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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Parliament"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Parliament</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Parliament-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Head_of_State" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Head_of_State"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Head of State</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Head_of_State-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Government" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Government"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Government</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Government-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Central_Bank" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Central_Bank"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Central Bank</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Central_Bank-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-National_Audit_Office" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#National_Audit_Office"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>National Audit Office</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-National_Audit_Office-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chancellor_of_Justice" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chancellor_of_Justice"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>Chancellor of Justice</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chancellor_of_Justice-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Courts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Courts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.7</span> <span>Courts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Courts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Local_government" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Local_government"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.8</span> <span>Local government</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Local_government-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Political_parties" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Political_parties"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.9</span> <span>Political parties</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Political_parties-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Policies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Policies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Policies</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Policies-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Policies subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Policies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Elections" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Elections"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Elections</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Elections-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Finance_and_the_national_budget" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Finance_and_the_national_budget"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Finance and the national budget</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Finance_and_the_national_budget-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Foreign_relations_and_international_treaties" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Foreign_relations_and_international_treaties"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Foreign relations and international treaties</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Foreign_relations_and_international_treaties-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-National_defence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#National_defence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>National defence</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-National_defence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav 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class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Politics of Estonia</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 20 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-20" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">20 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%A9_%D8%A5%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="سياسة إستونيا – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="سياسة إستونيا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%AD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%96" title="Палітыка Эстоніі – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Палітыка Эстоніі" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politick%C3%BD_syst%C3%A9m_Estonska" title="Politický systém Estonska – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Politický systém Estonska" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eesti_poliitika" title="Eesti poliitika – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Eesti poliitika" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A0%CE%BF%CE%BB%CE%B9%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE_%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%82_%CE%95%CF%83%CE%B8%CE%BF%CE%BD%CE%AF%CE%B1%CF%82" title="Πολιτική της Εσθονίας – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Πολιτική της Εσθονίας" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pol%C3%ADtica_de_Estonia" title="Política de Estonia – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Política de Estonia" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politique_en_Estonie" title="Politique en Estonie – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Politique en Estonie" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politica_dell%27Estonia" title="Politica dell'Estonia – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Politica dell'Estonia" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%98%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%94_%D7%A9%D7%9C_%D7%90%D7%A1%D7%98%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%94" title="פוליטיקה של אסטוניה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="פוליטיקה של אסטוניה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%94%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A2%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%97%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%9E%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98%E1%83%99%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98_%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A2%E1%83%94%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90" title="ესტონეთის პოლიტიკური სისტემა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ესტონეთის პოლიტიკური სისტემა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politik_Estonia" title="Politik Estonia – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Politik Estonia" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politiek_in_Estland" title="Politiek in Estland – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Politiek in Estland" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ustr%C3%B3j_polityczny_Estonii" title="Ustrój polityczny Estonii – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Ustrój polityczny Estonii" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pol%C3%ADtica_da_Est%C3%B3nia" title="Política da Estónia – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Política da Estónia" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politica_Estoniei" title="Politica Estoniei – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Politica Estoniei" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0_%D0%AD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B8" title="Политическая система Эстонии – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Политическая система Эстонии" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politick%C3%BD_syst%C3%A9m_Est%C3%B3nska" title="Politický systém Estónska – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Politický systém Estónska" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viron_politiikka" title="Viron politiikka – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Viron politiikka" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0_%D0%95%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%97" title="Політична система Естонії – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Політична система Естонії" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%84%9B%E6%B2%99%E5%B0%BC%E4%BA%9E%E6%94%BF%E6%B2%BB" title="愛沙尼亞政治 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="愛沙尼亞政治" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q595508#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile vcard"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><div class="adr"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Politics of Estonia</a></div></th></tr><tr><th><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_Estonia.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Coat_of_arms_of_Estonia.svg/95px-Coat_of_arms_of_Estonia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="95" height="88" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Coat_of_arms_of_Estonia.svg/143px-Coat_of_arms_of_Estonia.svg.png 1.5x, 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mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:left; background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)"><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Head_of_State">Presidency</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Estonia" title="President of Estonia">President</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Alar_Karis" title="Alar Karis">Alar Karis</a></dd></dl></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:left; background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Executive_(government)" title="Executive (government)">Executive</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Estonia" title="Prime Minister of Estonia">Prime Minister</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Kaja_Kallas" title="Kaja Kallas">Kaja Kallas</a></dd></dl></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Estonia" title="Government of Estonia">Government of Estonia</a></li></ul> <dl><dd><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kaja_Kallas%27s_third_cabinet" title="Kaja Kallas's third cabinet">Incumbent cabinet</a></li></ul></dd></dl></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:left; background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Legislature" title="Legislature">Legislature</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Riigikogu" title="Riigikogu">Riigikogu</a> <dl><dd>Speaker: <a href="/wiki/Lauri_Hussar" title="Lauri Hussar">Lauri Hussar</a></dd></dl></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:left; background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Judiciary" title="Judiciary">Judiciary</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Estonia" title="Supreme Court of Estonia">Supreme Court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chancellor_of_Justice_(Estonia)" title="Chancellor of Justice (Estonia)">Chancellor of Justice</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:left; background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Estonia" title="Elections in Estonia">Elections</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Estonia" title="List of political parties in Estonia">Political parties</a></li> <li>Recent elections <dl><dd><div class="hlist"><ul><li><i>Riigikogu</i>:</li><li><a href="/wiki/2019_Estonian_parliamentary_election" title="2019 Estonian parliamentary election">2019</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/2023_Estonian_parliamentary_election" title="2023 Estonian parliamentary election">2023</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Next_Estonian_parliamentary_election" title="Next Estonian parliamentary election"><i>next</i></a></li></ul></div></dd> <dd><div class="hlist"><ul><li><i>Presidential</i>:</li><li><a