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class="vector-toc-text">Algus</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Muldade_määramine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Muldade_määramine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Muldade määramine</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Muldade_määramine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mulla_klassifikatsioon" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mulla_klassifikatsioon"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Mulla klassifikatsioon</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mulla_klassifikatsioon-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vaata_ka" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vaata_ka"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Vaata ka</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vaata_ka-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Viited" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Viited"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Viited</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Viited-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kirjandus" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kirjandus"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Kirjandus</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kirjandus-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Välislingid" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Välislingid"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Välislingid</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Välislingid-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Sisukord" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Sisukord" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Lülita sisukord ümber" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Lülita sisukord ümber</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Muld</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Mine teises keeles artiklisse. Saadaval 136 keeles" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-136" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">136 keelt</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grond" title="Grond – afrikaani" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Grond" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="afrikaani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%A8%D8%A9" title="تربة – araabia" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="تربة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="araabia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suelo" title="Suelo – aragoni" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Suelo" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="aragoni" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-rup mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pimintu" title="Pimintu – aromuuni" lang="rup" hreflang="rup" data-title="Pimintu" data-language-autonym="Armãneashti" data-language-local-name="aromuuni" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Armãneashti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%BF" title="মাটি – assami" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="মাটি" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="assami" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suelu" title="Suelu – astuuria" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Suelu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="astuuria" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ay mw-list-item"><a href="https://ay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laq%27a" title="Laq'a – aimara" lang="ay" hreflang="ay" data-title="Laq'a" data-language-autonym="Aymar aru" data-language-local-name="aimara" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aymar aru</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torpaq" title="Torpaq – aserbaidžaani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Torpaq" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="aserbaidžaani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%BE%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%82" title="توپراق – lõunaaserbaidžaani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="توپراق" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="lõunaaserbaidžaani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanah" title="Tanah – indoneesia" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Tanah" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indoneesia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanah" title="Tanah – malai" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Tanah" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="malai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%BF" title="মাটি – bengali" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="মাটি" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="bengali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Th%C3%B4%CD%98" title="Thô͘ – lõunamini" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Thô͘" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="lõunamini" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D2%A1" title="Тупраҡ – baškiiri" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Тупраҡ" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="baškiiri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B1%D0%B0" title="Глеба – valgevene" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Глеба" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="valgevene" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B1%D0%B0" title="Глеба – valgevene (taraškievitsa)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Глеба" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="valgevene (taraškievitsa)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%80" title="माटी – bihaari" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="माटी" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="bihaari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daga" title="Daga – keskbikoli" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Daga" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="keskbikoli" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tlo" title="Tlo – bosnia" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Tlo" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="bosnia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Douar" title="Douar – bretooni" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Douar" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="bretooni" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Почва – bulgaaria" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Почва" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="bulgaaria" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%B2l" title="Sòl – katalaani" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Sòl" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="katalaani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%C4%83%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Тăпра – tšuvaši" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Тăпра" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="tšuvaši" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C5%AFda" title="Půda – tšehhi" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Půda" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="tšehhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dhaga" title="Dhaga – šona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Dhaga" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="šona" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiShona</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terra" title="Terra – korsika" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Terra" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="korsika" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Corsu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pridd" title="Pridd – kõmri" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Pridd" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="kõmri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jord" title="Jord – taani" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Jord" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="taani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boden_(Bodenkunde)" title="Boden (Bodenkunde) – saksa" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Boden (Bodenkunde)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="saksa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%88%CE%B4%CE%B1%CF%86%CE%BF%CF%82" title="Έδαφος – kreeka" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Έδαφος" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="kreeka" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soil" title="Soil – inglise" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Soil" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="inglise" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Мода – ersa" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="Мода" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="ersa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Эрзянь</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suelo" title="Suelo – hispaania" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Suelo" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="hispaania" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grundo" title="Grundo – esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Grundo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lurzoru" title="Lurzoru – baski" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Lurzoru" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="baski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%D8%A7%DA%A9" title="خاک – pärsia" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="خاک" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="pärsia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sol_(p%C3%A9dologie)" title="Sol (pédologie) – prantsuse" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Sol (pédologie)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="prantsuse" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boaiem_(ierde)" title="Boaiem (ierde) – läänefriisi" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Boaiem (ierde)" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="läänefriisi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ithir" title="Ithir – iiri" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Ithir" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="iiri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%99ir" title="Ùir – gaeli" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Ùir" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="gaeli" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solo" title="Solo – galeegi" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Solo" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="galeegi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Th%C3%BA" title="Thú – hakka" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Thú" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="hakka" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%9D%99" title="흙 – korea" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="흙" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="korea" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C6%98asa_(shinfidar_%C6%99asa)" title="Ƙasa (shinfidar ƙasa) – hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Ƙasa (shinfidar ƙasa)" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%80%D5%B8%D5%B2" title="Հող – armeenia" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Հող" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="armeenia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BE" title="मृदा – hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="मृदा" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tlo" title="Tlo – horvaadi" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Tlo" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="horvaadi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulo" title="Sulo – ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Sulo" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xh mw-list-item"><a href="https://xh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umhlaba" title="Umhlaba – koosa" lang="xh" hreflang="xh" data-title="Umhlaba" data-language-autonym="IsiXhosa" data-language-local-name="koosa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiXhosa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jar%C3%B0vegur" title="Jarðvegur – islandi" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Jarðvegur" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="islandi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suolo" title="Suolo – itaalia" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Suolo" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="itaalia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A7%D7%A8%D7%A7%D7%A2" title="קרקע – heebrea" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="קרקע" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="heebrea" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lemah" title="Lemah – jaava" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Lemah" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="jaava" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AE%E0%B2%A3%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%A3%E0%B3%81" title="ಮಣ್ಣು – kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಮಣ್ಣು" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%90%E1%83%93%E1%83%90%E1%83%92%E1%83%98" title="ნიადაგი – gruusia" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ნიადაგი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="gruusia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BF%D1%8B%D1%80%D0%B0%D2%9B" title="Топырақ – kasahhi" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Топырақ" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="kasahhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BF%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA" title="Топурак – kirgiisi" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Топурак" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="kirgiisi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Udongo" title="Udongo – suahiili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Udongo" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="suahiili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ax" title="Ax – kurdi" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Ax" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="kurdi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terra_(solum)" title="Terra (solum) – ladina" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Terra (solum)" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="ladina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augsne" title="Augsne – läti" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Augsne" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="läti" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-to mw-list-item"><a href="https://to.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kelekele" title="Kelekele – tonga" lang="to" hreflang="to" data-title="Kelekele" data-language-autonym="Lea faka-Tonga" data-language-local-name="tonga" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lea faka-Tonga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dirvo%C5%BEemis" title="Dirvožemis – leedu" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Dirvožemis" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="leedu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aerdbaom" title="Aerdbaom – limburgi" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Aerdbaom" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="limburgi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talaj" title="Talaj – ungari" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Talaj" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="ungari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Почва – makedoonia" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Почва" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="makedoonia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nofon-tany" title="Nofon-tany – malagassi" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Nofon-tany" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="malagassi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%A3%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A3%E0%B5%8D" title="മണ്ണ് – malajalami" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="മണ്ണ്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="malajalami" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%80" title="माती – marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="माती" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanah" title="Tanah – minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Tanah" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%B9" title="Tù – idamini" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Tù" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="idamini" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D3%A9%D1%80%D1%81" title="Хөрс – mongoli" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Хөрс" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="mongoli" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nah mw-list-item"><a href="https://nah.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tlalli" title="Tlalli – nahua" lang="nah" hreflang="nah" data-title="Tlalli" data-language-autonym="Nāhuatl" data-language-local-name="nahua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nāhuatl</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcm mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soil" title="Soil – Nigeeria pidžinkeel" lang="pcm" hreflang="pcm" data-title="Soil" data-language-autonym="Naijá" data-language-local-name="Nigeeria pidžinkeel" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Naijá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fj mw-list-item"><a href="https://fj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qele" title="Qele – fidži" lang="fj" hreflang="fj" data-title="Qele" data-language-autonym="Na Vosa Vakaviti" data-language-local-name="fidži" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Na Vosa Vakaviti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bodem" title="Bodem – hollandi" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Bodem" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="hollandi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8B" title="माटो – nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="माटो" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9C%9F%E5%A3%8C" title="土壌 – jaapani" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="土壌" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="jaapani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Латта – tšetšeeni" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Латта" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="tšetšeeni" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jord" title="Jord – norra bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Jord" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="norra bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jord" title="Jord – uusnorra" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Jord" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="uusnorra" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuproq" title="Tuproq – usbeki" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Tuproq" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="usbeki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%BF%E0%A9%B1%E0%A8%9F%E0%A9%80" title="ਮਿੱਟੀ – pandžabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਮਿੱਟੀ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="pandžabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%B9%DB%8C" title="مٹی – lahnda" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="مٹی" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="lahnda" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%87" title="خاوره – puštu" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="خاوره" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="puštu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mnw mw-list-item"><a href="https://mnw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%90%E1%80%AD" title="တိ – moni" lang="mnw" hreflang="mnw" data-title="တိ" data-language-autonym="ဘာသာမန်" data-language-local-name="moni" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ဘာသာမန်</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gleba" title="Gleba – poola" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Gleba" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="poola" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solo" title="Solo – portugali" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Solo" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portugali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sol_(strat_al_P%C4%83m%C3%A2ntului)" title="Sol (strat al Pământului) – rumeenia" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Sol (strat al Pământului)" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="rumeenia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rm mw-list-item"><a href="https://rm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terren" title="Terren – romanši" lang="rm" hreflang="rm" data-title="Terren" data-language-autonym="Rumantsch" data-language-local-name="romanši" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Rumantsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allpa" title="Allpa – ketšua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Allpa" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="ketšua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%90%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BD%D1%82" title="Ґрунт – russiini" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Ґрунт" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="russiini" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Почва – vene" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Почва" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="vene" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%83%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Буор – jakuudi" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Буор" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="jakuudi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szy mw-list-item"><a href="https://szy.wikipedia.org/wiki/lala%27" title="lala' – Sakizaya" lang="szy" hreflang="szy" data-title="lala'" data-language-autonym="Sakizaya" data-language-local-name="Sakizaya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sakizaya</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%A6%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%A5%E1%B1%9F" title="ᱦᱟᱥᱟ – santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱦᱟᱥᱟ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="santali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syle" title="Syle – šoti" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Syle" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="šoti" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dheu" title="Dheu – albaania" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Dheu" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="albaania" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tirrinu" title="Tirrinu – sitsiilia" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Tirrinu" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="sitsiilia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soil" title="Soil – lihtsustatud inglise" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Soil" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="lihtsustatud inglise" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%BD%D9%8A" title="مٽي – sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="مٽي" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%B4da" title="Pôda – slovaki" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Pôda" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="slovaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prst_(pedologija)" title="Prst (pedologija) – sloveeni" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Prst (pedologija)" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="sloveeni" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%DB%86%DA%B5" title="خۆڵ – sorani" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="خۆڵ" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="sorani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BB%D0%BE" title="Тло – serbia" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Тло" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="serbia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tlo" title="Tlo – serbia-horvaadi" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Tlo" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="serbia-horvaadi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taneuh" title="Taneuh – sunda" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Taneuh" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="sunda" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maaper%C3%A4" title="Maaperä – soome" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Maaperä" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="soome" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jord" title="Jord – rootsi" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Jord" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="rootsi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shi mw-list-item"><a href="https://shi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akal" title="Akal – šilha" lang="shi" hreflang="shi" data-title="Akal" data-language-autonym="Taclḥit" data-language-local-name="šilha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taclḥit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lupa" title="Lupa – tagalogi" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Lupa" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="tagalogi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%A3%E0%AF%8D" title="மண் – tamili" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="மண்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="tamili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akal_(tasnakalt)" title="Akal (tasnakalt) – kabiili" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Akal (tasnakalt)" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="kabiili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA" title="Туфрак – tatari" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Туфрак" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="tatari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tay