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<!DOCTYPE html><html><head><title>History of the Adriatic: A Sea and Its Civilization - Egidio Ivetic - Google Books</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="/books/css/_a33f2a89320471e58c940b9287b9d4eb/kl_viewport_kennedy_full_bundle.css" type="text/css" /><link rel="stylesheet"href="https://fonts.googleapis.com/css2?family=Product+Sans:wght@400"><script src="/books/javascript/v2_a33f2a89320471e58c940b9287b9d4eb__en.js"></script><script>_OC_Hooks = ["_OC_Page", "_OC_SearchReload", "_OC_TocReload", "_OC_EmptyFunc", "_OC_SearchPage", "_OC_QuotePage" ];for (var _OC_i = 0; _OC_i < _OC_Hooks.length; _OC_i++) {eval("var " + _OC_Hooks[_OC_i] + ";");}function _OC_InitHooks () {for (var i = 0; i < _OC_Hooks.length; i++) {var func = arguments[i];eval( _OC_Hooks[i] + " = func;");}}</script><link rel="canonical" href="https://books.google.com/books/about/History_of_the_Adriatic.html?id=q91xEAAAQBAJ"/><meta property="og:url" content="https://books.google.com/books/about/History_of_the_Adriatic.html?id=q91xEAAAQBAJ"/><meta name="title" content="History of the Adriatic"/><meta name="description" content="The Adriatic is ‘the small Mediterranean’ – a sea within a sea, part of the Mediterranean and at the same time detached from it, a largely enclosed sea with stunning coastlines and a long history of commercial, political and cultural exchange. Silent witness to the flow of civilizations, the Adriatic is the meeting point of East and West where many empires had their frontiers and some overlapped. With Italy on one side and the Balkans on the other, the Adriatic is the area where the Latin West became intertwined with the Greek and Ottoman East. This book tells the history of the Adriatic from the first cultures of the Neolithic Age through to the present day. All of the great civilizations and cultures that bordered and crossed the Adriatic are discussed: Ancient Greece and Rome, Byzantium and the Holy Roman Empire, Venice and the Ottomans, Catholicism, Orthodox Christianity and Islam. Byzantium was replaced by Venice, queen of the Adriatic, which reached its zenith at the beginning of the sixteenth century and maintained commercial and military hegemony in its Gulf, sharing the sea with the Turks, the Habsburgs, the Pope and the Spanish vice-kingdom of Naples. It was Napoleon who ended Venice’s reign in 1797. In the nineteenth century, the Austrian Empire prevailed, and Central Europe reached the Mediterranean through the Adriatic. United Italy placed its most symbolic frontier in the eastern Adriatic, clashing with Austria-Hungary in the First World War. The twentieth century was marked by the prolonged conflicts and eventually peace between Yugoslavia, Albania and Italy. Today the Adriatic is a region increasingly integrated into the European Union, experiencing a new era of cooperation following the dramatic collapse of Yugoslavia. 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displayed by permission of \u003ca class=link_aux href=\"https://books.google.com.sg/url?id=q91xEAAAQBAJ\u0026pg=PR58\u0026q=http://www.wiley.com\u0026linkid=1\u0026usg=AOvVaw08uwjzWTw7YnKHPpyO-x_T\u0026source=gbs_pub_info_r\"\u003eJohn Wiley \u0026amp; Sons\u003c/a\u003e","is_ebook":true,"volumeresult":{"has_flowing_text":true,"has_scanned_text":true,"can_download_pdf":false,"can_download_epub":false,"is_pdf_drm_enabled":false,"is_epub_drm_enabled":false},"publisher":"John Wiley \u0026 Sons","publication_date":"2022.05.27","subject":"History","num_pages":380,"sample_url":"https://play.google.com/books/reader?id=q91xEAAAQBAJ\u0026source=gbs_vpt_hover","synposis":"The Adriatic is ‘the small Mediterranean’ – a sea within a sea, part of the Mediterranean and at the same time detached from it, a largely enclosed sea with stunning coastlines and a long history of commercial, political and cultural exchange. Silent witness to the flow of civilizations, the Adriatic is the meeting point of East and West where many empires had their frontiers and some overlapped. With Italy on one side and the Balkans on the other, the Adriatic is the area where the Latin West became intertwined with the Greek and Ottoman East. This book tells the history of the Adriatic from the first cultures of the Neolithic Age through to the present day. All of the great civilizations and cultures that bordered and crossed the Adriatic are discussed: Ancient Greece and Rome, Byzantium and the Holy Roman Empire, Venice and the Ottomans, Catholicism, Orthodox Christianity and Islam. Byzantium was replaced by Venice, queen of the Adriatic, which reached its zenith at the