href="/wiki/2016_Estonian_presidential_election" title="2016 Estonian presidential election">2016</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/2021_Estonian_presidential_election" title="2021 Estonian presidential election">2021</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/2026_Estonian_presidential_election" title="2026 Estonian presidential election"><i>2026</i></a></li></ul></div></dd> <dd><div class="hlist"><ul><li><i>Municipal</i>:</li><li><a href="/wiki/2013_Estonian_municipal_elections" title="2013 Estonian municipal elections">2013</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/2017_Estonian_municipal_elections" title="2017 Estonian municipal elections">2017</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/2021_Estonian_municipal_elections" title="2021 Estonian municipal elections">2021</a></li></ul></div></dd> <dd><div class="hlist"><ul><li><i>European</i>: <a href="/wiki/2014_European_Parliament_election_in_Estonia" title="2014 European Parliament election in Estonia">2014</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/2019_European_Parliament_election_in_Estonia" title="2019 European Parliament election in Estonia">2019</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/2024_European_Parliament_election_in_Estonia" title="2024 European Parliament election in Estonia"><i>2024</i></a></li></ul></div></dd></dl></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:left; background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_Estonia" title="Administrative divisions of Estonia">Administrative divisions</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Counties_of_Estonia" title="Counties of Estonia">Counties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipalities_of_Estonia" title="Municipalities of Estonia">Municipalities</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:left; background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Estonia" title="Foreign relations of Estonia">Foreign relations</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Foreign_Affairs_(Estonia)" title="Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Estonia)">Ministry of Foreign Affairs</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_the_European_Union" title="Politics of the European Union">Politics of the European Union</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below hlist"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Flag_of_Estonia.svg/16px-Flag_of_Estonia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Flag_of_Estonia.svg/24px-Flag_of_Estonia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Flag_of_Estonia.svg/32px-Flag_of_Estonia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="990" data-file-height="630" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Estonia" title="Portal:Estonia">Estonia portal</a></span></li></ul> <div class="hlist" style="text-align:center;font-weight:normal;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_political_science#Politics_by_region" title="Outline of political science">Other countries</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Politics_of_Estonia" title="Template:Politics of Estonia"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Politics_of_Estonia" title="Template talk:Politics of Estonia"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Politics_of_Estonia" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Politics of Estonia"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Politics in Estonia</b> takes place in a framework of a <a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_system" title="Parliamentary system">parliamentary</a> <a href="/wiki/Representative_democracy" title="Representative democracy">representative democratic</a> <a href="/wiki/Republic" title="Republic">republic</a>, whereby the <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Estonia" title="Prime Minister of Estonia">Prime Minister</a> of <a href="/wiki/Estonia" title="Estonia">Estonia</a> is the <a href="/wiki/Head_of_government" title="Head of government">head of government</a>, and of a <a href="/wiki/Multi-party_system" title="Multi-party system">multi-party system</a>. <a href="/wiki/Legislative_power" class="mw-redirect" title="Legislative power">Legislative power</a> is vested in the <a href="/wiki/Riigikogu" title="Riigikogu">Estonian parliament</a>. <a href="/wiki/Executive_power" class="mw-redirect" title="Executive power">Executive power</a> is exercised by the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Estonia" title="Government of Estonia">government</a>, which is led by the <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Estonia" title="Prime Minister of Estonia">prime minister</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Judiciary" title="Judiciary">judiciary</a> is independent of the executive and the legislature. Estonia is a member of the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a>, the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a>, and <a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Politics_of_Estonia&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Political_history_of_Estonia" title="Political history of Estonia">Political history of Estonia</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Die_Verfassung_der_Republik_Estland_(1937)_Seite_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Die_Verfassung_der_Republik_Estland_%281937%29_Seite_01.jpg/220px-Die_Verfassung_der_Republik_Estland_%281937%29_Seite_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="321" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Die_Verfassung_der_Republik_Estland_%281937%29_Seite_01.jpg/330px-Die_Verfassung_der_Republik_Estland_%281937%29_Seite_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Die_Verfassung_der_Republik_Estland_%281937%29_Seite_01.jpg/440px-Die_Verfassung_der_Republik_Estland_%281937%29_Seite_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1703" data-file-height="2486" /></a><figcaption>German translation of the Constitution of the Republic of Estonia</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Estonian_Declaration_of_Independence" title="Estonian Declaration of Independence">Estonian Declaration of Independence</a> was issued on 21 February 1918. A parliamentary republic was formed by the <a href="/wiki/Estonian_Constituent_Assembly" title="Estonian Constituent Assembly">Estonian Constituent Assembly</a> and the first <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Estonia" title="Constitution of Estonia">Constitution of Estonia</a> was adopted on 15 June 1920. The <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Estonia" class="mw-redirect" title="Parliament of Estonia">Parliament of Estonia</a> (State Assembly) elected a <a href="/wiki/Riigivanem" class="mw-redirect" title="Riigivanem">Riigivanem</a> who acted both as <a href="/wiki/Head_of_Government" class="mw-redirect" title="Head of Government">Head of Government</a> and <a href="/wiki/Head_of_State" class="mw-redirect" title="Head of State">Head of State</a>. During the <a href="/wiki/Era_of_Silence" title="Era of Silence">Era of Silence</a>, political parties were banned and the parliament was not in session between 1934 and 1938 because the country was ruled by <a href="/wiki/Decree" title="Decree">decree</a> of <a href="/wiki/Konstantin_P%C3%A4ts" title="Konstantin Päts">Konstantin Päts</a>, who was elected as the first <a href="/wiki/President_of_Estonia" title="President of Estonia">President of Estonia</a> in 1938. In 1938 a new constitution was passed and the Parliament of Estonia was convened once again, this time <a href="/wiki/Bicameral" class="mw-redirect" title="Bicameral">bicamerally</a>, consisting of <a href="/wiki/Riigivolikogu" class="mw-redirect" title="Riigivolikogu">Riigivolikogu</a> (<a href="/wiki/Lower_house" title="Lower house">lower house</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Riigin%C3%B5ukogu" class="mw-redirect" title="Riiginõukogu">Riiginõukogu</a> (<a href="/wiki/Upper_house" title="Upper house">upper house</a>), both meaning State Council in direct translation. In 1940, Estonia was occupied by the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>. It was soon followed by the <a href="/wiki/German_occupation_of_Estonia_during_World_War_II" title="German occupation of Estonia during World War II">German occupation of 1941–1944</a>. During the course of the two occupations, legal institutions, elected according to the Estonian constitution, were removed from power. In September 1944, after German forces left, legal power was briefly restored, as <a href="/wiki/Otto_Tief" title="Otto Tief">Otto Tief</a> formed a new government in accordance with the 1938 constitution. The Tief government lasted for only five days, as Estonia was again occupied by the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>. <a href="/wiki/Estonia" title="Estonia">Estonia</a> declared independence in 1991 as the Republic of Estonia on the basis of continuity of the constitution prior to 1938, putting into motion the transition from a state socialist economy to a capitalist market economy; in 1992, <a href="/wiki/1992_Estonian_referendum" title="1992 Estonian referendum">the public approved</a> a new constitution. On 1 May 2004, Estonia was accepted into the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 1 January 2011, Estonia joined the <a href="/wiki/Eurozone" title="Eurozone">eurozone</a> and adopted the EU single currency as the first former Soviet Union state.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Recent_political_developments">Recent political developments</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Politics_of_Estonia&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Recent political developments"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The leader of the <a href="/wiki/Reform_Party_(Estonia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Reform Party (Estonia)">Reform Party</a> <a href="/wiki/Andrus_Ansip" title="Andrus Ansip">Andrus Ansip</a> was the Prime Minister of Estonia from 2005 until 2014. By the end of his nine-year tenure he was the longest-serving prime minister in the European Union.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In August 2011, <a href="/wiki/President_of_Estonia" title="President of Estonia">President of Estonia</a> <a href="/wiki/Toomas_Hendrik_Ilves" title="Toomas Hendrik Ilves">Toomas Hendrik Ilves</a>, in office since 2006, was re-elected.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In March 2014, after the resignation of Ansip, <a href="/wiki/Taavi_R%C3%B5ivas" title="Taavi Rõivas">Taavi Rõivas</a> of the Reform Party became new prime minister. 34-year-old Rõivas was the youngest prime minister in Europe at that time.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In March 2015, the ruling Reform party, led by Prime Minister Taavi Rõivas, won the <a href="/wiki/2015_Estonian_parliamentary_election" title="2015 Estonian parliamentary election">parliamentary election</a><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In October 2016, Estonian parliament elected <a href="/wiki/Kersti_Kaljulaid" title="Kersti Kaljulaid">Kersti Kaljulaid</a> as the new President of Estonia. She was the first female president of Estonia.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In November 2016, the new chairman of the <a href="/wiki/Centre_Party_(Estonia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Centre Party (Estonia)">Centre Party</a> <a href="/wiki/J%C3%BCri_Ratas" title="Jüri Ratas">Jüri Ratas</a> became the new Prime Minister of Estonia. He succeeded prime minister Rõivas whose government lost a parliamentary vote of no-confidence.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/2019_Estonian_parliamentary_election" title="2019 Estonian parliamentary election">parliamentary election of 2019</a>, five parties gained seats at Riigikogu. The head of the <a href="/wiki/Estonian_Centre_Party" title="Estonian Centre Party">Centre Party</a>, <a href="/wiki/J%C3%BCri_Ratas" title="Jüri Ratas">Jüri Ratas</a>, <a href="/wiki/J%C3%BCri_Ratas%27_second_cabinet" class="mw-redirect" title="Jüri Ratas' second cabinet">formed the government</a> together with <a href="/wiki/Conservative_People%27s_Party_of_Estonia" title="Conservative People's Party of Estonia">Conservative People's Party</a> and <a href="/wiki/Isamaa" title="Isamaa">Isamaa</a>, while <a href="/wiki/Estonian_Reform_Party" title="Estonian Reform Party">Reform Party</a> and <a href="/wiki/Social_Democratic_Party_(Estonia)" title="Social Democratic Party (Estonia)">Social Democratic Party</a> became the opposition.