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class="vector-dropdown-label-text">۲۰ ژبې</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="المرونة البيئية – عربي" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="المرونة البيئية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="عربي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekolohikal_na_kasarigan" title="Ekolohikal na kasarigan – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Ekolohikal na kasarigan" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resili%C3%A8ncia_(ecologia)" title="Resiliència (ecologia) – کټلاني" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Resiliència (ecologia)" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="کټلاني" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gwytnwch_ecolegol" title="Gwytnwch ecolegol – ويلشي" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Gwytnwch ecolegol" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="ويلشي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dag mw-list-item"><a href="https://dag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecological_resilience" title="Ecological resilience – Dagbani" lang="dag" hreflang="dag" data-title="Ecological resilience" data-language-autonym="Dagbanli" data-language-local-name="Dagbani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dagbanli</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resilienz_(%C3%96kosystem)" title="Resilienz (Ökosystem) – الماني" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Resilienz (Ökosystem)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="الماني" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecological_resilience" title="Ecological resilience – انګليسي" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Ecological resilience" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="انګليسي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resiliencia_(ecolog%C3%ADa)" title="Resiliencia (ecología) – هسپانوي" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Resiliencia (ecología)" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="هسپانوي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8%E2%80%8C%D8%A2%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%8C_%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%85%E2%80%8C%D8%B4%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%AE%D8%AA%DB%8C" title="تاب‌آوری بوم‌شناختی – فارسي" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="تاب‌آوری بوم‌شناختی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="فارسي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%A9silience_(%C3%A9cologie)" title="Résilience (écologie) – فرانسوي" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Résilience (écologie)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="فرانسوي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ig mw-list-item"><a href="https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ikike_nguzogide_nke_gburugburu_ebe_obibi" title="Ikike nguzogide nke gburugburu ebe obibi – اګبو" lang="ig" hreflang="ig" data-title="Ikike nguzogide nke gburugburu ebe obibi" data-language-autonym="Igbo" data-language-local-name="اګبو" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Igbo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resilienza_(biologia)" title="Resilienza (biologia) – ایټالوي" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Resilienza (biologia)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="ایټالوي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9B%9E%E5%BE%A9%E5%8A%9B_(%E7%94%9F%E6%85%8B%E5%AD%A6)" title="回復力 (生態学) – جاپاني" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="回復力 (生態学)" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="جاپاني" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko 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class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">ښکارېدونکې بڼه</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">څنګپټې ته ورسئ</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">پټول</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">د ويکيپېډيا، وړیا پوهنغونډ له