beginning of the sixteenth century and maintained commercial and military hegemony in its Gulf, sharing the sea with the Turks, the Habsburgs, the Pope and the Spanish vice-kingdom of Naples. It was Napoleon who ended Venice’s reign in 1797. In the nineteenth century, the Austrian Empire prevailed, and Central Europe reached the Mediterranean through the Adriatic. United Italy placed its most symbolic frontier in the eastern Adriatic, clashing with Austria-Hungary in the First World War. The twentieth century was marked by the prolonged conflicts and eventually peace between Yugoslavia, Albania and Italy. Today the Adriatic is a region increasingly integrated into the European Union, experiencing a new era of cooperation following the dramatic collapse of Yugoslavia. Across centuries, this book illustrates the rich cultural and artistic heritage of diverse civilizations as they left their mark on the cities, shores and states of the Adriatic.","my_library_url":"https://www.google.com/accounts/Login?service=print\u0026continue=https://books.google.com.sg/books%3Fop%3Dlibrary\u0026hl=en","is_magazine":false,"is_public_domain":false,"last_page":{"pid":"PA87","order":310,"title":"87"}},{"enableUserFeedbackUI":true,"pseudocontinuous":true,"is_cobrand":false,"sign_in_url":"https://www.google.com/accounts/Login?service=print\u0026continue=https://books.google.com.sg/books%3Fid%3Dq91xEAAAQBAJ%26q%3DTrieste%26source%3Dgbs_word_cloud_r%26hl%3Den\u0026hl=en","isEntityPageViewport":false,"showViewportOnboarding":false,"showViewportPlainTextOnboarding":false},{"page":[{"pid":"PR58","flags":8,"order":131,"vq":"Trieste"}]},null,{"number_of_results":78,"search_results":[{"page_id":"PP3","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eTrieste\u003c/b\u003e, Rijeka and Bari Notes 7 Contrasts and Integrations (1914–2018) The cautious war A hard-fought peace The difficult coast From empire to revolution A European border The late twentieth century The European Union A common cultural\u0026nbsp;...","page_url":"https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=q91xEAAAQBAJ\u0026pg=PP3\u0026vq=Trieste"},{"page_id":"PP10","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eTrieste\u003c/b\u003e, Split (Spalato), Rijeka (Fiume), Bari, Durrës and in other ports and islands, and entire lagoon and coastal contexts. Although it is clear that living beside the sea does not mean necessarily being seafarers, it does epitomize\u0026nbsp;...","page_url":"https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=q91xEAAAQBAJ\u0026pg=PP10\u0026vq=Trieste"},{"page_id":"PP12","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eTrieste\u003c/b\u003e, ruled directly by the Habsburgs from 1376 to 1918 and from 1382 until October 1918, respectively. They were considered part of the Germany that was born at the Frankfurt National Assembly in 1848. However, the western Adriatic\u0026nbsp;...","page_url":"https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=q91xEAAAQBAJ\u0026pg=PP12\u0026vq=Trieste"},{"page_id":"PP14","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eTrieste\u003c/b\u003e à Dubrovnik. Une ligne de fracture de l\u0026#39;Europe (Grenoble: University of Stendhal, 2006); E. Ivetic, Un confine nel Mediterraneo. L\u0026#39;Adriatico orientale tra Italia e Slavia 1300–1900 (Rome: Viella, 2014). 6 P. Horden and N\u0026nbsp;...","page_url":"https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=q91xEAAAQBAJ\u0026pg=PP14\u0026vq=Trieste"},{"page_id":"PP16","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eTrieste\u003c/b\u003e and the 39°45\u0026#39; north parallel, which passes through Santa Maria di Leuca, Corfu (from Cape Kephali to Cape Karagol), and the mouth of the Butrint River in Albania. This is its southernmost limit following the criteria of the\u0026nbsp;...","page_url":"https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=q91xEAAAQBAJ\u0026pg=PP16\u0026vq=Trieste"},{"page_id":"PP18","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eTrieste\u003c/b\u003e. These elements – depth, salinity, currents and seabeds – have helped make the Adriatic for centuries one of the internal Mediterranean seas richest in fish.5 The Adriatic climate matches the parameters of the Mediterranean\u0026nbsp;...","page_url":"https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=q91xEAAAQBAJ\u0026pg=PP18\u0026vq=Trieste"},{"page_id":"PP19","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eTrieste\u003c/b\u003e has 210,000 inhabitants. On the opposite coast, Split has 170,000 inhabitants, Durrës 140,000, and Rijeka (Fiume) 130,000. In 2011, the eastern