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On January 13, 2021, Ratas resigned as prime minister in the wake of a corruption scandal.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 26 January 2021, <a href="/wiki/Estonian_Reform_Party" title="Estonian Reform Party">Reform Party</a> leader <a href="/wiki/Kaja_Kallas" title="Kaja Kallas">Kaja Kallas</a> became Estonia's first <a href="/wiki/List_of_elected_and_appointed_female_heads_of_state_and_government" title="List of elected and appointed female heads of state and government">female prime minister</a>, making Estonia the only country in the world to currently be led by both a female President and Prime Minister.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Kaja_Kallas%27_first_cabinet" class="mw-redirect" title="Kaja Kallas' first cabinet">new government</a> was a two-party coalition between country's two biggest political parties Reform Party and Centre Party.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, <a href="/wiki/Alar_Karis" title="Alar Karis">Alar Karis</a> was sworn in as Estonia's sixth President on October 11, 2021.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In July 2022, Prime Minister Kaja Kallas formed a new three-party coalition by her liberal Reform Party, the Social Democrats and the conservative Isamaa party. Her previous government had lost its parliamentary majority after the center-left Center Party left the coalition.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In March 2023, the Reform party, led by Prime Minister Kaja Kallas, won the parliamentary <a href="/wiki/2023_Estonian_parliamentary_election" title="2023 Estonian parliamentary election">election</a>, taking 31,4% of the vote. Far-right Conservative People's Party came second with 16,1 % and the third was the Centre Party with 15% of the vote.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In April 2023, Kallas formed her third government, which included, in addition to Reform Party, also the liberal <a href="/wiki/Estonia_200" title="Estonia 200">Estonia 200</a> and the Social Democratic (SDE) parties.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In July 2024, <a href="/wiki/Kristen_Michal" title="Kristen Michal">Kristen Michal</a> became Estonia's new prime minister to succeed Kaja Kallas, who resigned as prime minister on July 15 to become the European Union's new <a href="/wiki/High_Representative_of_the_Union_for_Foreign_Affairs_and_Security_Policy" title="High Representative of the Union for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy">High Representative of the Union for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to the <a href="/wiki/V-Dem_Democracy_indices" class="mw-redirect" title="V-Dem Democracy indices">V-Dem Democracy indices</a> Estonia was 2023 the 5th most electoral democratic country in the world.<sup id="cite_ref-vdem_dataset_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vdem_dataset-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Institutions">Institutions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Politics_of_Estonia&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Institutions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The framework for the political institutions of <a href="/wiki/Estonia" title="Estonia">Estonia</a> is provided by the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Estonia" title="Constitution of Estonia">Constitution of Estonia</a> (<a href="/wiki/Estonian_language" title="Estonian language">Estonian</a>: <i lang="et">Eesti Vabariigi põhiseadus</i>). The constitution follows the principle of <a href="/wiki/Separation_of_powers" title="Separation of powers">separation of powers</a>. Legislative power is wielded by the Parliament, executive power by the Government and judicial power by the courts. Each institution is further defined by their respective <a href="/wiki/Legislation" title="Legislation">legislative acts</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Parliament">Parliament</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Politics_of_Estonia&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Parliament"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Riigikogu_(2011).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Riigikogu_%282011%29.jpg/220px-Riigikogu_%282011%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="131" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Riigikogu_%282011%29.jpg/330px-Riigikogu_%282011%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Riigikogu_%282011%29.jpg/440px-Riigikogu_%282011%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="1787" /></a><figcaption>The Riigikogu (Parliament of Estonia) in the Toompea Castle of Tallinn, Estonia.</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Riigikogu" title="Riigikogu">Riigikogu</a></div> <p>The <i>Riigikogu</i> is the <a href="/wiki/Representative_democracy" title="Representative democracy">representative</a> <a href="/wiki/Legislative" class="mw-redirect" title="Legislative">legislative</a> authority of the Republic of Estonia. It comprises 101 members who are elected at free elections for a four-year term according to the principle of <a href="/wiki/Proportional_representation" title="Proportional representation">proportional representation</a>. The work of the Parliament is coordinated by the Board of the <i>Riigikogu</i>, which is led by the President of the <i>Riigikogu</i> and is elected for a term of one year. There are also <a href="/wiki/Political_faction" title="Political faction">factions</a> within the Parliament, which carry out the programmes of their respective political parties. The work of the Parliament is supported by various committees, which are staffed by members of the factions. They prepare draft legislation and exercise parliamentary control over their fields of activity. The Chancellery of the <i>Riigikogu</i> is tasked with servicing the Parliament. It is headed by the Secretary General of the <i>Riigikogu</i>, who is appointed by the Board of the <i>Riigikogu</i>. Legislation is passed by an <a href="/wiki/Open_ballot_system" title="Open ballot system">open</a> majority vote. The <a href="/wiki/Quorum" title="Quorum">quorum</a> for the Parliament is provided in the <i>Riigikogu</i> Rules of Procedure and Internal Rules Act.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:3_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Citizenship" title="Citizenship">Citizens</a> of Estonia who are at least 21 years of age and are eligible to vote may stand to be elected to the Parliament of Estonia. Citizens who are at least 18 years of age and are not convicted of a criminal offence have the right to participate in the voting for the Parliament of Estonia. Elections are called by the President of the Republic. After the election of the Parliament, the first sitting is convened by the President of the Republic, where the members of the Parliament will take an oath of office and then elect the President and Vice Presidents of the Parliament. After the election of the President and Vice Presidents, who are nominated by members of the Parliament, the Prime Minister announces the resignation of the Government so a new one could take its place. The procedure of elections is defined in the <i>Riigikogu</i> Election Act.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:2_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Head_of_State">Head of State</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Politics_of_Estonia&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Head of State"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/President_of_Estonia" title="President of Estonia">President of Estonia</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/President_of_Estonia" title="President of Estonia">President</a> is the <a href="/wiki/Head_of_state" title="Head of state">head of state</a> of the Republic of Estonia and serves as the highest representative of the state. Furthermore, the President can have limited participation in legislation by issuing decrees, resolutions and directives. Presidential legislation is administered by the Government of the Republic. In addition, the President can refuse to proclaim a law and return it to the Parliament for review. The President is assisted by the Office of the President, which is managed by the Head of the Office of the President. There are also several institutions under the jurisdiction of the President. These include: President's Academic Advisory Board, Roundtable on Regional Development, Estonian Memory Institute, Cultural Foundation of the President, Estonian Cooperation Assembly and National Defence Council. The mandate of the President is determined by the President of the Republic Work Procedure Act.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:5_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The President is elected by the <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Estonia" class="mw-redirect" title="Parliament of Estonia">Parliament of Estonia</a> for a five-year term, but no more than two terms. If the Parliament does not secure at least two-thirds of the votes after three rounds of balloting, then an Electoral College (made up of the Parliament and representatives of local authority councils) elects the president, choosing between the two candidates with the largest percentage of votes. The President candidate is nominated with at least one-fifth support by members of the Parliament. Candidates have to be citizens of Estonia by birth and at least 40 years of age. The procedure for election of the President is provided in the President of the Republic Election Act. The President of the <i>Riigikogu</i> can also perform the duties of the President of the Republic in cases outlined in the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Estonia" title="Constitution of Estonia">constitution</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_19-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Government">Government</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Politics_of_Estonia&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Government"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Estonia" title="Government of Estonia">Government of Estonia</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Estonia" title="Government of Estonia">Government of the Republic</a> (<a href="/wiki/Estonian_language" title="Estonian language">Estonian</a>: <i lang="et">Vabariigi Valitsus</i>) is the <a href="/wiki/Executive_(government)" title="Executive (government)">executive</a> authority of the Republic of Estonia. Its main task is governing the state and implementing policies. It comprises the <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Estonia" title="Prime Minister of Estonia">Prime Minister of Estonia</a> and ministers, who also serve as representatives in the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_the_European_Union" title="Council of the European Union">Council of the European Union</a>. The Prime Minister is the head of Government who represents the institution and directs its activities. Different areas of government are managed by various <a href="/wiki/Ministry_(government_department)" title="Ministry (government department)">ministries</a>, each of which is headed by a minister. Ministries are further divided into departments, divisions and bureaus. The work of the ministry is managed by a secretary general, who is recommended by the minister and appointed by the Government. Executive power is also exercised by executive agencies and inspectorates under the authority of a ministry. The Government of the Republic is assisted by the Government Office, which is led by the <a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_state#Estonia" title="Secretary of state">State Secretary</a>. The State Secretary is appointed by the Prime Minister. The activities and organisation of the Government is regulated in the Government of the Republic Act.