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id="toc-Methods-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Forms_of_FDI_incentives" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Forms_of_FDI_incentives"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Forms of FDI incentives</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Forms_of_FDI_incentives-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-FDI" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#FDI"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>FDI</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-FDI-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle FDI subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-FDI-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Europe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Europe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Europe</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Europe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-China" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#China"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>China</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-China-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-India" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#India"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>India</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-India-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Iran" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Iran"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>Iran</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Iran-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_States" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.5</span> <span>United States</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Eurasia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Eurasia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.6</span> <span>Eurasia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Eurasia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Armenia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Armenia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.7</span> <span>Armenia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Armenia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Latin_America" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Latin_America"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.8</span> <span>Latin America</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Latin_America-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Foreign direct investment</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 46 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-46" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">46 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regstreekse_buitelandse_belegging" title="Regstreekse buitelandse belegging – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Regstreekse buitelandse belegging" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%AB%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1_%D8%A3%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%A8%D9%8A_%D9%85%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B4%D8%B1" title="استثمار أجنبي مباشر – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="استثمار أجنبي مباشر" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birba%C5%9Fa_xarici_investisiya" title="Birbaşa xarici investisiya – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Birbaşa xarici investisiya" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B7_%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%88%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95_%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%97" title="প্রত্যক্ষ বৈদেশিক বিনিয়োগ – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="প্রত্যক্ষ বৈদেশিক বিনিয়োগ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B6" title="सीधा बिदेसी निवेश – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="सीधा बिदेसी निवेश" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%87%D1%83%D0%B6%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B8" title="Преки чуждестранни инвестиции – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Преки чуждестранни инвестиции" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inversi%C3%B3_estrangera_directa" title="Inversió estrangera directa – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Inversió estrangera directa" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C5%99%C3%ADm%C3%A9_zahrani%C4%8Dn%C3%AD_investice" title="Přímé zahraniční investice – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Přímé zahraniční investice" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ausl%C3%A4ndische_Direktinvestition" title="Ausländische Direktinvestition – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Ausländische Direktinvestition" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otseinvesteering" title="Otseinvesteering – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Otseinvesteering" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%86%CE%BC%CE%B5%CF%83%CE%B7_%CE%BE%CE%AD%CE%BD%CE%B7_%CE%B5%CF%80%CE%AD%CE%BD%CE%B4%CF%85%CF%83%CE%B7" title="Άμεση ξένη επένδυση – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Άμεση ξένη επένδυση" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inversi%C3%B3n_extranjera_directa" title="Inversión extranjera directa – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Inversión extranjera directa" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rekta_eksterlanda_investado" title="Rekta eksterlanda investado – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Rekta eksterlanda investado" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%B1%D9%85%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%87%E2%80%8C%DA%AF%D8%B0%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C_%D8%AE%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AC%DB%8C" title="سرمایه‌گذاری خارجی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="سرمایه‌گذاری خارجی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Investissement_direct_%C3%A0_l%27%C3%A9tranger" title="Investissement direct à l'étranger – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Investissement direct à l'étranger" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infheist%C3%ADocht_dh%C3%ADreach_eachtrach" title="Infheistíocht dhíreach eachtrach – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Infheistíocht dhíreach eachtrach" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A7%81%EC%A0%91_%ED%88%AC%EC%9E%90" title="직접 투자 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="직접 투자" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%95%D5%BF%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%AF%D6%80%D5%B5%D5%A1_%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B2%D5%B2%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%AB_%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%A4%D6%80%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B4%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Օտարերկրյա ուղղակի ներդրումներ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Օտարերկրյա ուղղակի ներդրումներ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B6" title="प्रत्यक्ष विदेशी निवेश – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="प्रत्यक्ष विदेशी