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has-mobile-magazine" data-id="247763" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Article"> <figure class="magazine"> <div class="image" style="background-image: url(https://images.theconversation.com/files/648061/original/file-20250210-17-dmfn6f.jpg?ixlib=rb-4.1.0&rect=24%2C48%2C2726%2C1363&q=45&auto=format&w=1356&h=668&fit=crop);"> <div class="placeholder-container" style="--aspect-ratio-percent:66.5625%;--background-color:#4c2f2e"><img alt="A woman stands in a room with wooden trim and furniture as a man in jean shorts crouches over a mat on the ground." class="lazyloaded" src="https://images.theconversation.com/files/648061/original/file-20250210-17-dmfn6f.jpg?ixlib=rb-4.1.0&rect=8%2C4%2C2713%2C1807&q=20&auto=format&w=320&fit=clip&dpr=2&usm=12&cs=strip" data-id="648061" itemprop="image"></div> </div> <div class="wrapper"> <figcaption> Leola One Feather of the Oglala Sioux Tribe observes as Native American artifacts are photographed at the Founders Museum in Barre, Mass., in 2022, before their return. <span class="attribution"><a class="source" href="https://newsroom.ap.org/detail/Native%20American%20Repatriations/3002e69795814757bb2b457fa6df3309?Query=museum%20repatriation&mediaType=photo&sortBy=creationdatetime:desc&dateRange=Anytime&totalCount=195&currentItemNo=112">AP Photo/Philip Marcelo</a></span> </figcaption> </div> <div class="magazine-title"> <div class="wrapper"> <header class="content-header-container grid-twelve large-grid-eleven"> <div> <div class="content-header-block"> <h1 class="legacy entry-title instapaper_title" itemprop="headline"> <strong> Repatriation to Indigenous groups is more than law, it’s human rights − an archaeologist describes the day that lesson hit home </strong> </h1> </div> </div> <div class="timestamps"> <time datetime="2025-02-12T13:51:22Z" itemprop="datePublished" content="2025-02-12T13:51:22Z">Published: February 12, 2025 1.51pm GMT</time> </div> </header> </div> </div> </figure> <div class="wrapper"> <div class="content-sidebar grid-four large-grid-four grid-last"> <section class="content-authors"> <div class="content-authors-synopsis"> <a href="#" class="content-authors-toggle"> <i class="icon-caret-down"></i> <i class="icon-caret-up"></i> <span class="nobr">Christopher Wolff</span>, <em class="institution_name">University at Albany, State University of New York</em> </a> </div> <div class="content-authors-group"> <h3 class="border">Author</h3> <ol> <li class="vcard" id="author-622975" itemprop="author" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"> <a rel="author" itemprop="url" href="/profiles/christopher-wolff-2299495"> <img alt="" class="lazyload" data-src="https://cdn.theconversation.com/avatars/2299495/width170/image-20250121-19-hl7oin.jpg" src="https://cdn.theconversation.com/static/tc/author/width170_default-bea415b3a0223821a698f6e3f6d5ab99.jpg" itemprop="image"> <span class="fn author-name" itemprop="name"> Christopher Wolff </span> </a> <p class="role"> Associate Professor of Anthropology, University at Albany, State University of New York </p> </li> </ol> </div> </section> <section class="content-disclosure-statement"> <h3 class="border">Disclosure statement</h3> <p><span>Christopher Wolff does not work for, consult, own shares in or receive funding from any company or organisation that would benefit from this article, and has disclosed no relevant affiliations beyond their academic appointment.</span></p> </section> <section class="content-partners"> <h3 class="border">Partners</h3> <p class="disclosure-logo clearfix"><a class="logo" href="/institutions/university-at-albany-state-university-of-new-york-1978"><picture><source srcset="https://images.theconversation.com/partners/1862/logos/logo-1704398541.jpg?ixlib=rb-4.