خوا</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-rtl mw-parser-output" lang="ps" dir="rtl"><p>په ایکولوژۍ یا چاپېریال‌پوهنه کې <b>مقاومت</b> د ایکوسیستم هغې وړتیا ته ویل کېږي چې د یوه بدلون یا مزاحمت پر وړاندې غبرګون ښيي او بېرته زر رغېږي. په دې بدلون او مزاحمت کې سترې پېښې لکه اور، سېلاب، توپان، د حشراتو یرغل، یا هم انساني فعالیتونه لکه ځنګلونه وهل، د تېلو را ایستلو لپاره ځمکه سپړل، پر ځمکو د کیمیاويي توکو خپرول او یا هم د زهري نباتي او حیواني ژویو را پیدا کېدل راتلای شي. د کافي اندازې یا مودې لرونکی مزاحمت ایکو یا د ژواک سیستم ډېر اغېزمنولی شي او ښايي تر هغې کچې یې واړوي چې د بل رژیم پروسو او جوړښتونو ته ورسېږي. کله چې داسې اندازې له یوه مهم او د بل رژیم تر پولو رسېدونکي حالت ته رسېږي نو دا رژیم بدلېږي یا هم ورته مهم تحول ویل کېدی شي.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>۱<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>هغه انساني چارې چې د ایکولوژۍ پر مقاومت منفي اغېز کوي لکه د ژویو د بېلابېلوالي کمښت، د طبېعي زېرمو را ایستل، ککړتیا، د ځمکې کارېدل، یا د انساني فعالیت په نتیجه کې اقلیمي بدلون، ټول په ایکو سیستمونو کې د مخ پر ودې بدلونونو لامل کېږي چې دغه بدلونونه ډېری وخت ناوړه او ناسم ډول ته بدلون دی. د مقاومت په اړه د بحثونو په داخل کې اوس د انسان او ایکوسیستمونو تر منځ تړاوونه هم راځي چې دا د ایکولوژیکو سیستمونو او داسې طبیعي سرچینو د مدیریت تر ټولو پایېدونکې بڼې ته د علمي سپړنو د رسولو له لارې کېږي چې “د مقاومت تحلیل، د سرچینو انعطاف‌منونکی مدیریت او انعطاف‌منونکې حکومتولي” یې اصل موخه ده. ایکولوژیک مقاومت اوس په نورو برخو کې هم هڅېدلی او د مقاومت په اړه پخوانی درک یې ننګولی دی. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="تعریفونه"><span id=".D8.AA.D8.B9.D8.B1.DB.8C.D9.81.D9.88.D9.86.D9.87"></span>تعریفونه</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D8%A7%DB%8C%DA%A9%D9%88%D9%84%D9%88%DA%98%D9%8A%DA%A9%D9%8A_%D9%85%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%85%D8%AA&action=edit&section=1" title="د سمولو برخه: تعریفونه"><span>سمول</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>په ایکولوژيکي سیستمونو کې د مقاومت مفهوم په لومړي ځل د کاناډايي ایکولوژېست «هولینګ» له‌خوا مطرح شو او موخه یې د انټروپوجینیکو یا انساني عواملو له امله د ایکوسیستم د متغیراتو له بدلون سره په مخامخ کېدو کې د طبیعي سیستمونو د تداوم تشرېح کول وو. مقاومت په ایکولوژۍ کې په دوو ډولونو تعریف شوی دی: </p> <ol><li>تر یوې ګډوډۍ یا اختلال وروسته د تعادل حالت ته د ایکوسیستم د بیا راګرځېدو لپاره د اړین وخت په توګه (چې دا د ځینو لیکوالو له‌خوا د پایدارۍ په توګه هم تعریف شوی دی). د مقاومت دغه تعریف د فزیک او انجنیرۍ په څېر نورو برخو کې هم کارول کېږي او له همدې امله هولیک «د انجنیرۍ مقاومت» هم نومولی دی.</li> <li>او داسې هم تعریف شوی چې "د یوې ګډوډۍ د جذب او بیا سمون لپاره د یوه سیستم وړتیا، په داسې ډول چې هماغه کړنه، جوړښت او هویت وساتي".</li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="انساني_اغېزې"><span id=".D8.A7.D9.86.D8.B3.D8.A7.D9.86.D9.8A_.D8.A7.D8.BA.DB.90.D8.B2.DB.90"></span>انساني اغېزې</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D8%A7%DB%8C%DA%A9%D9%88%D9%84%D9%88%DA%98%D9%8A%DA%A9%D9%8A_%D9%85%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%85%D8%AA&action=edit&section=2" title="د سمولو برخه: انساني اغېزې"><span>سمول</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>مقاومت د اختلال په زغملو او بیا سمون کې د ایکوسیستم پایدارۍ او قابلیت ته ویل کېږي. که اختلال لویوالی یا پوره وخت ولري، ښايي داسې حال ته ورسېږي چې په کې ایکوسیستم د تل لپاره د رژيم تر یوه بدلون لاندې راشي. د چاپېریالي توکو او خدماتو پایدار کارول د ایکوسیستم او د هغه د محدودیتونو د مقاومت درک او پام ته اړتیا لري. سره له دې، هغه عناصر چې د ایکوسیستم پر مقاومت اغېز کوي، پېچلي دي. مثلاً بېلابېل عناصر لکه د اوبو څرخه، باروري، د ژوندیو موجوداتو بېلابېلوالی، د نباتاتو بېلابېلوالی او اقلیم په شدت سره پر یوه او بل او بېلابېلو سیستمونو اغېز کوي.   </p><p>ډېرې داسې سیمې شته چې هلته انساني فعالیتونه د ځمکنيو، اوبیزو او سمندري ایکوسیستمونو پر مقاومت اغېز کوي او په هغو پورې اړه لري. په دې کې کرنه، ځنګل وهنه، ککړتیا، د کانونو استخراج، تفرېح، له حده زیات کبان نیول، سمندرونو ته د ضایعاتو او کثافاتو اچول او اقلیمي بدلون شامل دی. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="کرنه"><span id=".DA.A9.D8.B1.D9.86.D9.87"></span>کرنه</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D8%A7%DB%8C%DA%A9%D9%88%D9%84%D9%88%DA%98%D9%8A%DA%A9%D9%8A_%D9%85%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%85%D8%AA&action=edit&section=3" title="د سمولو برخه: کرنه"><span>سمول</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>کرنه د مهمې بېلګې په ډول په پام کې نیولی شو چې د ځمکنيو ایکوسیستمونو مقاومت ته باید پام وشي. په خاوره کې عضوي مواد (کاربن او نایتروجن عناصر) چې ښايي د څو نباتاتو له‌خوا تغذیه شي، د محصول د ودې لپاره د تغذیوي موادو اصلي سرچینه ده. سره له دې، د کرنې د ډېروالي او د بېځایه وښو د کنترول لپاره د واښه ایستونکو د کارولو، د محصولاتو د ودې د چټکۍ او ډېروالي لپاره د کیمیاوي سرو د کارولو او د حشراتو د کنترول لپاره د حشره وژونکو د کارولو په پایله کې د نباتاتو بېلابېلوالی کمېږي او د خاورې د تغذیوي موادو د جبران لپاره د عضوي موادو برابرول او د روانو سطحي اوبو د مخنیوي د کمښت لامل کېږي. دا کار د ځمکې د ښېرازۍ او ګټې اخیستو د کمښت لامل کېږي. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="تلپاتې_پراختیا"><span id=".D8.AA.D9.84.D9.BE.D8.A7.D8.AA.DB.90_.D9.BE.D8.B1.D8.A7.D8.AE.D8.AA.DB.8C.D8.A7"></span>تلپاتې پراختیا</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D8%A7%DB%8C%DA%A9%D9%88%D9%84%D9%88%DA%98%D9%8A%DA%A9%D9%8A_%D9%85%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%85%D8%AA&action=edit&section=4" title="د سمولو برخه: تلپاتې پراختیا"><span>سمول</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>دا پوهه موجوده ده چې د تلپاتې پراختیا موخې ته د رسېدو لپاره د ایکوسیستم پر مقاومت ډېر ټينګار او پوهېدو ته اړتیا ده. پرمن او د هغه همکارانو دې ته ورته څېړنه کړې ده. دوی د پایدارۍ یا تلپاتې‌والي له ۶ مفاهیمو څخه د یوه مفهوم د تشرېح لپاره له مقاومت څخه کار اخیستی. "پایدار حالت هغه حالت دی چې د وخت په اوږدو کې د ایکوسیستم د مقاومت لپاره لومړني شرایط برابر کړي". د مقاومت علم په تېره لسیزه کې د بشپړتیا په حال کې و او تر ایکولوژۍ ډېر پراخ شوی دی. دا چې ډېری خلک د اوبو، انرژۍ او نورو سرچینو په کارولو سره ګڼ‌نفوسه ښارونو ته لېږدي، د ښارونو او ښاري ایکوسیستمونو مقاومت ته د پاملرنې لپاره د دغو څانګو ترکیب ته اړتیا ده.<sup id="cite_ref-Perman_et_al_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Perman_et_al-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>۲<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>۳<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="علمي_لیدلوري"><span id=".D8.B9.D9.84.D9.85.D9.8A_.D9.84.DB.8C.D8.AF.D9.84.D9.88.D8.B1.D9.8A"></span>علمي لیدلوري</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D8%A7%DB%8C%DA%A9%D9%88%D9%84%D9%88%DA%98%D9%8A%DA%A9%D9%8A_%D9%85%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%85%D8%AA&action=edit&section=5" title="د سمولو برخه: علمي لیدلوري"><span>سمول</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>د ایکولوژیکي او ټولنیزو سیستمونو متقابله تکیه د ۱۹۹۰یمې لسیزې له وروستیو څخه د «برکس» او «فولک» له‌خوا وپېژندل شوه او په ۲۰۰۰ کال کې فولک او د هغه همکارانو پراخه کړه. د تلپاتې پراختیا مفهوم د پایدارې پراختیا له ۳ رکنونو څخه بشپړ شوی تر څو پر اقتصادي پراختیا ډېر سیاسي ټینګار موجود وي. <sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>۴<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Berkes_and_Folke_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Berkes_and_Folke-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>۵<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="سرچینې"><span id=".D8.B3.D8.B1.DA.86.DB.8C.D9.86.DB.90"></span>سرچینې</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D8%A7%DB%8C%DA%A9%D9%88%D9%84%D9%88%DA%98%D9%8A%DA%A9%D9%8A_%D9%85%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%85%D8%AA&action=edit&section=6" title="د سمولو برخه: سرچینې"><span>سمول</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r262776">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background-image:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png");background-image:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg");background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:9px;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background-image:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png");background-image:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg");background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:9px;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background-image:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png");background-image:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg");background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:9px;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-image:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png");background-image:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg");background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:12px;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}</style><cite