निवेश" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Investasi_asing_langsung" title="Investasi asing langsung – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Investasi asing langsung" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Investimento_diretto_all%27estero" title="Investimento diretto all'estero – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Investimento diretto all'estero" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%A9%D7%A7%D7%A2%D7%AA_%D7%97%D7%95%D7%A5_%D7%99%D7%A9%D7%99%D7%A8%D7%94" title="השקעת חוץ ישירה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="השקעת חוץ ישירה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B5%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%A6%E0%B3%87%E0%B2%B6%E0%B2%BF_%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%87%E0%B2%B0_%E0%B2%B9%E0%B3%82%E0%B2%A1%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%86" title="ವಿದೇಶಿ ನೇರ ಹೂಡಿಕೆ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ವಿದೇಶಿ ನೇರ ಹೂಡಿಕೆ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9E%E1%83%98%E1%83%A0%E1%83%93%E1%83%90%E1%83%9E%E1%83%98%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98_%E1%83%A3%E1%83%AA%E1%83%AE%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98_%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%95%E1%83%94%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98%E1%83%AA%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="პირდაპირი უცხოური ინვესტიცია – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="პირდაპირი უცხოური ინვესტიცია" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B8" title="Странски директни инвестиции – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Странски директни инвестиции" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%A5%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%9F_%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%95" title="परदेशी थेट गुंतवणूक – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="परदेशी थेट गुंतवणूक" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pelaburan_langsung_asing" title="Pelaburan langsung asing – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Pelaburan langsung asing" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Directe_buitenlandse_investeringen" title="Directe buitenlandse investeringen – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Directe buitenlandse investeringen" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%9B%B4%E6%8E%A5%E6%8A%95%E8%B3%87" title="直接投資 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="直接投資" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utenlandske_direkteinvesteringer" title="Utenlandske direkteinvesteringer – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Utenlandske direkteinvesteringer" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xorijiy_investitsiya" title="Xorijiy investitsiya – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Xorijiy investitsiya" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a 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lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Investimento estrangeiro direto" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D1%8F%D0%BC%D1%8B%D0%B5_%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B5_%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B8" title="Прямые иностранные инвестиции – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Прямые иностранные инвестиции" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%83_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%83" title="प्रत्यक्षः विदेशी निवेशः – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="प्रत्यक्षः विदेशी निवेशः" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Investimi_direkt_i_huaj" title="Investimi direkt i huaj – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Investimi direkt i huaj" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_direct_investment" title="Foreign direct investment – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Foreign direct investment" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulkomaaninvestointi" title="Ulkomaaninvestointi – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Ulkomaaninvestointi" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utl%C3%A4ndska_direktinvesteringar" title="Utländska direktinvesteringar – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Utländska direktinvesteringar" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link 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href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D1%8F%D0%BC%D1%96_%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BD%D1%96_%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%86%D1%96%D1%97" title="Прямі іноземні інвестиції – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Прямі іноземні інвестиції" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%A7%DB%81_%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA_%D8%BA%DB%8C%D8%B1_%D9%85%D9%84%DA%A9%DB%8C_%D8%B3%D8%B1%D9%85%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%81_%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="براہ راست غیر ملکی سرمایہ کاری – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="براہ راست غیر ملکی سرمایہ کاری" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a 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<button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Purchase of an asset</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:World_Foreign_Direct_Investment.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/World_Foreign_Direct_Investment.png/350px-World_Foreign_Direct_Investment.png" decoding="async" width="350" height="194" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/World_Foreign_Direct_Investment.png/525px-World_Foreign_Direct_Investment.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/World_Foreign_Direct_Investment.png/700px-World_Foreign_Direct_Investment.png 2x" data-file-width="4705" data-file-height="2614" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <p>A <b>foreign direct investment</b> (<b>FDI</b>) refers to purchase of an asset in another country, such that it gives direct control to the purchaser over the asset (e.g. purchase of land and building). In other words, it is an investment in the form of a <a href="/wiki/Controlling_interest" title="Controlling interest">controlling ownership</a> in a business, in real estate or in productive assets such as factories in one country by an entity based in another country.<sup id="cite_ref-FTLexicon_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FTLexicon-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is thus distinguished from a <a href="/wiki/Foreign_portfolio_investment" title="Foreign portfolio investment">foreign portfolio investment</a> or foreign indirect investment by a notion of direct control. </p><p>The origin of the investment does not impact the definition, as an FDI: the investment may be made either "inorganically" by buying a company in the target country or "organically" by expanding the operations of an existing business in that country. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Definitions">Definitions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Foreign_direct_investment&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Definitions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Broadly, foreign direct investment includes <a href="/wiki/Mergers_and_acquisitions" title="Mergers and acquisitions">mergers and acquisitions</a>, building new facilities, reinvesting <a href="/wiki/Profit_(economics)" title="Profit (economics)">profits</a> earned from overseas operations, and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Intra_company_loan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Intra company loan (page does not exist)">intra company loans</a>. In a narrow sense, foreign direct investment refers just to building new facility, and a lasting management interest (10 percent or more of voting stock) in an enterprise operating in an economy other than that of the investor.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> FDI is the sum of <a href="/wiki/Equity_capital" class="mw-redirect" title="Equity capital">equity capital</a>, long-term capital, and short-term capital as shown in the <a href="/wiki/Balance_of_payments" title="Balance of payments">balance of payments</a>. FDI usually involves participation in management, <a href="/wiki/Joint-venture" class="mw-redirect" title="Joint-venture">joint-venture</a>, <a href="/wiki/Transfer_of_technology" class="mw-redirect" title="Transfer of technology">transfer of technology</a> and expertise. <i>Stock</i> of FDI is the <i>net</i> (i.e., outward FDI minus inward FDI) cumulative FDI for any given period. Direct investment excludes <a href="/wiki/Foreign_portfolio_investment" title="Foreign portfolio investment">investment through purchase of shares</a> (if that purchase results in an investor controlling less than 10% of the shares of the company).<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>FDI, a subset of <a href="/wiki/International_factor_movements" title="International factor movements">international factor movements</a>, is characterized by controlling ownership of a business enterprise in one country by an entity based in another country. Foreign direct investment is distinguished from foreign portfolio investment, a passive investment in the securities of another country such as public <a href="/wiki/Capital_stock" class="mw-redirect" title="Capital stock">stocks</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bond_(finance)" title="Bond (finance)">bonds</a>, by the element of "control".<sup id="cite_ref-FTLexicon_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FTLexicon-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to the <i><a href="/wiki/Financial_Times" title="Financial Times">Financial Times</a></i>, "Standard definitions of control use the internationally agreed 10 percent threshold of voting shares, but this is a grey area as often a smaller block of shares will give control in widely held companies. Moreover, control of technology, management, even crucial inputs can confer de facto control."<sup id="cite_ref-FTLexicon_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FTLexicon-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Theoretical_background">Theoretical background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Foreign_direct_investment&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Theoretical background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Foreign_direct_investment" title="Special:EditPage/Foreign direct investment">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">July 2016</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Before <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Hymer" title="Stephen Hymer">Stephen Hymer</a>'s landmark work on FDI in 1960, no theory existed that dealt specifically with FDI.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, there are theories that dealt generally with foreign investments. Both Eli Heckscher (1919) and Bertil Ohlin (1933) developed the theory of foreign investments by using <a href="/wiki/Neoclassical_economics" title="Neoclassical economics">neoclassical economics</a> and macroeconomic theory. Based on this principle, the differences in the costs of production of goods between two countries cause specialisation of jobs and trade between countries. Reasons for differences in costs of production can be explained by factor proportions theory. For example, countries with a greater proportion of labour will engage in labor-intensive industries while countries that have a greater proportion of capital will engage in capital-intensive industries. However, such a theory makes the assumption that there is <a href="/wiki/Perfect_market" class="mw-redirect" title="Perfect market">perfect competition</a>, there is no movement of labour across country borders,<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the multinational companies assumes <a href="/wiki/Risk_neutral_preferences" title="Risk neutral preferences">risk neutral preferences</a>. In 1967, Weintraub tested this hypothesis by collecting United States data on <a href="/wiki/Rate_of_return" title="Rate of return">rate of return</a> and flow of capital. However, the data failed to support this hypothesis. Data from surveys on the motivation of FDI also failed to support this hypothesis.<sup id="cite_ref-Moosa_2002_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Moosa_2002-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Intrigued by the motivations behind large foreign investments made by corporations from the United States of America, Hymer developed a framework that went beyond the existing theories, explaining why this phenomenon occurred, since he considered that the previously mentioned theories could not explain foreign investment and its motivations.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Facing the challenges of his predecessors, Hymer focused his theory on filling the gaps regarding international investment. The theory proposed by the author approaches international investment from a different and more firm-specific point of view. As opposed to traditional macroeconomics-based theories of investment, Hymer states that there is a difference between mere capital investment, otherwise known as portfolio investment, and direct investment. The difference between the two, which will become the cornerstone of his whole theoretical framework, is the issue of control, meaning that with direct investment firms are able to obtain a greater level of control than with portfolio investment. Furthermore, Hymer proceeds to criticize the neoclassical theories, stating that the theory of capital movements cannot explain international production. Moreover, he clarifies that FDI is not necessarily a movement of funds from a home country to a host country, and that it is concentrated on particular industries within many countries. In contrast, if interest rates were the main motive for international investment, FDI would include many industries within fewer countries. </p><p>Another observation made by Hymer went against what was maintained by the neoclassical theories: foreign direct investment is not limited to investment of excess profits abroad. In fact, foreign direct investment can be financed through loans obtained in the host country, payments in exchange for equity (patents, technology, machinery etc.), and other methods. </p><p>The main determinants of FDI is side as well as growth prospectus of the economy of the country when FDI is made. Hymer proposed some more determinants of FDI due to criticisms, along with assuming market and imperfections. These are as follows: </p> <ol><li><b>Firm-specific advantages</b>: Once domestic investment was exhausted, a firm could exploit its advantages linked to market imperfections, which could provide the firm with market power and competitive advantage. Further studies attempted to explain how firms could monetize these advantages in the form of licenses.