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=170&h=170" media="(min-width:600px)"></source><img alt="University at Albany, State University of New York" src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAD/ACwAAAAAAQABAAACADs%3D" /></picture></a></p> <p class="funding-statement"><a 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</button> </div> </div> <div class="grid-ten large-grid-nine grid-last content-body content entry-content instapaper_body inline-promos" itemprop="articleBody"> <p>As an archaeologist, you picture yourself traveling to some remote location, digging into the ground, and returning to a lab in a university or museum to study the remains of past civilizations, with hopes of answering important questions.</p> <p>In contrast, I’ve often found myself working to return those remains to their rightful cultures. Repatriation is the process of returning ancestral human remains and important objects to descendant populations. Since the passing of the <a href="https://www.congress.gov/bill/101st-congress/senate-bill/978">National Museum of the American Indian Act</a> in 1989 and the <a href="https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?path=/prelim@title25/chapter32&edition=prelim">Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act</a> in 1990, it has become an increasingly important part of archaeological practice, yet <a href="https://www.propublica.org/article/repatriation-nagpra-museums-human-remains">about 110,000 ancestors</a> remain in collections.</p> <p>This work is about more than legal obligations. To many researchers <a href="https://www.albany.edu/anthropology/faculty/christopher-wolff">such as myself</a>, it is a matter of human rights. </p> <p>When first enacted, <a href="https://doi.org/10.1017/S0002731600060777">these laws were controversial</a> among archaeologists. Much of this anxiety stemmed from worries about losing access to research opportunities. Some concerns were shaped by legal battles surrounding <a href="https://doi.org/10.15184/aqy.2015.160">the remains of “Kennewick Man</a>,” whom Indigenous people refer to as the “Ancient One.” This man’s remains were found in Washington state in 1996 and dated to over 8,000 years ago. Scientists won the legal right to study them, <a href="https://doi.org/10.1017/S0940739105050113">in opposition to local tribal nations’ requests</a>, until a 2016 law returned the remains of the individual to those groups. </p> <p>Over time, many archaeologists have seen that while repatriation requirements limit research in some ways, in others they have been beneficial and improved aspects of archaeologists’ relationships with Indigenous communities.</p> <p>More importantly, repatriation laws have served as <a href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/26629787">a partial remedy</a> for <a href="https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.4324/9780203730966-50/repatriation-trauma-native-american-history-russell-thornton">the historical trauma</a> of those peoples. </p><div class="slot clear" data-id="17"> <div class="inline-promos-skeleton"> <h5></h5> <button></button> </div> </div> <p>This is not an idea I was exposed to as a graduate student. Like many others in my field, I had virtually no exposure to the actual process of repatriation, even more than a decade after the Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act, called NAGPRA, was signed into law. Rather, it is one that developed while I served as a repatriation archaeologist for the Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History from 2009-2011, and in the following years as a professor of archaeology.