mw-list-item"><a href="https://tay.wikipedia.org/wiki/rhzyal(%E5%9C%9F%E5%9C%B0)" title="rhzyal(土地) – atajali" lang="tay" hreflang="tay" data-title="rhzyal(土地)" data-language-autonym="Tayal" data-language-local-name="atajali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tayal</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%AE%E0%B0%9F%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%9F%E0%B0%BF" title="మట్టి – telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="మట్టి" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%99" title="ดิน – tai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ดิน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="tai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BA%A5t" title="Đất – vietnami" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Đất" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="vietnami" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%BE%D0%BA" title="Хок – tadžiki" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Хок" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="tadžiki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tcy mw-list-item"><a href="https://tcy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AE%E0%B2%A3%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%A3%E0%B3%8D" title="ಮಣ್ಣ್ – tulu" lang="tcy" hreflang="tcy" data-title="ಮಣ್ಣ್" data-language-autonym="ತುಳು" data-language-local-name="tulu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ತುಳು</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toprak" title="Toprak – türgi" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Toprak" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="türgi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%90%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BD%D1%82" title="Ґрунт – ukraina" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Ґрунт" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ukraina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%B9%DB%8C" title="مٹی – urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="مٹی" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%DB%87%D9%BE%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%82" title="تۇپراق – uiguuri" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="تۇپراق" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="uiguuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Namh" title="Namh – tšuangi" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Namh" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="tšuangi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vahcuengh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahuz" title="Mahuz – vepsa" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Mahuz" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="vepsa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eirde_(ground)" title="Eirde (ground) – lääneflaami" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Eirde (ground)" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="lääneflaami" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>West-Vlams</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuna" title="Tuna – varai" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Tuna" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="varai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A0%87%E6%B3%A5" title="堇泥 – uu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="堇泥" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="uu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%91%D7%90%D7%93%D7%9F" title="באדן – jidiši" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="באדן" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="jidiši" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B3%A5%E5%9C%9F" title="泥土 – kantoni" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="泥土" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="kantoni" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C4%97rva" title="Dėrva – žemaidi" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Dėrva" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="žemaidi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9C%9F%E5%A3%A4" title="土壤 – hiina" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="土壤" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="hiina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bbc mw-list-item"><a href="https://bbc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tano" title="Tano – bataki" lang="bbc" hreflang="bbc" data-title="Tano" data-language-autonym="Batak Toba" data-language-local-name="bataki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Batak Toba</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bew mw-list-item"><a href="https://bew.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tana" title="Tana – betavi" lang="bew" hreflang="bew" data-title="Tana" data-language-autonym="Betawi" data-language-local-name="betavi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Betawi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kge mw-list-item"><a href="https://kge.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanoh" title="Tanoh – Komering" lang="kge" hreflang="kge" data-title="Tanoh" data-language-autonym="Kumoring" data-language-local-name="Komering" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kumoring</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q36133#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Muuda keelelinke" class="wbc-editpage">Muuda linke</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Nimeruumid"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Muld" title="Vaata sisulehekülge [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Artikkel</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Arutelu:Muld" rel="discussion" title="Arutelu selle lehekülje sisu kohta [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Arutelu</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Muuda keelevarianti" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">eesti</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="vaatamisi"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Muld"><span>Vaata</span></a></li><li id="ca-ve-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Muld&veaction=edit" title="Muuda seda lehekülge [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Muuda</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="collapsible vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Muld&action=edit" title="Redigeeri selle lehekülje lähteteksti [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Muuda lähteteksti</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Muld&action=history" title="Selle lehekülje varasemad redaktsioonid [h]" accesskey="h"><span>Näita ajalugu</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Lehekülje tööriistad"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tööriistad" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tööriistad</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tööriistad</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">vii külgpaanile</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">peida</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="Veel võimalusi" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Toimingud </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Muld"><span>Vaata</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-ve-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Muld&veaction=edit" title="Muuda seda lehekülge [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Muuda</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="collapsible vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Muld&action=edit" title="Redigeeri selle lehekülje lähteteksti [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Muuda lähteteksti</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Muld&action=history"><span>Näita ajalugu</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Üldine </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Eri:Lingid_siia/Muld" title="Kõik viki leheküljed, mis siia viitavad [j]" accesskey="j"><span>Lingid siia</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Eri:Seotud_muudatused/Muld" rel="nofollow" title="Viimased muudatused lehekülgedel, millele on siit viidatud [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Seotud muudatused</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Muld&oldid=6499963" title="Püsilink lehekülje sellele redaktsioonile"><span>Püsilink</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Muld&action=info" title="Lisateave selle lehekülje kohta"><span>Lehekülje teave</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eri:Sellele_lehek%C3%BCljele_viitamine&page=Muld&id=6499963&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Teave sellele leheküljele viitamise kohta"><span>Viita leheküljele</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eri:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fet.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FMuld"><span>Hangi lühendatud URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eri:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fet.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FMuld"><span>Laadi alla QR-kood</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Teistes projektides </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Soils" hreflang="en"><span>Commons</span></a></li><li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikiquote mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikiquote.org/wiki/Muld" hreflang="et"><span>Vikitsitaadid</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q36133" title="Link andmehoidla seonduva üksuse juurde [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Andmeüksus</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Lehekülje tööriistad"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Ilme"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Ilme</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">vii külgpaanile</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">peida</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">Allikas: Vikipeedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="et" dir="ltr"><p><b>Muld</b> on <a href="/wiki/Maakoor" title="Maakoor">maakoore</a> ülemises osas asuv õhuke pude <a href="/wiki/Mineraal" title="Mineraal">mineraalidest</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mulla_orgaaniline_aine" title="Mulla orgaaniline aine">orgaanilistest ainetest</a> ja <a href="/wiki/Mikroorganism" class="mw-redirect" title="Mikroorganism">mikroorganismidest</a> koosnev keskkond, kust <a href="/wiki/Taimed" title="Taimed">maismaataimed</a> hangivad kasvuks vajalikke <a href="/wiki/Toitaine" class="mw-redirect" title="Toitaine">toitaineid</a>. </p><p>Kõige tähtsamat osa etendab muld <a href="/wiki/Taimed" title="Taimed">taimede</a> ning otseselt või kaudselt <a href="/wiki/Loomad" title="Loomad">loomade</a> ja inimese elu alusena. </p><p>Organismid, eriti <a href="/wiki/Lagundajad" title="Lagundajad">lagundajad</a>, omakorda etendavad tähtsat osa <a href="/wiki/Mullateke" title="Mullateke">mullatekkes</a>. Nad toodavad <a href="/wiki/Huumus" title="Huumus">huumust</a> ja transpordivad seda. Samuti hoolitsevad nad mulla õhutamise ja läbisegamise eest (<a href="/wiki/Bioturbatsioon" title="Bioturbatsioon">bioturbatsioon</a>). </p><p><a href="/wiki/Mullateadus" title="Mullateadus">Mullateaduses</a> vaadeldakse mulda enamasti 1,00...1,50 m sügavuseni. Sageli on sellest allpool ainult peenestunud <a href="/wiki/Kivim" title="Kivim">kivim</a>, mille koostis on vähe muutunud. Ent just need <a href="/wiki/Mulla_l%C3%B5imis" class="mw-redirect" title="Mulla lõimis">mulla lõimise</a> muutused <a href="/wiki/Mullateke" title="Mullateke">mullatekke</a> käigus on eelduseks mullatüüpide detailsele eristamisele ja kirjeldamisele. Üldiselt toimub areng väga madalatest, väga kivistest muldadest sügavamate, peeneteralisemate muldadeni nõrgalt lagunenud, mineraaliderikka kivimini. Sellest areneb "väliste" mõjurite (<a href="/wiki/Kliima" title="Kliima">kliima</a>, <a href="/wiki/Taimkate" title="Taimkate">taimkate</a>, kasutamise viis) toimel spetsiifiliste omadustega <a href="/wiki/Mullat%C3%BC%C3%BCp" title="Mullatüüp">mullatüüp</a>. </p><p>Mullateaduse rakendusvaldkondade seas on <a href="/wiki/Mullakaitse" title="Mullakaitse">mullakaitse</a>, <a href="/wiki/P%C3%B5llumajandus" title="Põllumajandus">põllumajandus</a> ja <a href="/wiki/Metsamajandus" title="Metsamajandus">metsamajandus</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Muldade_määramine"><span id="Muldade_m.C3.A4.C3.A4ramine"></span>Muldade määramine</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Muld&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Muuda alaosa "Muldade määramine"" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>muuda</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Muld&action=edit&section=1" title="Muuda alaosa "Muldade määramine" lähteteksti"><span>muuda lähteteksti</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fail:Gleistunud_r%C3%A4hkmuld-_mullaprofiil.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Gleistunud_r%C3%A4hkmuld-_mullaprofiil.JPG/250px-Gleistunud_r%C3%A4hkmuld-_mullaprofiil.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Gleistunud_r%C3%A4hkmuld-_mullaprofiil.JPG/330px-Gleistunud_r%C3%A4hkmuld-_mullaprofiil.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Gleistunud_r%C3%A4hkmuld-_mullaprofiil.JPG/500px-Gleistunud_r%C3%A4hkmuld-_mullaprofiil.