</li> <li><b>Removal of conflicts</b>: conflict arises if a firm is already operating in foreign market or looking to expand its operations within the same market. He proposes that the solution for this hurdle arose in the form of collusion, sharing the market with rivals or attempting to acquire a direct control of production. However, it must be taken into account that a reduction in conflict through acquisition of control of operations will increase the market imperfections.</li> <li><b>Propensity to formulate an internationalization strategy to mitigate risk</b>: According to his position, firms are characterized with 3 levels of decision making: the day to day supervision, management decision coordination and long-term strategy planning and decision making. The extent to which a company can mitigate risk depends on how well a firm can formulate an internationalization strategy taking these levels of decision into account.</li></ol> <p>Hymer's importance in the field of <a href="/wiki/International_business" title="International business">international business</a> and foreign direct investment stems from him being the first to theorize about the existence of multinational enterprises (MNE) and the reasons behind FDI beyond macroeconomic principles, his influence on later scholars and theories in international business, such as the OLI (<i>ownership, location and internationalization</i>) theory by <a href="/wiki/John_Harry_Dunning" title="John Harry Dunning">John Dunning</a> and Christos Pitelis which focuses more on transaction costs. Moreover, "the efficiency-value creation component of FDI and MNE activity was further strengthened by two other major scholarly developments in the 1990s: the resource-based (RBV) and evolutionary theories"<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition, some of his predictions later materialized, for example the power of supranational bodies such as IMF or the World Bank that increases inequalities (Dunning & Piletis, 2008). A phenomenon the United Nations <a href="/wiki/Sustainable_Development_Goal_10" title="Sustainable Development Goal 10">Sustainable Development Goal 10</a> aims to address.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Types_of_FDI">Types of FDI</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Foreign_direct_investment&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Types of FDI"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The types of FDI investments can be classified based on the perspective of the investor/source country and host/destination country. On an investor perspective, it can be divided into horizontal FDI, vertical FDI, and conglomerate FDI. In the destination country, the FDI can be divided into import-substituting, export-increasing, and government initiated FDI.<sup id="cite_ref-Moosa_2002_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Moosa_2002-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Horizontal FDI arises when a multination corporation duplicates its home country industry chain into the destination country to produce similar goods. Vertical FDI takes place when a <a href="/wiki/Multinational_corporation" title="Multinational corporation">multinational corporation</a> acquires a company to exploit the natural resources in the destination country (backward vertical FDI) or by acquiring distribution outlets to market its products in the destination country (forward vertical FDI). Conglomerate FDI is the combination between horizontal and vertical FDI.<sup id="cite_ref-Moosa_2002_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Moosa_2002-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Platform FDI is the foreign direct investment from a source country into a destination country for the purpose of exporting to a third country.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Methods">Methods</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Foreign_direct_investment&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Methods"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The foreign direct investor may acquire voting power of an enterprise in an economy through any of the following methods: </p> <ul><li>by incorporating a wholly owned subsidiary or company anywhere</li> <li>by acquiring shares in an associated enterprise</li> <li>through a merger or an acquisition of an unrelated enterprise</li> <li>participating in an equity <a href="/wiki/International_joint_venture" title="International joint venture">joint venture</a> with another investor or enterprise</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Forms_of_FDI_incentives">Forms of FDI incentives</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Foreign_direct_investment&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Forms of FDI incentives"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Foreign direct investment incentives may take the following forms:<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 25em;"> <ul><li>low <a href="/wiki/Corporate_tax" title="Corporate tax">corporate tax</a> and individual <a href="/wiki/Income_tax" title="Income tax">income tax</a> rates</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tax_holiday" title="Tax holiday">tax holidays</a></li> <li>other types of tax concessions</li> <li>preferential <a href="/wiki/Tariffs" class="mw-redirect" title="Tariffs">tariffs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_economic_zone" title="Special economic zone">special economic zones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_trade_zone" class="mw-redirect" title="Free trade zone">EPZ</a> – export processing zones</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bonded_warehouse" title="Bonded warehouse">bonded warehouses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maquiladora" title="Maquiladora">maquiladoras</a></li> <li>investment financial subsidies</li> <li>free land or land subsidies</li> <li>relocation & expatriation</li> <li>infrastructure subsidies</li> <li>R&D support</li> <li>energy<sup id="cite_ref-sciencedirect.com_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sciencedirect.com-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>derogation from regulations (usually for very large projects)</li> <li>Stronger Intellectual Property Rights<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="FDI">FDI</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Foreign_direct_investment&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: FDI"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Foreign_Direct_Investment_by_Country.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Foreign_Direct_Investment_by_Country.png/350px-Foreign_Direct_Investment_by_Country.png" decoding="async" width="350" height="228" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Foreign_Direct_Investment_by_Country.png/525px-Foreign_Direct_Investment_by_Country.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Foreign_Direct_Investment_by_Country.png/700px-Foreign_Direct_Investment_by_Country.png 2x" data-file-width="3860" data-file-height="2511" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <p>Foreign Direct Investment tends to increase with the <a href="/wiki/Democracy_index" class="mw-redirect" title="Democracy index">democracy index</a> of the country<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> for countries where the share of natural resources in total exports is low. For countries with high natural resource export share, the FDI tends to decrease with a higher democracy index.