</p> <figure class="align-center zoomable"> <a href="https://images.theconversation.com/files/648060/original/file-20250210-15-2i82g0.jpg?ixlib=rb-4.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=1000&fit=clip"><div class="placeholder-container" style="--aspect-ratio-percent:67.10875331564988%;--background-color:#2b344b"><img alt="A bird's-eye view of around a dozen people dancing in an atrium as rows of seated people around them watch." class="lazyload" data-src="https://images.theconversation.com/files/648060/original/file-20250210-15-2i82g0.jpg?ixlib=rb-4.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=754&fit=clip" data-srcset="https://images.theconversation.com/files/648060/original/file-20250210-15-2i82g0.jpg?ixlib=rb-4.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=600&h=402&fit=crop&dpr=1 600w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/648060/original/file-20250210-15-2i82g0.jpg?ixlib=rb-4.1.0&q=30&auto=format&w=600&h=402&fit=crop&dpr=2 1200w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/648060/original/file-20250210-15-2i82g0.jpg?ixlib=rb-4.1.0&q=15&auto=format&w=600&h=402&fit=crop&dpr=3 1800w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/648060/original/file-20250210-15-2i82g0.jpg?ixlib=rb-4.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=754&h=506&fit=crop&dpr=1 754w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/648060/original/file-20250210-15-2i82g0.jpg?ixlib=rb-4.1.0&q=30&auto=format&w=754&h=506&fit=crop&dpr=2 1508w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/648060/original/file-20250210-15-2i82g0.jpg?ixlib=rb-4.1.0&q=15&auto=format&w=754&h=506&fit=crop&dpr=3 2262w" sizes="(min-width: 1466px) 754px, (max-width: 599px) 100vw, (min-width: 600px) 600px, 237px"></div></a> <figcaption> <span class="caption">Dancers from the Haida Tribe perform at the Field Museum in Chicago in 2003, celebrating the return of Haida human remains to their descendants.</span> <span class="attribution"><a class="source" href="https://newsroom.ap.org/detail/INDIANREMAINS/44ec2a1fbbe5da11af9f0014c2589dfb/photo?Query=museum%20tribe%20return&mediaType=photo&sortBy=creationdatetime:desc&dateRange=Anytime&totalCount=31&currentItemNo=29">AP Photo/M. Spencer Green</a></span> </figcaption> </figure> <h2>Careful process</h2> <p>Repatriation includes important steps that are required by law, as well as other ethical considerations. First, any human remains or objects that <a href="https://www.nps.gov/subjects/nagpra/frequently-asked-questions.htm">fall within certain categories</a> – such as sacred objects, or funerary objects – should be stored where they can be properly cared for with respect. For instance, Indigenous groups may ask that tobacco be placed with the remains, as <a href="https://www.mpm.edu/content/wirp/ICW-166">an offering to their ancestors’ spirits</a>.</p> <p>Researchers must compile information about these human remains into an itemized list containing the number of individuals and objects, brief descriptions of them, where they were found, and how they came into the institution’s possession. This list is then provided to representatives of communities that may be descendants, or possible living relatives. </p> <p>If those communities decide to request the remains’ return, then the formal process of <a href="https://www.nps.gov/subjects/nagpra/identifying-cultural-affiliation.htm">assessing “cultural affiliation</a>” begins. This is a thorough analysis of any evidence demonstrating a connection between the remains or objects and a particular group today. Evidence can include many things, including physical characteristics of the human remains or objects, written documents, oral history, or distinct cultural attributes of the artifacts.