Adriatic had 3,122,680 inhabitants in the coastal administrative districts, while\u0026nbsp;...","page_url":"https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=q91xEAAAQBAJ\u0026pg=PP19\u0026vq=Trieste"},{"page_id":"PP20","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eTrieste\u003c/b\u003e. The eastern Adriatic starts here and is a long cliff more than two-thirds karst. The landscape around Duino is similar to Dalmatia, Herzegovina and the Montenegrin riviera. It is an extremely jagged coast, divided into three\u0026nbsp;...","page_url":"https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=q91xEAAAQBAJ\u0026pg=PP20\u0026vq=Trieste"},{"page_id":"PP22","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eTrieste\u003c/b\u003e was declared a free port in 1719 and between 1880 and 1914 became one of the most important international emporiums in the Mediterranean. \u003cb\u003eTrieste\u003c/b\u003e was a project strongly desired by Vienna for which the city was a maritime access\u0026nbsp;...","page_url":"https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=q91xEAAAQBAJ\u0026pg=PP22\u0026vq=Trieste"},{"page_id":"PP23","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eTrieste\u003c/b\u003e to the Kvarner Gulf, which defines the eastern side of the peninsula and leads to the city of Rijeka. Istria was a border zone and periphery: the extreme limit of Roman Italy, Byzantium, the Holy Roman Empire, Venice, the\u0026nbsp;...","page_url":"https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=q91xEAAAQBAJ\u0026pg=PP23\u0026vq=Trieste"},{"page_id":"PP25","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eTrieste\u003c/b\u003e, the Karst area and Rijeka should be positioned in the Italian or in the Balkan geographical region was greatly discussed throughout the twentieth century, with no common view emerging. Today, the geographic space, the\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PP26","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eTrieste\u003c/b\u003e and Rijeka. The Montenegrin Orthodox Church dominates in Montenegro, and the Greek-Albanian Church in southern Albania. Islam is found in the Herzegovina hinterland and throughout most of Albania, especially in the central part\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PP27","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eTrieste\u003c/b\u003e from Carinthia and Carniola; flocks and herds travelled from the Venetian Pre-Alps to the lagoons; herds were brought by the Morlachs from Herzegovina to the islands of Korčula and Mljet (Meleda). There are many examples of this\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PP28","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eTrieste\u003c/b\u003e to the Bay of Kotor, a multitude of small settlements lying on the sea characterized the jagged coastline and the islands, with respect to the west coast and the present-day Albanian coast, which is mainly uninhabited. It might\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PP29","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eTrieste\u003c/b\u003e in 1852, and in 1874 the Adriatic Society of Natural Science. In 1869, the governing heads of Austro-Hungary promoted a commission for the scientific study of the Adriatic, and in \u003cb\u003eTrieste\u003c/b\u003e an institute of hydrobiology funded by\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PP31","snippet_text":"... (\u003cb\u003eTrieste\u003c/b\u003e and Rovigno: Lint-Centro di ricerche storiche Rovigno, 1981); L. Lago, Theatrum Adriae. Dalle Alpi all\u0026#39;Adriatico nella cartografia del passato. Secoli X–XVIII (\u003cb\u003eTrieste\u003c/b\u003e: Lint, 1989); L. Lago, Imago Italiae: The Making of Italy in\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PP45","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eTrieste\u003c/b\u003e and Aquileia. The response was not slow in coming. Consul Aulus Manlius Vulso brought his legions to the peninsula. After an uncertain start, the expedition defeated the Histri. One by one, the most important fortified towns\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PP47","snippet_text":"... (\u003cb\u003eTrieste\u003c/b\u003e) in 54 bc, Pola in 46 bc, Iader (Zadar) in 33 bc, Salona in 27 bc, and Durazzo (Durrës) in 30 bc, right after the victory of Actium in 31 bc. They were colonies with a high level of self-government, made up of Italic populations\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PP49","snippet_text":"... (\u003cb\u003eTrieste\u003c/b\u003e) and Pula. It took a one- or two-day voyage to cross the Adriatic, and