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A 2010 <a href="/wiki/Meta-analysis" title="Meta-analysis">meta-analysis</a> of the effects of foreign direct investment (FDI) on local firms in developing and transition countries suggests that foreign investment robustly increases local productivity growth.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>From 1992 until at least 2023, the United States and China have been the top two destinations for FDI.<sup id="cite_ref-:0222_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0222-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 81">: 81 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Europe">Europe</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Foreign_direct_investment&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Europe"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to a study conducted by <a href="/wiki/Ernst_%26_Young" title="Ernst & Young">EY</a>, France was in 2020 the largest foreign direct investment recipient in Europe, ahead of the UK and Germany.<sup id="cite_ref-EY_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EY-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> EY attributed this as a "direct result of <a href="/wiki/Emmanuel_Macron" title="Emmanuel Macron">President Macron</a>'s reforms of labor laws and corporate taxation, which were well received by domestic and international investors alike."<sup id="cite_ref-EY_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EY-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Moreover, 24 countries of the EU made an investment into Armenian economy since the year of Armenian Independence.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>European scale-ups that achieve significant growth are frequently acquired by foreign entities, with over 60% of these acquisitions involving buyers from outside the EU, predominantly from the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:211_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:211-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="China">China</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Foreign_direct_investment&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: China"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Foreign_direct_investment_in_China.webp" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Foreign_direct_investment_in_China.webp/220px-Foreign_direct_investment_in_China.webp.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="117" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Foreign_direct_investment_in_China.webp/330px-Foreign_direct_investment_in_China.webp.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Foreign_direct_investment_in_China.webp/440px-Foreign_direct_investment_in_China.webp.png 2x" data-file-width="3320" data-file-height="1765" /></a><figcaption>Foreign direct investment in China</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Foreign_direct_investment_in_China" title="Foreign direct investment in China">FDI in China</a>, also known as RFDI (renminbi foreign direct investment), largely began in the late 1970s due to the <a href="/wiki/Reform_and_opening-up" class="mw-redirect" title="Reform and opening-up">reform and opening-up</a> economic policies of paramount leader <a href="/wiki/Deng_Xiaoping" title="Deng Xiaoping">Deng Xiaoping</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-nikkei2024_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nikkei2024-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Foreign direct investment increased considerably in the 2000s, reaching $19.1 billion in the first six months of 2012, making China the largest recipient of foreign direct investment at that point of time and topping the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> which had $17.4 billion of FDI.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2013 the FDI flow into China was $24.1 billion, resulting in a 34.7% market share of FDI into the Asia-Pacific region. By contrast, FDI out of China in 2013 was $8.97 billion, 10.7% of the Asia-Pacific share.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a result of the <a href="/wiki/Great_Recession" title="Great Recession">Great Recession</a>, FDI fell by over one-third in 2009 but rebounded in 2010.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> China implemented the <a href="/wiki/Foreign_Investment_Law_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="Foreign Investment Law of the People's Republic of China">Foreign Investment Law</a><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in 2020. FDI in China dropped to a 30-year-low in 2024, which was attributed to anti-espionage crackdowns from China and an rise in sanctions for industries like semiconductors.<sup id="cite_ref-nikkei2024_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nikkei2024-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="India">India</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Foreign_direct_investment&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: India"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Foreign investment was introduced in 1991 under <a href="/wiki/Foreign_Exchange_Management_Act" title="Foreign Exchange Management Act">Foreign Exchange Management Act</a> (FEMA), driven by then finance minister <a href="/wiki/Manmohan_Singh" title="Manmohan Singh">Manmohan Singh</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> India disallowed overseas corporate bodies (OCB) to <a href="/wiki/Foreign_direct_investment_in_India" title="Foreign direct investment in India">invest in India</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> India imposes cap on equity holding by foreign investors in various sectors, current FDI in aviation and insurance sectors is limited to a maximum of 49%.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A 2012 <a href="/wiki/UNCTAD" class="mw-redirect" title="UNCTAD">UNCTAD</a> survey projected India as the second most important FDI destination (after China) for transnational corporations during 2010–2012. As per the data, the sectors that attracted higher inflows were services, telecommunication, construction activities and computer software and hardware. Mauritius, Singapore, US and UK were among the leading sources of FDI. Based on UNCTAD data FDI flows were $10.4 billion, a drop of 43% from the first half of the last year.<sup id="cite_ref-edges_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-edges-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2015, India emerged as top FDI destination surpassing China and the US. India attracted FDI of $31 billion compared to $28 billion and $27 billion of China and the US respectively.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Iran">Iran</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Foreign_direct_investment&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Iran"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Iranian companies saw some improvement of FDI investment as of 2015 because of JCPOA. Some investment is much needed in Iranian oil industry.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 2023 due to condition of Iranian economy FDI had decreased by 82%.