</p> <p>Legally, this process is required only for federally recognized Indigenous groups. However, institutions can choose to apply the same consideration to other communities if they believe it is appropriate, such as the hundreds of Indigenous groups that <a href="https://www.politico.com/newsletters/the-recast/2022/08/23/american-indian-recognition-chinook-lumbee-00053331">lack federal recognition</a>.</p> <p>The analysis is officially submitted to <a href="https://apps.cr.nps.gov/nagprapublic/Home/Inventory">the national NAGPRA database</a>, and a public notice is posted so that other interested parties could potentially make a claim on the remains or objects.</p> <p>If researchers confirm there is a cultural affiliation, after a 90-day waiting period an official repatriation statement is filed with the national office. Researchers then consult with the requesting parties about how to conduct the physical return. What happens next is in the hands of the affiliated groups, and their wishes must be accommodated.</p> <figure class="align-center zoomable"> <a href="https://images.theconversation.com/files/648062/original/file-20250210-15-wj7l41.jpg?ixlib=rb-4.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=1000&fit=clip"><div class="placeholder-container" style="--aspect-ratio-percent:66.71087533156499%;--background-color:#4e332d"><img alt="A man in a red shirt with glasses and a blue beaded necklace speaks into a mic at a wooden podium." class="lazyload" data-src="https://images.theconversation.com/files/648062/original/file-20250210-15-wj7l41.jpg?ixlib=rb-4.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=754&fit=clip" data-srcset="https://images.theconversation.com/files/648062/original/file-20250210-15-wj7l41.jpg?ixlib=rb-4.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=600&h=400&fit=crop&dpr=1 600w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/648062/original/file-20250210-15-wj7l41.jpg?ixlib=rb-4.1.0&q=30&auto=format&w=600&h=400&fit=crop&dpr=2 1200w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/648062/original/file-20250210-15-wj7l41.jpg?ixlib=rb-4.1.0&q=15&auto=format&w=600&h=400&fit=crop&dpr=3 1800w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/648062/original/file-20250210-15-wj7l41.jpg?ixlib=rb-4.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=754&h=503&fit=crop&dpr=1 754w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/648062/original/file-20250210-15-wj7l41.jpg?ixlib=rb-4.1.0&q=30&auto=format&w=754&h=503&fit=crop&dpr=2 1508w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/648062/original/file-20250210-15-wj7l41.jpg?ixlib=rb-4.1.0&q=15&auto=format&w=754&h=503&fit=crop&dpr=3 2262w" sizes="(min-width: 1466px) 754px, (max-width: 599px) 100vw, (min-width: 600px) 600px, 237px"></div></a> <figcaption> <span class="caption">Kurt Riley, then the governor of the Pueblo of Acoma, speaks at the Smithsonian National Museum of the American Indian in 2016, protesting a French auction house’s plans to sell Indigenous artifacts.</span> <span class="attribution"><a class="source" href="https://newsroom.ap.org/detail/TribalArtifacts/3467145478964a3abb3bf0d201d47c71/photo?Query=museum%20repatriation&mediaType=photo&sortBy=creationdatetime:desc&dateRange=Anytime&totalCount=195&currentItemNo=154">AP Photo/Andrew Harnik</a></span> </figcaption> </figure> <p>Unfortunately, many remains have already suffered significant damage by the time repatriation begins. A great many of them have sat on shelves unstudied, sometimes for decades or longer – even those that came into the collection legally and in collaboration with Indigenous groups.