--font-family--inter: "Inter",sans-serif;--wp--preset--font-family--cardo: Cardo;--wp--preset--spacing--20: 0.44rem;--wp--preset--spacing--30: 0.67rem;--wp--preset--spacing--40: 1rem;--wp--preset--spacing--50: 1.5rem;--wp--preset--spacing--60: 2.25rem;--wp--preset--spacing--70: 3.38rem;--wp--preset--spacing--80: 5.06rem;--wp--preset--shadow--natural: 6px 6px 9px rgba(0,0,0,0.2);--wp--preset--shadow--deep: 12px 12px 50px rgba(0,0,0,0.4);--wp--preset--shadow--sharp: 6px 6px 0px rgba(0,0,0,0.2);--wp--preset--shadow--outlined: 6px 6px 0px -3px rgba(255,255,255,1),6px 6px rgba(0,0,0,1);--wp--preset--shadow--crisp: 6px 6px 0px rgba(0,0,0,1);}:where(.is-layout-flex){gap: 0.5em;}:where(.is-layout-grid){gap: 0.5em;}body .is-layout-flex{display: flex;}.is-layout-flex{flex-wrap: wrap;align-items: center;}.is-layout-flex > :is(*,div){margin: 0;}body .is-layout-grid{display: grid;}.is-layout-grid > :is(*,div){margin: 0;}:where(.wp-block-columns.is-layout-flex){gap: 2em;}:where(.wp-block-columns.is-layout-grid){gap: 2em;}:where(.wp-block-post-template.is-layout-flex){gap: 1.25em;}:where(.wp-block-post-template.is-layout-grid){gap: 1.25em;}.has-black-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--black) !important;}.has-cyan-bluish-gray-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--cyan-bluish-gray) !important;}.has-white-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--white) !important;}.has-pale-pink-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-pink) !important;}.has-vivid-red-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-red) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-orange-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-orange) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-amber-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-amber) !important;}.has-light-green-cyan-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--light-green-cyan) !important;}.has-vivid-green-cyan-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-green-cyan) !important;}.has-pale-cyan-blue-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-cyan-blue-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-purple-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-purple) !important;}.has-black-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--black) !important;}.has-cyan-bluish-gray-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--cyan-bluish-gray) !important;}.has-white-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--white) !important;}.has-pale-pink-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-pink) !important;}.has-vivid-red-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-red) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-orange-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-orange) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-amber-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-amber) !important;}.has-light-green-cyan-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--light-green-cyan) !important;}.has-vivid-green-cyan-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-green-cyan) !important;}.has-pale-cyan-blue-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-cyan-blue-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-purple-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-purple) !important;}.has-black-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--black) !important;}.has-cyan-bluish-gray-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--cyan-bluish-gray) !important;}.has-white-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--white) !important;}.has-pale-pink-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-pink) !important;}.has-vivid-red-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-red) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-orange-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-orange) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-amber-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-amber) !important;}.has-light-green-cyan-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--light-green-cyan) !important;}.has-vivid-green-cyan-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-green-cyan) !important;}.has-pale-cyan-blue-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-cyan-blue-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-purple-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-purple) !important;}.has-vivid-cyan-blue-to-vivid-purple-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--vivid-cyan-blue-to-vivid-purple) !important;}.has-light-green-cyan-to-vivid-green-cyan-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--light-green-cyan-to-vivid-green-cyan) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-amber-to-luminous-vivid-orange-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-vivid-amber-to-luminous-vivid-orange) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-orange-to-vivid-red-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-vivid-orange-to-vivid-red) !important;}.has-very-light-gray-to-cyan-bluish-gray-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--very-light-gray-to-cyan-bluish-gray) !important;}.has-cool-to-warm-spectrum-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--cool-to-warm-spectrum) !important;}.has-blush-light-purple-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--blush-light-purple) !important;}.has-blush-bordeaux-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--blush-bordeaux) !important;}.has-luminous-dusk-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-dusk) !important;}.has-pale-ocean-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--pale-ocean) !important;}.has-electric-grass-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--electric-grass) !important;}.has-midnight-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--midnight) !important;}.has-small-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--small) !important;}.has-medium-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--medium) !important;}.has-large-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--large) !important;}.has-x-large-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--x-large) !important;}:where(.wp-block-post-template.is-layout-flex){gap: 1.25em;}:where(.wp-block-post-template.is-layout-grid){gap: 1.25em;}:where(.wp-block-columns.is-layout-flex){gap: 2em;}:where(.wp-block-columns.is-layout-grid){gap: 2em;}:root :where(.wp-block-pullquote){font-size: 1.5em;line-height: 1.6;}</style> <link rel="stylesheet" id="newspack-ads-media-kit-frontend-css" media="all" data-pmdelayedstyle="https://longreads.com/wp-content/plugins/newspack-ads/dist/media-kit-frontend.css?ver=1737396214"> <link rel='stylesheet' id='newspack-blocks-block-styles-stylesheet-css' href='https://longreads.com/wp-content/plugins/newspack-blocks/dist/block_styles.css?ver=4.6.0' media='all' /> <link rel="stylesheet" id="newspack-listings-curated-list-css" media="all" data-pmdelayedstyle="https://longreads.com/wp-content/plugins/newspack-listings/dist/curated-list.css?ver=3.2.0"> <link rel='stylesheet' id='newspack-newsletters-subscriptions-css' href='https://longreads.com/wp-content/plugins/newspack-newsletters/includes/../dist/subscriptions.css?ver=1739815486' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='wp-components-css' href='https://longreads.com/wp-includes/css/dist/components/style.min.css?ver=6.7.2' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='newspack-commons-css' href='https://longreads.com/wp-content/plugins/newspack-plugin/dist/commons.css?ver=5.14.1' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='newspack-admin-css' href='https://longreads.com/wp-content/plugins/newspack-plugin/dist/admin.css?ver=5.14.1' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='newspack-reader-auth-css' href='https://longreads.com/wp-content/plugins/newspack-plugin/dist/reader-auth.css?ver=5.14.1' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='newspack-recaptcha-css' href='https://longreads.com/wp-content/plugins/newspack-plugin/dist/other-scripts/recaptcha.css?ver=5.14.1' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='newspack-reader-registration-block-css' href='https://longreads.com/wp-content/plugins/newspack-plugin/dist/reader-registration-block.css?ver=5.14.1' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='newspack-memberships-block-patterns-css' href='https://longreads.com/wp-content/plugins/newspack-plugin/dist/memberships-gate-block-patterns.css?ver=5.14.1' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='newspack-ui-css' href='https://longreads.com/wp-content/plugins/newspack-plugin/dist/newspack-ui.css?ver=5.14.1' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='newspack-popups-view-css' href='https://longreads.com/wp-content/plugins/newspack-popups/includes/../dist/view.css?ver=1734374647' media='all' /> <link rel="stylesheet" id="cmplz-general-css" media="all" data-pmdelayedstyle="https://longreads.com/wp-content/plugins/complianz-gdpr/assets/css/cookieblocker.min.css?ver=1739375162"> <link rel="stylesheet" id="brands-styles-css" media="all" data-pmdelayedstyle="https://longreads.com/wp-content/plugins/woocommerce/assets/css/brands.css?ver=9.6.2"> <link rel="stylesheet" id="wc-memberships-frontend-css" media="all" data-pmdelayedstyle="https://longreads.com/wp-content/plugins/woocommerce-memberships/assets/css/frontend/wc-memberships-frontend.min.css?ver=1.26.6"> <link rel='stylesheet' id='newspack-style-css' href='https://longreads.com/wp-content/themes/newspack-scott/style.css?ver=2.5.0' media='all' /> <style id='newspack-style-inline-css'>.cat-links:not(.sponsor-label){clip: rect(1px,1px,1px,1px);height: 1px;position: absolute;overflow: hidden;width: 1px;}</style> <link rel='stylesheet' id='newspack-print-style-css' href='https://longreads.com/wp-content/themes/newspack-theme/styles/print.css?ver=2.5.0' media='print' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='newspack-sponsors-style-css' href='https://longreads.com/wp-content/themes/newspack-theme/styles/newspack-sponsors.css?ver=2.5.0' media='all' /> <style id='akismet-widget-style-inline-css'>.a-stats{--akismet-color-mid-green: #357b49;--akismet-color-white: #fff;--akismet-color-light-grey: #f6f7f7;max-width: 350px;width: auto;}.a-stats *{all: unset;box-sizing: border-box;}.a-stats strong{font-weight: 600;}.a-stats a.a-stats__link,.a-stats a.a-stats__link:visited,.a-stats a.a-stats__link:active{background: var(--akismet-color-mid-green);border: none;box-shadow: none;border-radius: 8px;color: var(--akismet-color-white);cursor: pointer;display: block;font-family: -apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,'Segoe UI','Roboto','Oxygen-Sans','Ubuntu','Cantarell','Helvetica Neue',sans-serif;font-weight: 500;padding: 12px;text-align: center;text-decoration: none;transition: all 0.2s ease;}.widget .a-stats a.a-stats__link:focus{background: var(--akismet-color-mid-green);color: var(--akismet-color-white);text-decoration: none;}.a-stats a.a-stats__link:hover{filter: brightness(110%);box-shadow: 0 4px 12px rgba(0,0,0,0.06),0 0 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.16);}.a-stats .count{color: var(--akismet-color-white);display: block;font-size: 1.5em;line-height: 1.4;padding: 0 13px;white-space: nowrap;}</style> <link rel="stylesheet" id="woocommerce-nyp-css" media="all" data-pmdelayedstyle="https://longreads.com/wp-content/plugins/woocommerce-name-your-price/assets/css/frontend/name-your-price.min.css?ver=3.6.0"> <link rel='stylesheet' id='sharedaddy-css' href='https://longreads.com/wp-content/plugins/jetpack/modules/sharedaddy/sharing.css?ver=14.4-a.5' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='social-logos-css' href='https://longreads.com/wp-content/plugins/jetpack/_inc/social-logos/social-logos.min.css?ver=14.4-a.5' media='all' /> <script src="https://longreads.com/wp-includes/js/jquery/jquery.min.js?ver=3.7.1" id="jquery-core-js"></script> <script src="https://longreads.com/wp-includes/js/jquery/jquery-migrate.min.js?ver=3.4.1" id="jquery-migrate-js"></script> <script src="https://www.google.com/recaptcha/api.js?render=6LfZ6ZwkAAAAAOcnxz7FhPYQMfBqvJbiL9rgaDRT" id="newspack-recaptcha-api-js" type="pmdelayedscript" data-cfasync="false" data-no-optimize="1" data-no-defer="1" data-no-minify="1"></script> <script type="text/plain" data-service="jetpack-statistics" data-category="statistics" data-cmplz-src="https://stats.wp.com/s-202508.js" id="woocommerce-analytics-js" defer data-wp-strategy="defer"></script> <!-- Google tag (gtag.js) snippet added by Site Kit --> <!-- Google Analytics snippet added by Site Kit --> <script src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtag/js?id=GT-NGMKT9K" id="google_gtagjs-js" async type="pmdelayedscript" data-cfasync="false" data-no-optimize="1" data-no-defer="1" data-no-minify="1"></script> <script id="google_gtagjs-js-after" type="pmdelayedscript" data-cfasync="false" data-no-optimize="1" data-no-defer="1" data-no-minify="1"> window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || [];function gtag(){dataLayer.push(arguments);} gtag("set","linker",{"domains":["longreads.com"]}); gtag("js", new Date()); gtag("set", "developer_id.dZTNiMT", true); gtag("config", "GT-NGMKT9K"); </script> <!-- End Google tag (gtag.js) snippet added by Site Kit --> <link rel="https://api.w.org/" href="https://longreads.com/wp-json/" /><link rel="alternate" title="JSON" type="application/json" href="https://longreads.com/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/157571" /><link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" title="RSD" href="https://longreads.com/xmlrpc.php?rsd" /> <link rel='shortlink' href='https://longreads.com/?p=157571' /> <!-- Custom Logo: hide header text --> <style id="custom-logo-css">.site-title{position: absolute;clip: rect(1px,1px,1px,1px);}</style> <link rel="alternate" title="oEmbed (JSON)" type="application/json+oembed" href="https://longreads.com/wp-json/oembed/1.0/embed?url=https%3A%2F%2Flongreads.com%2Fbest-of%2F" /> <link rel="alternate" title="oEmbed (XML)" type="text/xml+oembed" href="https://longreads.com/wp-json/oembed/1.0/embed?url=https%3A%2F%2Flongreads.com%2Fbest-of%2F&#038;format=xml" /> <meta name="generator" content="Site Kit by Google 1.146.0" /> <script data-amp-plus-allowed> if ('serviceWorker' in navigator && navigator.serviceWorker.controller) { navigator.serviceWorker.controller.postMessage('newspack-reset-request-count'); navigator.serviceWorker.controller.postMessage('newspack-nonce-bf3f47b227'); navigator.serviceWorker.controller.postMessage('newspack-version-1'); } </script> <link rel="manifest" href="https://longreads.com/wp-json/wp/v2/web-app-manifest"> <meta name="theme-color" content="#fff"> <meta name="apple-mobile-web-app-capable" content="yes"> <meta name="mobile-web-app-capable" content="yes"> <link rel="apple-touch-startup-image" href="https://i0.wp.com/longreads.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/01/longreads-logo-sm-rgb.png?fit=192%2C192&#038;ssl=1"> <meta name="apple-mobile-web-app-title" content="Longreads"> <meta name="application-name" content="Longreads"> <meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge" /><script> var el_i13_login_captcha=null; var el_i13_register_captcha=null; </script> <style>img#wpstats{display:none}</style> <style>.cmplz-hidden{display: none !important;}</style><script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"WebPage","headline":"Best of Longreads","url":"http:\/\/longreads.com\/best-of\/","mainEntityOfPage":{"@type":"WebPage","@id":"http:\/\/longreads.com\/best-of\/"},"thumbnailUrl":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/longreads.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/04\/Best-of-Longreads_-Homepage-Banner-General.jpg?resize=150%2C150&ssl=1","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/longreads.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/04\/Best-of-Longreads_-Homepage-Banner-General.jpg?fit=2400%2C1400&ssl=1"},"articleSection":"Uncategorized","author":[{"@type":"Person","name":"adminnewspack"}],"creator":["adminnewspack"],"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Longreads","logo":"https:\/\/longreads.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/08\/longreads-logo-1.png"},"keywords":[],"dateCreated":"2022-08-11T01:21:39Z","datePublished":"2022-08-11T01:21:39Z","dateModified":"2024-12-02T21:49:50Z"}</script> <style type="text/css" id="custom-theme-colors-scott">.mobile-sidebar .article-section-title::before,.mobile-sidebar .accent-header::before{background-color: #1548e1;}</style> <style type="text/css" id="custom-theme-fonts-scott"></style> <style type="text/css" id="custom-theme-colors">:root{--newspack-theme-color-primary: #cc0000;--newspack-theme-color-primary-variation: #ae0000;--newspack-theme-color-secondary: #666666 !important;--newspack-theme-color-secondary-variation: #3e3e3e;--newspack-theme-color-primary-darken-5: #c70000;--newspack-theme-color-primary-darken-10: #c20000;--newspack-theme-color-primary-against-white: #cc0000;--newspack-theme-color-secondary-against-white: #666666;--newspack-theme-color-primary-variation-against-white: #ae0000;--newspack-theme-color-secondary-variation-against-white: #3e3e3e;--newspack-theme-color-against-primary: white;--newspack-theme-color-against-secondary: white;}input[type="checkbox"]::before{background-image: url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' viewBox='0 0 24 24' width='24' height='24'%3E%3Cpath d='M16.7 7.1l-6.3 8.5-3.3-2.5-.9 1.2 4.5 3.4L17.9 8z' fill='white'%3E%3C/path%3E%3C/svg%3E");}.button.mb-cta,.button.mb-cta:not(:hover):visited,.tribe_community_edit .button.mb-cta{background-color: #cc0000;color: white;}</style> <style type="text/css" id="newspack-theme-colors-variables">:root{--newspack-primary-color: #cc0000;--newspack-secondary-color: #666666;--newspack-cta-color: #cc0000;--newspack-header-color: #3366ff;--newspack-primary-menu-color:;--newspack-primary-contrast-color: white;--newspack-secondary-contrast-color: white;--newspack-cta-contrast-color: white;--newspack-header-contrast-color: white;--newspack-primary-menu-contrast-color: white;}</style> <style type="text/css" id="custom-theme-fonts">:root{--newspack-theme-font-heading: "Palatino","Georgia","serif";}:root{--newspack-theme-font-body: "Palatino","Georgia","serif";}</style> <style>.sponsor-label .flag,amp-script .sponsor-label .flag{background: #FED850;color: black;}</style> <noscript><style>.woocommerce-product-gallery{opacity: 1 !important;}</style></noscript> <!-- Google AdSense meta tags added by Site Kit --> <meta name="google-adsense-platform-account" content="ca-host-pub-2644536267352236"> <meta name="google-adsense-platform-domain" content="sitekit.withgoogle.com"> <!-- End Google AdSense meta tags added by Site Kit --> <script src="https://longreads.com/wp-content/plugins/perfmatters/vendor/fastclick/pmfastclick.min.js" defer></script><script>"addEventListener"in document&&document.addEventListener("DOMContentLoaded",function(){FastClick.attach(document.body)},!1);</script> <!-- Google AdSense snippet added by Site Kit --> <script async src="https://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/js/adsbygoogle.js?client=ca-pub-4662680845447426&amp;host=ca-host-pub-2644536267352236" crossorigin="anonymous" type="pmdelayedscript" data-cfasync="false" data-no-optimize="1" data-no-defer="1" data-no-minify="1"></script> <!-- End Google AdSense snippet added by Site Kit --> <script>function perfmatters_check_cart_fragments(){if(null!==document.getElementById("perfmatters-cart-fragments"))return!1;if(document.cookie.match("(^|;) ?woocommerce_cart_hash=([^;]*)(;|$)")){var e=document.createElement("script");e.id="perfmatters-cart-fragments",e.src="https://longreads.com/wp-content/plugins/woocommerce/assets/js/frontend/cart-fragments.min.js",e.async=!0,document.head.appendChild(e)}}perfmatters_check_cart_fragments(),document.addEventListener("click",function(){setTimeout(perfmatters_check_cart_fragments,1e3)});</script><style class='wp-fonts-local'>@font-face{font-family:Inter;font-style:normal;font-weight:300 900;font-display:fallback;src:url('https://longreads.com/wp-content/plugins/woocommerce/assets/fonts/Inter-VariableFont_slnt,wght.woff2') format('woff2');font-stretch:normal;}@font-face{font-family:Cardo;font-style:normal;font-weight:400;font-display:fallback;src:url('https://longreads.com/wp-content/plugins/woocommerce/assets/fonts/cardo_normal_400.woff2') format('woff2');}</style> <link rel="icon" href="https://longreads.