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_States">United States</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Foreign_direct_investment&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: United States"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Broadly speaking, the United States has a fundamentally "<a href="/wiki/Open_economy" title="Open economy">open economy</a>" and low barriers to the FDI.<sup id="cite_ref-touts_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-touts-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>U.S. FDI totaled $194 billion in 2010.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Of FDI in the United States in 2010, 84% came from or through eight countries: Switzerland, the United Kingdom, Japan, France, Germany, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, and Canada.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A 2008 study by the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Reserve_Bank_of_San_Francisco" title="Federal Reserve Bank of San Francisco">Federal Reserve Bank of San Francisco</a> indicated that foreigners hold greater shares of their investment portfolios in the United States if their own countries have less developed financial markets, an effect whose magnitude decreases with income per capita. Countries with fewer capital controls and greater trade with the United States also invest more in U.S. equity and bond markets.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/White_House" title="White House">White House</a> data reported in 2011 found that a total of 5.7 million workers were employed at facilities highly dependent on foreign direct investors. Thus, about 13% of the American manufacturing workforce depended on such investments. The average pay of said jobs was found as around $70,000 per worker, over 30% higher than the average pay across the entire U.S. workforce.<sup id="cite_ref-touts_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-touts-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>President <a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a> said in 2012, "In a global economy, the United States faces increasing competition for the jobs and industries of the future. Taking steps to ensure that we remain the destination of choice for investors around the world will help us win that competition and bring prosperity to our people."<sup id="cite_ref-touts_36-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-touts-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In September 2013, the <a href="/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="United States House of Representatives">United States House of Representatives</a> voted to pass the <a href="/wiki/Global_Investment_in_American_Jobs_Act_of_2013_(H.R._2052;_113th_Congress)" class="mw-redirect" title="Global Investment in American Jobs Act of 2013 (H.R. 2052; 113th Congress)">Global Investment in American Jobs Act of 2013 (H.R. 2052; 113th Congress)</a>, a bill which would direct the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Commerce" title="United States Department of Commerce">United States Department of Commerce</a> to "conduct a review of the global competitiveness of the United States in attracting foreign direct investment".<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Supporters of the bill argued that increased foreign direct investment would help job creation in the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-kasp1_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kasp1-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Eurasia">Eurasia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Foreign_direct_investment&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Eurasia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In November 2021, a report from the Eurasian Development Bank revealed that Kazakhstan boasted the highest FDI stock value from the Eurasian Economic Union (EAEU) with $11.2 billion by 2020 and an increase of over $3 billion since 2017.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Armenia">Armenia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Foreign_direct_investment&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Armenia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to the World Bank, Armenia takes the first place in terms of FDI appeal among Commonwealth of Independent States. The Armenian government has created a favorable environment for foreign investments by introducing new laws and conditions. The country was named 'The Caucasian Tiger' because of its dynamic economy. Some of the measures to attract FDI include free economic zones (FEZ) with relaxed laws, also, profit tax, VAT, and property tax benefits.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In particular, The Most Favored Nation (MFN) and National Treatment regimes are in effect, and the government has chosen a "open door" policy with ongoing legal protection to encourage international investment. A highly beneficial business environment is guaranteed for international investors under the law "On Foreign Investments." Additionally, it guarantees the protection of foreign capital invested in Armenian businesses and permits limitless involvement.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Research shows that Cyprus, Germany, Netherlands, UK, and France have made an altogether investment in an amount 1.4 USD billion in the period 2007-2013.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Latin_America">Latin America</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Foreign_direct_investment&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Latin America"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>This region of the world maintains foreign direct investment with certain peculiarities compared to countries previously shown. Therefore, a topic of in-depth analysis concerns countries such as Brazil, Peru, Colombia, and Argentina. As Chevillote Delgado<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> mentions in his study, Latin America is a land of opportunities and at the same time, it is within the expansion spectrum for some investors, as currently, Brazil holds an important position, as its growth over a period of 15 years has been fruitful. </p><p>Digging deeper, this region of the world is not only the investment space for multinational companies in greater number due to its natural resources, but also because of the population settled here, as it is around 630,089,000 inhabitants. However, the availability of raw materials in large quantities may represent a future weakness, as not all are renewable. The mining and oil industries are on the rise, so in terms of growth percentages, it is important to highlight that thanks to China's investment in Latin America, this region has become the backbone for its amenities as expressed in "Foreign Direct Investment in Latin America". </p><p>Despite the wealth of Latin America, there are multiple factors that push investors to think twice about their capital within Latin America, as political instability, violence, and sociocultural factors can represent a much greater challenge. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Foreign_direct_investment&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Emblem-money.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Emblem-money.svg/28px-Emblem-money.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Emblem-money.svg/42px-Emblem-money.