</p> <h2>Powerful moment</h2> <p>One such individual was the key to a major shift in how I viewed repatriation – no longer as a research hindrance but as a question of human rights. Out of respect for the Indigenous nation, I cannot discuss specifics – only a broader picture of this “aha” moment. </p> <p>One day at work, I found myself looking at an individual who had died several centuries ago, but was so well preserved that his death looked much more recent. It can be too easy to look at a collection of human bones and forget that they were once a living person, despite trying to teach students otherwise. However, that day I looked down and clearly saw a man: his face painted, his hair neatly done, earrings in his ears, laid out in a beautiful box. </p> <p>Obviously, whoever tended to him after his death had taken great care, placing him in a sacred place where he had every expectation that he would be left undisturbed. He could not have perceived that centuries later someone would collect his remains and ship him away from his traditional lands to be studied in a museum. </p> <p>That hit home for me. I would not want someone to go against my final wishes, or those of my family, and felt this man should have the same human rights I have in that regard. </p> <p>I regret it took me so long to see that. Ever since, I’ve worked hard to make up for that by teaching my students to see the past full of people with expectations, hopes and emotions, and to extend ethical obligations to them as we would want applied to us. Archaeology is about learning from the past, and working in repatriation and meeting this individual provided me with one of the best lessons of my career.</p> </div> <div class="grid-ten grid-prepend-two large-grid-nine grid-last content-topics topic-list"> <i class="icon-tag"></i> <ul> <li class="topic-list-item"> <a href="/topics/anthropology-181">Anthropology</a> </li> <li class="topic-list-item"> <a href="/topics/archaeology-695">Archaeology</a> </li> <li class="topic-list-item"> <a href="/topics/ethics-701">Ethics</a> </li> <li class="topic-list-item"> <a href="/topics/museums-1517">Museums</a> </li> <li class="topic-list-item"> <a href="/topics/native-americans-7853">Native Americans</a> </li> <li class="topic-list-item"> <a href="/topics/indigenous-rights-11921">Indigenous rights</a> </li> <li class="topic-list-item"> <a href="/topics/artifacts-30617">Artifacts</a> </li> <li class="topic-list-item"> <a href="/topics/repatriation-31190">Repatriation</a> </li> <li 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E=new R;class C{constructor(){this.observers={}}on(t,e){return t.split(" ").forEach((t=>{this.observers[t]||(this.observers[t]=new Map);const n=this.observers[t].get(e)||0;this.observers[t].set(e,n+1)})),this}off(t,e){this.observers[t]&&(e?this.observers[t].delete(e):delete this.observers[t])}emit(t){for(var e=arguments.length,n=new Array(e>1?e-1:0),r=1;r<e;r++)n[r-1]=arguments[r];if(this.observers[t]){Array.from(this.observers[t].entries()).forEach((t=>{let[e,r]=t;for(let t=0;t<r;t++)e(...n)}))}if(this.observers["*"]){Array.from(this.observers["*"].entries()).forEach((e=>{let[r,o]=e;for(let e=0;e<o;e++)r.apply(r,[t,...n])}))}}}class N extends C{constructor(t){let e=arguments.length>1&&void 0!