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After the appointment of the Parliament, the Prime Minister candidate is nominated by the President. The Parliament then decides whether to authorise the candidate to form the Government. If approved, the candidate presents a list of members of the Government to the President, who appoints the Government within three days. The Government of the Republic assumes office by taking an oath before the Parliament.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_19-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Central_Bank">Central Bank</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Politics_of_Estonia&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Central Bank"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Bank_of_Estonia" title="Bank of Estonia">Bank of Estonia</a></div> <p>The Bank of Estonia (<a href="/wiki/Estonian_language" title="Estonian language">Estonian</a>: <i lang="et">Eesti Pank</i>) is the central bank of the Republic of Estonia. Its mission is to maintain the stability of the Estonian financial system. It administers the circulation of currency, implements monetary policy, advises the Government and reports to the Parliament. However, it operates independently of other national government agencies. It is a member of the <a href="/wiki/European_System_of_Central_Banks" title="European System of Central Banks">European System of Central Banks</a> and may receive instructions from the <a href="/wiki/European_Central_Bank" title="European Central Bank">European Central Bank</a>. It is overseen by the supervisory board, which includes a chairman together with seven members. The chairman of the supervisory board is recommended by the President and appointed by the Parliament for a term of five years. The Bank of Estonia is headed by the Governor of the Bank of Estonia, who is recommended by the supervisory board and appointed by the President for a term of five years, but no more than one consecutive term. The Governor is also the chairman of the executive board, which is responsible for planning and organising the work of the institution. Furthermore, the Governor represents the Republic of Estonia in the Board of Governors of the <a href="/wiki/International_Monetary_Fund" title="International Monetary Fund">International Monetary Fund</a>. The Bank of Estonia is governed by strict confidentiality rules regarding banking secrets. The organisation and activities of the Bank of Estonia is regulated by the Bank of Estonia Act.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_19-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:7_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:8_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="National_Audit_Office">National Audit Office</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Politics_of_Estonia&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: National Audit Office"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/National_Audit_Office_of_Estonia" title="National Audit Office of Estonia">National Audit Office of Estonia</a></div> <p>The National Audit Office (<a href="/wiki/Estonian_language" title="Estonian language">Estonian</a>: <i lang="et">Riigikontroll</i>) is an independent public body that carries out audits concerning public spending and assets, including the use of European Union funds. It mainly reports to the Parliament, but can and does share information with the Government and the public. It is headed by the Auditor General, who is recommended by the President and appointed by the Parliament for a term of five years. Every year the Auditor General presents reports about public assets to the Parliament, which are also made public. The National Audit Office has two main departments, the Audit Department and Development and Administrative Service. The Audit Department carries out various audits and the Development and Administrative Service supports its function. The National Audit Office also cooperates with the <a href="/wiki/European_Court_of_Auditors" title="European Court of Auditors">European Court of Auditors</a>. The organisation and activities of the National Audit Office is regulated by the National Audit Office Act.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_19-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:9_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:9-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:10_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:10-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Chancellor_of_Justice">Chancellor of Justice</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Politics_of_Estonia&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Chancellor of Justice"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Chancellor_of_Justice_(Estonia)" title="Chancellor of Justice (Estonia)">Chancellor of Justice (Estonia)</a></div> <p>The Chancellor of Justice (<a href="/wiki/Estonian_language" title="Estonian language">Estonian</a>: <i lang="et">Õiguskantsler</i>) is a public official who is tasked with supervising the conformity of legislation with the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Estonia" title="Constitution of Estonia">Constitution of Estonia</a> and laws, protecting fundamental rights, performing the functions of the Ombudsman for Children and solving discrimination disputes. Anybody can turn to the Chancellor of Justice with issues of fundamental rights and freedoms or conformance of an act or legislation with the constitution or law. Every year a report is presented to the Parliament about the activities of the Chancellor of Justice. If the Chancellor of Justice finds that some legislation is not in conformance with the constitution or law, then it can be sent back to the body that passed it to be brought into conformity. If the legislation is not brought in conformity within 20 days, then the Chancellor of Justice can make a proposal to the Supreme Court to repeal it. The Chancellor of Justice also regularly inspects places of detention to prevent and protect detainees of ill-treatment. The working body of the Chancellor of Justice is the Office of Chancellor of Justice. The Chancellor of Justice is recommended by the President and appointed to office by the Parliament for a term of seven years. The status and the organisation of the office of the Chancellor of Justice is determined by the Chancellor of Justice Act.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_19-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:11_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:11-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:12_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:12-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Courts">Courts</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Politics_of_Estonia&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Courts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Estonia" title="Supreme Court of Estonia">Supreme Court of Estonia</a></div> <p>Courts form the <a href="/wiki/Judiciary" title="Judiciary">judiciary</a> of the Republic of Estonia, which consists of three instances. The first instance courts include county and city courts and administrative courts. Circuit courts are the second instance and review the rulings of the courts of first instance on appeal. The Supreme Court (<a href="/wiki/Estonian_language" title="Estonian language">Estonian</a>: <i lang="et">Riigikohus</i>) is the highest court instance and reviews rulings of other courts upon request for a <a href="/wiki/Motion_to_quash" title="Motion to quash">motion to quash</a>, but also acts as a <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_court" title="Constitutional court">constitutional court</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Estonia#Chief_Justice_of_the_Supreme_Court" title="Supreme Court of Estonia">Chief Justice of the Supreme Court</a> is recommended by the President and appointed by the Parliament. <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Estonia#Justices" title="Supreme Court of Estonia">Justices</a> of the Supreme Court are recommended by the Chief Justice and appointed by the Parliament. Other judges are recommended by the Supreme Court and appointed to office for life by the President. First and second instance courts are administered by the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Justice_(Estonia)" title="Ministry of Justice (Estonia)">Ministry of Justice</a> with the support of Council for Administration of Courts. The Supreme Court administers itself with the aid of self-government bodies. These include: Court <i><a href="/wiki/En_banc" title="En banc">en banc</a></i>, Council for Administration of Courts, Disciplinary Chamber, Judge's examination committee and Judicial Training Council. First and second order courts are headed by chairmen, who are elected from among judges for a term of seven years. The organisation of the courts and their rules of procedure are established in the Courts Act.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_19-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:13_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:13-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Local_government">Local government</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Politics_of_Estonia&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Local government"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The local self-government (<a href="/wiki/Estonian_language" title="Estonian language">Estonian</a>: <i lang="et">Kohalik omavalitsus</i>) is the authority responsible for all local matters. They are based on rural municipalities and cities. The local authority is represented by its council, which is elected for a term of four years on free local elections, in conformance with the Municipal Council Election Act. The council can have no less than seven members. The work of the council is managed by the chairman, who is elected from among the members of the council. The executive body of the local authority is the municipal administration (government). The municipal administration is formed and managed by the mayor, who is appointed by the council. The mayor is also tasked with representing the local authority. The council has the right to impose taxes, duties and regulations according to law. These are only valid within the administrative territory of the local government. The council may also decide to form committees, law enforcement units and other administrative agencies. Residents of the municipality have the right to initiate passage, amendment or repeal of legislation of the local authority. Issues in the domain of the council are decided by an open vote. The functions, responsibility and organisation of local governments is determined by the Local Government Organisation Act.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_19-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:14_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:14-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Political_parties">Political parties</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Politics_of_Estonia&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Political parties"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Estonia" title="List of political parties in Estonia">List of political parties in Estonia</a></div> <p>Estonia has a <a href="/wiki/Multi-party_system" title="Multi-party system">multi-party system</a> in which parties usually need to form <a href="/wiki/Coalition_governments" class="mw-redirect" title="Coalition governments">coalition governments</a>. However, some local self-governments have been formed by a single party. Parties gain authority for implementing their policies by participating in local self-government council, state parliament and/or <a href="/wiki/European_Parliament" title="European Parliament">European Parliament</a> elections. The political landscape is relatively stable, though fractured, and polarization on the left-right scale tends to be fairly weak. Most of the polarization is centered on ethnicity, which is infused with conflict over Estonia's history and identity inherited from the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:15_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:15-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A party is founded by a memorandum of association as a <a href="/wiki/Nonprofit_organization" title="Nonprofit organization">non-profit association</a>. It needs to have at least 1000 members and a <a href="/wiki/Party_platform" title="Party platform">platform</a> approved by the leadership to be registered. Parties receive funding through donations and from state budget if they are either represented in the state parliament or managed to receive at least one percent of the votes in the elections of the parliament. Funding is reviewed by the political party funding supervision committee, which consists of members appointed for a term of five years by the Chancellor of Justice, Auditor General, National Electoral Committee and political parties represented in the parliament. Any Estonian citizen or a citizen of European Union with permanent residence in Estonia who is at least 18 years old can become a member of a political party. The organisation and activities of political parties is regulated by the Political Parties Act and Non-profit Associations Act.