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/01/longreads-logo-sm-rgb-150x150.png" sizes="32x32" /> <link rel="icon" href="https://i0.wp.com/longreads.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/01/longreads-logo-sm-rgb.png?fit=192%2C192&#038;ssl=1" sizes="192x192" /> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="https://i0.wp.com/longreads.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/01/longreads-logo-sm-rgb.png?fit=180%2C180&#038;ssl=1" /> <meta name="msapplication-TileImage" content="https://i0.wp.com/longreads.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/01/longreads-logo-sm-rgb.png?fit=270%2C270&#038;ssl=1" /> <script type="text/plain" data-service="google-analytics" data-category="statistics"> ( function() { // Load GA script if not yet found if ( 'undefined' === typeof gtag ) { var element = document.createElement( 'script' ); element.src = 'https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtag/js?id=G-21MMNM48E2'; element.async = true; document.head.appendChild( element ); window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; window.gtag = function() { window.dataLayer.push( arguments ) }; gtag( 'js', new Date() ); } gtag( 'config', 'G-21MMNM48E2' ); } )(); </script> <style id="wp-custom-css">.h-stk .site-header{box-shadow: none;}.custom-logo-link{line-height: 0;}.site-header .custom-logo-link .custom-logo,body.h-stk.h-cl:not(.h-sub) .site-header .custom-logo{min-height: 0;max-width: 160px;}@media (max-width: 599px){.site-header .custom-logo-link .custom-logo,body.h-stk.h-cl:not(.h-sub) .site-header .custom-logo{max-width: 140px;}}@media (max-width: 350px){.custom-logo-link{margin: 0;}.h-cta .site-header .custom-logo-link .custom-logo{max-width: 125px;}}.nav1 .main-menu > li > a,.nav3 a{color: #515151;font-style: italic;font-weight: 400;}.h-sh .middle-header-contain .wrapper{padding: 0.4rem 0;}.site-header .nav3 li:nth-child(n+2){margin-left: 1.25rem;}.nav3 .menu-highlight a,.button.mb-cta{background: #c00;border: 1px solid #900;border-radius: 4px;color: #fff;transition: background 150ms ease-in-out;}.nav3 .menu-highlight a:hover{opacity: 1;background: #bd0000;border-color: #8a0000;}.button.mb-cta{font-style: italic;font-weight: 400;padding: 8px 16px;}.header-search-contain #search-toggle svg,.search-form button svg{opacity: 0.4;height: 20px;transition: opacity 150ms ease-in-out;width: 20px;}.header-search-contain #search-toggle:hover svg{opacity: 0.8;}.search-form input{font-size: 0.8rem;font-style: italic;}.mobile-sidebar{background: #fff;}.mobile-sidebar,.mobile-sidebar button:hover,.mobile-sidebar a,.mobile-sidebar a:visited,.mobile-sidebar .nav1 .sub-menu > li > a,.mobile-sidebar .nav1 ul.main-menu > li > a{color: #515151;}.mobile-sidebar nav + nav,.mobile-sidebar nav + .widget,.mobile-sidebar .widget + .widget{border-color: #e3e3e3;}.site-header .mobile-menu-toggle{color: #111;opacity: 0.3;transition: opacity 150ms ease-in-out;}.site-header .mobile-menu-toggle:hover{opacity: 0.5;}.site-header .mb-cta + .mobile-menu-toggle svg{height: 24px;width: 24px;}@media only screen and (min-width: 782px){.h-stk.h-cl .site-header .middle-header-contain .wrapper > div{flex-grow: 2;width: calc( 40% - 100px );}.h-stk.h-cl .site-header .middle-header-contain .wrapper > div.site-branding{flex-grow: 1;width: 200px;}}@media (max-width: 1200px){.h-sh .desktop-only{display: none;}.h-cl.h-sh .site-header .middle-header-contain .wrapper .site-branding{justify-content: flex-start;}.h-cl.h-sh .site-header .custom-logo-link{width: auto;}.h-sh .site-header .mobile-menu-toggle,.h-sh.h-sub .site-header .mobile-menu-toggle,.h-sh .site-header .mb-cta{display: inherit;}}.entry-meta .byline .author,.page-description,.not-found .page-title,.error-404 .page-title,.pagination .nav-links,.wp-block-query-pagination,.comments-title,.cat-links,.comment-author .fn,.no-comments,.site-title,.post-navigation .post-title,h1,h2,h3,h4,h5,h6{font-weight: 400;}.entry-content a,figcaption a{color: #c00;text-decoration: none;}.entry-meta{font-style: italic;}h2{font-size: 1.4em}h3{font-size: 1.25em}h4{font-size: 1.1em}.entry-content h2 a,.entry-content h2.has-text-color:not(.has-white-color) a{color: #C00;}.entry-content a:hover,.entry-content h2 a:hover,.entry-content h2.has-text-color:not(.has-white-color) a:hover{color: #900;}.accent-header:not(.widget-title)::before,.article-section-title::before,.cat-links::before,.page-title::before,.site-breadcrumb .wrapper > span::before{display: none;}.wpnbha.image-aligntop .post-thumbnail{margin: 0 0 1rem;}div.wpnbha.has-more-button button{background-color: #c00;border: 1px solid #900;color: #fff;margin-left: auto;margin-right: auto;}.wpnbha .loading,.wpnbha .error{font-size: 0.8rem;font-style: italic;text-align: center;}.wp-block-button__link:not(.has-background),.button,button,input[type="button"],input[type="reset"],input[type="submit"],.wp-block-search__button-outside .wp-block-search__button{background-color: #c00;border-radius: 4px;border: 1px solid #900;color: #fff;font-weight: 400;font-style: italic;padding: 10px 20px;transition: all 150ms ease-in-out;}.wp-block-buttons .wp-block-button__link:hover,.wp-block-buttons .wp-block-button__link:focus,.wp-block-buttons .wp-block-button__link:active{color: #fff !important;background-color: #bd0000 !important;}.button:hover,.button:focus,.button:active,button:hover,button:focus,button:active,input[type="button"]:hover,input[type="button"]:focus,input[type="button"]:active,input[type="reset"]:hover,input[type="reset"]:focus,input[type="reset"]:active,input[type="submit"]:hover,input[type="submit"]:focus,input[type="submit"]:active,div.wpnbha.has-more-button button:hover,div.wpnbha.has-more-button button:focus,div.wpnbha.has-more-button button:active,.wp-block-search__button-outside .wp-block-search__button:hover,.wp-block-search__button-outside .wp-block-search__button:focus,.wp-block-search__button-outside .wp-block-search__button:active{color: #fff;background-color: #bd0000;}.mobile-menu-toggle,.mobile-menu-toggle:hover,.search-submit,.search-submit:hover,#search-toggle{border: 0;background: transparent;}@media (max-width: 1100px){.wp-block-column:empty{display: none;}}:where(.wp-block-columns.has-background){padding: 32px;}.wp-block-group > div > *:not( :first-child ){margin-top: 20px;}.wp-block-group > div > *:not( :last-child ){margin-bottom: 20px;}@media (min-width: 782px){.wp-block-pullquote blockquote p{font-size: 1.6rem;}}.newspack-front-page .entry .entry-content .alignfull .alignwide,.page-template-single-wide .entry .entry-content .alignfull .alignwide{width: calc( 1200px + 25vw );margin-left: auto;margin-right: auto;max-width: 100vw;}.single .entry-title{font-size: 1.2em;}.newspack-post-subtitle{font-size: 0.9rem;}.single .entry-subhead{flex-direction: column;gap: 0.5rem;justify-content: center;text-align: center;}.single .entry-subhead .entry-meta{flex-grow: 0;justify-content: center;}@media only screen and (min-width: 600px){.single .entry-title{font-size: 1.4em;}}@media only screen and (min-width: 782px){.single .entry-title{font-size: 1.6em;}}@media only screen and (min-width: 1168px){.single .entry-title{font-size: 1.8em;}}@media (min-width: 782px){.h-db .featured-image-beside{background: #111;}}.sd-content amp-social-share{margin: 0;}.sd-content amp-social-share{margin: 0 0.3rem;}.sd-content amp-social-share:before{font-size: 20px;}.sd-content amp-social-share{background: transparent;color: #aaa;opacity: 1;transition: opacity 150ms ease-in-out;}.sd-content amp-social-share:hover{opacity: 0.8;}.sd-content amp-social-share[type="twitter"]{color: #00acee;}.sd-content amp-social-share[type="facebook"]{color: #1877f2;}.sd-content amp-social-share[type="tumblr"]{color: #001935;}.sd-content amp-social-share[type="pocket"]{color: #ee4056;}.featured-image-behind .sd-content amp-social-share[type]{color: #fff;}@media (min-width: 782px){.featured-image-beside .sd-content amp-social-share[type]{color: #fff;}}.tags-links span:first-child{font-style: italic;font-weight: 400;}.support-longreads{max-width: 780px;margin: 4rem auto;}.support-longreads p{align-items: center;font-size: 0.9rem;border-top: 1px solid #f7f7f7;gap: 1rem;display: flex;margin: 0;padding: 0.75em;}.support-longreads p a{color: #111;}.support-longreads.wp-block-group > div > p{margin: 0;}.proudly-powered{max-width: 780px;margin: 4rem auto;}.proudly-powered .wp-block-group > div > *{margin: 0;}.proudly-powered a{color: #111;}.proudly-powered h2{font-size: 0.9rem;}.proudly-powered p{font-size: 0.7rem;}.newspack-front-page .site-content,.newspack-front-page .entry .entry-content > *:first-child{margin-top: 0;}body.page .entry-header .entry-title{font-size: 1.6rem;}.page-title{font-style: italic;}.page-description{font-style: normal;}.archive .page-description{font-size: 1.1rem;font-weight: 400;}.search #secondary{display: none;}.search .page-header,.search #main{max-width: 780px;margin-left: auto;margin-right: auto;width: 100%;}.wpnbha.is-landscape:not(.image-alignbehind) .post-thumbnail a,.archive .post-thumbnail a,.blog .post-thumbnail a,.search .post-thumbnail a{display: block;padding-bottom: 56.25%;position: relative;overflow: hidden;}.wpnbha.is-landscape:not(.image-alignbehind) .post-thumbnail img,.newspack-customizer .wpnbha.is-landscape:not(.image-alignbehind) .post-thumbnail amp-img,.archive .post-thumbnail img,.newspack-customizer.archive .post-thumbnail amp-img,.blog .post-thumbnail img,.newspack-customizer.blog .post-thumbnail amp-img,.search .post-thumbnail img,.newspack-customizer.search .post-thumbnail amp-img{object-fit: cover;position: absolute;left: 50%;top: 50%;transform: translate(-50%,-50%);width: 100%;}.newspack-customizer .wpnbha.is-landscape:not(.image-alignbehind) .post-thumbnail img,.newspack-customizer.archive .post-thumbnail img,.newspack-customizer.blog .post-thumbnail img,.newspack-customizer.search .post-thumbnail img,.newspack-customizer .wpnbha.is-landscape:not(.image-alignbehind) .post-thumbnail amp-img,.newspack-customizer.archive .post-thumbnail amp-img,.newspack-customizer.blog .post-thumbnail amp-img,.newspack-customizer.search .post-thumbnail amp-img,.newspack-customizer .wpnbha.is-landscape:not(.image-alignbehind) .post-thumbnail amp-img *,.newspack-customizer.archive .post-thumbnail amp-img *,.newspack-customizer.blog .post-thumbnail amp-img *,.newspack-customizer.search .post-thumbnail amp-img *{height: 100%;}.newspack-customizer .wpnbha.is-landscape:not(.image-alignbehind) .post-thumbnail amp-img img,.newspack-customizer.archive .post-thumbnail amp-img img,.newspack-customizer.blog .post-thumbnail amp-img img,.newspack-customizer.search .post-thumbnail amp-img img{left: 0;object-fit:cover;transform: none;top: 0;}.footer-branding{display: none;}.footer-widgets .widget_nav_menu ul{display: flex;font-size: 0.7rem;flex-wrap: wrap;justify-content: center;margin: 0;padding: 0;}.footer-widgets .widget_nav_menu li{margin: 0 1em}.footer-widgets .widget_nav_menu a{color: #000;}.site-info .site-info-contain:first-child{border: 0;padding-top: 0;}.site-info .wrapper{display: flex;flex-wrap: wrap;}.site-info .wrapper.site-info-contain{align-items: center;font-size: 0.6rem;justify-content: center;}.site-info .wrapper.site-info-contain > *{margin: 0 0.5em;}.site-info .wrapper.site-info-contain > :last-child{margin: 0;}ul.wp-block-navigation__container{background-color: #FBFBFB;border-bottom: 1px solid #DEDEDE;}ul.wp-block-navigation__container li a.wp-block-navigation-item__content{color: #333;font-style: italic;padding: 10px 20px;transition: all 150ms ease-in-out;}ul.wp-block-navigation__container li a.wp-block-navigation-item__content:hover{background-color: #cf2e2e;color: #fff;}.category-editors-pick .byline::before{content: "picked"}.single .entry-title,.single .newspack-post-subtitle{text-align: center;}.featured-image-beside .entry-header{margin-right: 30px;}</style> <noscript><style>.perfmatters-lazy[data-src]{display:none !important;}</style></noscript><style>.perfmatters-lazy-youtube{position:relative;width:100%;max-width:100%;height:0;padding-bottom:56.23%;overflow:hidden}.perfmatters-lazy-youtube img{position:absolute;top:0;right:0;bottom:0;left:0;display:block;width:100%;max-width:100%;height:auto;margin:auto;border:none;cursor:pointer;transition:.5s all;-webkit-transition:.5s all;-moz-transition:.5s all}.perfmatters-lazy-youtube img:hover{-webkit-filter:brightness(75%)}.perfmatters-lazy-youtube .play{position:absolute;top:50%;left:50%;right:auto;width:68px;height:48px;margin-left:-34px;margin-top:-24px;background:url(https://longreads.com/wp-content/plugins/perfmatters/img/youtube.svg) no-repeat;background-position:center;background-size:cover;pointer-events:none;filter:grayscale(1)}.perfmatters-lazy-youtube:hover .play{filter:grayscale(0)}.perfmatters-lazy-youtube iframe{position:absolute;top:0;left:0;width:100%;height:100%;z-index:99}.wp-has-aspect-ratio .wp-block-embed__wrapper{position:relative;}.wp-has-aspect-ratio .perfmatters-lazy-youtube{position:absolute;top:0;right:0;bottom:0;left:0;width:100%;height:100%;padding-bottom:0}</style></head> <body data-cmplz=1 class="page-template page-template-single-wide page-template-single-wide-php page page-id-157571 wp-custom-logo wp-embed-responsive theme-newspack-theme singular hide-page-title hide-site-tagline h-nsub h-db h-cl h-sh h-stk h-cta has-tertiary-menu no-sidebar has-summary fw-stacked newspack--font-loading categories-hidden" data-amp-auto-lightbox-disable> <div class="newspack-popup-container newspack-lightbox newspack-popup hidden newspack-lightbox-placement-center newspack-lightbox-size-medium " role="button" tabindex="0" id="id_233598" data-segments="26555" data-frequency="0,0,1,day" data-delay="3500" > <div class="newspack-popup-wrapper " data-popup-status="publish" style="background-color:#666666;color:#fff"> <div class="newspack-popup__content-wrapper" style=""> <div class="newspack-popup__content"> <h2 class="wp-block-heading">Become a Supporting Member</h2><p>When you search for the term "longreads," you're looking for a great story to sink into. For 15 years, Longreads has published and curated the best longform writing on the web—and we wouldn’t exist without the support of readers like you. Make a one-time donation today and ensure that quality journalism continues to flourish.</p><div class="wp-block-newspack-blocks-donate wpbnbd wpbnbd--tiers-based wpbnbd--platform-wc is-style-modern wpbnbd-frequencies--1 wpbnbd--tier-style-grid" id="67b6a27592642" data-tiers-based-config="[&quot;donation_frequency&quot;,&quot;donation_value_&quot;,&quot;once&quot;,[{&quot;heading&quot;:&quot;Small&quot;},{&quot;heading&quot;:&quot;Medium&quot;},{&quot;heading&quot;:&quot;Large&quot;}],{&quot;once&quot;:[10,25,100,20],&quot;month&quot;:[5,12,30,15],&quot;year&quot;:[50,100,360,180]},&quot;March 20, 2025&quot;,&quot;February 20, 2026&quot;,&quot;#cc0000&quot;]" > <form data-is-init-form> <div class="wpbnbd__tiers__view"> <input name="newspack_popup_id" type="hidden" value="233598" /> <input type="hidden" name="_wp_http_referer" value="/best-of/" /> <input type='hidden' name='newspack_donate' value='1' /> <input type='hidden' name='donation_currency' value='USD' /> <input type='hidden' name='frequency_ids' value='{&quot;year&quot;:158993,&quot;month&quot;:158992,&quot;once&quot;:158991}' /> <input type='hidden' name='after_success_behavior' value='' /> <input type='hidden' name='after_success_button_label' value='Continue' /> <input type='hidden' name='after_success_url' value='' /> <input type="hidden" name="donation_frequency" value="once"> <div class="wpbnbd__tiers"> <div class="wpbnbd__tiers__options"> <div class="wpbnbd__tiers__tier "> <div class="wpbnbd__tiers__top"> <h2 class="wpbnbd__tiers__heading"> Small </h2> </div> <div class="wpbnbd__tiers__amount"> <span> <span style="" class="donation-tier__once" data-frequency-slug="once" data-amount="10" data-tier-index="0" data-product="{&quot;donation_price_summary_once&quot;:&quot;Donate: &#036;10.00&quot;}" > <span class="wpbnbd__tiers__amount__value"><span class="woocommerce-Price-amount amount"><span class="woocommerce-Price-currencySymbol">&#036;</span>10</span> once</span> </span> </span> </div> <button type='submit' name="donation_value_once" value="10" data-tier-index="0" style="border-color: #cc0000; color: #cc0000; background: transparent;" > Select </button> </div> <div class="wpbnbd__tiers__tier wpbnbd__tiers__tier--recommended"> <div class="wpbnbd__tiers__top"> <h2 class="wpbnbd__tiers__heading"> Medium </h2> <h3 class="wpbnbd__tiers__recommend-label"> BEST VALUE </h3> </div> <div class="wpbnbd__tiers__amount"> <span> <span style="" class="donation-tier__once" data-frequency-slug="once" data-amount="25" data-tier-index="1" data-product="{&quot;donation_price_summary_once&quot;:&quot;Donate: &#036;25.00&quot;}" > <span class="wpbnbd__tiers__amount__value"><span class="woocommerce-Price-amount amount"><span class="woocommerce-Price-currencySymbol">&#036;</span>25</span> once</span> </span> </span> </div> <button type='submit' name="donation_value_once" value="25" data-tier-index="1" style="border-color: #cc0000; background-color: #cc0000; color: white;" > Select </button> </div> <div class="wpbnbd__tiers__tier "> <div class="wpbnbd__tiers__top"> <h2 class="wpbnbd__tiers__heading"> Large </h2> </div> <div class="wpbnbd__tiers__amount"> <span> <span style="" class="donation-tier__once" data-frequency-slug="once" data-amount="100" data-tier-index="2" data-product="{&quot;donation_price_summary_once&quot;:&quot;Donate: &#036;100.00&quot;}" > <span class="wpbnbd__tiers__amount__value"><span class="woocommerce-Price-amount amount"><span class="woocommerce-Price-currencySymbol">&#036;</span>100</span> once</span> </span> </span> </div> <button type='submit' name="donation_value_once" value="100" data-tier-index="2" style="border-color: #cc0000; color: #cc0000; background: transparent;" > Select </button> </div> </div> <ul class="wpbnbd__tiers__options__dots"> <li></li> <li></li> <li></li> </ul> </div> </div> </form> </div> </div> <button class="newspack-lightbox__close" aria-label="Close Pop-up"> <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="24" height="24" viewBox="0 0 24 24" role="img" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false"><path d="M19 6.41L17.59 5 12 10.59 6.41 5 5 6.41 10.59 12 5 17.59 6.41 19 12 13.41 17.59 19 19 17.59 13.41 12 19 6.41z"/></svg> </button> </div> </div> <div style="opacity: 0.75;background-color:#3e3e3e;" class="newspack-lightbox-overlay"></div> </div> <div class="newspack-popup-container newspack-lightbox newspack-popup hidden newspack-lightbox-placement-center newspack-lightbox-size-medium " role="button" tabindex="0" id="id_227940" data-segments="25991" data-frequency="0,0,1,week" data-delay="2500" > <div class="newspack-popup-wrapper " data-popup-status="publish" style="background-color:#FFFFFF;color:#000"> <div class="newspack-popup__content-wrapper" style=""> <div class="newspack-popup__content"> <h2 class="wp-block-heading">The Best of the Web—in Your Inbox</h2><p>Every day we scour the internet for the best longform writing, and every day we send you our editors' picks. Join 100,000 newsletter subscribers—and don't miss that story everyone is talking about.