==arguments[1]?arguments[1]:{ns:["translation"],defaultNS:"translation"};super(),this.data=t||{},this.options=e,void 0===this.options.keySeparator&&(this.options.keySeparator="."),void 0===this.options.ignoreJSONStructure&&(this.options.ignoreJSONStructure=!0)}addNamespaces(t){this.options.ns.indexOf(t)<0&&this.options.ns.push(t)}removeNamespaces(t){const e=this.options.ns.indexOf(t);e>-1&&this.options.ns.splice(e,1)}getResource(t,e,n){let r=arguments.length>3&&void 0!==arguments[3]?arguments[3]:{};const o=void 0!==r.keySeparator?r.keySeparator:this.options.keySeparator,i=void 0!==r.ignoreJSONStructure?r.ignoreJSONStructure:this.options.ignoreJSONStructure;let s;t.indexOf(".")>-1?s=t.split("."):(s=[t,e],n&&(Array.isArray(n)?s.push(...n):l(n)&&o?s.push(...n.split(o)):s.push(n)));const a=m(this.data,s);return!a&&!e&&!n&&t.indexOf(".")>-1&&(t=s[0],e=s[1],n=s.slice(2).join(".")),!a&&i&&l(n)?j(this.data?.[t]?.[e],n,o):a}addResource(t,e,n,r){let o=arguments.length>4&&void 0!==arguments[4]?arguments[4]:{silent:!1};const i=void 0!==o.keySeparator?o.keySeparator:this.options.keySeparator;let s=[t,e];n&&(s=s.concat(i?n.split(i):n)),t.indexOf(".")>-1&&(s=t.split("."),r=e,e=s[1]),this.addNamespaces(e),y(this.data,s,r),o.silent||this.emit("added",t,e,n,r)}addResources(t,e,n){let r=arguments.length>3&&void 0!==arguments[3]?arguments[3]:{silent:!1};for(const r in n)(l(n[r])||Array.isArray(n[r]))&&this.addResource(t,e,r,n[r],{silent:!0});r.silent||this.emit("added",t,e,n)}addResourceBundle(t,e,n,r,o){let i=arguments.length>5&&void 0!==arguments[5]?arguments[5]:{silent:!1,skipCopy:!1},s=[t,e];t.indexOf(".")>-1&&(s=t.split("."),r=n,n=e,e=s[1]),this.addNamespaces(e);let a=m(this.data,s)||{};i.skipCopy||(n=JSON.parse(JSON.stringify(n))),r?b(a,n,o):a={...a,...n},y(this.data,s,a),i.silent||this.emit("added",t,e,n)}removeResourceBundle(t,e){this.hasResourceBundle(t,e)&&delete this.data[t][e],this.removeNamespaces(e),this.emit("removed",t,e)}hasResourceBundle(t,e){return void 0!==this.getResource(t,e)}getResourceBundle(t,e){return e||(e=this.options.defaultNS),this.getResource(t,e)}getDataByLanguage(t){return this.data[t]}hasLanguageSomeTranslations(t){const e=this.getDataByLanguage(t);return!!(e&&Object.keys(e)||[]).find((t=>e[t]&&Object.keys(e[t]).length>0))}toJSON(){return this.data}}var A={processors:{},addPostProcessor(t){this.processors[t.name]=t},handle(t,e,n,r,o){return t.forEach((t=>{e=this.processors[t]?.process(e,n,r,o)??e})),e}};const $={};class T extends C{constructor(t){let e=arguments.length>1&&void 0!==arguments[1]?arguments[1]:{};super(),((t,e,n)=>{t.forEach((t=>{e[t]&&(n[t]=e[t])}))})(["resourceStore","languageUtils","pluralResolver","interpolator","backendConnector","i18nFormat","utils"],t,this),this.options=e,void 0===this.options.keySeparator&&(this.options.keySeparator="."),this.logger=E.create("translator")}changeLanguage(t){t&&(this.language=t)}exists(t){let e=arguments.length>1&&void 0!==arguments[1]?arguments[1]:{interpolation:{}};if(null==t)return!1;const n=this.resolve(t,e);return void 0!==n?.res}extractFromKey(t,e){let n=void 0!==e.nsSeparator?e.nsSeparator:this.options.nsSeparator;void 0===n&&(n=":");const r=void 0!==e.keySeparator?e.keySeparator:this.options.keySeparator;let o=e.ns||this.options.defaultNS||[];const i=n&&t.indexOf(n)>-1,s=!(this.options.userDefinedKeySeparator||e.keySeparator||this.options.userDefinedNsSeparator||e.nsSeparator||((t,e,n)=>{e=e||"",n=n||"";const r=w.filter((t=>e.indexOf(t)<0&&n.indexOf(t)<0));if(0===r.length)return!0;const o=k.getRegExp(`(${r.map((t=>"?"===t?"\\?":t)).join("|")})`);let i=!o.test(t);if(!i){const e=t.indexOf(n);e>0&&!o.test(t.substring(0,e))&&(i=!0)}return i})(t,n,r));if(i&&!s){const e=t.match(this.interpolator.nestingRegexp);if(e&&e.length>0)return{key:t,namespaces:l(o)?