crossing the sea was a given, as to travel up the Adriatic, departing from Italy, often meant sailing up the east coast. Sailing from Tergeste to Corfu could\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PP53","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eTrieste\u003c/b\u003e, of which remains survive. The port lay on the western side. Pula, with Poreč (Parentium, Parenzo) and the Brijuni Islands, houses the remains of fourth-century Christian basilicas and numerous stone sarcophaguses for which it\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PP56","snippet_text":"... (\u003cb\u003eTrieste\u003c/b\u003e: Italo Svevo, 2000); A. Benac (ed.), Praistorija jugoslavenskih zemalja 2, Neolitsko doba (Sarajevo: Akademija nauka i umjetnosti Bosne i Hercegovine, 1979). 5 C. Broodbank, The Making of the Middle Sea: A History of the\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PP58","snippet_text":"... (\u003cb\u003eTrieste\u003c/b\u003e: Editreg, 2009). 42 C. Zaccaria (ed.), Strutture portuali e rotte marittime nell\u0026#39;Adriatico di età romana (\u003cb\u003eTrieste\u003c/b\u003e and Rome: Centro di antichità altoadriatiche, École française de Rome, 2001); P. Arnaud, Les routes de la\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PP60","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eTrieste\u003c/b\u003e, Poreč, the Brijuni Islands and Pola in Istria. It was a united coastal area that coalesced with Dalmatia and formed the Byzantine limes maritimus in the Adriatic. The Byzantine possessions in the Adriatic lands appeared to be\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PR1","page_number":"i","snippet_text":"... (\u003cb\u003eTrieste\u003c/b\u003e, Poreč, Pula, Zadar, Split, Bar, Durrës, Grado, Venice, Rimini, Ancona, Bari and Brindisi) and in those cities set slightly back from the coast where encastellation, building on earlier fortifications, continued in urban and\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PR26","page_number":"xxvi","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eTrieste\u003c/b\u003e achieved greater independence than Venice had granted the Istrian communes. Moreover, \u003cb\u003eTrieste\u003c/b\u003e was promised military protection in the case of any Venetian hostility. At this point, the Habsburgs had direct ownership of the\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PR40","page_number":"xl","snippet_text":"... (\u003cb\u003eTrieste\u003c/b\u003e: Società istriana di archeologia e Storia patria, 1974). 18 Aquileia e il suo patriarcato (Udine: Deputazione di Storia patria per il Friuli, 2000). 19 B. Krekić, \u0026#39;Venezia e l\u0026#39;Adriatico\u0026#39;, in Arnaldi et al. (eds), Storia di\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PR45","page_number":"xlv","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eTrieste\u003c/b\u003e and Istria. \u003cb\u003eTrieste\u003c/b\u003e was taken by the Venetians in 1508–1509. Despite the defeat at the Battle of Agnadello (1509) and the republic\u0026#39;s serious crisis, in Istria fighting continued in local wars between Capodistria (Koper) and \u003cb\u003eTrieste\u003c/b\u003e\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PR46","page_number":"xlvi","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eTrieste\u003c/b\u003e and Koper. In the meantime, most of the military and diplomatic energies of Venice and Vienna were directed elsewhere. The Habsburgs fought the Thirty Years War (1618– 1648), while La Serenissima dealt with the Candian (Cretan)\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PR47","page_number":"xlvii","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eTrieste\u003c/b\u003e, Ancona and Rijeka, the forays by the French fleet (1701–1710) and the Russian flotilla (1770), and the growing number of Dutch and British ships showed that this dominance was weakening. And yet, even in the late eighteenth\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PR51","page_number":"li","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eTrieste\u003c/b\u003e and Ancona only in the late eighteenth century. There was no lack of ideas about how to relaunch Venetian rule in the Adriatic. Such as, for example, the proposal made shortly before 1797, which marked the fall of the republic\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PR56","page_number":"lvi","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eTrieste\u003c/b\u003e and Istria, with Graz as its administrative centre. \u003cb\u003eTrieste\u003c/b\u003e, which had 3,000–4,000 inhabitants and saltpanning industries, was