<sup id="cite_ref-:16_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:16-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Policies">Policies</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Politics_of_Estonia&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Policies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Mandate to implement policies is attained through elections. Political parties determine their program based on their platform and the input of members. Parties that get elected to a position of authority then have a chance to deliberate with other elected parties to decide which policies to implement and how. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Elections">Elections</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Politics_of_Estonia&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Elections"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Preliminary_elections_in_Tallinn.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Preliminary_elections_in_Tallinn.JPG/220px-Preliminary_elections_in_Tallinn.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Preliminary_elections_in_Tallinn.JPG/330px-Preliminary_elections_in_Tallinn.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Preliminary_elections_in_Tallinn.JPG/440px-Preliminary_elections_in_Tallinn.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2736" data-file-height="3648" /></a><figcaption>Preliminary elections to European parliament in Tallinn.</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Estonia" title="Elections in Estonia">Elections in Estonia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Electronic_voting_in_Estonia" title="Electronic voting in Estonia">Electronic voting in Estonia</a></div> <p>There are four types of public elections in Estonia: local government council elections, state parliament elections, <a href="/wiki/European_Parliament" title="European Parliament">European Parliament</a> elections and referendums. Referendums can be initiated by the Parliament. The rules of procedure for elections are established in the Municipal Council Election Act, <i>Riigikogu</i> Election Act, European Parliament Election Act and Referendum Act. Elections are overseen by the National Electoral Committee and managed by the State Electoral Office, county heads of elections and voting district committees. Members of the National Electoral Committee, which is established for a term of four years, are appointed by the Chief Justice of the Supreme Court, Chancellor of Justice, Auditor General, Chief Public Prosecutor, State Secretary and Board of Auditors. The State Electoral Office is part of the Chancellery of the <i>Riigikogu</i> and its members are appointed by the Secretary General of the Parliament. It organises electronic voting and supervises the election managers. County heads of elections manage elections in the county by instructing and supervising voting district committees. They are either the county secretary or someone recommended by the country secretary and appointed by the Head of the State Electoral Office. A voting district committee is formed by the municipal council and comprises at least five members, with half of the members being presented by the municipal secretary and half by participating political parties. The activities of the National Electoral Committee and election managers can be observed by everyone. </p><p>Electronic voting was first used in Estonia during the municipal council elections of 2005. Since then the share of people voting electronically has continuously risen. Electronic voting is managed by the State Electoral Office, which establishes the technical requirements and organisation of electronic voting. Voting is based on the <a href="/wiki/Estonian_ID_card" class="mw-redirect" title="Estonian ID card">Estonian ID card</a>. Every voter has the right to verify and change their vote electronically. If the voter has also voted with a ballot paper, then only the ballot paper will be taken into account.<sup id="cite_ref-:17_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:17-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:18_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:18-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:19_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:19-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:20_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:20-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Residents without Estonian citizenship may not elect the <a href="/wiki/Riigikogu" title="Riigikogu">Riigikogu</a>. Residents without citizenship of any European Union member state may not elect the European Parliament. All permanent residents, regardless of citizenship, are eligible to vote in the Estonian municipal elections.<sup id="cite_ref-FIWR_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FIWR-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Finance_and_the_national_budget">Finance and the national budget</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Politics_of_Estonia&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Finance and the national budget"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Estonia" title="Economy of Estonia">Economy of Estonia</a></div> <p>Estonia operates an <a href="/wiki/Developed_country" title="Developed country">advanced</a> <a href="/wiki/Free-market" class="mw-redirect" title="Free-market">free-market</a> economy, which is integrated into the wider <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Europe" title="Economy of Europe">European economy</a> by being part of the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Eurozone" title="Eurozone">Eurozone</a>. The Estonian monetary system is managed by the Estonian Central Bank, the national budget is drafted by the Government of the Republic and approved by the Parliament. The draft must be presented to the Parliament at least three months before the beginning of the budget year. The rules for drafting and passage of the state budget are described in the State Budget Act. Financial supervision is provided by the Financial Supervision Authority. It supervises securities market, banks, insurance providers, insurance mediators, investment associations and management companies.<sup id="cite_ref-:21_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:21-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Drafting of the national budget is annually co-ordinated by the Ministry of Finance and supported by other ministries. The ministries prepare plans for at least the next three years and then negotiate the draft budget with the Ministry of Finance, while the Government of the Republic acts as a mediator. After the draft has been finalized by the Government of the Republic, it is then presented to the Parliament for approval. The implementation of the budget is then organized by the Ministry of Finance. Rearrangement of the budget, so that the total revenues and expenses don't change, is passed as amendments, but changes to the total revenues and expenses have to be made through an additional budget. Revenues and expenses are accounted by the State Treasury.<sup id="cite_ref-:22_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:22-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Estonia has one of the lowest national debts in Europe. Part of the reason is that the State Budget Act requires the structural budget position to be in balance. There has also traditionally been a general political consensus over keeping the budget in balance and holding a decent reserve. The Estonian economy is frequently rated as one of the freest in the world and maintains a stable international credit rating. High efficiency is provided through an advanced <a href="/wiki/Internet_banking" class="mw-redirect" title="Internet banking">internet banking</a> system and <a href="/wiki/E-governance" title="E-governance">e-governance</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:23_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:23-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:24_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:24-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Foreign_relations_and_international_treaties">Foreign relations and international treaties</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Politics_of_Estonia&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Foreign relations and international treaties"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Estonia" title="Foreign relations of Estonia">Foreign relations of Estonia</a></div> <p>Foreign relations are managed mainly by the Parliament, the Government of the Republic (including various ministries) and the President of the Republic, who mostly serves a representative role. The government can enter into international agreements and present them to the parliament for <a href="/wiki/Ratification" title="Ratification">ratification</a>. Agreements that are in conflict with the Constitution can not be ratified. One notable example of such a case was when Estonia decided to join the European Union, which required the amendment of the Constitution in order to ratify the Accession Treaty. The mandate for the amendment of the Constitution was gained through a <a href="/wiki/2003_Estonian_European_Union_membership_referendum" title="2003 Estonian European Union membership referendum">public referendum</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:25_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:25-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Estonia's main foreign policy goals are to maintain national security and stability of international relations, ensuring the functioning of Estonian economy, protecting citizens abroad, maintaining good influence and reputation, and promoting democracy, human rights, rule of law and economic freedom. To achieve these goals, Estonia has set its priorities on involvement and integration into the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a> and <a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a>, and forming strong relations with countries that share its values, especially its close Baltic and Nordic neighbours. Baltic and Nordic cooperation is coordinated through such formats as: <a href="/wiki/Baltic_Council_of_Ministers" title="Baltic Council of Ministers">Baltic Council of Ministers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Baltic_Assembly" title="Baltic Assembly">Baltic Assembly</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nordic-Baltic_Eight" title="Nordic-Baltic Eight">Nordic-Baltic Eight</a> (NB8), <a href="/wiki/Council_of_the_Baltic_Sea_States" title="Council of the Baltic Sea States">Council of the Baltic Sea States</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nordic_Council_of_Ministers" title="Nordic Council of Ministers">Nordic Council of Ministers</a>. Estonia is also a member of the <a href="/wiki/UN" class="mw-redirect" title="UN">UN</a>, <a href="/wiki/OECD" title="OECD">OECD</a>, <a href="/wiki/OSCE" class="mw-redirect" title="OSCE">OSCE</a> and <a href="/wiki/WTO" class="mw-redirect" title="WTO">WTO</a>, among others.