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1728" data-file-height="2304" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Gleistumine" title="Gleistumine">Gleistunud</a> <a href="/wiki/R%C3%A4hkmuld" title="Rähkmuld">rähkmuld</a> <a href="/wiki/Harju_maakond" title="Harju maakond">Harju maakonnas</a> <a href="/wiki/Kose_vald" title="Kose vald">Kose vallas</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Muldi määratakse paljudel juhtudel väheste tunnuste, näiteks mulla lõimise ja lähtekivimi järgi. Mõnikord läheb tarvis ka ulatuslikku füüsikalist ja keemilist analüüsi. </p><p>Mulla tähtsate iseloomulike omaduste seas on: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mullahorisont" title="Mullahorisont">mullahorisondid</a>, mis moodustavad eraldusjooni <a href="/wiki/Mullastruktuur" title="Mullastruktuur">struktuurilt</a>, lõimiselt, värvuselt, plekkidelt jne erineva mulla vahel. Nad on tekkinud lähtekivimit muutvate mullatekkeprotsesside tulemusel. Nende järgnevus (<a href="/wiki/Mullaprofiil" title="Mullaprofiil">mullaprofiil</a>) määrab mullasüstemaatilise kuuluvuse.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mulla_l%C3%B5imis" class="mw-redirect" title="Mulla lõimis">mulla lõimis</a>, mis iseloomustab <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mulla_mineraalosa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mulla mineraalosa (pole veel kirjutatud)">mulla mineraalosa</a> osakeste suurust. See ulatub <a href="/wiki/Savi" title="Savi">savist</a> kuni suurte <a href="/wiki/Kivi" title="Kivi">kivideni</a>.</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mulla_v%C3%A4rvus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mulla värvus (pole veel kirjutatud)">mulla värvus</a>, mida hinnatakse standardiseeritud <a href="/wiki/Munselli_v%C3%A4rvis%C3%BCsteem" title="Munselli värvisüsteem">Munselli värvisüsteemis</a>.</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Huumuse_osat%C3%A4htsus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Huumuse osatähtsus (pole veel kirjutatud)">huumuse osatähtsus</a>, mis on orgaanilise aine (välja arvatud süsi ja antropogeensed süsinikuühendid) osatähtsus mullas. <a href="/wiki/Mulla_orgaaniline_aine" title="Mulla orgaaniline aine">Mulla orgaaniline osa</a> koosneb elusorganismide eritistest ja surnud organismide jäänustest ning on pidevas muutumises.</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mulla_s%C3%B6esisaldus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mulla söesisaldus (pole veel kirjutatud)">mulla söesisaldus</a>, mis teatud muldade puhul, näiteks tuha- ja aherainemägedel näitab söesisaldust.</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Karbonaatide_sisaldus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Karbonaatide sisaldus (pole veel kirjutatud)">karbonaatide sisaldus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mullastruktuur" title="Mullastruktuur">mullastruktuur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mulla_veere%C5%BEiim" title="Mulla veerežiim">mulla veerežiim</a> (<a href="/wiki/Mulla_niiskus" class="mw-redirect" title="Mulla niiskus">mulla niiskus</a>)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%95hure%C5%BEiim&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Õhurežiim (pole veel kirjutatud)">õhurežiim</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mulla_%C3%B5husisaldus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mulla õhusisaldus (pole veel kirjutatud)">mulla õhusisaldus</a>)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mulla_puhverdusv%C3%B5ime&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mulla puhverdusvõime (pole veel kirjutatud)">mulla puhverdusvõime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mulla_happesus" title="Mulla happesus">mulla happesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indikaatorliik" title="Indikaatorliik">indikaatorliigid</a></li></ul> <p><a href="/wiki/Mullateadus" title="Mullateadus">Mullateaduses</a> uuritakse mitmesuguste mullavormide füüsikalis-keemilisi ja ökoloogilisi omadusi, näiteks võimet siduda pooridesse pigem vett või pigem õhku ning seotud vee kättesaadavust taimedele. Need omadused olenevad pooride suurusest. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Mulla_klassifikatsioon">Mulla klassifikatsioon</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Muld&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Muuda alaosa "Mulla klassifikatsioon"" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>muuda</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Muld&action=edit&section=2" title="Muuda alaosa "Mulla klassifikatsioon" lähteteksti"><span>muuda lähteteksti</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dd><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Next.svg/20px-Next.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Next.svg/40px-Next.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></span></span> <i>Pikemalt artiklis <a href="/wiki/Mulla_klassifikatsioon" title="Mulla klassifikatsioon">Mulla klassifikatsioon</a></i></dd></dl> <p>Mulla klassifikatsioon on muldade süstemaatiline rühmitamine nende <a href="/wiki/Mullateke" title="Mullateke">tekke</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mullagenees" class="mw-redirect" title="Mullagenees">geneesi</a> (arengu), <a href="/wiki/Mullaprotsessid" title="Mullaprotsessid">protsesside</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mullaprofiil" title="Mullaprofiil">profiili</a> ja selle diferentseerumise, diagnostiliste <a href="/wiki/Mullahorisont" title="Mullahorisont">horisontide</a> ja omaduste alusel taksonoomilisteks üksusteks<sup id="cite_ref-Reintami_mullasõnastik_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Reintami_mullasõnastik-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p>Mulla klassifikatsioone on nii globaalseid, klassifitseerides kõiki muldi Maal, kui ka riiklikke ja kohalikke, mis käsitlevad muldi kindla riigi või selle mingi osa piires. Välja on töötatud ka spetsiifilisi, puhtrakenduslikke mulla klassifikatsioone, mis lähtuvad <a href="/wiki/Maakasutus" title="Maakasutus">maakasutuse</a> või majandusharu huvidest, nt <a href="/w/index.php?title=Metsamullad&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Metsamullad (pole veel kirjutatud)">metsamuldade</a>, melioreeritavate jm muldade klassifikatsioonid<sup id="cite_ref-Reintami_mullasõnastik_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Reintami_mullasõnastik-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p>Globaalsetest mulla klassifikatsioonidest on tuntuimad <a href="/wiki/FAO_mulla_klassifikatsioon" title="FAO mulla klassifikatsioon">FAO mulla klassifikatsioon</a> (WRB, World Reference Base) 30 suure taksoniga (Great Soil Groups) ja nende alljaotustega, ning <a href="/w/index.php?title=USA_P%C3%B5llumajanduse_Departemang&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="USA Põllumajanduse Departemang (pole veel kirjutatud)">USA Põllumajanduse Departemangus</a> välja antud <a href="/w/index.php?title=USDA_mulla_klassifikatsioon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="USDA mulla klassifikatsioon (pole veel kirjutatud)">USDA mulla klassifikatsioon</a> (USDA Soil Taxonomy).