</p><div class="wp-block-newspack-newsletters-subscribe newspack-newsletters-subscribe multiple-lists" data-success-message="Thank you for signing up!" > <form id="newspack-subscribe-1" data-newspack-recaptcha="newspack_newsletter_signup"> <input type="hidden" name="newspack_newsletters_subscribe" value="1" /> <input name="newspack_popup_id" type="hidden" value="227940" /> <div class="newspack-newsletters-lists"> <ul> <li> <span class="list-checkbox"> <input type="checkbox" name="lists[]" value="group-38ec49d01f-bd2ad42066" id="newspack-newsletters-6109-list-checkbox-group-38ec49d01f-bd2ad42066" checked /> </span> <span class="list-details"> <label for="newspack-newsletters-6109-list-checkbox-group-38ec49d01f-bd2ad42066"> <span class="list-title">Daily Updates</span> <span class="list-description"></span> </label> </span> </li> <li> <span class="list-checkbox"> <input type="checkbox" name="lists[]" value="group-2b865c95a2-bd2ad42066" id="newspack-newsletters-6109-list-checkbox-group-2b865c95a2-bd2ad42066" checked /> </span> <span class="list-details"> <label for="newspack-newsletters-6109-list-checkbox-group-2b865c95a2-bd2ad42066"> <span class="list-title">Weekly Top 5</span> <span class="list-description"></span> </label> </span> </li> </ul> </div> <div class="newspack-newsletters-email-input"> <input id="newspack-newsletters-subscribe-block-input-6109-email" type="email" name="npe" autocomplete="email" placeholder="Email Address" value="" /> <button class="submit-button"type="submit" style=""> <span class="submit">Sign up</span> </button> </div> </form> <div class="newspack-newsletters-subscribe__response"> <div class="newspack-newsletters-subscribe__icon"></div> <div class="newspack-newsletters-subscribe__message"> </div> </div> </div> </div> <button class="newspack-lightbox__close" aria-label="Close Pop-up"> <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="24" height="24" viewBox="0 0 24 24" role="img" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false"><path d="M19 6.41L17.59 5 12 10.59 6.41 5 5 6.41 10.59 12 5 17.59 6.41 19 12 13.41 17.59 19 19 17.59 13.41 12 19 6.41z"/></svg> </button> </div> </div> <div style="opacity: 0.3;background-color:#000000;" class="newspack-lightbox-overlay"></div> </div> <div class="newspack-popup-container newspack-lightbox newspack-popup hidden newspack-lightbox-placement-center newspack-lightbox-size-medium newspack-lightbox-featured-image " role="button" tabindex="0" id="id_227939" data-segments="25992" data-frequency="0,0,1,day" data-delay="2500" > <div class="newspack-popup-wrapper " data-popup-status="publish" style="background-color:#FFFFFF;color:#000"> <div class="newspack-popup__content-wrapper" style=""> <div class="newspack-popup__featured-image"> <img data-perfmatters-preload width="1024" height="304" src="https://i0.wp.com/longreads.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/longreads-logo.png?fit=1024%2C304&amp;ssl=1" class="attachment-large size-large wp-post-image" alt="" decoding="async" fetchpriority="high" srcset="https://i0.wp.com/longreads.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/longreads-logo.png?w=1176&amp;ssl=1 1176w, https://i0.wp.com/longreads.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/longreads-logo.png?resize=300%2C89&amp;ssl=1 300w, https://i0.wp.com/longreads.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/longreads-logo.png?resize=1024%2C304&amp;ssl=1 1024w, https://i0.wp.com/longreads.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/longreads-logo.png?resize=768%2C228&amp;ssl=1 768w, https://i0.wp.com/longreads.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/longreads-logo.png?resize=400%2C119&amp;ssl=1 400w, https://i0.wp.com/longreads.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/longreads-logo.png?resize=706%2C210&amp;ssl=1 706w, https://i0.wp.com/longreads.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/longreads-logo.png?fit=1024%2C304&amp;ssl=1&amp;w=370 370w" sizes="(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px" /> </div> <div class="newspack-popup__content"> <div class="newspack-registration newspack-ui "> <form id="newspack-register-2" data-newspack-recaptcha="newspack_register"> <div class="newspack-registration__header"> <h3 class="newspack-registration__title">Join Longreads today!</h3> </div> <p class="newspack-registration__description">Register with Longreads for free and get access to our editors' picks collecting the best stories on the web, as well as our award-winning original writing.</p> <input type="hidden" id="newspack_reader_registration" name="newspack_reader_registration" value="14f88fc4cd" /><input type="hidden" name="_wp_http_referer" value="/best-of/" /> <input name="newspack_popup_id" type="hidden" value="227939" /> <div class="newspack-registration__form-content"> <label class="newspack-ui__input-card" for="newspack-18698-list-checkbox-group-38ec49d01f-bd2ad42066"> <input type="checkbox" name="lists[]" value="group-38ec49d01f-bd2ad42066" id="newspack-18698-list-checkbox-group-38ec49d01f-bd2ad42066" checked /> <strong> Daily Updates </strong> <span class="newspack-ui__helper-text"></span> </label> <label class="newspack-ui__input-card" for="newspack-18698-list-checkbox-group-2b865c95a2-bd2ad42066"> <input type="checkbox" name="lists[]" value="group-2b865c95a2-bd2ad42066" id="newspack-18698-list-checkbox-group-2b865c95a2-bd2ad42066" checked /> <strong> Weekly Top 5 </strong> <span class="newspack-ui__helper-text"></span> </label> <div class="newspack-registration__main"> <div> <div class="newspack-ui"> <button type="button" class="newspack-ui__button newspack-ui__button--wide newspack-ui__button--secondary newspack-ui__button--google-oauth"> <svg width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M19.6 10.227C19.6 9.51801 19.536 8.83701 19.418 8.18201H10V12.05H15.382C15.2706 12.6619 15.0363 13.2448 14.6932 13.7635C14.3501 14.2822 13.9054 14.726 13.386 15.068V17.578H16.618C18.509 15.836 19.6 13.273 19.6 10.228V10.227Z" fill="#4285F4"></path> <path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M9.99996 20C12.7 20 14.964 19.105 16.618 17.577L13.386 15.068C12.491 15.668 11.346 16.023 9.99996 16.023C7.39496 16.023 5.18996 14.263 4.40496 11.9H1.06396V14.49C1.89597 16.1468 3.17234 17.5395 4.7504 18.5126C6.32846 19.4856 8.14603 20.0006 9.99996 20Z" fill="#34A853"></path> <path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M4.405 11.9C4.205 11.3 4.091 10.66 4.091 10C4.091 9.34001 4.205 8.70001 4.405 8.10001V5.51001H1.064C0.364015 6.90321 -0.000359433 8.44084 2.66054e-07 10C2.66054e-07 11.614 0.386 13.14 1.064 14.49L4.404 11.9H4.405Z" fill="#FBBC05"></path> <path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M9.99996 3.977C11.468 3.977 12.786 4.482 13.823 5.473L16.691 2.605C14.959 0.99 12.695 0 9.99996 0C6.08996 0 2.70996 2.24 1.06396 5.51L4.40396 8.1C5.19196 5.736 7.39596 3.977 9.99996 3.977Z" fill="#EA4335"></path> </svg> Sign in with Google </button> <div class="newspack-ui__word-divider"> Or </div> </div> <div class="newspack-registration__inputs"> <input type="email" name="npe" autocomplete="email" placeholder="Email Address" /> <button type="submit" class="newspack-ui__button newspack-ui__button--primary" > <span class="submit">Sign up</span> </button> </div> <div class="newspack-registration__response newspack-registration--hidden"> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="newspack-registration__have-account"> <a href="https://longreads.com/my-account/" data-newspack-reader-account-link class="newspack-ui__button newspack-ui__button--ghost"> Sign in to an existing account </a> </div> <div class="newspack-registration__help-text"> <p> <a href="https://automattic.com/privacy/"> Our privacy policy can be found here. </a> </p> </div> </form> <div class="newspack-registration__registration-success newspack-registration--hidden newspack-ui__box newspack-ui__box--success newspack-ui__box--text-center"> <span class="newspack-ui__icon newspack-ui__icon--success"> <svg aria-hidden="true" width="24" height="24" viewBox="0 0 24 24" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <path d="M16.7 7.1l-6.3 8.5-3.3-2.5-.9 1.2 4.5 3.4L17.9 8z" /> </svg> </span> <div class="wp-block-newspack-reader-registration"><p class="has-text-align-center">Thank you for registering!</p></div> </div> <div class="newspack-registration__login-success newspack-registration--hidden newspack-ui__box newspack-ui__box--success newspack-ui__box--text-center"> <span class="newspack-ui__icon newspack-ui__icon--success"> <svg aria-hidden="true" width="24" height="24" viewBox="0 0 24 24" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <path fill-rule="evenodd" clip-rule="evenodd" d="M19.5854 12.6708C19.8395 12.5438 20 12.2841 20 12C20 11.7159 19.8395 11.4562 19.5854 11.3292L5.08543 4.0792C4.79841 3.93569 4.45187 3.99069 4.22339 4.21602C3.9949 4.44135 3.93509 4.78709 4.07461 5.07608L7.4172 12L4.07461 18.924C3.93509 19.213 3.9949 19.5587 4.22339 19.784C4.45187 20.0094 4.79841 20.0644 5.08543 19.9208L19.5854 12.6708ZM8.72077 11.25L6.38144 6.40425L17.573 12L6.38144 17.5958L8.72079 12.75H12V11.25H8.72077Z" /> </svg> </span> <p>An account was already registered with this email. Please check your inbox for an authentication link.</p> </div> </div> </div> <button class="newspack-lightbox__close" aria-label="Close Pop-up"> <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="24" height="24" viewBox="0 0 24 24" role="img" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false"><path d="M19 6.41L17.59 5 12 10.59 6.41 5 5 6.41 10.59 12 5 17.59 6.41 19 12 13.41 17.59 19 19 17.59 13.41 12 19 6.41z"/></svg> </button> </div> </div> <div style="opacity: 0.3;background-color:#000000;" class="newspack-lightbox-overlay"></div> </div> <aside id="mobile-sidebar-fallback" class="mobile-sidebar"> <button class="mobile-menu-toggle"> <svg class="svg-icon" width="20" height="20" aria-hidden="true" role="img" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M19 6.41L17.59 5 12 10.59 6.41 5 5 6.41 10.59 12 5 17.59 6.41 19 12 13.41 17.59 19 19 17.59 13.41 12z" /><path d="M0 0h24v24H0z" fill="none" /></svg> Close </button> <nav class="tertiary-menu nav3" aria-label="Tertiary Menu" toolbar-target="tertiary-nav-contain" toolbar="(min-width: 767px)"> <ul id="menu-tertiary" class="menu"><li id="menu-item-157406" class="menu-highlight menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-157406"><a href="/join/?src=banner">Support Us</a></li> <li class="menu-item"><a class="newspack-reader__account-link" data-labels="{&quot;signedin&quot;:&quot;My Account&quot;,&quot;signedout&quot;:&quot;Sign In&quot;}" href="#" data-newspack-reader-account-link><span class="newspack-reader__account-link__icon"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="24" height="24" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <path fill-rule="evenodd" clip-rule="evenodd" d="M7.25 16.4371C6.16445 15.2755 5.5 13.7153 5.5 12C5.5 8.41015 8.41015 5.5 12 5.5C15.5899 5.5 18.5 8.41015 18.5 12C18.5 13.7153 17.8356 15.2755 16.75 16.4371V16C16.75 14.4812 15.5188 13.25 14 13.25L10 13.25C8.48122 13.25 7.25 14.4812 7.25 16V16.4371ZM8.75 17.6304C9.70606 18.1835 10.8161 18.5 12 18.5C13.1839 18.5 14.2939 18.1835 15.25 17.6304V16C15.25 15.3096 14.6904 14.75 14 14.75L10 14.75C9.30964 14.75 8.75 15.3096 8.75 16V17.6304ZM4 12C4 7.58172 7.58172 4 12 4C16.4183 4 20 7.58172 20 12C20 16.4183 16.4183 20 12 20C7.58172 20 4 16.4183 4 12ZM14 10C14 11.1046 13.1046 12 12 12C10.8954 12 10 11.1046 10 10C10 8.89543 10.8954 8 12 8C13.1046 8 14 8.89543 14 10Z" /> </svg></span><span class="newspack-reader__account-link__label">Sign In</span></a></li></ul> </nav> <form role="search" method="get" class="search-form" action="https://longreads.com/"> <label for="search-form-1"> <span class="screen-reader-text">Search for:</span> </label> <input type="search" id="search-form-1" class="search-field" placeholder="Search &hellip;" value="" name="s" /> <button type="submit" class="search-submit"> <svg class="svg-icon" width="28" height="28" aria-hidden="true" role="img" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M15.5 14h-.79l-.28-.27C15.41 12.59 16 11.11 16 9.5 16 5.91 13.09 3 9.5 3S3 5.91 3 9.5 5.91 16 9.5 16c1.61 0 3.09-.59 4.23-1.57l.27.28v.79l5 4.99L20.49 19l-4.99-5zm-6 0C7.01 14 5 11.99 5 9.5S7.01 5 9.5 5 14 7.01 14 9.5 11.99 14 9.5 14z" /><path d="M0 0h24v24H0z" fill="none" /></svg> <span class="screen-reader-text"> Search </span> </button> </form> <nav class="main-navigation nav1 dd-menu" aria-label="Top Menu" toolbar-target="site-navigation" toolbar="(min-width: 767px)"> <ul id="menu-primary" class="main-menu"><li id="menu-item-157334" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-157334"><a href="https://longreads.com/picks/">Editors’ Picks</a></li> <li id="menu-item-157336" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-157336"><a href="https://longreads.com/features/">Features</a></li> <li id="menu-item-157411" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-157411"><a href="https://longreads.com/reading-lists/">Reading Lists</a></li> <li id="menu-item-157575" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page current-menu-item page_item page-item-157571 current_page_item menu-item-157575"><a href="https://longreads.com/best-of/" aria-current="page">Best of</a></li> </ul> </nav> <nav class="social-navigation" aria-label="Social Links Menu" > <ul id="menu-social-links-menu" class="social-links-menu"><li id="menu-item-157587" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-157587"><a href="https://twitter.com/longreads"><span class="screen-reader-text">Twitter</span><svg class="svg-icon" width="0" height="0" aria-hidden="true" role="img" viewBox="0 0 24 24" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path d="M22.23,5.924c-0.736,0.326-1.527,0.547-2.357,0.646c0.847-0.508,1.498-1.312,1.804-2.27 c-0.793,0.47-1.671,0.812-2.606,0.996C18.324,4.498,17.257,4,16.077,4c-2.266,0-4.103,1.837-4.103,4.103 c0,0.322,0.036,0.635,0.106,0.935C8.67,8.867,5.647,7.234,3.623,4.751C3.27,5.357,3.067,6.062,3.067,6.814 c0,1.424,0.724,2.679,1.825,3.415c-0.673-0.021-1.305-0.206-1.859-0.513c0,0.017,0,0.034,0,0.052c0,1.988,1.414,3.647,3.292,4.023 c-0.344,0.094-0.707,0.144-1.081,0.144c-0.264,0-0.521-0.026-0.772-0.074c0.522,1.63,2.038,2.816,3.833,2.85 c-1.404,1.1-3.174,1.756-5.096,1.756c-0.331,0-0.658-0.019-0.979-0.057c1.816,1.164,3.973,1.843,6.29,1.843 c7.547,0,11.675-6.252,11.675-11.675c0-0.178-0.004-0.355-0.012-0.531C20.985,7.47,21.68,6.747,22.23,5.924z"></path></svg></a></li> <li id="menu-item-157588" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-157588"><a href="https://www.facebook.com/longreads"><span class="screen-reader-text">Facebook</span><svg class="svg-icon" width="0" height="0" aria-hidden="true" role="img" viewBox="0 0 24 24" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path d="M12 2C6.5 2 2 6.5 2 12c0 5 3.7 9.1 8.4 9.9v-7H7.9V12h2.5V9.8c0-2.5 1.5-3.9 3.8-3.9 1.1 0 2.2.2 2.2.2v2.5h-1.3c-1.2 0-1.6.8-1.6 1.6V12h2.8l-.4 2.9h-2.3v7C18.3 21.1 22 17 22 12c0-5.5-4.5-10-10-10z"></path></svg></a></li> <li id="menu-item-157589" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-157589"><a href="https://www.instagram.com/longreads/"><span class="screen-reader-text">Instagram</span><svg class="svg-icon" width="0" height="0" aria-hidden="true" role="img" viewBox="0 0 24 24" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path d="M12,4.622c2.403,0,2.688,0.009,3.637,0.052c0.877,0.04,1.354,0.187,1.671,0.31c0.42,0.163,0.72,0.358,1.035,0.673 c0.315,0.315,0.51,0.615,0.673,1.035c0.123,0.317,0.27,0.794,0.31,1.671c0.043,0.949,0.052,1.234,0.052,3.637 s-0.009,2.688-0.052,3.637c-0.04,0.877-0.187,1.354-0.31,1.671c-0.163,0.42-0.358,0.72-0.673,1.035 c-0.315,0.315-0.615,0.51-1.035,0.673c-0.317,0.123-0.794,0.27-1.671,0.31c-0.949,0.043-1.233,0.052-3.637,0.052 s-2.688-0.009-3.637-0.052c-0.877-0.04-1.354-0.187-1.671-0.31c-0.42-0.163-0.72-0.358-1.035-0.673 c-0.315-0.315-0.51-0.615-0.673-1.035c-0.123-0.317-0.27-0.794-0.31-1.671C4.631,14.688,4.622,14.403,4.622,12 s0.009-2.688,0.052-3.637c0.04-0.877,0.187-1.354,0.31-1.671c0.163-0.42,0.358-0.72,0.673-1.035 c0.315-0.315,0.615-0.51,1.035-0.673c0.317-0.123,0.794-0.27,1.671-0.31C9.312,4.631,9.597,4.622,12,4.622 M12,3 C9.556,3,9.249,3.01,8.289,3.054C7.331,3.098,6.677,3.25,6.105,3.472C5.513,3.702,5.011,4.01,4.511,4.511 c-0.5,0.5-0.808,1.002-1.038,1.594C3.25,6.677,3.098,7.331,3.054,8.289C3.01,9.249,3,9.556,3,12c0,2.444,0.01,2.751,0.054,3.711 c0.044,0.958,0.196,1.612,0.418,2.185c0.23,0.592,0.538,1.094,1.038,1.594c0.5,0.5,1.002,0.808,1.594,1.038 c0.572,0.222,1.227,0.375,2.185,0.418C9.249,20.99,9.556,21,12,21s2.751-0.01,3.711-0.054c0.958-0.044,1.612-0.196,2.185-0.418 c0.592-0.23,1.094-0.538,1.594-1.038c0.5-0.5,0.808-1.002,1.038-1.594c0.222-0.572,0.375-1.227,0.418-2.185 C20.99,14.751,21,14.444,21,12s-0.01-2.751-0.054-3.711c-0.044-0.958-0.196-1.612-0.418-2.185c-0.23-0.592-0.538-1.094-1.038-1.594 c-0.5-0.5-1.002-0.808-1.594-1.038c-0.572-0.222-1.227-0.375-2.185-0.418C14.751,3.01,14.444,3,12,3L12,3z M12,7.378 c-2.552,0-4.622,2.069-4.622,4.622S9.448,16.622,12,16.622s4.622-2.069,4.622-4.622S14.552,7.378,12,7.378z M12,15 c-1.657,0-3-1.343-3-3s1.343-3,3-3s3,1.343,3,3S13.657,15,12,15z M16.804,6.116c-0.596,0-1.08,0.484-1.08,1.08 s0.484,1.08,1.08,1.08c0.596,0,1.08-0.484,1.08-1.08S17.401,6.116,16.804,6.116z"></path></svg></a></li> <li id="menu-item-157590" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-157590"><a href="https://longreads.tumblr.com/"><span class="screen-reader-text">Tumblr</span><svg class="svg-icon" width="0" height="0" aria-hidden="true" role="img" viewBox="0 0 24 24" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path d="M16.749,17.396c-0.357,0.17-1.041,0.319-1.551,0.332c-1.539,0.041-1.837-1.081-1.85-1.896V9.847h3.861V6.937h-3.847V2.039 c0,0-2.77,0-2.817,0c-0.046,0-0.127,0.041-0.138,0.144c-0.165,1.499-0.867,4.13-3.783,5.181v2.484h1.945v6.282 c0,2.151,1.587,5.206,5.775,5.135c1.413-0.024,2.982-0.616,3.329-1.126L16.749,17.396z"></path></svg></a></li> <li id="menu-item-187816" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-187816"><a href="https://mastodon.world/@longreads"><span class="screen-reader-text">Mastodon</span><svg class="svg-icon" width="0" height="0" aria-hidden="true" role="img" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M21.3,9.4c0-4.3-2.8-5.6-2.8-5.6c-1.4-0.7-3.9-0.9-6.4-1H12c-2.6,0-5,0.3-6.4,1c0,0-2.8,1.3-2.8,5.6c0,1,0,2.2,0,3.4 c0.1,4.2,0.8,8.4,4.7,9.4c1.8,0.5,3.4,0.6,4.6,0.5c2.3-0.1,3.5-0.8,3.5-0.8l-0.1-1.6c0,0-1.6,0.5-3.4,0.4c-1.8-0.1-3.7-0.2-4-2.4 c0-0.2,0-0.4,0-0.6c0,0,1.8,0.4,4,0.5c1.4,0.1,2.7-0.1,4-0.2c2.5-0.3,4.7-1.8,5-3.2C21.3,12.6,21.3,9.4,21.3,9.4z M18,15h-2.1V9.9 c0-1.1-0.5-1.6-1.4-1.6c-1,0-1.5,0.6-1.5,1.9V13H11v-2.8c0-1.3-0.5-1.9-1.5-1.9c-0.9,0-1.4,0.5-1.4,1.6V15H6V9.7 c0-1.1,0.3-1.9,0.8-2.6c0.6-0.6,1.3-1,2.2-1c1.1,0,1.9,0.4,2.4,1.2L12,8.3l0.5-0.9c0.5-0.8,1.3-1.2,2.4-1.2c0.9,0,1.7,0.3,2.2,1 C17.7,7.8,18,8.6,18,9.7V15z" /></svg></a></li> </ul> </nav><!-- .social-navigation --> </aside> <aside id="desktop-sidebar-fallback" class="desktop-sidebar dir-left"> <button class="desktop-menu-toggle"> <svg class="svg-icon" width="20" height="20" aria-hidden="true" role="img" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M19 6.41L17.59 5 12 10.59 6.41 5 5 6.41 10.59 12 5 17.59 6.41 19 12 13.41 17.59 19 19 17.59 13.41 12z" /><path d="M0 0h24v24H0z" fill="none" /></svg> Close </button> </aside> <div id="page" class="site"> <a class="skip-link screen-reader-text" href="#main">Skip to content</a> <header id="masthead" class="site-header hide-header-search" [class]="searchVisible ? 'show-header-search site-header ' : 'hide-header-search site-header'"> <div class="middle-header-contain"> <div class="wrapper"> <div class="nav-wrapper desktop-only"> <div id="site-navigation"> <nav class="main-navigation nav1 dd-menu" aria-label="Top Menu" toolbar-target="site-navigation" toolbar="(min-width: 767px)"> <ul id="menu-primary-1" class="main-menu"><li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-157334"><a href="https://longreads.com/picks/">Editors’ Picks</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-157336"><a href="https://longreads.com/features/">Features</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-157411"><a href="https://longreads.com/reading-lists/">Reading Lists</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page current-menu-item page_item page-item-157571 current_page_item menu-item-157575"><a href="https://longreads.com/best-of/" aria-current="page">Best of</a></li> </ul> </nav> </div><!-- #site-navigation --> </div><!-- .nav-wrapper --> <div class="site-branding"> <style>.site-header .custom-logo{height: 107px;max-height: 180px;max-width: 600px;width: 357px;}@media (max-width: 781px){.site-header .custom-logo{max-width: 175px;max-height: 52px;}}@media (min-width: 782px){.h-stk:not(.h-sub) .site-header .custom-logo{max-height: 90px;max-width: 300px;}.h-sub .site-header .custom-logo{max-width: 200px;max-height: 60px;}}@media (max-width: 1199px) and (min-width: 782px){.h-stk.h-cl:not(.h-sub) .site-header .custom-logo{max-width: 100%;width: auto;}}</style><a href="https://longreads.com/" class="custom-logo-link" rel="home"><img data-perfmatters-preload width="600" height="180" src="https://i0.wp.com/longreads.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/08/longreads-logo-1.png?fit=600%2C180&amp;ssl=1" class="custom-logo" alt="Longreads" decoding="async" srcset="https://i0.wp.com/longreads.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/08/longreads-logo-1.png?w=600&amp;ssl=1 600w, https://i0.wp.com/longreads.