the port for nearby Carniola. In 1508, the city was taken by the Venetians during the war against\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PR57","page_number":"lvii","snippet_text":"A Sea and Its Civilization Egidio Ivetic. \u003cb\u003eTrieste\u003c/b\u003e continued to be a minor service port and salt-producing city. Habsburg Istria, described by historians as \u0026#39;a small insignificant province\u0026#39;, was made up of the county of Pisino (Pazin\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PR58","page_number":"lviii","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eTrieste\u003c/b\u003e, Rijeka and Bakar, with its administrative capital at \u003cb\u003eTrieste\u003c/b\u003e. Her co-ruler, Emperor Joseph II, had the province abolished in 1776. Rijeka, an extreme outpost of the Holy Roman Empire, was for a few years aggregated first to\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PR59","page_number":"lix","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eTrieste\u003c/b\u003e had to supply passing ships and so required products from the Istrian countryside, such as wine, oil and salt and, from Carniola, grain and timber. \u003cb\u003eTrieste\u003c/b\u003e represented the new interest the Habsburgs had in the Adriatic Sea. A\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PR61","page_number":"lxi","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eTrieste\u003c/b\u003e, Istria and Dalmatia. In the early seventeenth century, Rimini saw an increase in trade and welcomed a community of merchants. Its port was a challenging one that required continuous maintenance to prevent silting up. During\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PR65","page_number":"lxv","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eTrieste\u003c/b\u003e, Chioggia, Ravenna and Ancona had about 20,000 inhabitants each. And naturally Venice outstripped the other cities with 160,000 inhabitants. The large Apulian cities were concentrated along the coasts or a short distance inland\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PR67","page_number":"lxvii","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eTrieste\u003c/b\u003e, Rijeka and Ancona. This ancien régime came to an end, as elsewhere, with ancient and familiar alarm: famine and the freezing of olive trees between the 1760s and 1780s, and the threat of the plague that broke out in Dalmatia in\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PR68","page_number":"lxviii","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eTrieste\u003c/b\u003e, which had been a free port since 1719, had slow growth which only took off in the late eighteenth century. As late as 1746, its traffic appeared to be mainly local: in a single day in April, there arrived a brazzera (a small\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PR70","page_number":"lxx","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eTrieste\u003c/b\u003e to Loreto to Lecce, admired by millions of tourists, is the product of the Early Modern centuries, a second Classical Age, from the Renaissance to Napoleon. It was a second Classical Age which is revealed in the most symbolic\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PR72","page_number":"lxxii","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eTrieste\u003c/b\u003e. The city expanded around the port area as far as the Mole Vanvitelliana, which was built from 1733 to 1748 to a plan by the renowned architect Luigi Vanvitelli on the site of the lazaretto that had been established in 1701\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PR73","page_number":"lxxiii","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eTrieste\u003c/b\u003e and Fiume, it was the fourth most important. Trade in coal was established with Great Britain and the main Adriatic ports (Venice, \u003cb\u003eTrieste\u003c/b\u003e, Zadar, Rijeka, Bari and Brindisi). After the Second World War, the port continued to act\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PR75","page_number":"lxxv","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eTrieste\u003c/b\u003e\u0026#39;, in L. Marini, G. Tocci, C. Mozzarelli and A. Stella (eds), I ducati padani, Trento e \u003cb\u003eTrieste\u003c/b\u003e (Turin: Utet, 1979), 607–93; R. Finzi and G. Panjek (eds), Storia economica e sociale di \u003cb\u003eTrieste\u003c/b\u003e 1. La città dei gruppi, 1719–1918 (\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PR77","page_number":"lxxvii","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eTrieste\u003c/b\u003e in 1826, an Austrian subject, was