[o]:o};const i=t.split(n);(n!==r||n===r&&this.options.ns.indexOf(i[0])>-1)&&(o=i.shift()),t=i.join(r)}return{key:t,namespaces:l(o)?[o]:o}}translate(t,e,n){if("object"!=typeof e&&this.options.overloadTranslationOptionHandler&&(e=this.options.overloadTranslationOptionHandler(arguments)),"object"==typeof e&&(e={...e}),e||(e={}),null==t)return"";Array.isArray(t)||(t=[String(t)]);const r=void 0!==e.returnDetails?e.returnDetails:this.options.returnDetails,o=void 0!==e.keySeparator?e.keySeparator:this.options.keySeparator,{key:i,namespaces:s}=this.extractFromKey(t[t.length-1],e),a=s[s.length-1],u=e.lng||this.language,c=e.appendNamespaceToCIMode||this.options.appendNamespaceToCIMode;if("cimode"===u?.toLowerCase()){if(c){const t=e.nsSeparator||this.options.nsSeparator;return r?{res:`${a}${t}${i}`,usedKey:i,exactUsedKey:i,usedLng:u,usedNS:a,usedParams:this.getUsedParamsDetails(e)}:`${a}${t}${i}`}return r?{res:i,usedKey:i,exactUsedKey:i,usedLng:u,usedNS:a,usedParams:this.getUsedParamsDetails(e)}:i}const f=this.resolve(t,e);let p=f?.res;const h=f?.usedKey||i,d=f?.exactUsedKey||i,g=Object.prototype.toString.apply(p),v=void 0!==e.joinArrays?e.joinArrays:this.options.joinArrays,y=!this.i18nFormat||this.i18nFormat.handleAsObject,m=!l(p)&&"boolean"!=typeof p&&"number"!=typeof p;if(!(y&&p&&m&&["[object Number]","[object Function]","[object RegExp]"].indexOf(g)<0)||l(v)&&Array.isArray(p))if(y&&l(v)&&Array.isArray(p))p=p.join(v),p&&(p=this.extendTranslation(p,t,e,n));else{let r=!1,s=!1;const c=void 0!==e.count&&!l(e.count),h=T.hasDefaultValue(e),d=c?this.pluralResolver.getSuffix(u,e.count,e):"",g=e.ordinal&&c?this.pluralResolver.getSuffix(u,e.count,{ordinal:!1}):"",v=c&&!e.ordinal&&0===e.count,y=v&&e[`defaultValue${this.options.pluralSeparator}zero`]||e[`defaultValue${d}`]||e[`defaultValue${g}`]||e.defaultValue;!this.isValidLookup(p)&&h&&(r=!0,p=y),this.isValidLookup(p)||(s=!0,p=i);const m=(e.missingKeyNoValueFallbackToKey||this.options.missingKeyNoValueFallbackToKey)&&s?void 0:p,b=h&&y!==p&&this.options.updateMissing;if(s||r||b){if(this.logger.log(b?"updateKey":"missingKey",u,a,i,b?y:p),o){const t=this.resolve(i,{...e,keySeparator:!1});t&&t.res&&this.logger.warn("Seems the loaded translations were in flat JSON format instead of nested. 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You access the t function before i18next.init / i18next.loadNamespace / i18next.changeLanguage was done. Wait for the callback or Promise to resolve before accessing it!!!")),d.forEach((n=>{if(this.isValidLookup(e))return;o=n;const i=[u];if(this.i18nFormat?.addLookupKeys)this.i18nFormat.addLookupKeys(i,u,n,t,s);else{let t;f&&(t=this.pluralResolver.getSuffix(n,s.count,s));const e=`${this.options.pluralSeparator}zero`,r=`${this.options.pluralSeparator}ordinal${this.options.pluralSeparator}`;if(f&&(i.push(u+t),s.ordinal&&0===t.indexOf(r)&&i.push(u+t.replace(r,this.options.pluralSeparator)),p&&i.push(u+e)),h){const n=`${u}${this.options.contextSeparator}${s.context}`;i.push(n),f&&(i.push(n+t),s.ordinal&&0===t.indexOf(r)&&i.push(n+t.replace(r,this.options.pluralSeparator)),p&&i.push(n+e))}}let a;for(;a=i.pop();)this.isValidLookup(e)||(r=a,e=this.getResource(n,t,a,s))})))}))})),{res:e,usedKey:n,exactUsedKey:r,usedLng:o,usedNS:i}}isValidLookup(t){return!(void 0===t||!this.options.returnNull&&null===t||!this.options.returnEmptyString&&""===t)}getResource(t,e,n){let r=arguments.length>3&&void 0!==arguments[3]?arguments[3]:{};return this.i18nFormat?.getResource?this.i18nFormat.getResource(t,e,n,r):this.resourceStore.getResource(t,e,n,r)}getUsedParamsDetails(){let t=arguments.length>0&&void 0!