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/08/longreads-logo-1.png?resize=300%2C90&amp;ssl=1 300w, https://i0.wp.com/longreads.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/08/longreads-logo-1.png?resize=400%2C120&amp;ssl=1 400w, https://i0.wp.com/longreads.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/08/longreads-logo-1.png?fit=600%2C180&amp;ssl=1&amp;w=370 370w" sizes="(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px" /></a> <div class="site-identity"> <p class="site-title"><a href="https://longreads.com/" rel="home">Longreads</a></p> <p class="site-description"> Longreads : The best longform stories on the web </p> </div><!-- .site-identity --> </div><!-- .site-branding --> <div class="nav-wrapper desktop-only"> <div id="tertiary-nav-contain"> <nav class="tertiary-menu nav3" aria-label="Tertiary Menu" toolbar-target="tertiary-nav-contain" toolbar="(min-width: 767px)"> <ul id="menu-tertiary-1" class="menu"><li class="menu-highlight menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-157406"><a href="/join/?src=banner">Support Us</a></li> <li class="menu-item"><a class="newspack-reader__account-link" data-labels="{&quot;signedin&quot;:&quot;My Account&quot;,&quot;signedout&quot;:&quot;Sign In&quot;}" href="#" data-newspack-reader-account-link><span class="newspack-reader__account-link__icon"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="24" height="24" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <path fill-rule="evenodd" clip-rule="evenodd" d="M7.25 16.4371C6.16445 15.2755 5.5 13.7153 5.5 12C5.5 8.41015 8.41015 5.5 12 5.5C15.5899 5.5 18.5 8.41015 18.5 12C18.5 13.7153 17.8356 15.2755 16.75 16.4371V16C16.75 14.4812 15.5188 13.25 14 13.25L10 13.25C8.48122 13.25 7.25 14.4812 7.25 16V16.4371ZM8.75 17.6304C9.70606 18.1835 10.8161 18.5 12 18.5C13.1839 18.5 14.2939 18.1835 15.25 17.6304V16C15.25 15.3096 14.6904 14.75 14 14.75L10 14.75C9.30964 14.75 8.75 15.3096 8.75 16V17.6304ZM4 12C4 7.58172 7.58172 4 12 4C16.4183 4 20 7.58172 20 12C20 16.4183 16.4183 20 12 20C7.58172 20 4 16.4183 4 12ZM14 10C14 11.1046 13.1046 12 12 12C10.8954 12 10 11.1046 10 10C10 8.89543 10.8954 8 12 8C13.1046 8 14 8.89543 14 10Z" /> </svg></span><span class="newspack-reader__account-link__label">Sign In</span></a></li></ul> </nav> </div><!-- #tertiary-nav-contain --> <div class="header-search-contain"> <button id="search-toggle" on="tap:AMP.setState( { searchVisible: !searchVisible } ), search-form-2.focus" aria-controls="search-menu" [aria-expanded]="searchVisible ? 'true' : 'false'" aria-expanded="false"> <span class="screen-reader-text" [text]="searchVisible ? 'Close Search' : 'Open Search'"> Open Search </span> <span class="search-icon"><svg class="svg-icon" width="28" height="28" aria-hidden="true" role="img" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M15.5 14h-.79l-.28-.27C15.41 12.59 16 11.11 16 9.5 16 5.91 13.09 3 9.5 3S3 5.91 3 9.5 5.91 16 9.5 16c1.61 0 3.09-.59 4.23-1.57l.27.28v.79l5 4.99L20.49 19l-4.99-5zm-6 0C7.01 14 5 11.99 5 9.5S7.01 5 9.5 5 14 7.01 14 9.5 11.99 14 9.5 14z" /><path d="M0 0h24v24H0z" fill="none" /></svg></span> <span class="close-icon"><svg class="svg-icon" width="28" height="28" aria-hidden="true" role="img" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M19 6.41L17.59 5 12 10.59 6.41 5 5 6.41 10.59 12 5 17.59 6.41 19 12 13.41 17.59 19 19 17.59 13.41 12z" /><path d="M0 0h24v24H0z" fill="none" /></svg></span> </button> <div id="header-search" [aria-expanded]="searchVisible ? 'true' : 'false'" aria-expanded="false"> <form role="search" method="get" class="search-form" action="https://longreads.com/"> <label for="search-form-2"> <span class="screen-reader-text">Search for:</span> </label> <input type="search" id="search-form-2" class="search-field" placeholder="Search &hellip;" value="" name="s" /> <button type="submit" class="search-submit"> <svg class="svg-icon" width="28" height="28" aria-hidden="true" role="img" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M15.5 14h-.79l-.28-.27C15.41 12.59 16 11.11 16 9.5 16 5.91 13.09 3 9.5 3S3 5.91 3 9.5 5.91 16 9.5 16c1.61 0 3.09-.59 4.23-1.57l.27.28v.79l5 4.99L20.49 19l-4.99-5zm-6 0C7.01 14 5 11.99 5 9.5S7.01 5 9.5 5 14 7.01 14 9.5 11.99 14 9.5 14z" /><path d="M0 0h24v24H0z" fill="none" /></svg> <span class="screen-reader-text"> Search </span> </button> </form> </div><!-- #header-search --> </div><!-- .header-search-contain --> </div><!-- .nav-wrapper --> <a class="button mb-cta" href="/join/?utm_source=candi-staton-profile-davi&#038;utm_medium=banner&#038;utm_content=donate-button&#038;utm_campaign=member-promo">Support Us</a> <button class="mobile-menu-toggle" on="tap:mobile-sidebar.toggle"> <svg class="svg-icon" width="20" height="20" aria-hidden="true" role="img" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M0 0h24v24H0z" fill="none" /><path d="M3 18h18v-2H3v2zm0-5h18v-2H3v2zm0-7v2h18V6H3z" /></svg> <span>Menu</span> </button> <span class="newspack-reader__account-link__mobile"> <a class="newspack-reader__account-link" data-labels="{&quot;signedin&quot;:&quot;My Account&quot;,&quot;signedout&quot;:&quot;Sign In&quot;}" href="#" data-newspack-reader-account-link><span class="newspack-reader__account-link__icon"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="24" height="24" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <path fill-rule="evenodd" clip-rule="evenodd" d="M7.25 16.4371C6.16445 15.2755 5.5 13.7153 5.5 12C5.5 8.41015 8.41015 5.5 12 5.5C15.5899 5.5 18.5 8.41015 18.5 12C18.5 13.7153 17.8356 15.2755 16.75 16.4371V16C16.75 14.4812 15.5188 13.25 14 13.25L10 13.25C8.48122 13.25 7.25 14.4812 7.25 16V16.4371ZM8.75 17.6304C9.70606 18.1835 10.8161 18.5 12 18.5C13.1839 18.5 14.2939 18.1835 15.25 17.6304V16C15.25 15.3096 14.6904 14.75 14 14.75L10 14.75C9.30964 14.75 8.75 15.3096 8.75 16V17.6304ZM4 12C4 7.58172 7.58172 4 12 4C16.4183 4 20 7.58172 20 12C20 16.4183 16.4183 20 12 20C7.58172 20 4 16.4183 4 12ZM14 10C14 11.1046 13.1046 12 12 12C10.8954 12 10 11.1046 10 10C10 8.89543 10.8954 8 12 8C13.1046 8 14 8.89543 14 10Z" /> </svg></span><span class="newspack-reader__account-link__label">Sign In</span></a> </span> </div><!-- .wrapper --> </div><!-- .middle-header-contain --> <div class="sticky-bg"></div> </header><!-- #masthead --> <div id="content" class="site-content"> <section id="primary" class="content-area "> <main id="main" class="site-main"> <header class="entry-header"> </header> <div class="main-content"> <article id="post-157571" class="post-157571 page type-page status-publish has-post-thumbnail hentry entry"> <div class="entry-content"> <div class="wp-block-cover is-layout-flow wp-block-cover-is-layout-flow" style="min-height:275px;aspect-ratio:unset;"><span aria-hidden="true" class="wp-block-cover__background has-background-dim-0 has-background-dim"></span><img data-recalc-dims="1" decoding="async" width="1200" height="700" class="wp-block-cover__image-background wp-image-164032" alt="Graphic that reads &quot;Best of Longreads: Collecting our very favorite reads of each year since 2011.&quot; Dark background with faint image of an open book with pages shaped into a heart." src="https://i0.wp.com/longreads.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/10/best-of-cover-image-with-book-heart-2.jpg?resize=1200%2C700&#038;ssl=1" data-object-fit="cover" srcset="https://i0.wp.com/longreads.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/10/best-of-cover-image-with-book-heart-2.jpg?w=2400&amp;ssl=1 2400w, https://i0.wp.com/longreads.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/10/best-of-cover-image-with-book-heart-2.jpg?resize=300%2C175&amp;ssl=1 300w, https://i0.wp.com/longreads.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/10/best-of-cover-image-with-book-heart-2.jpg?resize=1024%2C597&amp;ssl=1 1024w, https://i0.wp.com/longreads.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/10/best-of-cover-image-with-book-heart-2.jpg?resize=768%2C448&amp;ssl=1 768w, https://i0.wp.com/longreads.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/10/best-of-cover-image-with-book-heart-2.jpg?resize=1536%2C896&amp;ssl=1 1536w, https://i0.wp.com/longreads.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/10/best-of-cover-image-with-book-heart-2.jpg?resize=2048%2C1195&amp;ssl=1 2048w, https://i0.wp.com/longreads.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/10/best-of-cover-image-with-book-heart-2.jpg?resize=1200%2C700&amp;ssl=1 1200w, https://i0.wp.com/longreads.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/10/best-of-cover-image-with-book-heart-2.jpg?resize=1568%2C915&amp;ssl=1 1568w, https://i0.wp.com/longreads.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/10/best-of-cover-image-with-book-heart-2.jpg?resize=400%2C233&amp;ssl=1 400w, https://i0.wp.com/longreads.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/10/best-of-cover-image-with-book-heart-2.jpg?resize=706%2C412&amp;ssl=1 706w, https://i0.wp.com/longreads.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/10/best-of-cover-image-with-book-heart-2.jpg?w=370&amp;ssl=1 370w" sizes="(max-width: 1200px) 100vw, 1200px" /><div class="wp-block-cover__inner-container"></div></div><nav class="is-responsive items-justified-center wp-block-navigation is-horizontal is-content-justification-center is-layout-flex wp-container-core-navigation-is-layout-1 wp-block-navigation-is-layout-flex" aria-label="Navigation" data-wp-interactive="core/navigation" data-wp-context='{"overlayOpenedBy":{"click":false,"hover":false,"focus":false},"type":"overlay","roleAttribute":"","ariaLabel":"Menu"}'><button aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Open menu" class="wp-block-navigation__responsive-container-open " data-wp-on-async--click="actions.openMenuOnClick" data-wp-on--keydown="actions.handleMenuKeydown" ><svg width="24" height="24" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false"><rect x="4" y="7.5" width="16" height="1.5" /><rect x="4" y="15" width="16" height="1.5" /></svg></button> <div class="wp-block-navigation__responsive-container " id="modal-3" data-wp-class--has-modal-open="state.isMenuOpen" data-wp-class--is-menu-open="state.isMenuOpen" data-wp-watch="callbacks.initMenu" data-wp-on--keydown="actions.handleMenuKeydown" data-wp-on-async--focusout="actions.handleMenuFocusout" tabindex="-1" > <div class="wp-block-navigation__responsive-close" tabindex="-1"> <div class="wp-block-navigation__responsive-dialog" data-wp-bind--aria-modal="state.ariaModal" data-wp-bind--aria-label="state.ariaLabel" data-wp-bind--role="state.roleAttribute" > <button aria-label="Close menu" class="wp-block-navigation__responsive-container-close" data-wp-on-async--click="actions.closeMenuOnClick" ><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24" width="24" height="24" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false"><path d="m13.06 12 6.47-6.47-1.06-1.06L12 10.94 5.53 4.47 4.47 5.53 10.94 12l-6.47 6.47 1.06 1.06L12 13.06l6.47 6.47 1.06-1.06L13.06 12Z"></path></svg></button> <div class="wp-block-navigation__responsive-container-content" data-wp-watch="callbacks.focusFirstElement" id="modal-3-content"> <ul class="wp-block-navigation__container is-responsive items-justified-center wp-block-navigation"><li class=" wp-block-navigation-item wp-block-navigation-link"><a class="wp-block-navigation-item__content" href="/best-of/best-of-2011/"><span class="wp-block-navigation-item__label">2011</span></a></li><li class=" wp-block-navigation-item wp-block-navigation-link"><a class="wp-block-navigation-item__content" href="/best-of/best-of-2012"><span class="wp-block-navigation-item__label">2012</span></a></li><li class=" wp-block-navigation-item wp-block-navigation-link"><a class="wp-block-navigation-item__content" href="/best-of/best-of-2013"><span class="wp-block-navigation-item__label">2013</span></a></li><li class=" wp-block-navigation-item wp-block-navigation-link"><a class="wp-block-navigation-item__content" href="/best-of/best-of-2014"><span class="wp-block-navigation-item__label">2014</span></a></li><li class=" wp-block-navigation-item wp-block-navigation-link"><a class="wp-block-navigation-item__content" href="/best-of/best-of-2015"><span class="wp-block-navigation-item__label">2015</span></a></li><li class=" wp-block-navigation-item wp-block-navigation-link"><a class="wp-block-navigation-item__content" href="/best-of/best-of-2016"><span class="wp-block-navigation-item__label">2016</span></a></li><li class=" wp-block-navigation-item wp-block-navigation-link"><a class="wp-block-navigation-item__content" href="/best-of/best-of-2017"><span class="wp-block-navigation-item__label">2017</span></a></li><li class=" wp-block-navigation-item wp-block-navigation-link"><a class="wp-block-navigation-item__content" href="/best-of/best-of-2018"><span class="wp-block-navigation-item__label">2018</span></a></li><li class=" wp-block-navigation-item wp-block-navigation-link"><a class="wp-block-navigation-item__content" href="/best-of/best-of-2019"><span class="wp-block-navigation-item__label">2019</span></a></li><li class=" wp-block-navigation-item wp-block-navigation-link"><a class="wp-block-navigation-item__content" href="/best-of/best-of-2020"><span class="wp-block-navigation-item__label">2020</span></a></li><li class=" wp-block-navigation-item wp-block-navigation-link"><a class="wp-block-navigation-item__content" href="/best-of/best-of-2021"><span class="wp-block-navigation-item__label">2021</span></a></li><li class=" wp-block-navigation-item wp-block-navigation-link"><a class="wp-block-navigation-item__content" href="/best-of/best-of-2022"><span class="wp-block-navigation-item__label">2022</span></a></li><li class=" wp-block-navigation-item wp-block-navigation-link"><a class="wp-block-navigation-item__content" href="/best-of/best-of-2023"><span class="wp-block-navigation-item__label">2023</span></a></li><li class=" wp-block-navigation-item wp-block-navigation-link"><a class="wp-block-navigation-item__content" href="https://longreads.com/best-of-2024/"><span class="wp-block-navigation-item__label">2024</span></a></li></ul> </div> </div> </div> </div></nav><div style="height:20px" aria-hidden="true" class="wp-block-spacer"></div><div class="wp-block-newspack-blocks-homepage-articles is-style-default wpnbha is-grid columns-3 colgap-3 show-image image-aligntop ts-3 is-3 is-uncropped is-style-default has-text-align-center" style="" > <style id="newspack-blocks-inline-css" type="text/css">.wp-block-newspack-blocks-homepage-articles article .entry-title{font-size: 1.2em;}.wp-block-newspack-blocks-homepage-articles .entry-meta{display: flex;flex-wrap: wrap;align-items: center;margin-top: 0.5em;}.wp-block-newspack-blocks-homepage-articles article .entry-meta{font-size: 0.8em;}.wp-block-newspack-blocks-homepage-articles article .avatar{height: 25px;width: 25px;}.wp-block-newspack-blocks-homepage-articles .post-thumbnail{margin: 0;margin-bottom: 0.25em;}.wp-block-newspack-blocks-homepage-articles .post-thumbnail img{height: auto;width: 100%;}.wp-block-newspack-blocks-homepage-articles .post-thumbnail figcaption{margin-bottom: 0.5em;}.wp-block-newspack-blocks-homepage-articles p{margin: 0.5em 0;}.wpnbha.ts-3 .entry-title{font-size: 1em}.wpnbha.ts-3 article .newspack-post-subtitle,.wpnbha.ts-3 article .entry-wrapper p,.wpnbha.ts-3 article .entry-wrapper .more-link,.wpnbha.ts-3 article .entry-meta{font-size: 0.8em;}</style> <div data-posts data-current-post-id="157571"> <article data-post-id="232015" class="type-page post-has-image" > <figure class="post-thumbnail"> <a href="https://longreads.com/best-of-2024/" rel="bookmark" tabindex="-1" aria-hidden="true"> <img decoding="async" width="1200" height="700" src="https://i0.wp.com/longreads.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/Best-of-2024-landing-page-image.jpg?fit=1200%2C700&amp;ssl=1" class="attachment-newspack-article-block-uncropped size-newspack-article-block-uncropped wp-post-image" alt="Best of 2024" data-hero-candidate="1" loading="none" fetchpriority="high" srcset="https://i0.wp.com/longreads.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/Best-of-2024-landing-page-image.jpg?w=2400&amp;ssl=1 2400w, https://i0.wp.com/longreads.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/Best-of-2024-landing-page-image.jpg?resize=300%2C175&amp;ssl=1 300w, https://i0.wp.com/longreads.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/Best-of-2024-landing-page-image.jpg?resize=1024%2C597&amp;ssl=1 1024w, https://i0.wp.com/longreads.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/Best-of-2024-landing-page-image.jpg?resize=768%2C448&amp;ssl=1 768w, https://i0.wp.com/longreads.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/Best-of-2024-landing-page-image.jpg?resize=1536%2C896&amp;ssl=1 1536w, https://i0.wp.com/longreads.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/Best-of-2024-landing-page-image.jpg?resize=2048%2C1195&amp;ssl=1 2048w, https://i0.wp.com/longreads.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/Best-of-2024-landing-page-image.jpg?resize=1200%2C700&amp;ssl=1 1200w, https://i0.wp.com/longreads.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/Best-of-2024-landing-page-image.jpg?resize=1568%2C915&amp;ssl=1 1568w, https://i0.wp.com/longreads.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/Best-of-2024-landing-page-image.jpg?resize=2000%2C1167&amp;ssl=1 2000w, https://i0.wp.com/longreads.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/Best-of-2024-landing-page-image.jpg?resize=400%2C233&amp;ssl=1 400w, https://i0.wp.com/longreads.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/Best-of-2024-landing-page-image.jpg?resize=706%2C412&amp;ssl=1 706w, https://i0.wp.com/longreads.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/Best-of-2024-landing-page-image.jpg?fit=1200%2C700&amp;ssl=1&amp;w=370 370w" sizes="(min-width: 782px) 400px, (min-width: 600px) 42.5vw, 90vw" /> </a> </figure><!-- .featured-image --> <div class="entry-wrapper"> <h2 class="entry-title"><a href="https://longreads.com/best-of-2024/" rel="bookmark">Best of 2024</a></h2> </div><!-- .entry-wrapper --> </article> <article data-post-id="196988" class="type-page post-has-image" > <figure class="post-thumbnail"> <a href="https://longreads.com/best-of-2023/" rel="bookmark" tabindex="-1" aria-hidden="true"> <img decoding="async" width="1200" height="700" src="https://i0.wp.com/longreads.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/Cover-Best-of-2023.png?fit=1200%2C700&amp;ssl=1" class="attachment-newspack-article-block-uncropped size-newspack-article-block-uncropped wp-post-image" alt="Best of 2023" data-hero-candidate="1" srcset="https://i0.wp.com/longreads.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/Cover-Best-of-2023.png?w=2048&amp;ssl=1 2048w, https://i0.wp.com/longreads.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/Cover-Best-of-2023.png?resize=300%2C175&amp;ssl=1 300w, https://i0.wp.com/longreads.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/Cover-Best-of-2023.png?resize=1024%2C597&amp;ssl=1 1024w, https://i0.wp.com/longreads.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/Cover-Best-of-2023.png?resize=768%2C448&amp;ssl=1 768w, https://i0.wp.com/longreads.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/Cover-Best-of-2023.png?resize=1536%2C896&amp;ssl=1 1536w, https://i0.wp.com/longreads.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/Cover-Best-of-2023.png?resize=1200%2C700&amp;ssl=1 1200w, https://i0.wp.com/longreads.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/Cover-Best-of-2023.png?resize=1568%2C914&amp;ssl=1 1568w, https://i0.wp.com/longreads.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/Cover-Best-of-2023.png?resize=400%2C233&amp;ssl=1 400w, https://i0.wp.com/longreads.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/Cover-Best-of-2023.png?resize=706%2C412&amp;ssl=1 706w, https://i0.wp.com/longreads.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/Cover-Best-of-2023.png?fit=1200%2C700&amp;ssl=1&amp;w=370 370w" sizes="(min-width: 782px) 400px, (min-width: 600px) 42.5vw, 90vw" /> </a> </figure><!-- .featured-image --> <div class="entry-wrapper"> <h2 class="entry-title"><a href="https://longreads.com/best-of-2023/" rel="bookmark">Best of 2023</a></h2> </div><!-- .entry-wrapper --> </article> <article data-post-id="158585" class="type-page post-has-image" > <figure class="post-thumbnail"> <a href="https://longreads.com/best-of-2022/" rel="bookmark" tabindex="-1" aria-hidden="true"> <img decoding="async" width="1200" height="700" src="https://i0.wp.com/longreads.