originally from Venetian Corfu. Niccolò Tommaseo was torn between the country of his heart, Dalmatia, and the country of his spirit, Italy, recalling the memory of the Venetian sea. The same was\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PR78","page_number":"lxxviii","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eTrieste\u003c/b\u003e, adopted the Lion of St Mark as its emblem in 1857, 60 years after the decline of La Serenissima, as did the Venetian office of the Assicurazioni Generali insurance company in \u003cb\u003eTrieste\u003c/b\u003e. And yet how distant was the social and\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PR80","page_number":"lxxx","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eTrieste\u003c/b\u003e, Venetian Istria, Habsburg Istria, Military Croatia, part of civil Croatia and Dalmatia. They even included Ragusa, whose republic was abolished by the French in 1808. Ragusa therefore survived for a decade longer than Venice\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PR85","page_number":"lxxxv","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eTrieste\u003c/b\u003e was connected to Vienna by railway in 1857. Given the debacle that had taken place on the sea in 1848, it was decided in 1853 to develop a defence system along the coasts, and a military base was built at Pula. In 1856, the\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PR88","page_number":"lxxxviii","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eTrieste\u003c/b\u003e and Istria. This area was called Venezia because Venetian dialects were spoken here, and Giulia, after Julius Caesar, historically linked to the origins of the Istrian cities. It was a region that, as we would say today\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PR93","page_number":"xciii","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eTrieste\u003c/b\u003e, which opened in 1857, linked to the steamship routes for the Eastern Mediterranean, the Black Sea and Alexandria. Central Europe had been brought closer to the Mediterranean as never before in terms of travel time. Instead of\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PR95","page_number":"xcv","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eTrieste\u003c/b\u003e, with 1,655 direct connections, and Rijeka, with 1,052, clearly overtook Venice, with its 911, Bari with 325, Brindisi with 286 and Ancona with 217.24 In all, \u003cb\u003eTrieste\u003c/b\u003e and Rijeka covered 60 per cent of all direct connections\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PR97","page_number":"xcvii","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eTrieste\u003c/b\u003e. In the end, \u003cb\u003eTrieste\u003c/b\u003e, an autonomous Habsburg city, had its own, specific evolution in the relations between the Italian and Slovene Triestines.29 The third context to consider, and the most fragile, is that of Istria. Istria\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PR99","page_number":"xcix","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eTrieste\u003c/b\u003e. At the same time, in Italy the mythology of the natural border of the national state had evolved amongst civil and military geographers. To the east, it should have reached the divide of the Snežnik plateau (Monte Nevoso)\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PR100","page_number":"c","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eTrieste\u003c/b\u003e, Istria and northern Dalmatia for Italy as recognition of co-belligerency.35 With the new borders located on its eastern coasts, the Adriatic became the objective of the nation under arms. In Italy, the Adriatic became the focus\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PR103","page_number":"ciii","snippet_text":"... , too, with hindsight, what is striking are the dreams that were invested here and vanished: that of the Hungarian sea and that of the last Italian frontier. Bari shares the leap into modernity with \u003cb\u003eTrieste\u003c/b\u003e and Rijeka."},{"page_id":"PR104","page_number":"civ","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eTrieste\u003c/b\u003e reconnects with its central Europe, which has returned to being very competitive. Each year, the Fiera del Levante thrusts Bari – at least ideally – towards what should be its role: its vision and commerce addressed to the East\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PR106","page_number":"cvi","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eTrieste\u003c/b\u003e e la sua fisiologia economica (Rome: Associazione fra le società italiane per azioni, 1916), 107, in Mellinato, L\u0026#39;Adriatico conteso, 159. 