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Emblem-money.svg/56px-Emblem-money.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Business_and_economics" class="mw-redirect" title="Portal:Business and economics">Business and economics portal</a></span></li></ul> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bilateral_investment_treaty" title="Bilateral investment treaty">Bilateral investment treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_direct_investment_and_the_environment" title="Foreign direct investment and the environment">Foreign direct investment and the environment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_exchange_controls" title="Foreign exchange controls">Foreign exchange controls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Investment_promotion_agency" title="Investment promotion agency">Investment promotion agency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_FDI_abroad" title="List of countries by FDI abroad">List of countries by FDI abroad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_received_FDI" title="List of countries by received FDI">List of countries by received FDI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_ownership" title="Foreign ownership">Foreign ownership</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Foreign_direct_investment&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FTLexicon-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FTLexicon_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FTLexicon_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FTLexicon_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190408103028/http://lexicon.ft.com/Term?term=foreign-direct-investment">"Foreign Direct Investment Definition from Financial Times Lexicon"</a>. <i>lexicon.ft.com</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lexicon.ft.com/Term?term=foreign-direct-investment">the original</a> on 8 April 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 September</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=lexicon.ft.com&rft.atitle=Foreign+Direct+Investment+Definition+from+Financial+Times+Lexicon&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flexicon.ft.com%2FTerm%3Fterm%3Dforeign-direct-investment&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AForeign+direct+investment" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/BX.KLT.DINV.CD.WD">"Foreign direct investment, net inflows (BoP, current US$) | Data | Table"</a>. Data.worldbank.org<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 November</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Foreign+direct+investment%2C+net+inflows+%28BoP%2C+current+US%24%29+%26%23124%3B+Data+%26%23124%3B+Table&rft.pub=Data.worldbank.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdata.worldbank.org%2Findicator%2FBX.KLT.DINV.CD.WD&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AForeign+direct+investment" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171201042301/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/docs/notesanddefs.html?countryName=Iran&countryCode=ir&regionCode=me#2198">"CIA – The World Factbook"</a>. Cia.gov. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 November</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=CIA+%E2%80%93+The+World+Factbook&rft.pub=Cia.gov&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cia.gov%2Flibrary%2Fpublications%2Fthe-world-factbook%2Fdocs%2Fnotesanddefs.html%3FcountryName%3DIran%26countryCode%3Dir%26regionCode%3Dme%232198&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AForeign+direct+investment" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBuckley2011" class="citation journal cs1">Buckley, Peter J. (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/24108983">"The theory of international business pre-Hymer"</a>. <i>Journal of World Business</i>. <b>46</b> (1): 61–73. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jwb.2010.05.018">10.1016/j.jwb.2010.05.018</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1090-9516">1090-9516</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+World+Business&rft.atitle=The+theory+of+international+business+pre-Hymer&rft.volume=46&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=61-73&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.jwb.2010.05.018&rft.issn=1090-9516&rft.aulast=Buckley&rft.aufirst=Peter+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F24108983&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AForeign+direct+investment" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIetto-Gillies2005" class="citation book cs1">Ietto-Gillies, Grazia (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7TFmAwAAQBAJ"><i>Transnational Corporations and International Production: Concepts, Theories and Effects</i></a>. Edward Elgar Publishing. p. 51. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781845424626" title="Special:BookSources/9781845424626"><bdi>9781845424626</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 January</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Transnational+Corporations+and+International+Production%3A+Concepts%2C+Theories+and+Effects&rft.pages=51&rft.pub=Edward+Elgar+Publishing&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=9781845424626&rft.aulast=Ietto-Gillies&rft.aufirst=Grazia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7TFmAwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AForeign+direct+investment" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Moosa_2002-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Moosa_2002_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Moosa_2002_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Moosa_2002_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoosa2002" class="citation book cs1">Moosa, Imad A (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ImadA.MoosaForeignDirectInvestmentTheoryEvidenceAndPractice2002PalgraveMacmillan"><i>Foreign direct investment - Theory, evidence, and practice</i></a>. Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 4–6, 23. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781403907493" title="Special:BookSources/9781403907493"><bdi>9781403907493</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 January</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Foreign+direct+investment+-+Theory%2C+evidence%2C+and+practice&rft.pages=4-6%2C+23&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=9781403907493&rft.aulast=Moosa&rft.aufirst=Imad+A&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2FImadA.MoosaForeignDirectInvestmentTheoryEvidenceAndPractice2002PalgraveMacmillan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AForeign+direct+investment" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDunningPitelis2008" class="citation journal cs1">Dunning, John H.; Pitelis, Christos N. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://researchportal.bath.ac.uk/en/publications/stephen-hymers-contribution-to-international-business-scholarship">"Stephen Hymer's contribution to international business scholarship: An assessment and extension"</a>. <i>Journal of International Business Studies</i>. <b>39</b> (1): 167–176. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1057%2Fpalgrave.jibs.8400328">10.1057/palgrave.jibs.8400328</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0047-2506">0047-2506</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:153551822">153551822</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 July</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+International+Business+Studies&rft.atitle=Stephen+Hymer%27s+contribution+to+international+business+scholarship%3A+An+assessment+and+extension&rft.volume=39&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=167-176&rft.date=2008&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A153551822%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0047-2506&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1057%2Fpalgrave.jibs.8400328&rft.aulast=Dunning&rft.aufirst=John+H.&rft.au=Pitelis%2C+Christos+N.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fresearchportal.bath.ac.uk%2Fen%2Fpublications%2Fstephen-hymers-contribution-to-international-business-scholarship&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AForeign+direct+investment" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201127140337/https://www.undp.org/content/undp/en/home/sustainable-development-goals/goal-10-reduced-inequalities/targets.html">"Goal 10 targets"</a>. <i>UNDP</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.undp.org/content/undp/en/home/sustainable-development-goals/goal-10-reduced-inequalities/targets.html">the original</a> on 27 November 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 September</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=UNDP&rft.atitle=Goal+10+targets&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.undp.org%2Fcontent%2Fundp%2Fen%2Fhome%2Fsustainable-development-goals%2Fgoal-10-reduced-inequalities%2Ftargets.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AForeign+direct+investment" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">U.S. States regularly offer tax incentives to inbound investors. See, for example, an excellent summary, written by Sidney Silhan, of state tax incentives offered to FDI businesses at: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pro.bloombergtax.com/portfolio/u-s-inbound-business-tax-planning-portfolio-6580/">BNA Portfolio 6580, U.S. Inbound Business Tax Planning</a>, at p. A-71.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-sciencedirect.com-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-sciencedirect.com_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSarkodieAdamsLeirvik2020" class="citation journal cs1">Sarkodie, Samuel Asumadu; Adams, Samuel; Leirvik, Thomas (1 August 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jclepro.2020.121262">"Foreign direct investment and renewable energy in climate change mitigation: Does governance matter?"</a>. <i>Journal of Cleaner Production</i>. <b>263</b>: 121262. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2020JCPro.26321262S">2020JCPro.26321262S</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jclepro.2020.121262">10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.121262</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/11250%2F2661454">11250/2661454</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0959-6526">0959-6526</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Cleaner+Production&rft.atitle=Foreign+direct+investment+and+renewable+energy+in+climate+change+mitigation%3A+Does+governance+matter%3F&rft.volume=263&rft.pages=121262&rft.date=2020-08-01&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F11250%2F2661454&rft.issn=0959-6526&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.jclepro.2020.121262&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2020JCPro.26321262S&rft.aulast=Sarkodie&rft.aufirst=Samuel+Asumadu&rft.au=Adams%2C+Samuel&rft.au=Leirvik%2C+Thomas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1016%252Fj.jclepro.2020.121262&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AForeign+direct+investment" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kanwar, Sunil & Stefan Sperlich, 2023, <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/jid.3735">https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/jid.3735</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJensen2008" class="citation book cs1">Jensen, Nathan M. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TaLaafHi2oUC"><i>Nation-States and the Multinational Corporation: A Political Economy of Foreign Direct Investment</i></a>. Princeton University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4008-3737-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4008-3737-3"><bdi>978-1-4008-3737-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nation-States+and+the+Multinational+Corporation%3A+A+Political+Economy+of+Foreign+Direct+Investment&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-4008-3737-3&rft.aulast=Jensen&rft.aufirst=Nathan+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTaLaafHi2oUC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AForeign+direct+investment" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAsieduLien2011" class="citation journal cs1">Asiedu, Elizabeth; Lien, Donald (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S002219961000125X">"Democracy, foreign direct investment and natural resources"</a>. <i>Journal of International Economics</i>. <b>84</b> (1): 99–111. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jinteco.2010.12.001">10.1016/j.jinteco.2010.12.001</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+International+Economics&rft.atitle=Democracy%2C+foreign+direct+investment+and+natural+resources&rft.volume=84&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=99-111&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.jinteco.2010.12.001&rft.aulast=Asiedu&rft.aufirst=Elizabeth&rft.au=Lien%2C+Donald&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flinkinghub.elsevier.com%2Fretrieve%2Fpii%2FS002219961000125X&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AForeign+direct+investment" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTomas_Havranek_&_Zuzana_Irsova2011" class="citation journal cs1">Tomas Havranek & Zuzana Irsova (30 April 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ideas.repec.org/p/wdi/papers/2010-996.html">"Which Foreigners are Worth Wooing? 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Transactions.</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://purl.fdlp.gov/GPO/gpo41428">Foreign Direct Investment in the United States</a> <a href="/wiki/Department_of_Commerce" class="mw-redirect" title="Department of Commerce">Department of Commerce</a> and <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Economic_Advisers" title="Council of Economic Advisers">Council of Economic Advisers</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fred.stlouisfed.org/series/ROWFDIQ027S">Interactive Historical Data: Foreign Direct Investment in the United States — Flow</a> <a href="/wiki/Federal_Reserve_Board_of_Governors" title="Federal Reserve Board of Governors">Federal Reserve Board of Governors</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oecd.org/daf/inv/investment-policy/fdibenchmarkdefinition.htm">OECD Benchmark Definition of Foreign Direct Investment (2008)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/fdis/2003/fdistat.pdf">IMF: How Countries Measure FDI (2001)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://diposit.ub.edu/dspace/bitstream/2445/65742/1/Atenea_Chevillotte_TFM.pdf">Foreign direct investment in Latin America: The Spanish case in Brazil, Argentina, Colombia and Peru</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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