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/11/Best-of-2022-Banner.png?fit=1200%2C700&amp;ssl=1" class="attachment-newspack-article-block-uncropped size-newspack-article-block-uncropped wp-post-image" alt="Best of 2022" data-hero-candidate="1" srcset="https://i0.wp.com/longreads.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/11/Best-of-2022-Banner.png?w=2048&amp;ssl=1 2048w, https://i0.wp.com/longreads.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/11/Best-of-2022-Banner.png?resize=300%2C175&amp;ssl=1 300w, https://i0.wp.com/longreads.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/11/Best-of-2022-Banner.png?resize=1024%2C597&amp;ssl=1 1024w, https://i0.wp.com/longreads.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/11/Best-of-2022-Banner.png?resize=768%2C448&amp;ssl=1 768w, https://i0.wp.com/longreads.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/11/Best-of-2022-Banner.png?resize=1536%2C896&amp;ssl=1 1536w, https://i0.wp.com/longreads.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/11/Best-of-2022-Banner.png?resize=1200%2C700&amp;ssl=1 1200w, https://i0.wp.com/longreads.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/11/Best-of-2022-Banner.png?resize=1568%2C914&amp;ssl=1 1568w, https://i0.wp.com/longreads.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/11/Best-of-2022-Banner.png?resize=400%2C233&amp;ssl=1 400w, https://i0.wp.com/longreads.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/11/Best-of-2022-Banner.png?resize=706%2C412&amp;ssl=1 706w, https://i0.wp.com/longreads.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/11/Best-of-2022-Banner.png?fit=1200%2C700&amp;ssl=1&amp;w=370 370w" sizes="(min-width: 782px) 400px, (min-width: 600px) 42.5vw, 90vw" /> </a> </figure><!-- .featured-image --> <div class="entry-wrapper"> <h2 class="entry-title"><a href="https://longreads.com/best-of-2022/" rel="bookmark">Best of 2022</a></h2> </div><!-- .entry-wrapper --> </article> <article data-post-id="152321" class="type-page post-has-image" > <figure class="post-thumbnail"> <a href="https://longreads.com/best-of-2021/" rel="bookmark" tabindex="-1" aria-hidden="true"> <img decoding="async" width="1200" height="700" src="https://i0.wp.com/longreads.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/10/Best-of-2021-Banner.png?fit=1200%2C700&amp;ssl=1" class="attachment-newspack-article-block-uncropped size-newspack-article-block-uncropped wp-post-image" alt="Best of 2021" data-hero-candidate="1" srcset="https://i0.wp.com/longreads.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/10/Best-of-2021-Banner.png?w=2048&amp;ssl=1 2048w, https://i0.wp.com/longreads.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/10/Best-of-2021-Banner.png?resize=300%2C175&amp;ssl=1 300w, https://i0.wp.com/longreads.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/10/Best-of-2021-Banner.png?resize=1024%2C597&amp;ssl=1 1024w, https://i0.wp.com/longreads.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/10/Best-of-2021-Banner.png?resize=768%2C448&amp;ssl=1 768w, https://i0.wp.com/longreads.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/10/Best-of-2021-Banner.png?resize=1536%2C896&amp;ssl=1 1536w, https://i0.wp.com/longreads.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/10/Best-of-2021-Banner.png?resize=1200%2C700&amp;ssl=1 1200w, https://i0.wp.com/longreads.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/10/Best-of-2021-Banner.png?resize=1568%2C914&amp;ssl=1 1568w, https://i0.wp.com/longreads.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/10/Best-of-2021-Banner.png?resize=400%2C233&amp;ssl=1 400w, https://i0.wp.com/longreads.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/10/Best-of-2021-Banner.png?resize=706%2C412&amp;ssl=1 706w, https://i0.wp.com/longreads.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/10/Best-of-2021-Banner.png?fit=1200%2C700&amp;ssl=1&amp;w=370 370w" sizes="(min-width: 782px) 400px, (min-width: 600px) 42.5vw, 90vw" /> </a> </figure><!-- .featured-image --> <div class="entry-wrapper"> <h2 class="entry-title"><a href="https://longreads.com/best-of-2021/" rel="bookmark">Best of 2021</a></h2> </div><!-- .entry-wrapper --> </article> <article data-post-id="145152" class="type-page post-has-image" > <figure class="post-thumbnail"> <a href="https://longreads.com/best-of-2020/" rel="bookmark" tabindex="-1" aria-hidden="true"> <img decoding="async" width="1200" height="700" src="https://i0.wp.com/longreads.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/10/Best-of-2020-Banner.png?fit=1200%2C700&amp;ssl=1" class="attachment-newspack-article-block-uncropped size-newspack-article-block-uncropped wp-post-image" alt="Best of 2020" data-hero-candidate="1" srcset="https://i0.wp.com/longreads.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/10/Best-of-2020-Banner.png?w=2048&amp;ssl=1 2048w, https://i0.wp.com/longreads.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/10/Best-of-2020-Banner.png?resize=300%2C175&amp;ssl=1 300w, https://i0.wp.com/longreads.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/10/Best-of-2020-Banner.png?resize=1024%2C597&amp;ssl=1 1024w, https://i0.wp.com/longreads.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/10/Best-of-2020-Banner.png?resize=768%2C448&amp;ssl=1 768w, https://i0.wp.com/longreads.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/10/Best-of-2020-Banner.png?resize=1536%2C896&amp;ssl=1 1536w, https://i0.wp.com/longreads.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/10/Best-of-2020-Banner.png?resize=1200%2C700&amp;ssl=1 1200w, https://i0.wp.com/longreads.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/10/Best-of-2020-Banner.png?resize=1568%2C914&amp;ssl=1 1568w, https://i0.wp.com/longreads.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/10/Best-of-2020-Banner.png?resize=400%2C233&amp;ssl=1 400w, https://i0.wp.com/longreads.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/10/Best-of-2020-Banner.png?resize=706%2C412&amp;ssl=1 706w, https://i0.wp.com/longreads.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/10/Best-of-2020-Banner.png?fit=1200%2C700&amp;ssl=1&amp;w=370 370w" sizes="(min-width: 782px) 400px, (min-width: 600px) 42.5vw, 90vw" /> </a> </figure><!-- .featured-image --> <div class="entry-wrapper"> <h2 class="entry-title"><a href="https://longreads.com/best-of-2020/" rel="bookmark">Best of 2020</a></h2> </div><!-- .entry-wrapper --> </article> <article data-post-id="129634" class="type-page post-has-image" > <figure class="post-thumbnail"> <a href="https://longreads.com/best-of-2019/" rel="bookmark" tabindex="-1" aria-hidden="true"> <img decoding="async" width="1200" height="700" src="https://i0.wp.com/longreads.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/10/Best-of-2019-Banner.png?fit=1200%2C700&amp;ssl=1" class="attachment-newspack-article-block-uncropped size-newspack-article-block-uncropped wp-post-image" alt="Best of 2019" data-hero-candidate="1" srcset="https://i0.wp.com/longreads.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/10/Best-of-2019-Banner.png?w=2048&amp;ssl=1 2048w, https://i0.wp.com/longreads.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/10/Best-of-2019-Banner.png?resize=300%2C175&amp;ssl=1 300w, https://i0.wp.com/longreads.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/10/Best-of-2019-Banner.png?resize=1024%2C597&amp;ssl=1 1024w, https://i0.wp.com/longreads.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/10/Best-of-2019-Banner.png?resize=768%2C448&amp;ssl=1 768w, https://i0.wp.com/longreads.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/10/Best-of-2019-Banner.png?resize=1536%2C896&amp;ssl=1 1536w, https://i0.wp.com/longreads.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/10/Best-of-2019-Banner.png?resize=1200%2C700&amp;ssl=1 1200w, https://i0.wp.com/longreads.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/10/Best-of-2019-Banner.png?resize=1568%2C914&amp;ssl=1 1568w, https://i0.wp.com/longreads.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/10/Best-of-2019-Banner.png?resize=400%2C233&amp;ssl=1 400w, https://i0.wp.com/longreads.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/10/Best-of-2019-Banner.png?resize=706%2C412&amp;ssl=1 706w, https://i0.wp.com/longreads.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/10/Best-of-2019-Banner.png?fit=1200%2C700&amp;ssl=1&amp;w=370 370w" sizes="(min-width: 782px) 400px, (min-width: 600px) 42.5vw, 90vw" /> </a> </figure><!-- .featured-image --> <div class="entry-wrapper"> <h2 class="entry-title"><a href="https://longreads.com/best-of-2019/" rel="bookmark">Best of 2019</a></h2> </div><!-- .entry-wrapper --> </article> <article data-post-id="117285" class="type-page post-has-image" > <figure class="post-thumbnail"> <a href="https://longreads.com/best-of-2018/" rel="bookmark" tabindex="-1" aria-hidden="true"> <img decoding="async" width="1200" height="700" src="https://i0.wp.com/longreads.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/10/Best-of-2018-Banner.png?fit=1200%2C700&amp;ssl=1" class="attachment-newspack-article-block-uncropped size-newspack-article-block-uncropped wp-post-image" alt="Best of 2018" data-hero-candidate="1" srcset="https://i0.wp.com/longreads.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/10/Best-of-2018-Banner.png?w=2048&amp;ssl=1 2048w, https://i0.wp.com/longreads.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/10/Best-of-2018-Banner.png?resize=300%2C175&amp;ssl=1 300w, https://i0.wp.com/longreads.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/10/Best-of-2018-Banner.png?resize=1024%2C597&amp;ssl=1 1024w, https://i0.wp.com/longreads.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/10/Best-of-2018-Banner.png?resize=768%2C448&amp;ssl=1 768w, https://i0.wp.com/longreads.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/10/Best-of-2018-Banner.png?resize=1536%2C896&amp;ssl=1 1536w, https://i0.wp.com/longreads.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/10/Best-of-2018-Banner.png?resize=1200%2C700&amp;ssl=1 1200w, https://i0.wp.com/longreads.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/10/Best-of-2018-Banner.png?resize=1568%2C914&amp;ssl=1 1568w, https://i0.wp.com/longreads.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/10/Best-of-2018-Banner.png?resize=400%2C233&amp;ssl=1 400w, https://i0.wp.com/longreads.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/10/Best-of-2018-Banner.png?resize=706%2C412&amp;ssl=1 706w, https://i0.wp.com/longreads.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/10/Best-of-2018-Banner.png?fit=1200%2C700&amp;ssl=1&amp;w=370 370w" sizes="(min-width: 782px) 400px, (min-width: 600px) 42.5vw, 90vw" /> </a> </figure><!-- .featured-image --> <div class="entry-wrapper"> <h2 class="entry-title"><a href="https://longreads.com/best-of-2018/" rel="bookmark">Best of 2018</a></h2> </div><!-- .entry-wrapper --> </article> <article data-post-id="100279" class="type-page post-has-image" > <figure class="post-thumbnail"> <a href="https://longreads.com/best-of-2017/" rel="bookmark" tabindex="-1" aria-hidden="true"> <img decoding="async" width="1200" height="700" src="https://i0.wp.com/longreads.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/10/Best-of-2017-Banner.png?fit=1200%2C700&amp;ssl=1" class="attachment-newspack-article-block-uncropped size-newspack-article-block-uncropped wp-post-image" alt="Best of 2017" data-hero-candidate="1" srcset="https://i0.wp.com/longreads.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/10/Best-of-2017-Banner.png?w=2048&amp;ssl=1 2048w, https://i0.wp.com/longreads.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/10/Best-of-2017-Banner.png?resize=300%2C175&amp;ssl=1 300w, https://i0.wp.com/longreads.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/10/Best-of-2017-Banner.png?resize=1024%2C597&amp;ssl=1 1024w, https://i0.wp.com/longreads.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/10/Best-of-2017-Banner.png?resize=768%2C448&amp;ssl=1 768w, https://i0.wp.com/longreads.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/10/Best-of-2017-Banner.png?resize=1536%2C896&amp;ssl=1 1536w, https://i0.wp.com/longreads.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/10/Best-of-2017-Banner.png?resize=1200%2C700&amp;ssl=1 1200w, https://i0.wp.com/longreads.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/10/Best-of-2017-Banner.png?resize=1568%2C914&amp;ssl=1 1568w, https://i0.wp.com/longreads.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/10/Best-of-2017-Banner.png?resize=400%2C233&amp;ssl=1 400w, https://i0.wp.com/longreads.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/10/Best-of-2017-Banner.png?resize=706%2C412&amp;ssl=1 706w, https://i0.wp.com/longreads.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/10/Best-of-2017-Banner.png?fit=1200%2C700&amp;ssl=1&amp;w=370 370w" sizes="(min-width: 782px) 400px, (min-width: 600px) 42.5vw, 90vw" /> </a> </figure><!-- .featured-image --> <div class="entry-wrapper"> <h2 class="entry-title"><a href="https://longreads.com/best-of-2017/" rel="bookmark">Best of 2017</a></h2> </div><!-- .entry-wrapper --> </article> <article data-post-id="42120" class="type-page post-has-image" > <figure class="post-thumbnail"> <a href="https://longreads.com/best-of-2016/" rel="bookmark" tabindex="-1" aria-hidden="true"> <img decoding="async" width="1200" height="700" src="https://i0.wp.com/longreads.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/10/Best-of-2016-Banner.png?fit=1200%2C700&amp;ssl=1" class="attachment-newspack-article-block-uncropped size-newspack-article-block-uncropped wp-post-image" alt="Best of 2016" data-hero-candidate="1" srcset="https://i0.wp.com/longreads.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/10/Best-of-2016-Banner.png?w=2048&amp;ssl=1 2048w, https://i0.wp.com/longreads.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/10/Best-of-2016-Banner.png?resize=300%2C175&amp;ssl=1 300w, https://i0.wp.com/longreads.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/10/Best-of-2016-Banner.png?resize=1024%2C597&amp;ssl=1 1024w, https://i0.wp.com/longreads.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/10/Best-of-2016-Banner.png?resize=768%2C448&amp;ssl=1 768w, https://i0.wp.com/longreads.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/10/Best-of-2016-Banner.png?resize=1536%2C896&amp;ssl=1 1536w, https://i0.wp.com/longreads.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/10/Best-of-2016-Banner.png?resize=1200%2C700&amp;ssl=1 1200w, https://i0.wp.com/longreads.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/10/Best-of-2016-Banner.png?resize=1568%2C914&amp;ssl=1 1568w, https://i0.wp.com/longreads.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/10/Best-of-2016-Banner.png?resize=400%2C233&amp;ssl=1 400w, https://i0.wp.com/longreads.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/10/Best-of-2016-Banner.png?resize=706%2C412&amp;ssl=1 706w, https://i0.wp.com/longreads.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/10/Best-of-2016-Banner.png?fit=1200%2C700&amp;ssl=1&amp;w=370 370w" sizes="(min-width: 782px) 400px, (min-width: 600px) 42.5vw, 90vw" /> </a> </figure><!-- .featured-image --> <div class="entry-wrapper"> <h2 class="entry-title"><a href="https://longreads.com/best-of-2016/" rel="bookmark">Best of 2016</a></h2> </div><!-- .entry-wrapper --> </article> <article data-post-id="25865" class="type-page post-has-image" > <figure class="post-thumbnail"> <a href="https://longreads.com/best-of-2015/" rel="bookmark" tabindex="-1" aria-hidden="true"> <img decoding="async" width="1200" height="700" src="https://i0.wp.com/longreads.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/10/Best-of-2015-Banner.png?fit=1200%2C700&amp;ssl=1" class="attachment-newspack-article-block-uncropped size-newspack-article-block-uncropped wp-post-image" alt="Best of 2015" data-hero-candidate="1" srcset="https://i0.wp.com/longreads.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/10/Best-of-2015-Banner.png?w=2048&amp;ssl=1 2048w, https://i0.wp.com/longreads.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/10/Best-of-2015-Banner.png?resize=300%2C175&amp;ssl=1 300w, https://i0.wp.com/longreads.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/10/Best-of-2015-Banner.png?resize=1024%2C597&amp;ssl=1 1024w, https://i0.wp.com/longreads.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/10/Best-of-2015-Banner.png?resize=768%2C448&amp;ssl=1 768w, https://i0.wp.com/longreads.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/10/Best-of-2015-Banner.png?resize=1536%2C896&amp;ssl=1 1536w, https://i0.wp.com/longreads.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/10/Best-of-2015-Banner.png?resize=1200%2C700&amp;ssl=1 1200w, https://i0.wp.com/longreads.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/10/Best-of-2015-Banner.png?resize=1568%2C914&amp;ssl=1 1568w, https://i0.wp.com/longreads.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/10/Best-of-2015-Banner.png?resize=400%2C233&amp;ssl=1 400w, https://i0.wp.com/longreads.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/10/Best-of-2015-Banner.png?resize=706%2C412&amp;ssl=1 706w, https://i0.wp.com/longreads.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/10/Best-of-2015-Banner.png?fit=1200%2C700&amp;ssl=1&amp;w=370 370w" sizes="(min-width: 782px) 400px, (min-width: 600px) 42.5vw, 90vw" /> </a> </figure><!-- .featured-image --> <div class="entry-wrapper"> <h2 class="entry-title"><a href="https://longreads.com/best-of-2015/" rel="bookmark">Best of 2015</a></h2> </div><!-- .entry-wrapper --> </article> <article data-post-id="27855" class="type-page post-has-image" > <figure class="post-thumbnail"> <a href="https://longreads.com/best-of-2014/" rel="bookmark" tabindex="-1" aria-hidden="true"> <img decoding="async" width="1200" height="700" src="https://i0.wp.com/longreads.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/10/Best-of-2014-Banner.png?fit=1200%2C700&amp;ssl=1" class="attachment-newspack-article-block-uncropped size-newspack-article-block-uncropped wp-post-image" alt="Best of 2014" data-hero-candidate="1" srcset="https://i0.wp.com/longreads.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/10/Best-of-2014-Banner.png?w=2048&amp;ssl=1 2048w, https://i0.wp.com/longreads.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/10/Best-of-2014-Banner.png?resize=300%2C175&amp;ssl=1 300w, https://i0.wp.com/longreads.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/10/Best-of-2014-Banner.png?resize=1024%2C597&amp;ssl=1 1024w, https://i0.wp.com/longreads.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/10/Best-of-2014-Banner.png?resize=768%2C448&amp;ssl=1 768w, https://i0.wp.com/longreads.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/10/Best-of-2014-Banner.png?resize=1536%2C896&amp;ssl=1 1536w, https://i0.wp.com/longreads.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/10/Best-of-2014-Banner.png?resize=1200%2C700&amp;ssl=1 1200w, https://i0.wp.com/longreads.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/10/Best-of-2014-Banner.png?resize=1568%2C914&amp;ssl=1 1568w, https://i0.wp.com/longreads.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/10/Best-of-2014-Banner.png?resize=400%2C233&amp;ssl=1 400w, https://i0.wp.com/longreads.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/10/Best-of-2014-Banner.png?resize=706%2C412&amp;ssl=1 706w, https://i0.wp.com/longreads.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/10/Best-of-2014-Banner.png?fit=1200%2C700&amp;ssl=1&amp;w=370 370w" sizes="(min-width: 782px) 400px, (min-width: 600px) 42.5vw, 90vw" /> </a> </figure><!-- .featured-image --> <div class="entry-wrapper"> <h2 class="entry-title"><a href="https://longreads.com/best-of-2014/" rel="bookmark">Best of 2014</a></h2> </div><!-- .entry-wrapper --> </article> <article data-post-id="27858" class="type-page post-has-image" > <figure class="post-thumbnail"> <a href="https://longreads.com/best-of-2013/" rel="bookmark" tabindex="-1" aria-hidden="true"> <img decoding="async" width="1200" height="700" src="https://i0.wp.com/longreads.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/10/Best-of-2013-Banner.png?fit=1200%2C700&amp;ssl=1" class="attachment-newspack-article-block-uncropped size-newspack-article-block-uncropped wp-post-image" alt="Best of 2013" data-hero-candidate="1" srcset="https://i0.wp.com/longreads.