24 Mellinato, L\u0026#39;Adriatico conteso, 129. 25 Ivetic, Un confine nel Mediterraneo, 63–94. 26\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PR107","page_number":"cvii","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eTrieste\u003c/b\u003e (Rome and Bari: Laterza, 1988); A. Ara and C. Magris, \u003cb\u003eTrieste\u003c/b\u003e, un\u0026#39;identità di frontiera (Turin: Einaudi, 1982). 38 R. Pupo, Fiume città di passione (Rome and Bari: Laterza, 2018); D. Kirchner Reill, The Fiume Crisis: Life in the\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PR109","page_number":"cix","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eTrieste\u003c/b\u003e and Poreč, and into the Fasana (Fažana) canal in Istria. They used seaplanes and MAS, the torpedo-armed motorboats equipped with a futuristic petrol direct-injection engine. MAS were also deployed in the lower Adriatic against\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PR110","page_number":"cx","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eTrieste\u003c/b\u003e to the mouth of the Neretva River on 25 June 1914. Just a few days later, the flagship had met the archduke\u0026#39;s coffin and taken it back to \u003cb\u003eTrieste\u003c/b\u003e where the heir to the throne received the last farewell from a city in mourning\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PR115","page_number":"cxv","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eTrieste\u003c/b\u003e where nothing was Italian, least of all the local administration. It was totally rash to think they would be able to change the people after 60 years\u0026#39; mass diffusion of literacy, after at least 30 years\u0026#39; associationism\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PR117","page_number":"cxvii","snippet_text":"... (\u003cb\u003eTrieste\u003c/b\u003e–Rijeka; \u003cb\u003eTrieste\u003c/b\u003e–Pula; Pula–Rijeka, unfinished; Poreč–Pazin). Over half of the asphalted roads in Croatia in 1947 came from the Italian ones in Istria. The same could be said of the Yugoslav navy. In 1941, Yugoslavia\u0026#39;s entire\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PR118","page_number":"cxviii","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eTrieste\u003c/b\u003e as in Istria. Here, in the five-year period between 1936 and 1941, the first results of Italian modernization could be seen. A modern aqueduct was completed, the Čepić Plain was reclaimed, and the industry in the Arsa coal basin\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PR119","page_number":"cxix","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eTrieste\u003c/b\u003e and there was no improvement after the signing of the Steel Pact in May 1939. The German expansion in Czechoslovakia and the growing economic, financial and trade authority of Berlin in Hungary, Yugoslavia and Romania all\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PR121","page_number":"cxxi","snippet_text":"... in the immediate future. This led to an overall paralysis in Italian cities from \u003cb\u003eTrieste\u003c/b\u003e to Pola, while awaiting a solution from outside. With the arrival of German troops, including the elite first Panzer division SS."},{"page_id":"PR122","page_number":"cxxii","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eTrieste\u003c/b\u003e, but it was also used to eliminate political prisoners and Jews. It is remembered as the only concentration camp on Italian soil. However, it was the area that was the furthest south from Great Germany, not properly Italy, which\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PR124","page_number":"cxxiv","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eTrieste\u003c/b\u003e, Gorizia and Pola were to be administrated by the Anglo-American military while everywhere else (Istria, Rijeka, Cres, and Lošinj) fell under Yugoslav administration. Yugoslavia, however, was demanding all of Venezia Giulia\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PR125","page_number":"cxxv","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eTrieste\u003c/b\u003e. However, considering that Italy had been on the wrong side from 1940 to 1943, that it had occupied Greece and Yugoslavia and had attacked France, the Soviet Union, French and British colonies, the decision could be justified\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PR130","page_number":"cxxx","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eTrieste\u003c/b\u003e, in other words, northern Istria, with the ports of Koper, Izola and Piran. In the five-year