<sup id="cite_ref-:26_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:26-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:27_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:27-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Treaties can be initiated or concluded by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Other ministries and the State Chancellery can make proposals on treaties to the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, which then reviews the proposals. If the submission meets requirements, the ministry can then send it to the Government of the Republic for approval. Ratification of treaties is performed by the parliament. The performance of treaties is guaranteed by the Government of the Republic. The procedures pertaining to foreign relations are described in the Foreign Relations Act.<sup id="cite_ref-:25_44-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:25-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After decades of <a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_the_Baltic_states" title="Occupation of the Baltic states">Soviet occupation</a>, Estonia decided to re-establish its independence in 1991. Because the annexation of Estonia was never recognized, and on the basis of the historical continuity of statehood, the state inherited the full responsibility for the rights and obligations of the Republic of Estonia that existed before the occupation. This means, that multilateral treaties, which were approved before the occupation, were considered to be still in effect. Thus, Estonia has re-assumed its international obligations through the restoration of old treaties.<sup id="cite_ref-:28_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:28-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="National_defence">National defence</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Politics_of_Estonia&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: National defence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Defence_(Estonia)" title="Ministry of Defence (Estonia)">Ministry of Defence (Estonia)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Estonian_Defence_Forces" title="Estonian Defence Forces">Estonian Defence Forces</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Estonian_Defence_League" title="Estonian Defence League">Estonian Defence League</a></div> <p>Estonia's national defence is based on initial self-defence capability and membership in NATO. Estonia's security policy utilizes a broad concept of security, similar to the concept of total defence in several Nordic countries, in which all sectors of society are involved.<sup id="cite_ref-:29_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:29-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to the constitution, all citizens of Estonia have a duty to participate in national defence.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_19-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Male citizens between the ages of 17-27 must partake in 8-12 month military service, though female citizens are also free to serve. Peace-time and war-time organisation of national defence is determined by the National Defence Act.<sup id="cite_ref-:30_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:30-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The supreme commander of national defence is the President of the Republic. The president is advised by the National Defence Council, which consists of the President of the Parliament, Chairman of the National Defence Committee, Chairman of the Foreign Affairs Committee, the Prime Minister with other ministers and the Commander of the Defence Forces. Planning, development and organisation of national defence is coordinated by the Security Committee of the Government of the Republic. Management of defence readiness, state of emergency and state of war are directed by the Prime Minister. Increase of defence readiness needs to be approved by the parliament. Beginning and end of state of war and mobilisation is proposed by the president and declared by the parliament. In case of aggression against the Republic of Estonia, state of war can be declared by the president without a corresponding resolution from the parliament. Use of the Defence forces in international cooperation is decided by the parliament.<sup id="cite_ref-:31_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:31-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The activities of the Defence Forces are directed and organised by the <a href="/wiki/Commander_of_the_Estonian_Defence_Forces" title="Commander of the Estonian Defence Forces">Commander of the Estonian Defence Forces</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:32_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:32-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Politics_of_Estonia&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-:0-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFHolt-Jensen2010" class="citation journal cs1">Holt-Jensen, Arild (2010). 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-11-27</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.riigikontroll.ee&rft.atitle=National+Audit+Office&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.riigikontroll.ee%2FAvaleht%2Ftabid%2F36%2Flanguage%2Fen-US%2FDefault.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolitics+of+Estonia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:11-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:11_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.riigiteataja.ee/en/eli/530102013051/consolide">"Chancellor of Justice Act"</a>. <i>www.riigiteataja.ee</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-11-28</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.riigiteataja.ee&rft.atitle=Chancellor+of+Justice+Act&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.riigiteataja.ee%2Fen%2Feli%2F530102013051%2Fconsolide&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolitics+of+Estonia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:12-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:12_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oiguskantsler.ee/en">"Homepage of Chancellor of Justice"</a>. <i>www.oiguskantsler.ee</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-11-28</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.oiguskantsler.ee&rft.atitle=Homepage+of+Chancellor+of+Justice&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oiguskantsler.ee%2Fen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolitics+of+Estonia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:13-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:13_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.riigiteataja.ee/en/eli/ee/514022014001/consolide/">"Courts Act"</a>. <i>www.riigiteataja.ee</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-11-28</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.riigiteataja.ee&rft.atitle=Courts+Act&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.riigiteataja.ee%2Fen%2Feli%2Fee%2F514022014001%2Fconsolide%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolitics+of+Estonia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:14-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:14_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.riigiteataja.ee/en/eli/ee/509012014003/consolide/current">"Local Government Organisation Act"</a>. <i>www.riigiteataja.ee</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-11-28</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.riigiteataja.ee&rft.atitle=Local+Government+Organisation+Act&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.riigiteataja.ee%2Fen%2Feli%2Fee%2F509012014003%2Fconsolide%2Fcurrent&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolitics+of+Estonia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:15-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:15_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVetik2012" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Vetik, Raivo (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ykEaDQAAQBAJ"><i>Eesti poliitika ja valitsemine 1991–2011</i></a> (in Estonian). Tallinn: Tallinn University Press. pp. 34–43. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9985587430" title="Special:BookSources/978-9985587430"><bdi>978-9985587430</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Eesti+poliitika+ja+valitsemine+1991%E2%80%932011&rft.place=Tallinn&rft.pages=34-43&rft.pub=Tallinn+University+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-9985587430&rft.aulast=Vetik&rft.aufirst=Raivo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DykEaDQAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolitics+of+Estonia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:16-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:16_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.riigiteataja.ee/en/eli/ee/502062014001/consolide/current">"Political Parties Act"</a>. <i>www.riigiteataja.ee</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-12-04</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.riigiteataja.ee&rft.atitle=Riigikogu+Election+Act&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.riigiteataja.ee%2Fen%2Feli%2Fee%2F510032014001%2Fconsolide%2Fcurrent&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolitics+of+Estonia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:19-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:19_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.riigiteataja.ee/en/eli/ee/514112016002/consolide/current">"European Parliament Election Act"</a>. <i>www.riigiteataja.ee</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-12-04</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.riigiteataja.ee&rft.atitle=European+Parliament+Election+Act&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.riigiteataja.ee%2Fen%2Feli%2Fee%2F514112016002%2Fconsolide%2Fcurrent&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolitics+of+Estonia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:20-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:20_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.riigiteataja.ee/en/eli/ee/514112016003/consolide/current">"Referendum Act"</a>. <i>www.riigiteataja.ee</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-12-04</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.riigiteataja.ee&rft.atitle=Referendum+Act&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.riigiteataja.ee%2Fen%2Feli%2Fee%2F514112016003%2Fconsolide%2Fcurrent&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolitics+of+Estonia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FIWR-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FIWR_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPuddingtonPianoEissRoylance2007" class="citation book cs1">Puddington, Arch; Piano, Aili; Eiss, Camille; Roylance, Tyler (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-tI2NuQLLuYC&pg=PA248">"Estonia"</a>. <i>Freedom in the World: The Annual Survey of Political Rights and Civil Liberties</i>. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 248. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7425-5897-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7425-5897-7"><bdi>978-0-7425-5897-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Estonia&rft.btitle=Freedom+in+the+World%3A+The+Annual+Survey+of+Political+Rights+and+Civil+Liberties&rft.pages=248&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-7425-5897-7&rft.aulast=Puddington&rft.aufirst=Arch&rft.au=Piano%2C+Aili&rft.au=Eiss%2C+Camille&rft.au=Roylance%2C+Tyler&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-tI2NuQLLuYC%26pg%3DPA248&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolitics+of+Estonia" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">|work=</code> ignored (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#periodical_ignored" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:21-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:21_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.riigiteataja.ee/en/eli/ee/504072014004/consolide/current">"State Budget Act"</a>. <i>www.riigiteataja.ee</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-01-26</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.riigiteataja.ee&rft.atitle=Foreign+Relations+Act&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.riigiteataja.ee%2Fen%2Feli%2Fee%2F517012014001%2Fconsolide%2Fcurrent&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolitics+of+Estonia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:26-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:26_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://vm.ee/en/estonias-foreign-policy-objectives">"Estonia's Foreign Policy Objectives"</a>. <i>www.vm.ee</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-01-26</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.vm.ee&rft.atitle=Estonia%27s+Foreign+Policy+Objectives&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fvm.ee%2Fen%2Festonias-foreign-policy-objectives&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolitics+of+Estonia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:27-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:27_46-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://vm.ee/en/taxonomy/term/56">"Regional Co-operation"</a>. <i>www.vm.ee</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-01-26</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.vm.ee&rft.atitle=Regional+Co-operation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fvm.ee%2Fen%2Ftaxonomy%2Fterm%2F56&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolitics+of+Estonia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:28-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:28_47-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://vm.ee/en/restoration-effect-estonias-international-treaties">"Restoration of the Effect of Estonia's International Treaties"</a>. <i>www.vm.ee</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-01-26</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.vm.ee&rft.atitle=Restoration+of+the+Effect+of+Estonia%27s+International+Treaties&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fvm.ee%2Fen%2Frestoration-effect-estonias-international-treaties&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolitics+of+Estonia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:29-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:29_48-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kaitseministeerium.ee/sites/default/files/elfinder/article_files/national_security_concept_of_estonia_0.pdf">"National Security Concept of Estonia"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>www.kaitseministeerium.ee</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-01-27</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.kaitseministeerium.ee&rft.atitle=National+Security+Concept+of+Estonia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kaitseministeerium.ee%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Felfinder%2Farticle_files%2Fnational_security_concept_of_estonia_0.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolitics+of+Estonia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:30-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:30_49-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.riigiteataja.ee/en/eli/ee/513032017006/consolide/current">"Military Service Act"</a>. <i>www.riigiteataja.ee</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-01-27</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.riigiteataja.ee&rft.atitle=Military+Service+Act&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.riigiteataja.ee%2Fen%2Feli%2Fee%2F513032017006%2Fconsolide%2Fcurrent&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolitics+of+Estonia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:31-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:31_50-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.riigiteataja.ee/en/eli/ee/517112015001/consolide/current">"National Defence Act"</a>. <i>www.riigiteataja.ee</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-01-27</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.riigiteataja.ee&rft.atitle=National+Defence+Act&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.riigiteataja.ee%2Fen%2Feli%2Fee%2F517112015001%2Fconsolide%2Fcurrent&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolitics+of+Estonia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:32-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:32_51-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.riigiteataja.ee/en/eli/ee/520062017002/consolide/current">"Estonian Defence Forces Organisation Act"</a>. <i>www.riigiteataja.ee</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-01-27</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.riigiteataja.ee&rft.atitle=Estonian+Defence+Forces+Organisation+Act&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.riigiteataja.ee%2Fen%2Feli%2Fee%2F520062017002%2Fconsolide%2Fcurrent&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolitics+of+Estonia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Politics_of_Estonia&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Pettai, Vello and Marcus Kreuzer, "Party Politics in the Baltic States: Social Bases and Institutional Context," East European Politics and Societies, 13.1 (1999).</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Politics_of_Estonia&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ku.edu/~herron/">Erik Herron's Guide to Politics of East Central Europe and Eurasia</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20010515045028/http://www.estonica.org/eng/lugu.html?menyy_id=411&kateg=73&alam=75&leht=2">Estonica : Estonia in brief : Political system:</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid 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title="Ancient Estonia">Ancient Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Livonian_Crusade" title="Livonian Crusade">Livonian Crusade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Estonia_(1219%E2%80%931346)" title="Duchy of Estonia (1219–1346)">Danish Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terra_Mariana" title="Terra Mariana">German Bishoprics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Livonian_Order" title="Livonian Order">Livonian Order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baltic_Germans" title="Baltic Germans">Baltic Germans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Livonian_War" title="Livonian War">Livonian War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Livonia" title="Duchy of Livonia">Polish Livonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonia_under_Swedish_rule" title="Estonia under Swedish rule">Swedish Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Northern_War" title="Great Northern War">Great Northern War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governorate_of_Estonia" title="Governorate of Estonia">Russian Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governorate_of_Livonia" title="Governorate of Livonia">Russian Livonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonian_national_awakening" title="Estonian national awakening">Age of Awakening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_occupation_of_Estonia_during_World_War_I" title="German occupation of Estonia during World War I">German occupation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonian_Declaration_of_Independence" title="Estonian Declaration of Independence">Declaration of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonian_War_of_Independence" title="Estonian War of Independence">War of Independence</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_C%C4%93sis_(1919)" title="Battle of Cēsis (1919)">Battle of Võnnu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Estonia_(1920%E2%80%931939)" title="History of Estonia (1920–1939)">Interwar period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Era_of_Silence" title="Era of Silence">Era of Silence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_the_Baltic_states" title="Occupation of the Baltic states">Occupation of Estonia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Estonian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Estonian Soviet Socialist Republic">Estonian SSR</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonia_in_World_War_II" title="Estonia in World War II">World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guerrilla_war_in_the_Baltic_states" title="Guerrilla war in the Baltic states">Guerrilla war</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ants_Kaljurand" title="Ants Kaljurand">Ants Kaljurand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonian_partisans" title="Estonian partisans">Estonian partisans</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_deportations_from_Estonia" title="Soviet deportations from Estonia">Deportations</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Estonian_government-in-exile" title="Estonian government-in-exile">Government-in-exile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singing_Revolution" title="Singing Revolution">Singing Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonian_Sovereignty_Declaration" title="Estonian Sovereignty Declaration">Declaration of sovereignty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonian_Restoration_of_Independence" title="Estonian Restoration of Independence">Restoration of independence</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Estonia" title="Geography of Estonia">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Estonia" title="Climate of Estonia">Climate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extreme_points_of_Estonia" title="Extreme points of Estonia">Extreme points</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mammals_of_Estonia" title="List of mammals of Estonia">Fauna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Estonia" title="List of islands of Estonia">Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lakes_of_Estonia" title="List of lakes of Estonia">Lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Populated_places_in_Estonia" title="Populated places in Estonia">Populated places</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protected_areas_of_Estonia" title="Protected areas of Estonia">Protected areas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Estonia" title="List of rivers of Estonia">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_and_towns_in_Estonia" title="List of cities and towns in Estonia">Towns</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Counties_of_Estonia" title="Counties of Estonia">Administrative divisions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Estonia" title="Constitution of Estonia">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Estonia" title="Elections in Estonia">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Estonia" title="Foreign relations of Estonia">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Estonia" title="Government of Estonia">Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Estonia" title="Human rights in Estonia">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Estonia" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Estonia">LGBT</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_Estonia" title="Law of Estonia">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonian_Police" title="Estonian Police">Law enforcement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonian_Defence_Forces" title="Estonian Defence Forces">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Estonia" title="List of political parties in Estonia">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Estonia" title="President of Estonia">President</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Estonia" title="Prime Minister of Estonia">Prime Minister</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riigikogu" title="Riigikogu"><i>Riigikogu</i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(parliament)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Estonia" title="Supreme Court of Estonia">Supreme Court</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Estonia" title="Economy of Estonia">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Estonia" title="Agriculture in Estonia">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bank_of_Estonia" title="Bank of