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/10/Best-of-2013-Banner.png?w=2048&amp;ssl=1 2048w, https://i0.wp.com/longreads.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/10/Best-of-2013-Banner.png?resize=300%2C175&amp;ssl=1 300w, https://i0.wp.com/longreads.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/10/Best-of-2013-Banner.png?resize=1024%2C597&amp;ssl=1 1024w, https://i0.wp.com/longreads.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/10/Best-of-2013-Banner.png?resize=768%2C448&amp;ssl=1 768w, https://i0.wp.com/longreads.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/10/Best-of-2013-Banner.png?resize=1536%2C896&amp;ssl=1 1536w, https://i0.wp.com/longreads.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/10/Best-of-2013-Banner.png?resize=1200%2C700&amp;ssl=1 1200w, https://i0.wp.com/longreads.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/10/Best-of-2013-Banner.png?resize=1568%2C914&amp;ssl=1 1568w, https://i0.wp.com/longreads.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/10/Best-of-2013-Banner.png?resize=400%2C233&amp;ssl=1 400w, https://i0.wp.com/longreads.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/10/Best-of-2013-Banner.png?resize=706%2C412&amp;ssl=1 706w, https://i0.wp.com/longreads.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/10/Best-of-2013-Banner.png?fit=1200%2C700&amp;ssl=1&amp;w=370 370w" sizes="(min-width: 782px) 400px, (min-width: 600px) 42.5vw, 90vw" /> </a> </figure><!-- .featured-image --> <div class="entry-wrapper"> <h2 class="entry-title"><a href="https://longreads.com/best-of-2013/" rel="bookmark">Best of 2013</a></h2> </div><!-- .entry-wrapper --> </article> <article data-post-id="27860" class="type-page post-has-image" > <figure class="post-thumbnail"> <a href="https://longreads.com/best-of-2012/" rel="bookmark" tabindex="-1" aria-hidden="true"> <img decoding="async" width="1200" height="700" src="https://i0.wp.com/longreads.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/10/Best-of-2012-Banner.png?fit=1200%2C700&amp;ssl=1" class="attachment-newspack-article-block-uncropped size-newspack-article-block-uncropped wp-post-image" alt="Best of 2012" data-hero-candidate="1" srcset="https://i0.wp.com/longreads.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/10/Best-of-2012-Banner.png?w=2048&amp;ssl=1 2048w, https://i0.wp.com/longreads.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/10/Best-of-2012-Banner.png?resize=300%2C175&amp;ssl=1 300w, https://i0.wp.com/longreads.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/10/Best-of-2012-Banner.png?resize=1024%2C597&amp;ssl=1 1024w, https://i0.wp.com/longreads.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/10/Best-of-2012-Banner.png?resize=768%2C448&amp;ssl=1 768w, https://i0.wp.com/longreads.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/10/Best-of-2012-Banner.png?resize=1536%2C896&amp;ssl=1 1536w, https://i0.wp.com/longreads.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/10/Best-of-2012-Banner.png?resize=1200%2C700&amp;ssl=1 1200w, https://i0.wp.com/longreads.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/10/Best-of-2012-Banner.png?resize=1568%2C914&amp;ssl=1 1568w, https://i0.wp.com/longreads.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/10/Best-of-2012-Banner.png?resize=400%2C233&amp;ssl=1 400w, https://i0.wp.com/longreads.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/10/Best-of-2012-Banner.png?resize=706%2C412&amp;ssl=1 706w, https://i0.wp.com/longreads.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/10/Best-of-2012-Banner.png?fit=1200%2C700&amp;ssl=1&amp;w=370 370w" sizes="(min-width: 782px) 400px, (min-width: 600px) 42.5vw, 90vw" /> </a> </figure><!-- .featured-image --> <div class="entry-wrapper"> <h2 class="entry-title"><a href="https://longreads.com/best-of-2012/" rel="bookmark">Best of 2012</a></h2> </div><!-- .entry-wrapper --> </article> <article data-post-id="27861" class="type-page post-has-image" > <figure class="post-thumbnail"> <a href="https://longreads.com/best-of-2011/" rel="bookmark" tabindex="-1" aria-hidden="true"> <img decoding="async" width="1200" height="700" src="https://i0.wp.com/longreads.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/10/Best-of-2011.png?fit=1200%2C700&amp;ssl=1" class="attachment-newspack-article-block-uncropped size-newspack-article-block-uncropped wp-post-image" alt="Best of 2011" data-hero-candidate="1" srcset="https://i0.wp.com/longreads.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/10/Best-of-2011.png?w=2048&amp;ssl=1 2048w, https://i0.wp.com/longreads.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/10/Best-of-2011.png?resize=300%2C175&amp;ssl=1 300w, https://i0.wp.com/longreads.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/10/Best-of-2011.png?resize=1024%2C597&amp;ssl=1 1024w, https://i0.wp.com/longreads.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/10/Best-of-2011.png?resize=768%2C448&amp;ssl=1 768w, https://i0.wp.com/longreads.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/10/Best-of-2011.png?resize=1536%2C896&amp;ssl=1 1536w, https://i0.wp.com/longreads.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/10/Best-of-2011.png?resize=1200%2C700&amp;ssl=1 1200w, https://i0.wp.com/longreads.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/10/Best-of-2011.png?resize=1568%2C914&amp;ssl=1 1568w, https://i0.wp.com/longreads.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/10/Best-of-2011.png?resize=400%2C233&amp;ssl=1 400w, https://i0.wp.com/longreads.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/10/Best-of-2011.png?resize=706%2C412&amp;ssl=1 706w, https://i0.wp.com/longreads.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/10/Best-of-2011.png?fit=1200%2C700&amp;ssl=1&amp;w=370 370w" sizes="(min-width: 782px) 400px, (min-width: 600px) 42.5vw, 90vw" /> </a> </figure><!-- .featured-image --> <div class="entry-wrapper"> <h2 class="entry-title"><a href="https://longreads.com/best-of-2011/" rel="bookmark">Best of 2011</a></h2> </div><!-- .entry-wrapper --> </article> </div> </div> </div><!-- .entry-content --> </article><!-- #post-157571 --> </div> </main><!-- #main --> </section><!-- #primary --> </div><!-- #content --> <footer id="colophon" class="site-footer"> <div class="footer-branding"> <div class="wrapper"> <style>.site-header .custom-logo{height: 107px;max-height: 180px;max-width: 600px;width: 357px;}@media (max-width: 781px){.site-header .custom-logo{max-width: 175px;max-height: 52px;}}@media (min-width: 782px){.h-stk:not(.h-sub) .site-header .custom-logo{max-height: 90px;max-width: 300px;}.h-sub .site-header .custom-logo{max-width: 200px;max-height: 60px;}}@media (max-width: 1199px) and (min-width: 782px){.h-stk.h-cl:not(.h-sub) .site-header .custom-logo{max-width: 100%;width: auto;}}</style><a href="https://longreads.com/" class="custom-logo-link" rel="home"><img data-perfmatters-preload width="600" height="180" src="https://i0.wp.com/longreads.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/08/longreads-logo-1.png?fit=600%2C180&amp;ssl=1" class="custom-logo" alt="Longreads" decoding="async" srcset="https://i0.wp.com/longreads.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/08/longreads-logo-1.png?w=600&amp;ssl=1 600w, https://i0.wp.com/longreads.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/08/longreads-logo-1.png?resize=300%2C90&amp;ssl=1 300w, https://i0.wp.com/longreads.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/08/longreads-logo-1.png?resize=400%2C120&amp;ssl=1 400w, https://i0.wp.com/longreads.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/08/longreads-logo-1.png?fit=600%2C180&amp;ssl=1&amp;w=370 370w" sizes="(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px" /></a> <nav class="social-navigation" aria-label="Social Links Menu"> <ul id="menu-social-links-menu-1" class="social-links-menu"><li class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-157587"><a href="https://twitter.com/longreads"><span class="screen-reader-text">Twitter</span><svg class="svg-icon" width="0" height="0" aria-hidden="true" role="img" viewBox="0 0 24 24" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path d="M22.23,5.924c-0.736,0.326-1.527,0.547-2.357,0.646c0.847-0.508,1.498-1.312,1.804-2.27 c-0.793,0.47-1.671,0.812-2.606,0.996C18.324,4.498,17.257,4,16.077,4c-2.266,0-4.103,1.837-4.103,4.103 c0,0.322,0.036,0.635,0.106,0.935C8.67,8.867,5.647,7.234,3.623,4.751C3.27,5.357,3.067,6.062,3.067,6.814 c0,1.424,0.724,2.679,1.825,3.415c-0.673-0.021-1.305-0.206-1.859-0.513c0,0.017,0,0.034,0,0.052c0,1.988,1.414,3.647,3.292,4.023 c-0.344,0.094-0.707,0.144-1.081,0.144c-0.264,0-0.521-0.026-0.772-0.074c0.522,1.63,2.038,2.816,3.833,2.85 c-1.404,1.1-3.174,1.756-5.096,1.756c-0.331,0-0.658-0.019-0.979-0.057c1.816,1.164,3.973,1.843,6.29,1.843 c7.547,0,11.675-6.252,11.675-11.675c0-0.178-0.004-0.355-0.012-0.531C20.985,7.47,21.68,6.747,22.23,5.924z"></path></svg></a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-157588"><a href="https://www.facebook.com/longreads"><span class="screen-reader-text">Facebook</span><svg class="svg-icon" width="0" height="0" aria-hidden="true" role="img" viewBox="0 0 24 24" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path d="M12 2C6.5 2 2 6.5 2 12c0 5 3.7 9.1 8.4 9.9v-7H7.9V12h2.5V9.8c0-2.5 1.5-3.9 3.8-3.9 1.1 0 2.2.2 2.2.2v2.5h-1.3c-1.2 0-1.6.8-1.6 1.6V12h2.8l-.4 2.9h-2.3v7C18.3 21.1 22 17 22 12c0-5.5-4.5-10-10-10z"></path></svg></a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-157589"><a href="https://www.instagram.com/longreads/"><span class="screen-reader-text">Instagram</span><svg class="svg-icon" width="0" height="0" aria-hidden="true" role="img" viewBox="0 0 24 24" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path d="M12,4.622c2.403,0,2.688,0.009,3.637,0.052c0.877,0.04,1.354,0.187,1.671,0.31c0.42,0.163,0.72,0.358,1.035,0.673 c0.315,0.315,0.51,0.615,0.673,1.035c0.123,0.317,0.27,0.794,0.31,1.671c0.043,0.949,0.052,1.234,0.052,3.637 s-0.009,2.688-0.052,3.637c-0.04,0.877-0.187,1.354-0.31,1.671c-0.163,0.42-0.358,0.72-0.673,1.035 c-0.315,0.315-0.615,0.51-1.035,0.673c-0.317,0.123-0.794,0.27-1.671,0.31c-0.949,0.043-1.233,0.052-3.637,0.052 s-2.688-0.009-3.637-0.052c-0.877-0.04-1.354-0.187-1.671-0.31c-0.42-0.163-0.72-0.358-1.035-0.673 c-0.315-0.315-0.51-0.615-0.673-1.035c-0.123-0.317-0.27-0.794-0.31-1.671C4.631,14.688,4.622,14.403,4.622,12 s0.009-2.688,0.052-3.637c0.04-0.877,0.187-1.354,0.31-1.671c0.163-0.42,0.358-0.72,0.673-1.035 c0.315-0.315,0.615-0.51,1.035-0.673c0.317-0.123,0.794-0.27,1.671-0.31C9.312,4.631,9.597,4.622,12,4.622 M12,3 C9.556,3,9.249,3.01,8.289,3.054C7.331,3.098,6.677,3.25,6.105,3.472C5.513,3.702,5.011,4.01,4.511,4.511 c-0.5,0.5-0.808,1.002-1.038,1.594C3.25,6.677,3.098,7.331,3.054,8.289C3.01,9.249,3,9.556,3,12c0,2.444,0.01,2.751,0.054,3.711 c0.044,0.958,0.196,1.612,0.418,2.185c0.23,0.592,0.538,1.094,1.038,1.594c0.5,0.5,1.002,0.808,1.594,1.038 c0.572,0.222,1.227,0.375,2.185,0.418C9.249,20.99,9.556,21,12,21s2.751-0.01,3.711-0.054c0.958-0.044,1.612-0.196,2.185-0.418 c0.592-0.23,1.094-0.538,1.594-1.038c0.5-0.5,0.808-1.002,1.038-1.594c0.222-0.572,0.375-1.227,0.418-2.185 C20.99,14.751,21,14.444,21,12s-0.01-2.751-0.054-3.711c-0.044-0.958-0.196-1.612-0.418-2.185c-0.23-0.592-0.538-1.094-1.038-1.594 c-0.5-0.5-1.002-0.808-1.594-1.038c-0.572-0.222-1.227-0.375-2.185-0.418C14.751,3.01,14.444,3,12,3L12,3z M12,7.378 c-2.552,0-4.622,2.069-4.622,4.622S9.448,16.622,12,16.622s4.622-2.069,4.622-4.622S14.552,7.378,12,7.378z M12,15 c-1.657,0-3-1.343-3-3s1.343-3,3-3s3,1.343,3,3S13.657,15,12,15z M16.804,6.116c-0.596,0-1.08,0.484-1.08,1.08 s0.484,1.08,1.08,1.08c0.596,0,1.08-0.484,1.08-1.08S17.401,6.116,16.804,6.116z"></path></svg></a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-157590"><a href="https://longreads.tumblr.com/"><span class="screen-reader-text">Tumblr</span><svg class="svg-icon" width="0" height="0" aria-hidden="true" role="img" viewBox="0 0 24 24" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path d="M16.749,17.396c-0.357,0.17-1.041,0.319-1.551,0.332c-1.539,0.041-1.837-1.081-1.85-1.896V9.847h3.861V6.937h-3.847V2.039 c0,0-2.77,0-2.817,0c-0.046,0-0.127,0.041-0.138,0.144c-0.165,1.499-0.867,4.13-3.783,5.181v2.484h1.945v6.282 c0,2.151,1.587,5.206,5.775,5.135c1.413-0.024,2.982-0.616,3.329-1.126L16.749,17.396z"></path></svg></a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-187816"><a href="https://mastodon.world/@longreads"><span class="screen-reader-text">Mastodon</span><svg class="svg-icon" width="0" height="0" aria-hidden="true" role="img" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M21.3,9.4c0-4.3-2.8-5.6-2.8-5.6c-1.4-0.7-3.9-0.9-6.4-1H12c-2.6,0-5,0.3-6.4,1c0,0-2.8,1.3-2.8,5.6c0,1,0,2.2,0,3.4 c0.1,4.2,0.8,8.4,4.7,9.4c1.8,0.5,3.4,0.6,4.6,0.5c2.3-0.1,3.5-0.8,3.5-0.8l-0.1-1.6c0,0-1.6,0.5-3.4,0.4c-1.8-0.1-3.7-0.2-4-2.4 c0-0.2,0-0.4,0-0.6c0,0,1.8,0.4,4,0.5c1.4,0.1,2.7-0.1,4-0.2c2.5-0.3,4.7-1.8,5-3.2C21.3,12.6,21.3,9.4,21.3,9.4z M18,15h-2.1V9.9 c0-1.1-0.5-1.6-1.4-1.6c-1,0-1.5,0.6-1.5,1.9V13H11v-2.8c0-1.3-0.5-1.9-1.5-1.9c-0.9,0-1.4,0.5-1.4,1.6V15H6V9.7 c0-1.1,0.3-1.9,0.8-2.6c0.6-0.6,1.3-1,2.2-1c1.1,0,1.9,0.4,2.4,1.2L12,8.3l0.5-0.9c0.5-0.8,1.3-1.2,2.4-1.2c0.9,0,1.7,0.3,2.2,1 C17.7,7.8,18,8.6,18,9.7V15z" /></svg></a></li> </ul> </nav><!-- .social-navigation --> </div><!-- .wrapper --> </div><!-- .footer-branding --> <aside class="widget-area footer-widgets" role="complementary" aria-label="Footer"> <div class="wrapper"> <section id="nav_menu-3" class="widget widget_nav_menu"><div class="menu-footer-menu-container"><ul id="menu-footer-menu" class="menu"><li id="menu-item-157422" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-home menu-item-157422"><a href="https://longreads.com/">Home</a></li> <li id="menu-item-157423" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-157423"><a href="https://longreads.com/about/">About</a></li> <li id="menu-item-157424" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-157424"><a href="https://longreads.com/join/">Membership</a></li> <li id="menu-item-157425" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-157425"><a href="https://longreads.com/faq/">FAQ</a></li> <li id="menu-item-157426" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-157426"><a href="https://longreads.com/submissions/">Submissions</a></li> <li id="menu-item-220126" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-220126"><a href="http://automattic.com/privacy">Privacy Policy</a></li> <li id="menu-item-157430" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-157430"><a href="https://automattic.com/privacy/#california-consumer-privacy-act-ccpa">Privacy Notice for California Users</a></li> <li id="menu-item-157428" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-157428"><a href="https://longreads.com/press/">Press</a></li> <li id="menu-item-157429" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-157429"><a href="/feed">RSS Feed</a></li> <li id="menu-item-181693" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-181693"><a href="https://longreads.com/opt-out-preferences/">Opt-out preferences</a></li> </ul></div></section><section id="block-12" class="widget widget_block"><div class="wp-block-group is-content-justification-center is-layout-flex wp-container-core-group-is-layout-1 wp-block-group-is-layout-flex"><p style="font-size:14px">Part of the</p> <figure class="wp-block-image size-full is-resized"><a href="http://www.automattic.com/?utm_source=longreads&amp;utm_medium=automattic_referred&amp;utm_campaign=footer"><img decoding="async" src="https://longreads.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/08/automattic-logo.png" alt="" class="wp-image-157581" width="125" srcset="https://i0.wp.com/longreads.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/08/automattic-logo.png?w=274&amp;ssl=1 274w, https://i0.wp.com/longreads.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/08/automattic-logo.png?w=370&amp;ssl=1 370w, https://i0.wp.com/longreads.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/08/automattic-logo.png?w=400&amp;ssl=1 400w" sizes="(max-width: 274px) 100vw, 274px" /></a></figure> <p style="font-size:14px">family</p></div></section> </div><!-- .wrapper --> </aside><!-- .widget-area --> <div class="site-info"> <div class="wrapper site-info-contain"> <span class="copyright">&copy; 2025 Longreads</span> <a target="_blank" href="https://newspack.com/" class="imprint"> Powered by Newspack </a> </div><!-- .wrapper --> </div><!-- .site-info --> </footer><!-- #colophon --> </div><!-- #page --> <script defer id="bilmur" data-provider="wpcloud" data-service="newspack" src="https://s0.wp.com/wp-content/js/bilmur.min.js?m=202508"></script> <div class="newspack-ui newspack-ui__modal-container newspack-reader-auth-modal"> <div class="newspack-ui__modal-container__overlay"></div> <div class="newspack-ui__modal newspack-ui__modal--small" role="dialog" aria-modal="true" aria-labelledby="newspack-reader-auth-modal-label"> <div class="newspack-ui__modal__header"> <h2 id="newspack-reader-auth-modal-label">Sign in</h2> <button class="newspack-ui__button newspack-ui__button--icon newspack-ui__button--ghost newspack-ui__modal__close"> <span class="screen-reader-text">Close</span> <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="24" height="24" viewBox="0 0 24 24" role="img" aria-hidden="true"> <path d="M19 6.41L17.59 5 12 10.59 6.41 5 5 6.41 10.59 12 5 17.59 6.41 19 12 13.41 17.59 19 19 17.59 13.41 12 19 6.41z" /> </svg> </button> </div> <div class="newspack-ui__modal__content"> <div class="newspack-ui newspack-reader-auth"> <div class="newspack-ui__box newspack-ui__box--success newspack-ui__box--text-center" data-action="success"> <span class="newspack-ui__icon newspack-ui__icon--success"> <svg aria-hidden="true" width="24" height="24" viewBox="0 0 24 24" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <path d="M16.7 7.1l-6.3 8.5-3.3-2.5-.9 1.2 4.5 3.4L17.9 8z" /> </svg> </span> <p> <strong class="success-title"></strong> </p> <p class="newspack-ui__font--xs success-description"></p> </div> <form method="post" target="_top" data-newspack-recaptcha="newspack_register"> <div data-action="signin register"> <div class="newspack-ui"> <button type="button" class="newspack-ui__button newspack-ui__button--wide newspack-ui__button--secondary newspack-ui__button--google-oauth"> <svg width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M19.6 10.227C19.6 9.51801 19.536 8.83701 19.418 8.18201H10V12.05H15.382C15.2706 12.6619 15.0363 13.2448 14.6932 13.7635C14.3501 14.2822 13.9054 14.726 13.386 15.068V17.578H16.618C18.509 15.836 19.6 13.273 19.6 10.228V10.227Z" fill="#4285F4"></path> <path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M9.99996 20C12.7 20 14.964 19.105 16.618 17.577L13.386 15.068C12.491 15.668 11.346 16.023 9.99996 16.023C7.39496 16.023 5.18996 14.263 4.40496 11.9H1.06396V14.49C1.89597 16.1468 3.17234 17.5395 4.7504 18.5126C6.32846 19.4856 8.14603 20.0006 9.99996 20Z" fill="#34A853"></path> <path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M4.405 11.9C4.205 11.3 4.091 10.66 4.091 10C4.091 9.34001 4.205 8.70001 4.405 8.10001V5.51001H1.064C0.364015 6.90321 -0.000359433 8.44084 2.66054e-07 10C2.66054e-07 11.614 0.386 13.14 1.064 14.49L4.404 11.9H4.405Z" fill="#FBBC05"></path> <path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M9.99996 3.977C11.468 3.977 12.786 4.482 13.823 5.473L16.691 2.605C14.959 0.99 12.695 0 9.99996 0C6.08996 0 2.70996 2.24 1.06396 5.51L4.40396 8.1C5.19196 5.736 7.39596 3.977 9.99996 3.977Z" fill="#EA4335"></path> </svg> Sign in with Google </button> <div class="newspack-ui__word-divider"> Or </div> </div> </div> <input type="hidden" name="reader-activation-auth-form" value="1" /> <input type="hidden" name="action" /> <p data-action="otp"> <label>Enter the code sent to your email.