period 1948–1953, following its detachment from the Soviet Union, Yugoslavia approached the United States, also because they were in\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PR132","page_number":"cxxxii","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eTrieste\u003c/b\u003e ranked first in 1969 with 24 million, thus totalling on its own more than all the Yugoslav ports together. After \u003cb\u003eTrieste\u003c/b\u003e came Venice with 21.7 million, Ravenna with 10 million, Ancona and Bari with 5.1 each, and last of all\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PR134","page_number":"cxxxiv","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eTrieste\u003c/b\u003e, Istria, the Croatian coast and Dalmatia, once again central Europe (Mitteleuropa) has been united with the Mediterranean. The redefinition of the geography of a united Europe is a process that is aimed at internal integration\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PR140","page_number":"cxl","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eTrieste\u003c/b\u003e was lost in the Habsburg galaxy; and Istria and Dalmatia were Venetian peripheries. With the exception of Venice, and also to a lesser extent Ragusa, two cities that were able to express their own original world, the Adriatic\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PR142","page_number":"cxlii","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eTrieste\u003c/b\u003e \u0026#39;45 (Rome and Bari: Laterza, 2010). 19 P. Ballinger, History in Exile: Memory and Identity at the Borders of the Balkans (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2003); R. Pupo, Il lungo esilio. Istria: le persecuzioni, le foibe\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA26","page_number":"26","snippet_text":"... Stojadinović Pact (1937) 275 Cisalpine Gaul 56, 57 Cisalpine Republic 214, 215 Cispadane Republic 214 Civic Museum of Natural History (\u003cb\u003eTrieste\u003c/b\u003e) 33 Classe 61, 69, 102, 106 Claudius, Emperor 73 Clausurae Alpium Iuliarum 68 Clement VII, Pope."},{"page_id":"PA59","page_number":"59","snippet_text":"... conflict between Italians and 269–70 treatment of by Italy 271–2 in \u003cb\u003eTrieste\u003c/b\u003e 245, 247, 251 Slovenes, Croats and Serbs, Kingdom of (SHS Kingdom) 245, 262–3, 265, 267, 268, 307 Slovenia 287, 294, 305, 309, 310 dispute between Croatia and.","page_url":"https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=q91xEAAAQBAJ\u0026pg=PA59\u0026vq=Trieste"},{"page_id":"PA62","page_number":"62","snippet_text":"... see fairs, trade Trani 90, 116–17, 118, 132, 144, 192, 194, 196 transhumance 29–30, 41, 51, 63, 104, 178 Abruzzo 29–30, 146, 198 regulation of in Kingdom of Naples 146 \u003cb\u003eTrieste\u003c/b\u003e 8, 23, 174, 183, 236–7, 245, 251–3, 311 castle.","page_url":"https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=q91xEAAAQBAJ\u0026pg=PA62\u0026vq=Trieste"},{"page_id":"PA63","page_number":"63","snippet_text":"A Sea and Its Civilization Egidio Ivetic. \u003cb\u003eTrieste\u003c/b\u003e 8, 23, 174, 183, 236–7, 245, 251–3, 311 castle of Miramare 253 conquest by Venetians 164, 181 decline in economic expansion after 1918 252 demand for greater autonomy 252 dynamism of port\u0026nbsp;...","page_url":"https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=q91xEAAAQBAJ\u0026pg=PA63\u0026vq=Trieste"},{"page_id":"PA66","page_number":"66","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eTrieste\u003c/b\u003e 252 twentieth century 290–1 war against Ferrara (1308-1313) 128 wars against Ottomans 162–3, 165, 165–6, 176, 180, 191 wars against papacy 128, 140–1 weakening of dominance and decline 113–14, 167, 168, 212, 222–3, 311 Venus\u0026nbsp;...","page_url":"https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=q91xEAAAQBAJ\u0026pg=PA66\u0026vq=Trieste"},{"page_id":"PA71","page_number":"71","snippet_text":"A Sea and Its Civilization Egidio Ivetic. 2. V.M. Coronelli, Gulf of Venice, 1688. 6. \u003cb\u003eTrieste\u003c/b\u003e 1885, veduta."},{"page_id":"PA75","page_number":"75","snippet_text":"A Sea and Its Civilization Egidio Ivetic. 6. \u003cb\u003eTrieste\u003c/b\u003e 1885, veduta. 11. Premuda, the Santo Stefano sinks, 10 June 1918."}],"search_query_escaped":"Trieste"},{});</script></div></div></div><script>(function() {var href = window.location.href;if (href.indexOf('?') !== -1) {var parameters = href.split('?')[1].split('&');for (var i = 0; i < parameters.length; i++) {var param = parameters[i].split('=');if (param[0] == 'focus') {var elem = document.getElementById(param[1]);if (elem) {elem.focus();}}}}})();</script>