Estonia">Central bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E-Residency_of_Estonia" title="E-Residency of Estonia">e-Residency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Estonia" title="Energy in Estonia">Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oil_shale_in_Estonia" title="Oil shale in Estonia">Oil shale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nasdaq_Tallinn" title="Nasdaq Tallinn">Stock exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_Estonia" title="Taxation in Estonia">Taxation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Estonia" title="Telecommunications in Estonia">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Estonia" title="Tourism in Estonia">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Estonia" title="Transport in Estonia">Transport</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_Estonia" title="Category:Society of Estonia">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_Estonia" title="Crime in Estonia">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Estonia" title="Demographics of Estonia">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Estonia" title="Education in Estonia">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonians" title="Estonians">Estonians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonian_language" title="Estonian language">Estonian language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Ethnic_groups_in_Estonia" title="Category:Ethnic groups in Estonia">Ethnic groups</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_Estonia" title="Healthcare in Estonia">Healthcare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Estonia" title="Religion in Estonia">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Estonia" title="Women in Estonia">Women</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Estonia" title="Culture of Estonia">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mu_isamaa,_mu_%C3%B5nn_ja_r%C3%B5%C3%B5m" title="Mu isamaa, mu õnn ja rõõm">Anthem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Estonia" title="Architecture of Estonia">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beer_in_Estonia" title="Beer in Estonia">Beer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Estonia" title="Cinema of Estonia">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Estonia" title="Coat of arms of Estonia">Coat of arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonian_cuisine" title="Estonian cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Estonian_given_names" title="Category:Estonian given names">Estonian names</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Estonian_flags" title="List of Estonian flags">Flags</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonian_folklore" title="Estonian folklore">Folklore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_in_Estonia" title="Internet in Estonia">Internet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Estonia" title="Languages of Estonia">Languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonian_literature" title="Estonian literature">Literature</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ABD_ehk_Luggemise-Ramat_Lastele" title="ABD ehk Luggemise-Ramat Lastele"><i>ABD</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalevipoeg" title="Kalevipoeg"><i>Kalevipoeg</i></a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_media_in_Estonia" title="Mass media in Estonia">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Estonia" title="Music of Estonia">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonian_mythology" title="Estonian mythology">Mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Name_of_Estonia" title="Name of Estonia">Name</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_symbols_of_Estonia" title="National symbols of Estonia">Symbols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_newspapers_in_Estonia" title="List of newspapers in Estonia">Newspapers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Estonia" title="Public holidays in Estonia">Public holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_radio_stations_in_Estonia" title="List of radio stations in Estonia">Radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Estonia" title="Sport in Estonia">Sport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_in_Estonia" title="Television in Estonia">Television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theatre_of_Estonia" title="Theatre of Estonia">Theatre</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div><div style="margin-bottom:-0.4em;"><ul><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Estonia" title="Outline of Estonia">Outline</a></span></li><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Estonia-related_articles" title="Index of Estonia-related articles">Index</a></span></li></ul></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Estonia" title="Category:Estonia">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Estonia" title="Portal:Estonia">Portal</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Politics_of_Europe" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Politics_of_Europe" title="Template:Politics of Europe"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Politics_of_Europe" title="Template talk:Politics of Europe"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Politics_of_Europe" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Politics of Europe"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Politics_of_Europe" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Europe" title="Politics of Europe">Politics of Europe </a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sovereign states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Albania" title="Politics of Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Andorra" title="Politics of Andorra">Andorra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Armenia" title="Politics of Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Austria" title="Politics of Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Azerbaijan" title="Politics of Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Belarus" title="Politics of Belarus">Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Belgium" title="Politics of Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Politics of Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Bulgaria" title="Politics of Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Croatia" title="Politics of Croatia">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Cyprus" title="Politics of Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_the_Czech_Republic" title="Politics of the Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Denmark" title="Politics of Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Finland" title="Politics of Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_France" title="Politics of France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Georgia_(country)" title="Politics of Georgia (country)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Germany" title="Politics of Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Greece" title="Politics of Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Hungary" title="Politics of Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Iceland" title="Politics of Iceland">Iceland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Politics of the Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Italy" title="Politics of Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Kazakhstan" title="Politics of Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Latvia" title="Politics of Latvia">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Liechtenstein" title="Politics of Liechtenstein">Liechtenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Lithuania" title="Politics of Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Luxembourg" title="Politics of Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Malta" title="Politics of Malta">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Moldova" title="Politics of Moldova">Moldova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Monaco" title="Politics of Monaco">Monaco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Montenegro" title="Politics of Montenegro">Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_the_Netherlands" title="Politics of the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_North_Macedonia" title="Politics of North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Norway" title="Politics of Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Poland" title="Politics of Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Portugal" title="Politics of Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Romania" title="Politics of Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Russia" title="Politics of Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_San_Marino" title="Politics of San Marino">San Marino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Serbia" title="Politics of Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Slovakia" title="Politics of Slovakia">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Slovenia" title="Politics of Slovenia">Slovenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Spain" title="Politics of Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Sweden" title="Politics of Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Switzerland" title="Politics of Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Turkey" title="Politics of Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Ukraine" title="Politics of Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Politics of the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_England" title="Politics of England">England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Northern_Ireland" title="Politics of Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Scotland" title="Politics of Scotland">Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Wales" title="Politics of Wales">Wales</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Vatican_City" title="Politics of Vatican City">Vatican City</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">States with limited<br />recognition</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Abkhazia" title="Politics of Abkhazia">Abkhazia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Kosovo" title="Politics of Kosovo">Kosovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Northern_Cyprus" title="Politics of Northern Cyprus">Northern Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_South_Ossetia" class="mw-redirect" title="Politics of South Ossetia">South Ossetia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Transnistria" title="Politics of Transnistria">Transnistria</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Dependencies and<br />other entities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_%C3%85land" title="Politics of Åland">Åland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_the_Faroe_Islands" title="Politics of the Faroe Islands">Faroe Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Gibraltar" title="Politics of Gibraltar">Gibraltar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Guernsey" class="mw-redirect" title="Politics of Guernsey">Guernsey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_the_Isle_of_Man" title="Politics of the Isle of Man">Isle of Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Jersey" title="Politics of Jersey">Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Svalbard" title="Politics of Svalbard">Svalbard</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other entities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_the_European_Union" title="Politics of the European Union">European Union</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Politics_of_Estonia&oldid=1256134512">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Politics_of_Estonia&oldid=1256134512</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Category</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Politics_of_Estonia" title="Category:Politics of Estonia">Politics of 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