<sup id="cite_ref-Reintami_mullasõnastik_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Reintami_mullasõnastik-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Vaata_ka">Vaata ka</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Muld&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Muuda alaosa "Vaata ka"" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>muuda</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Muld&action=edit&section=3" title="Muuda alaosa "Vaata ka" lähteteksti"><span>muuda lähteteksti</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aasta_muld" title="Aasta muld">Aasta muld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aineringe" title="Aineringe">aineringe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edafoloogia" title="Edafoloogia">edafoloogia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mullabioloogia" title="Mullabioloogia">mullabioloogia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mullateaduse_m%C3%B5isteid" title="Mullateaduse mõisteid">mullateaduse mõisteid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mullaressursside_m%C3%A4%C3%A4ratlemise_baas" title="Mullaressursside määratlemise baas">mullaressursside määratlemise baas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mullamorfoloogia" title="Mullamorfoloogia">mullamorfoloogia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mullastik" title="Mullastik">mullastik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedoloogia" title="Pedoloogia">pedoloogia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%96kos%C3%BCsteem" title="Ökosüsteem">ökosüsteem</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Viited">Viited</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Muld&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Muuda alaosa "Viited"" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>muuda</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Muld&action=edit&section=4" title="Muuda alaosa "Viited" lähteteksti"><span>muuda lähteteksti</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="reflist" style="list-style-type: decimal;"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Reintami_mullasõnastik-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Reintami_mullasõnastik_1-0">1,0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Reintami_mullasõnastik_1-1">1,1</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Reintami_mullasõnastik_1-2">1,2</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">Reintam, L. Märksõnu mullateadusest ja ökoloogiast <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.botany.ut.ee/mullaveeb/sisu/yldine.html">[1]</a> (vaadatud 18.08.2011)</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Kirjandus">Kirjandus</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Muld&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Muuda alaosa "Kirjandus"" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>muuda</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Muld&action=edit&section=5" title="Muuda alaosa "Kirjandus" lähteteksti"><span>muuda lähteteksti</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alar_Astover" title="Alar Astover">Alar Astover</a>, Raimo Kõlli, Hugo Roosalu, Endla Reintam, Enn Leedu. "Mullateadus. Õpik kõrgkoolidele". Tartu 2012, 486 lk.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Välislingid"><span id="V.C3.A4lislingid"></span>Välislingid</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Muld&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Muuda alaosa "Välislingid"" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>muuda</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Muld&action=edit&section=6" title="Muuda alaosa "Välislingid" lähteteksti"><span>muuda lähteteksti</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.botany.ut.ee/mullaveeb/sisu/yldine.html">Märksõnu mullateadusest ja ökoloogiast</a></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r6724296">.mw-parser-output table.side-box{margin:4px 0;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output th.side-box-text,.mw-parser-output td.side-box-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.9em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output td.side-box-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output td.side-box-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output table.side-box a>img{max-width:none!important}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output table.side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output table.side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output table.side-box-left{margin-right:1em;border-collapse:collapse}}</style><table role="presentation" class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"> <tbody><tr> <td class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fail:Wikiquote-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/34px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/51px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/68px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></a></span></td> <td class="side-box-text">Tsitaadid Vikitsitaatides: <b><a href="https://et.wikiquote.org/wiki/Muld" class="extiw" title="q:Muld">Muld</a></b></td></tr></tbody></table>    </div><noscript><img src="https://auth.wikimedia.org/loginwiki/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Pärit leheküljelt "<a dir="ltr" href="https://et.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Muld&oldid=6499963">https://et.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Muld&oldid=6499963</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Eri:Kategooriad" title="Eri:Kategooriad">Kategooriad</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kategooria:Mullateadus" title="Kategooria:Mullateadus">Mullateadus</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategooria:Mullad" title="Kategooria:Mullad">Mullad</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> Selle lehekülje viimane muutmine: 13:14, 13. oktoober 2023.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Tekst on kasutatav vastavalt Creative Commonsi litsentsile "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.et">Autorile viitamine + jagamine samadel tingimustel</a>"; sellele võivad lisanduda täiendavad tingimused. 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