</label> </p> <div data-action="signin register"> <p> <label for="newspack-reader-auth-email-input">Email address</label> <input id="newspack-reader-auth-email-input" name="npe" type="email" placeholder="Your email address" /> </p> </div> <p class="newspack-ui__code-input" data-action="otp"> <input name="otp_code" type="text" maxlength="6" placeholder="6-digit code" /> </p> <p data-action="pwd"> <label for="newspack-reader-auth-password-input">Enter your password</label> <input id="newspack-reader-auth-password-input" name="password" type="password" /> </p> <div class="response-container"> <div class="response"> </div> </div> <p data-action="otp"> Sign in by entering the code we sent to <strong class="email-address"></strong>, or clicking the magic link in the email. </p> <button type="submit" class="newspack-ui__button newspack-ui__button--wide newspack-ui__button--primary" data-action="register signin pwd otp">Continue</button> <button type="button" class="newspack-ui__button newspack-ui__button--wide newspack-ui__button--secondary" data-action="otp" data-resend-code>Resend code</button> <button type="button" class="newspack-ui__button newspack-ui__button--wide newspack-ui__button--secondary" data-action="pwd" data-send-code>Email me a one-time code instead</button> <a class="newspack-ui__button newspack-ui__button--wide newspack-ui__button--secondary" data-action="pwd" href="https://longreads.com/my-account/lost-password/">Forgot password</a> <button type="button" class="newspack-ui__button newspack-ui__button--wide newspack-ui__button--ghost newspack-ui__last-child" data-action="signin" data-set-action="register">Create an account</button> <button type="button" class="newspack-ui__button newspack-ui__button--wide newspack-ui__button--ghost newspack-ui__last-child" data-action="register" data-set-action="signin">Sign in to an existing account</button> <button type="button" class="newspack-ui__button newspack-ui__button--wide newspack-ui__button--ghost newspack-ui__last-child" data-action="otp pwd" data-back>Go back</button> </form> <a href="#" class="auth-callback newspack-ui__button newspack-ui__button--wide newspack-ui__button--primary" data-action="success">Continue</a> <a href="#" class="set-password newspack-ui__button newspack-ui__button--wide newspack-ui__button--secondary" data-action="success">Set a password (optional)</a> </div> </div> <footer class="newspack-ui__modal__footer" data-action="signin register"> <p> <a href="https://automattic.com/privacy/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Our privacy policy can be found here.</a> This site is protected by reCAPTCHA and the Google <a href="https://policies.google.com/privacy" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Privacy Policy</a> and <a href="https://policies.google.com/terms" rel="external" target="_blank">Terms of Service</a> apply. </p> </footer> </div> </div> <!-- Consent Management powered by Complianz | GDPR/CCPA Cookie Consent https://wordpress.org/plugins/complianz-gdpr --> <div id="cmplz-cookiebanner-container"><div class="cmplz-cookiebanner cmplz-hidden banner-1 bottom-right-view-preferences optout cmplz-bottom-right cmplz-categories-type-view-preferences" aria-modal="true" data-nosnippet="true" role="dialog" aria-live="polite" aria-labelledby="cmplz-header-1-optout" aria-describedby="cmplz-message-1-optout"> <div class="cmplz-header"> <div class="cmplz-logo"></div> <div class="cmplz-title" id="cmplz-header-1-optout">Manage Cookie Consent</div> <div class="cmplz-close" tabindex="0" role="button" aria-label="Close dialog"> <svg aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" data-prefix="fas" data-icon="times" class="svg-inline--fa fa-times fa-w-11" role="img" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 352 512"><path fill="currentColor" d="M242.72 256l100.07-100.07c12.28-12.28 12.28-32.19 0-44.48l-22.24-22.24c-12.28-12.28-32.19-12.28-44.48 0L176 189.28 75.93 89.21c-12.28-12.28-32.19-12.28-44.48 0L9.21 111.45c-12.28 12.28-12.28 32.19 0 44.48L109.28 256 9.21 356.07c-12.28 12.28-12.28 32.19 0 44.48l22.24 22.24c12.28 12.28 32.2 12.28 44.48 0L176 322.72l100.07 100.07c12.28 12.28 32.2 12.28 44.48 0l22.24-22.24c12.28-12.28 12.28-32.19 0-44.48L242.72 256z"></path></svg> </div> </div> <div class="cmplz-divider cmplz-divider-header"></div> <div class="cmplz-body"> <div class="cmplz-message" id="cmplz-message-1-optout">To provide the best experiences, we use technologies like cookies to store and/or access device information. Consenting to these technologies will allow us to process data such as browsing behavior or unique IDs on this site. Not consenting or withdrawing consent may adversely affect certain features and functions.</div> <!-- categories start --> <div class="cmplz-categories"> <details class="cmplz-category cmplz-functional" > <summary> <span class="cmplz-category-header"> <span class="cmplz-category-title">Functional</span> <span class='cmplz-always-active'> <span class="cmplz-banner-checkbox"> <input type="checkbox" id="cmplz-functional-optout" data-category="cmplz_functional" class="cmplz-consent-checkbox cmplz-functional" size="40" value="1"/> <label class="cmplz-label" for="cmplz-functional-optout" tabindex="0"><span class="screen-reader-text">Functional</span></label> </span> Always active </span> <span class="cmplz-icon cmplz-open"> <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 448 512" height="18" ><path d="M224 416c-8.188 0-16.38-3.125-22.62-9.375l-192-192c-12.5-12.5-12.5-32.75 0-45.25s32.75-12.5 45.25 0L224 338.8l169.4-169.4c12.5-12.5 32.75-12.5 45.25 0s12.5 32.75 0 45.25l-192 192C240.4 412.9 232.2 416 224 416z"/></svg> </span> </span> </summary> <div class="cmplz-description"> <span class="cmplz-description-functional">The technical storage or access is strictly necessary for the legitimate purpose of enabling the use of a specific service explicitly requested by the subscriber or user, or for the sole purpose of carrying out the transmission of a communication over an electronic communications network.</span> </div> </details> <details class="cmplz-category cmplz-preferences" > <summary> <span class="cmplz-category-header"> <span class="cmplz-category-title">Preferences</span> <span class="cmplz-banner-checkbox"> <input type="checkbox" id="cmplz-preferences-optout" data-category="cmplz_preferences" class="cmplz-consent-checkbox cmplz-preferences" size="40" value="1"/> <label class="cmplz-label" for="cmplz-preferences-optout" tabindex="0"><span class="screen-reader-text">Preferences</span></label> </span> <span class="cmplz-icon cmplz-open"> <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 448 512" height="18" ><path d="M224 416c-8.188 0-16.38-3.125-22.62-9.375l-192-192c-12.5-12.5-12.5-32.75 0-45.25s32.75-12.5 45.25 0L224 338.8l169.4-169.4c12.5-12.5 32.75-12.5 45.25 0s12.5 32.75 0 45.25l-192 192C240.4 412.9 232.2 416 224 416z"/></svg> </span> </span> </summary> <div class="cmplz-description"> <span class="cmplz-description-preferences">The technical storage or access is necessary for the legitimate purpose of storing preferences that are not requested by the subscriber or user.</span> </div> </details> <details class="cmplz-category cmplz-statistics" > <summary> <span class="cmplz-category-header"> <span class="cmplz-category-title">Statistics</span> <span class="cmplz-banner-checkbox"> <input type="checkbox" id="cmplz-statistics-optout" data-category="cmplz_statistics" class="cmplz-consent-checkbox cmplz-statistics" size="40" value="1"/> <label class="cmplz-label" for="cmplz-statistics-optout" tabindex="0"><span class="screen-reader-text">Statistics</span></label> </span> <span class="cmplz-icon cmplz-open"> <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 448 512" height="18" ><path d="M224 416c-8.188 0-16.38-3.125-22.62-9.375l-192-192c-12.5-12.5-12.5-32.75 0-45.25s32.75-12.5 45.25 0L224 338.8l169.4-169.4c12.5-12.5 32.75-12.5 45.25 0s12.5 32.75 0 45.25l-192 192C240.4 412.9 232.2 416 224 416z"/></svg> </span> </span> </summary> <div class="cmplz-description"> <span class="cmplz-description-statistics">The technical storage or access that is used exclusively for statistical purposes.</span> <span class="cmplz-description-statistics-anonymous">The technical storage or access that is used exclusively for anonymous statistical purposes. Without a subpoena, voluntary compliance on the part of your Internet Service Provider, or additional records from a third party, information stored or retrieved for this purpose alone cannot usually be used to identify you.</span> </div> </details> <details class="cmplz-category cmplz-marketing" > <summary> <span class="cmplz-category-header"> <span class="cmplz-category-title">Marketing</span> <span class="cmplz-banner-checkbox"> <input type="checkbox" id="cmplz-marketing-optout" data-category="cmplz_marketing" class="cmplz-consent-checkbox cmplz-marketing" size="40" value="1"/> <label class="cmplz-label" for="cmplz-marketing-optout" tabindex="0"><span class="screen-reader-text">Marketing</span></label> </span> <span class="cmplz-icon cmplz-open"> <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 448 512" height="18" ><path d="M224 416c-8.188 0-16.38-3.125-22.62-9.375l-192-192c-12.5-12.5-12.5-32.75 0-45.25s32.75-12.5 45.25 0L224 338.8l169.4-169.4c12.5-12.5 32.75-12.5 45.25 0s12.5 32.75 0 45.25l-192 192C240.4 412.9 232.2 416 224 416z"/></svg> </span> </span> </summary> <div class="cmplz-description"> <span class="cmplz-description-marketing">The technical storage or access is required to create user profiles to send advertising, or to track the user on a website or across several websites for similar marketing purposes.</span> </div> </details> </div><!-- categories end --> </div> <div class="cmplz-links cmplz-information"> <a class="cmplz-link cmplz-manage-options cookie-statement" href="#" data-relative_url="#cmplz-manage-consent-container">Manage options</a> <a class="cmplz-link cmplz-manage-third-parties cookie-statement" href="#" data-relative_url="#cmplz-cookies-overview">Manage services</a> <a class="cmplz-link cmplz-manage-vendors tcf cookie-statement" href="#" data-relative_url="#cmplz-tcf-wrapper">Manage {vendor_count} vendors</a> <a class="cmplz-link cmplz-external cmplz-read-more-purposes tcf" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer nofollow" href="https://cookiedatabase.org/tcf/purposes/">Read more about these purposes</a> </div> <div class="cmplz-divider cmplz-footer"></div> <div class="cmplz-buttons"> <button class="cmplz-btn cmplz-accept">Accept</button> <button class="cmplz-btn cmplz-deny">Deny</button> <button class="cmplz-btn cmplz-view-preferences">View preferences</button> <button class="cmplz-btn cmplz-save-preferences">Save preferences</button> <a class="cmplz-btn cmplz-manage-options tcf cookie-statement" href="#" data-relative_url="#cmplz-manage-consent-container">View preferences</a> </div> <div class="cmplz-links cmplz-documents"> <a class="cmplz-link cookie-statement" href="#" data-relative_url="">{title}</a> <a class="cmplz-link privacy-statement" href="#" data-relative_url="">{title}</a> <a class="cmplz-link impressum" href="#" data-relative_url="">{title}</a> </div> </div> </div> <div id="cmplz-manage-consent" data-nosnippet="true"><button class="cmplz-btn cmplz-hidden cmplz-manage-consent manage-consent-1">Manage consent</button> </div><script type="importmap" id="wp-importmap"> {"imports":{"@wordpress\/interactivity":"https:\/\/longreads.com\/wp-includes\/js\/dist\/script-modules\/interactivity\/index.min.js?ver=907ea3b2f317a78b7b9b"}} </script> <script type="module" src="https://longreads.com/wp-includes/js/dist/script-modules/block-library/navigation/view.min.js?ver=8ff192874fc8910a284c" id="@wordpress/block-library/navigation/view-js-module"></script> <link rel="modulepreload" href="https://longreads.com/wp-includes/js/dist/script-modules/interactivity/index.min.js?ver=907ea3b2f317a78b7b9b" id="@wordpress/interactivity-js-modulepreload"> <script type="module"> import { Workbox } from "https:\/\/longreads.com\/wp-content\/plugins\/pwa\/wp-includes\/js\/workbox-v7.3.0\/workbox-window.prod.js"; if ( 'serviceWorker' in navigator ) { window.wp = window.wp || {}; window.wp.serviceWorkerWindow = new Workbox( "https:\/\/longreads.com\/wp.serviceworker", {"scope":"\/"} ); window.wp.serviceWorkerWindow.register(); } </script> <link rel="stylesheet" id="wc-stripe-blocks-checkout-style-css" media="all" data-pmdelayedstyle="https://longreads.com/wp-content/plugins/woocommerce-gateway-stripe/build/upe_blocks.css?ver=80aba14d0d0aecb5950a5419963416fe"> <link rel='stylesheet' id='newspack-blocks-donate-css' href='https://longreads.com/wp-content/plugins/newspack-blocks/dist/donate/view.css?ver=4.6.0' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='newspack-blocks-modal-css' href='https://longreads.com/wp-content/plugins/newspack-blocks/dist/modal.css?ver=4.6.0' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='newspack-blocks-donate-tiers-based-css' href='https://longreads.com/wp-content/plugins/newspack-blocks/dist/tiersBased.css?ver=4.6.0' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='newspack-newsletters-subscribe-block-css' href='https://longreads.com/wp-content/plugins/newspack-newsletters/src/blocks/subscribe/../../../dist/subscribeBlock.css?ver=1739815486' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='newspack-blocks-homepage-articles-css' href='https://longreads.com/wp-content/plugins/newspack-blocks/dist/homepage-articles/view.css?ver=4.6.0' media='all' /> <style id='core-block-supports-inline-css'>.wp-container-core-navigation-is-layout-1{justify-content:center;}.wp-container-core-group-is-layout-1{justify-content:center;}</style> <script id="custom-content-types-data-js-before"> var CUSTOM_CONTENT_TYPE__INITIAL_STATE; typeof CUSTOM_CONTENT_TYPE__INITIAL_STATE === "object" || (CUSTOM_CONTENT_TYPE__INITIAL_STATE = JSON.parse(decodeURIComponent("%7B%22active%22%3Atrue%2C%22over_ride%22%3Afalse%7D"))); </script> <script src="https://longreads.com/wp-content/plugins/woocommerce/assets/js/selectWoo/selectWoo.full.min.js?ver=1.0.9-wc.9.6.2" id="selectWoo-js" data-wp-strategy="defer" defer></script> <script id="wc-memberships-blocks-common-js-extra"> var wc_memberships_blocks_common = {"keywords":{"email":"Email","phone":"Phone","plan":"Plan","address":"Address","search_not_found":"We didn't find any members. Please try a different search or check for typos.","results_not_found":"No records found..."},"ajaxUrl":"https:\/\/longreads.com\/wp-admin\/admin-ajax.php","restUrl":"https:\/\/longreads.com\/wp-json\/","restNonce":"f462891b81"}; </script> <script src="https://longreads.com/wp-content/plugins/woocommerce-memberships/assets/js/frontend/wc-memberships-blocks-common.min.js?ver=1.26.6" id="wc-memberships-blocks-common-js" defer></script> <script src="https://longreads.com/wp-content/plugins/newspack-ads/dist/media-kit-frontend.js?ver=3.3.2" id="newspack-ads-media-kit-frontend-js" defer></script> <script src="https://longreads.com/wp-content/plugins/newspack-plugin/dist/commons.js?ver=5.14.1" id="newspack_commons-js" type="pmdelayedscript" data-cfasync="false" data-no-optimize="1" data-no-defer="1" data-no-minify="1"></script> <script src="https://longreads.com/wp-includes/js/dist/hooks.min.js?ver=4d63a3d491d11ffd8ac6" id="wp-hooks-js"></script> <script src="https://longreads.com/wp-includes/js/dist/i18n.min.js?ver=5e580eb46a90c2b997e6" id="wp-i18n-js"></script> <script id="wp-i18n-js-after"> wp.i18n.setLocaleData( { 'text direction\u0004ltr': [ 'ltr' ] } ); </script> <script id="newspack-recaptcha-js-extra" type="pmdelayedscript" data-cfasync="false" data-no-optimize="1" data-no-defer="1" data-no-minify="1"> var newspack_recaptcha_data = {"site_key":"6LfZ6ZwkAAAAAOcnxz7FhPYQMfBqvJbiL9rgaDRT","version":"v3","api_url":"https:\/\/www.google.com\/recaptcha\/api.js?render=6LfZ6ZwkAAAAAOcnxz7FhPYQMfBqvJbiL9rgaDRT"}; </script> <script src="https://longreads.com/wp-content/plugins/newspack-plugin/dist/other-scripts/recaptcha.js?ver=5.14.1" id="newspack-recaptcha-js" data-wp-strategy="async" type="pmdelayedscript" data-cfasync="false" data-no-optimize="1" data-no-defer="1" data-no-minify="1"></script> <script id="newspack-reader-activation-js-extra"> var newspack_ras_config = {"auth_intention_cookie":"np_auth_intention","cid_cookie":"newspack-cid","is_logged_in":"","authenticated_email":"","otp_auth_action":"np_otp_auth","otp_rate_interval":"60","account_url":"https:\/\/longreads.com\/my-account\/","is_ras_enabled":"1","captcha_site_key":"6LfZ6ZwkAAAAAOcnxz7FhPYQMfBqvJbiL9rgaDRT"}; var newspack_reader_data = {"store_prefix":"np_reader_1_","is_temporary":"","reader_activity":[]}; </script> <script src="https://longreads.com/wp-content/plugins/newspack-plugin/dist/reader-activation.js?ver=5.14.1" id="newspack-reader-activation-js" data-wp-strategy="async" async data-amp-plus-allowed type="pmdelayedscript" data-cfasync="false" data-no-optimize="1" data-no-defer="1" data-no-minify="1"></script> <script id="newspack-reader-auth-js-extra"> var newspack_reader_activation_labels = {"title":"Sign in","invalid_email":"Please enter a valid email address.","invalid_password":"Please enter a password.","invalid_display":"Display name cannot match your email address. Please choose a different display name.","blocked_popup":"The popup has been blocked. Allow popups for the site and try again.","code_sent":"Code sent! Check your inbox.","code_resent":"Code resent! Check your inbox.","create_account":"Create an account","signin":{"title":"Sign in","success_title":"Success! You\u2019re signed in.","success_message":"Login successful!","continue":"Continue","resend_code":"Resend code","otp":"Email me a one-time code instead","otp_title":"Enter the code sent to your email.","forgot_password":"Forgot password","create_account":"Create an account","register":"Sign in to an existing account","go_back":"Go back","set_password":"Set a password (optional)"},"register":{"title":"Create an account","success_title":"Success! Your account was created and you\u2019re signed in.","success_description":"In the future, you\u2019ll sign in with a magic link, or a code sent to your email. If you\u2019d rather use a password, you can set one below."