==arguments[0]?arguments[0]:{};const e=["defaultValue","ordinal","context","replace","lng","lngs","fallbackLng","ns","keySeparator","nsSeparator","returnObjects","returnDetails","joinArrays","postProcess","interpolation"],n=t.replace&&!l(t.replace);let r=n?t.replace:t;if(n&&void 0!==t.count&&(r.count=t.count),this.options.interpolation.defaultVariables&&(r={...this.options.interpolation.defaultVariables,...r}),!n){r={...r};for(const t of e)delete r[t]}return r}static hasDefaultValue(t){const e="defaultValue";for(const n in t)if(Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty.call(t,n)&&e===n.substring(0,12)&&void 0!==t[n])return!0;return!1}}class I{constructor(t){this.options=t,this.supportedLngs=this.options.supportedLngs||!1,this.logger=E.create("languageUtils")}getScriptPartFromCode(t){if(!(t=L(t))||t.indexOf("-")<0)return null;const e=t.split("-");return 2===e.length?null:(e.pop(),"x"===e[e.length-1].toLowerCase()?null:this.formatLanguageCode(e.join("-")))}getLanguagePartFromCode(t){if(!(t=L(t))||t.indexOf("-")<0)return t;const e=t.split("-");return this.formatLanguageCode(e[0])}formatLanguageCode(t){if(l(t)&&t.indexOf("-")>-1){let e;try{e=Intl.getCanonicalLocales(t)[0]}catch(t){}return e&&this.options.lowerCaseLng&&(e=e.toLowerCase()),e||(this.options.lowerCaseLng?t.toLowerCase():t)}return this.options.cleanCode||this.options.lowerCaseLng?t.toLowerCase():t}isSupportedCode(t){return("languageOnly"===this.options.load||this.options.nonExplicitSupportedLngs)&&(t=this.getLanguagePartFromCode(t)),!this.supportedLngs||!this.supportedLngs.length||this.supportedLngs.indexOf(t)>-1}getBestMatchFromCodes(t){if(!t)return null;let e;return t.forEach((t=>{if(e)return;const n=this.formatLanguageCode(t);this.options.supportedLngs&&!this.isSupportedCode(n)||(e=n)})),!e&&this.options.supportedLngs&&t.forEach((t=>{if(e)return;const n=this.getLanguagePartFromCode(t);if(this.isSupportedCode(n))return e=n;e=this.options.supportedLngs.find((t=>t===n?t:t.indexOf("-")<0&&n.indexOf("-")<0?void 0:t.indexOf("-")>0&&n.indexOf("-")<0&&t.substring(0,t.indexOf("-"))===n||0===t.indexOf(n)&&n.length>1?t:void 0))})),e||(e=this.getFallbackCodes(this.options.fallbackLng)[0]),e}getFallbackCodes(t,e){if(!t)return[];if("function"==typeof t&&(t=t(e)),l(t)&&(t=[t]),Array.isArray(t))return t;if(!e)return t.default||[];let n=t[e];return n||(n=t[this.getScriptPartFromCode(e)]),n||(n=t[this.formatLanguageCode(e)]),n||(n=t[this.getLanguagePartFromCode(e)]),n||(n=t.default),n||[]}toResolveHierarchy(t,e){const n=this.getFallbackCodes(e||this.options.fallbackLng||[],t),r=[],o=t=>{t&&(this.isSupportedCode(t)?r.push(t):this.logger.warn(`rejecting language code not found in supportedLngs: ${t}`))};return l(t)&&(t.indexOf("-")>-1||t.indexOf("_")>-1)?("languageOnly"!==this.options.load&&o(this.formatLanguageCode(t)),"languageOnly"!==this.options.load&&"currentOnly"!==this.options.load&&o(this.getScriptPartFromCode(t)),"currentOnly"!==this.options.load&&o(this.getLanguagePartFromCode(t))):l(t)&&o(this.formatLanguageCode(t)),n.forEach((t=>{r.indexOf(t)<0&&o(this.formatLanguageCode(t))})),r}}const F={zero:0,one:1,two:2,few:3,many:4,other:5},D={select:t=>1===t?"one":"other",resolvedOptions:()=>({pluralCategories:["one","other"]})};class M{constructor(t){let e=arguments.length>1&&void 0!==arguments[1]?arguments[1]:{};this.languageUtils=t,this.options=e,this.logger=E.create("pluralResolver"),this.pluralRulesCache={}}addRule(t,e){this.rules[t]=e}clearCache(){this.pluralRulesCache={}}getRule(t){let e=arguments.length>1&&void 0!==arguments[1]?arguments[1]:{};const 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