},"verify":"Thank you for verifying your account!","magic_link":"Please check your inbox for an authentication link.","password_reset_interval":"Please wait a moment before requesting another password reset email.","account_link":{"signedin":"My Account","signedout":"Sign In"},"newsletters_cta":"Subscribe to our newsletter","newsletters_confirmation":"Thanks for supporting Longreads.","newsletters_continue":"Continue","newsletters_details":"Get the best of Longreads directly in your email inbox.","newsletters_success":"Signup successful!","newsletters_title":"Sign up for newsletters","auth_form_action":"reader-activation-auth-form"}; </script> <script src="https://longreads.com/wp-content/plugins/newspack-plugin/dist/reader-auth.js?ver=5.14.1" id="newspack-reader-auth-js" async data-wp-strategy="async" data-amp-plus-allowed type="pmdelayedscript" data-cfasync="false" data-no-optimize="1" data-no-defer="1" data-no-minify="1"></script> <script src="https://longreads.com/wp-includes/js/dist/vendor/wp-polyfill.min.js?ver=3.15.0" id="wp-polyfill-js"></script> <script src="https://longreads.com/wp-content/plugins/newspack-plugin/dist/reader-registration-block.js?ver=5.14.1" id="newspack-reader-registration-block-js" async data-amp-plus-allowed type="pmdelayedscript" data-cfasync="false" data-no-optimize="1" data-no-defer="1" data-no-minify="1"></script> <script src="https://longreads.com/wp-content/plugins/newspack-plugin/dist/newspack-ui.js?ver=5.14.1" id="newspack-ui-js" type="pmdelayedscript" data-cfasync="false" data-no-optimize="1" data-no-defer="1" data-no-minify="1"></script> <script src="https://longreads.com/wp-includes/js/dist/url.min.js?ver=e87eb76272a3a08402d2" id="wp-url-js"></script> <script id="newspack-popups-criteria-js-extra" type="pmdelayedscript" data-cfasync="false" data-no-optimize="1" data-no-defer="1" data-no-minify="1"> var newspackPopupsCriteria = {"is_non_preview_user":"","config":{"articles_read":{"matchingFunction":"range","matchingAttribute":"articles_read"},"articles_read_in_session":{"matchingFunction":"range","matchingAttribute":"articles_read_in_session"},"favorite_categories":{"matchingFunction":"list__in","matchingAttribute":"favorite_categories"},"user_account":{"matchingFunction":"default","matchingAttribute":"user_account"},"newsletter":{"matchingFunction":"default","matchingAttribute":"newsletter"},"subscribed_lists":{"matchingFunction":"list__in","matchingAttribute":"newsletter_subscribed_lists"},"not_subscribed_lists":{"matchingFunction":"list__not_in","matchingAttribute":"newsletter_subscribed_lists"},"donation":{"matchingFunction":"default","matchingAttribute":"donation"},"active_subscriptions":{"matchingFunction":"list__in","matchingAttribute":"active_subscriptions"},"not_active_subscriptions":{"matchingFunction":"list__not_in","matchingAttribute":"active_subscriptions"},"active_memberships":{"matchingFunction":"list__in","matchingAttribute":"active_memberships"},"not_active_memberships":{"matchingFunction":"list__not_in","matchingAttribute":"active_memberships"},"sources_to_match":{"matchingFunction":"list__in","matchingAttribute":"referrer"},"sources_to_exclude":{"matchingFunction":"list__not_in","matchingAttribute":"referrer"}}}; </script> <script src="https://longreads.com/wp-content/plugins/newspack-popups/includes/../dist/criteria.js?ver=1734374647" id="newspack-popups-criteria-js" defer type="pmdelayedscript" data-cfasync="false" data-no-optimize="1" data-no-defer="1" data-no-minify="1"></script> <script id="newspack-popups-view-js-extra" type="pmdelayedscript" data-cfasync="false" data-no-optimize="1" data-no-defer="1" data-no-minify="1"> var newspack_popups_view = {"debug":"1","segments":{"25990":{"criteria":[{"criteria_id":"newsletter","value":"subscribers"},{"criteria_id":"donation","value":"non-donors"},{"criteria_id":"user_account","value":"with-account"},{"criteria_id":"articles_read","value":{"min":0}},{"criteria_id":"articles_read_in_session","value":{"min":"2"}}],"priority":1},"25991":{"criteria":[{"criteria_id":"newsletter","value":"non-subscribers"},{"criteria_id":"user_account","value":"with-account"}],"priority":2},"25992":{"criteria":[{"criteria_id":"newsletter","value":"non-subscribers"},{"criteria_id":"user_account","value":"without-account"}],"priority":3},"26360":{"criteria":[{"criteria_id":"articles_read","value":{"min":"2","max":0}},{"criteria_id":"articles_read_in_session","value":{"min":"1"}},{"criteria_id":"user_account","value":"with-account"},{"criteria_id":"donation","value":"non-donors"}],"priority":4},"26552":{"criteria":[{"criteria_id":"sources_to_match","value":"x.com, twitter.com, bsky.app"},{"criteria_id":"favorite_categories","value":[15972]},{"criteria_id":"articles_read","value":{"min":"1"}},{"criteria_id":"user_account","value":"without-account"},{"criteria_id":"donation","value":"non-donors"},{"criteria_id":"articles_read_in_session","value":{"min":"1"}}],"priority":5},"26555":{"criteria":[{"criteria_id":"sources_to_match","value":"google.com, bing.com"},{"criteria_id":"articles_read","value":{"min":"1"}},{"criteria_id":"articles_read_in_session","value":{"min":0}},{"criteria_id":"donation","value":"non-donors"},{"criteria_id":"user_account","value":"without-account"}],"priority":6}}}; </script> <script src="https://longreads.com/wp-content/plugins/newspack-popups/includes/../dist/view.js?ver=1734374647" id="newspack-popups-view-js" type="pmdelayedscript" data-cfasync="false" data-no-optimize="1" data-no-defer="1" data-no-minify="1"></script> <script src="https://longreads.com/wp-content/plugins/wp-parsely/build/loader.js?ver=b681bb9905652ac12735" id="wp-parsely-loader-js" defer></script> <script data-parsely-site="longreads.com" src="https://cdn.parsely.com/keys/longreads.com/p.js?ver=3.17.0" id="parsely-cfg" defer></script> <script src="https://longreads.com/wp-content/plugins/woocommerce-subscriptions-gifting/js/wcs-gifting.js?ver=2.0.0" id="woocommerce_subscriptions_gifting-js" defer></script> <script id="newspack-amp-fallback-js-extra"> var newspackScreenReaderText = {"open_search":"Open Search","close_search":"Close Search","expand_comments":"Expand Comments","collapse_comments":"Collapse Comments","show_order_details":"Show details","hide_order_details":"Hide details","open_dropdown_menu":"Open dropdown menu","close_dropdown_menu":"Close dropdown menu","is_amp":""}; </script> <script src="https://longreads.com/wp-content/themes/newspack-theme/js/dist/amp-fallback.js?ver=2.5.0" id="newspack-amp-fallback-js" type="pmdelayedscript" data-cfasync="false" data-no-optimize="1" data-no-defer="1" data-no-minify="1"></script> <script id="newspack-menu-accessibility-js-extra"> var newspackScreenReaderText = {"open_search":"Open Search","close_search":"Close Search","expand_comments":"Expand Comments","collapse_comments":"Collapse Comments","show_order_details":"Show details","hide_order_details":"Hide details","open_dropdown_menu":"Open dropdown menu","close_dropdown_menu":"Close dropdown menu","is_amp":""}; </script> <script src="https://longreads.com/wp-content/themes/newspack-theme/js/dist/menu-accessibility.js?ver=2.5.0" id="newspack-menu-accessibility-js" type="pmdelayedscript" data-cfasync="false" data-no-optimize="1" data-no-defer="1" data-no-minify="1"></script> <script id="newspack-font-loading-js-extra"> var newspackFontLoading = {"fonts":["Palatino","Palatino"]}; </script> <script src="https://longreads.com/wp-content/themes/newspack-theme/js/dist/font-loading.js?ver=2.5.0" id="newspack-font-loading-js" type="pmdelayedscript" data-cfasync="false" data-no-optimize="1" data-no-defer="1" data-no-minify="1"></script> <script src="https://longreads.com/wp-content/plugins/page-links-to/dist/new-tab.js?ver=3.3.7" id="page-links-to-js" defer></script> <script id="perfmatters-lazy-load-js-before"> window.lazyLoadOptions={elements_selector:"img[data-src],.perfmatters-lazy,.perfmatters-lazy-css-bg",thresholds:"0px 0px",class_loading:"pmloading",class_loaded:"pmloaded",callback_loaded:function(element){if(element.tagName==="IFRAME"){if(element.classList.contains("pmloaded")){if(typeof window.jQuery!="undefined"){if(jQuery.fn.fitVids){jQuery(element).parent().fitVids()}}}}}};window.addEventListener("LazyLoad::Initialized",function(e){var lazyLoadInstance=e.detail.instance;});function perfmattersLazyLoadYouTube(e){var t=document.createElement("iframe"),r="ID?";r+=0===e.dataset.query.length?"":e.dataset.query+"&",r+="autoplay=1",t.setAttribute("src",r.replace("ID",e.dataset.src)),t.setAttribute("frameborder","0"),t.setAttribute("allowfullscreen","1"),t.setAttribute("allow","accelerometer; autoplay; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture"),e.replaceChild(t,e.firstChild)} </script> <script async src="https://longreads.com/wp-content/plugins/perfmatters/js/lazyload.min.js?ver=2.3.9" id="perfmatters-lazy-load-js"></script> <script type="text/plain" data-service="jetpack-statistics" data-category="statistics" data-cmplz-src="https://stats.wp.com/e-202508.js" id="jetpack-stats-js" data-wp-strategy="defer"></script> <script id="jetpack-stats-js-after"> _stq = window._stq || []; _stq.push([ "view", JSON.parse("{\"v\":\"ext\",\"blog\":\"211646052\",\"post\":\"157571\",\"tz\":\"-4\",\"srv\":\"longreads.com\",\"hp\":\"atomic\",\"ac\":\"6\",\"amp\":\"0\",\"j\":\"1:14.4-a.5\"}") ]); _stq.push([ "clickTrackerInit", "211646052", "157571" ]); </script> <script id="cmplz-cookiebanner-js-extra"> var complianz = {"prefix":"cmplz_","user_banner_id":"1","set_cookies":[],"block_ajax_content":"","banner_version":"159","version":"7.3.0","store_consent":"","do_not_track_enabled":"1","consenttype":"optout","region":"us","geoip":"","dismiss_timeout":"","disable_cookiebanner":"","soft_cookiewall":"","dismiss_on_scroll":"","cookie_expiry":"365","url":"https:\/\/longreads.com\/wp-json\/complianz\/v1\/","locale":"lang=en&locale=en_US","set_cookies_on_root":"","cookie_domain":"","current_policy_id":"29","cookie_path":"\/","categories":{"statistics":"statistics","marketing":"marketing"},"tcf_active":"","placeholdertext":"Click to accept {category} cookies and enable this content","css_file":"https:\/\/longreads.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/complianz\/css\/banner-{banner_id}-{type}.css?v=159","page_links":{"us":{"cookie-statement":{"title":"Opt-out preferences","url":"https:\/\/longreads.com\/opt-out-preferences\/"},"privacy-statement":{"title":"Privacy Policy","url":"https:\/\/longreads.com\/?page_id=8924"}}},"tm_categories":"","forceEnableStats":"","preview":"","clean_cookies":"","aria_label":"Click to accept {category} cookies and enable this content"}; </script> <script defer src="https://longreads.com/wp-content/plugins/complianz-gdpr/cookiebanner/js/complianz.min.js?ver=1739375162" id="cmplz-cookiebanner-js"></script> <script id="cmplz-cookiebanner-js-after"> let cmplzBlockedContent = document.querySelector('.cmplz-blocked-content-notice'); if ( cmplzBlockedContent) { cmplzBlockedContent.addEventListener('click', function(event) { event.stopPropagation(); }); } </script> <script src="https://longreads.com/wp-includes/js/dist/vendor/lodash.min.js?ver=4.17.21" id="lodash-js"></script> <script id="lodash-js-after"> window.lodash = _.noConflict(); </script> <script src="https://longreads.com/wp-content/plugins/newspack-blocks/dist/donate/view.js?ver=a23c50722c2adf28f0b1" id="newspack-blocks-donate-js" async type="pmdelayedscript" data-cfasync="false" data-no-optimize="1" data-no-defer="1" data-no-minify="1"></script> <script id="newspack-blocks-modal-js-extra" type="pmdelayedscript" data-cfasync="false" data-no-optimize="1" data-no-defer="1" data-no-minify="1"> var newspackBlocksModal = {"ajax_url":"https:\/\/longreads.com\/wp-admin\/admin-ajax.php","checkout_registration_flag":"_newspack_checkout_registration","newspack_class_prefix":"newspack-ui","is_registration_required":"1","has_unsupported_payment_gateway":"","labels":{"auth_modal_title":"Complete your transaction","checkout_modal_title":"Complete your transaction","register_modal_title":"Register to complete transaction","signin_modal_title":"Sign in to complete transaction","thankyou_modal_title":"Transaction successful"}}; </script> <script src="https://longreads.com/wp-content/plugins/newspack-blocks/dist/modal.js?ver=4.6.0" id="newspack-blocks-modal-js" async data-wp-strategy="async" type="pmdelayedscript" data-cfasync="false" data-no-optimize="1" data-no-defer="1" data-no-minify="1"></script> <script src="https://longreads.com/wp-content/plugins/newspack-blocks/dist/tiersBased.js?ver=4.6.0" id="newspack-blocks-donate-tiers-based-js" async type="pmdelayedscript" data-cfasync="false" data-no-optimize="1" data-no-defer="1" data-no-minify="1"></script> <script id="newspack-newsletters-subscribe-block-js-extra" type="pmdelayedscript" data-cfasync="false" data-no-optimize="1" data-no-defer="1" data-no-minify="1"> var newspack_newsletters_subscribe_block = {"recaptcha_error":"Error loading the reCaptcha library.","invalid_email":"Please enter a valid email address"}; </script> <script src="https://longreads.com/wp-content/plugins/newspack-newsletters/src/blocks/subscribe/../../../dist/subscribeBlock.js?ver=1739815486" id="newspack-newsletters-subscribe-block-js" async data-amp-plus-allowed type="pmdelayedscript" data-cfasync="false" data-no-optimize="1" data-no-defer="1" data-no-minify="1"></script> <script src="https://longreads.com/wp-content/plugins/newspack-blocks/dist/homepage-articles/view.js?ver=592020a10b4ff0d8d3fd" id="newspack-blocks-homepage-articles-js" type="pmdelayedscript" data-cfasync="false" data-no-optimize="1" data-no-defer="1" data-no-minify="1"></script> <script> /(trident|msie)/i.test(navigator.userAgent)&&document.getElementById&&window.addEventListener&&window.addEventListener("hashchange",function(){var t,e=location.hash.substring(1);/^[A-z0-9_-]+$/.test(e)&&(t=document.getElementById(e))&&(/^(?:a|select|input|button|textarea)$/i.test(t.tagName)||(t.tabIndex=-1),t.focus())},!1); </script> <div id="newspack_modal_checkout" class="newspack-ui newspack-ui__modal-container"> <div class="newspack-ui__modal-container__overlay"></div> <div class="newspack-ui__modal" role="dialog" aria-modal="true" aria-labelledby="newspack-modal-checkout-label"> <header class="newspack-ui__modal__header"> <h2 id="newspack-modal-checkout-label">Complete your transaction</h2> <button class="newspack-ui__button newspack-ui__button--icon newspack-ui__button--ghost newspack-ui__modal__close"> <span class="screen-reader-text">Close</span> <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="24" height="24" viewBox="0 0 24 24" role="img" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false"> <path d="M19 6.41L17.59 5 12 10.59 6.41 5 5 6.41 10.59 12 5 17.59 6.41 19 12 13.41 17.59 19 19 17.59 13.41 12 19 6.41z"/> </svg> </button> </header> <section class="newspack-ui__modal__content"> <div class="newspack-ui__spinner"> <span></span> </div> </section> <span tabindex="0" id="newspack-a11y-last-element"></span> </div> </div> <script> var newspackPopupsData = {"233598":{"prompt_id":233598,"prompt_title":"One-Time Overlay","prompt_frequency":"daily","prompt_placement":"center","donation_suggested_values":"{\"l\":\"tiers\"}","prompt_has_donation":1,"action_type":"donation"},"227940":{"prompt_id":227940,"prompt_title":"Newsletter Signup Overlay","prompt_frequency":"weekly","prompt_placement":"center","prompt_has_newsletters_subscription":1,"action_type":"newsletters_subscription"},"227939":{"prompt_id":227939,"prompt_title":"Registration Overlay","prompt_frequency":"daily","prompt_placement":"center","prompt_has_registration":1,"action_type":"registration"}}; </script> <script id="perfmatters-delayed-scripts-js">const pmDelayClick=false;const pmDelayTimer=setTimeout(pmTriggerDOMListener,10*1000);const pmUserInteractions=["keydown","mousedown","mousemove","wheel","touchmove","touchstart","touchend"],pmDelayedScripts={normal:[],defer:[],async:[]},jQueriesArray=[],pmInterceptedClicks=[];var pmDOMLoaded=!1,pmClickTarget="";function pmTriggerDOMListener(){"undefined"!=typeof pmDelayTimer&&clearTimeout(pmDelayTimer),pmUserInteractions.forEach(function(e){window.removeEventListener(e,pmTriggerDOMListener,{passive:!0})}),document.removeEventListener("visibilitychange",pmTriggerDOMListener),"loading"===document.readyState?document.addEventListener("DOMContentLoaded",pmTriggerDelayedScripts):pmTriggerDelayedScripts()}async function pmTriggerDelayedScripts(){pmDelayEventListeners(),pmDelayJQueryReady(),pmSortDelayedScripts(),pmPreloadDelayedScripts(),await pmLoadDelayedScripts(pmDelayedScripts.normal),await pmLoadDelayedScripts(pmDelayedScripts.defer),await pmLoadDelayedScripts(pmDelayedScripts.async),await pmTriggerEventListeners(),document.querySelectorAll("link[data-pmdelayedstyle]").forEach(function(e){e.setAttribute("href",e.getAttribute("data-pmdelayedstyle"))}),window.dispatchEvent(new Event("perfmatters-allScriptsLoaded")),pmWaitForPendingClicks().then(()=>{pmReplayClicks()})}function pmDelayEventListeners(){let e={};function t(t,n){function r(n){return e[t].delayedEvents.indexOf(n)>=0?"perfmatters-"+n:n}e[t]||(e[t]={originalFunctions:{add:t.addEventListener,remove:t.removeEventListener},delayedEvents:[]},t.addEventListener=function(){arguments[0]=r(arguments[0]),e[t].originalFunctions.add.apply(t,arguments)},t.removeEventListener=function(){arguments[0]=r(arguments[0]),e[t].originalFunctions.remove.apply(t,arguments)}),e[t].delayedEvents.push(n)}function n(e,t){let n=e[t];Object.defineProperty(e,t,{get:n||function(){},set:function(n){e["perfmatters"+t]=n}})}t(document,"DOMContentLoaded"),t(window,"DOMContentLoaded"),t(window,"load"),t(window,"pageshow"),t(document,"readystatechange"),n(document,"onreadystatechange"),n(window,"onload"),n(window,"onpageshow")}function pmDelayJQueryReady(){let e=window.jQuery;Object.defineProperty(window,"jQuery",{get:()=>e,set(t){if(t&&t.fn&&!jQueriesArray.includes(t)){t.fn.ready=t.fn.init.prototype.ready=function(e){pmDOMLoaded?e.bind(document)(t):document.addEventListener("perfmatters-DOMContentLoaded",function(){e.bind(document)(t)})};let n=t.fn.on;t.fn.on=t.fn.init.prototype.on=function(){if(this[0]===window){function e(e){return e=(e=(e=e.split(" ")).map(function(e){return"load"===e||0===e.indexOf("load.")?"perfmatters-jquery-load":e})).join(" ")}"string"==typeof arguments[0]||arguments[0]instanceof String?arguments[0]=e(arguments[0]):"object"==typeof arguments[0]&&Object.keys(arguments[0]).forEach(function(t){delete Object.assign(arguments[0],{[e(t)]:arguments[0][t]})[t]})}return n.apply(this,arguments),this},jQueriesArray.push(t)}e=t}})}function pmSortDelayedScripts(){document.querySelectorAll("script[type=pmdelayedscript]").forEach(function(e){e.hasAttribute("src")?e.hasAttribute("defer")&&!1!==e.defer?pmDelayedScripts.defer.push(e):e.hasAttribute("async")&&!1!==e.async?pmDelayedScripts.async.push(e):pmDelayedScripts.normal.push(e):pmDelayedScripts.normal.push(e)})}function pmPreloadDelayedScripts(){var e=document.createDocumentFragment();[...pmDelayedScripts.normal,...pmDelayedScripts.defer,...pmDelayedScripts.async].forEach(function(t){var n=t.getAttribute("src");if(n){var r=document.createElement("link");r.href=n,"module"==t.getAttribute("data-perfmatters-type")?r.rel="modulepreload":(r.rel="preload",r.as="script"),e.appendChild(r)}}),document.head.appendChild(e)}async function pmLoadDelayedScripts(e){var t=e.shift();return t?(await pmReplaceScript(t),pmLoadDelayedScripts(e)):Promise.resolve()}async function pmReplaceScript(e){return await pmNextFrame(),new Promise(function(t){let n=document.createElement("script");[...e.attributes].forEach(function(e){let t=e.nodeName;"type"!==t&&("data-perfmatters-type"===t&&(t="type"),n.setAttribute(t,e.nodeValue))}),e.hasAttribute("src")?(n.addEventListener("load",t),n.addEventListener("error",t)):(n.text=e.text,t()),e.parentNode.replaceChild(n,e)})}async function pmTriggerEventListeners(){pmDOMLoaded=!0,await pmNextFrame(),document.dispatchEvent(new Event("perfmatters-DOMContentLoaded")),await pmNextFrame(),window.dispatchEvent(new Event("perfmatters-DOMContentLoaded")),await pmNextFrame(),document.dispatchEvent(new Event("perfmatters-readystatechange")),await pmNextFrame(),document.perfmattersonreadystatechange&&document.perfmattersonreadystatechange(),await pmNextFrame(),window.dispatchEvent(new Event("perfmatters-load")),await pmNextFrame(),window.perfmattersonload&&window.perfmattersonload(),await pmNextFrame(),jQueriesArray.forEach(function(e){e(window).trigger("perfmatters-jquery-load")});let e=new Event("perfmatters-pageshow");e.persisted=window.pmPersisted,window.dispatchEvent(e),await pmNextFrame(),window.perfmattersonpageshow&&window.perfmattersonpageshow({persisted:window.pmPersisted})}async function pmNextFrame(){return new Promise(function(e){requestAnimationFrame(e)})}function pmReplayClicks(){window.removeEventListener("touchstart",pmTouchStartHandler,{passive:!0}),window.removeEventListener("mousedown",pmTouchStartHandler),pmInterceptedClicks.forEach(e=>{e.target.outerHTML===pmClickTarget&&e.target.dispatchEvent(new MouseEvent("click",{view:e.view,bubbles:!0,cancelable:!0}))})}function pmWaitForPendingClicks(){return new Promise(e=>{window.pmIsClickPending?pmPendingClickFinished=e:e()})}function pmPendingClickStarted(){window.pmIsClickPending=!0}function pmPendingClickFinished(){window.pmIsClickPending=!1}function pmClickHandler(e){e.target.removeEventListener("click",pmClickHandler),pmRenameDOMAttribute(e.target,"pm-onclick","onclick"),pmInterceptedClicks.push(e),e.preventDefault(),e.stopPropagation(),e.stopImmediatePropagation(),pmPendingClickFinished()}function pmTouchStartHandler(e){"HTML"!==e.target.tagName&&(pmClickTarget||(pmClickTarget=e.target.outerHTML),window.addEventListener("touchend",pmTouchEndHandler),window.addEventListener("mouseup",pmTouchEndHandler),window.addEventListener("touchmove",pmTouchMoveHandler,{passive:!0}),window.addEventListener("mousemove",pmTouchMoveHandler),e.target.addEventListener("click",pmClickHandler),pmRenameDOMAttribute(e.target,"onclick","pm-onclick"),pmPendingClickStarted())}function pmTouchMoveHandler(e){window.removeEventListener("touchend",pmTouchEndHandler),window.removeEventListener("mouseup",pmTouchEndHandler),window.removeEventListener("touchmove",pmTouchMoveHandler,{passive:!0}),window.removeEventListener("mousemove",pmTouchMoveHandler),e.target.removeEventListener("click",pmClickHandler),pmRenameDOMAttribute(e.target,"pm-onclick","onclick"),pmPendingClickFinished()}function pmTouchEndHandler(e){window.removeEventListener("touchend",pmTouchEndHandler),window.removeEventListener("mouseup",pmTouchEndHandler),window.removeEventListener("touchmove",pmTouchMoveHandler,{passive:!0}),window.removeEventListener("mousemove",pmTouchMoveHandler)}function pmRenameDOMAttribute(e,t,n){e.hasAttribute&&e.hasAttribute(t)&&(event.target.setAttribute(n,event.target.getAttribute(t)),event.target.removeAttribute(t))}window.pmIsClickPending=!1,window.addEventListener("pageshow",e=>{window.pmPersisted=e.persisted}),pmUserInteractions.forEach(function(e){window.addEventListener(e,pmTriggerDOMListener,{passive:!0})}),pmDelayClick&&(window.addEventListener("touchstart",pmTouchStartHandler,{passive:!0}),window.addEventListener("mousedown",pmTouchStartHandler)),document.addEventListener("visibilitychange",pmTriggerDOMListener);</script></body> </html> <!-- generated in 0.760 seconds 182337 bytes batcached for 300 seconds -->

Pages: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10