id="CITEREFScheffer2009" class="citation book cs1">Scheffer, Marten (26 July 2009). <i>Critical transitions in nature and society</i>. Princeton University Press. <a href="/w/index.php?title=ISBN_(identifier)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ISBN (identifier) (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%DA%81%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF%DA%93%DB%8C:%D8%AF_%DA%A9%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8_%D8%B3%D8%B1%DA%86%D9%8A%D9%86%DB%90/978-0691122045" title="ځانگړی:د کتاب سرچينې/978-0691122045"><bdi>978-0691122045</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Critical+transitions+in+nature+and+society&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2009-07-26&rft.isbn=978-0691122045&rft.aulast=Scheffer&rft.aufirst=Marten&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fps.wikipedia.org%3A%D8%A7%DB%8C%DA%A9%D9%88%D9%84%D9%88%DA%98%D9%8A%DA%A9%D9%8A+%D9%85%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%85%D8%AA" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Perman_et_al-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Perman_et_al_2-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Perman, R, Ma, Y, McGilvray, J and M.Common. (2003). “Natural Resource and Environmental Economics”. Longman. 26, 52, 86.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-3">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r262776"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://blogs.ei.columbia.edu/2011/10/12/ecological-and-urban-resilience/">"Ecological and Urban Resilience"</a>. <i>columbia.edu</i>. 12 October 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111212002729/http://blogs.ei.columbia.edu/2011/10/12/ecological-and-urban-resilience/">خوندي شوی</a> له اصلي څخه په 12 December 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. بياځلي په <span class="nowrap">13 December</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=columbia.edu&rft.atitle=Ecological+and+Urban+Resilience&rft.date=2011-10-12&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fblogs.ei.columbia.edu%2F2011%2F10%2F12%2Fecological-and-urban-resilience%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fps.wikipedia.org%3A%D8%A7%DB%8C%DA%A9%D9%88%D9%84%D9%88%DA%98%D9%8A%DA%A9%D9%8A+%D9%85%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%85%D8%AA" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-4">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Hamilton, C. (2010). “Requiem for a Species: Why we Resist the Truth about Climate Change”. Earthscan. 32, 14.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Berkes_and_Folke-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Berkes_and_Folke_5-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Berkes, F. and Folke, C., (ed Colding, J.) (1998). “Linking Social and Ecological Systems: Management practices and social mechanisms for building resilience”. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cambridge_University_Press&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cambridge University Press (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)">Cambridge University Press</a>: 1, 33, 429, 433.</span> </li> </ol>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">"<a dir="ltr" href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=ایکولوژيکي_مقاومت&oldid=276323">https://ps.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=ایکولوژيکي_مقاومت&oldid=276323</a>" نه اخيستل شوی</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/%DA%81%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF%DA%93%DB%8C:%D9%88%DB%90%D8%B4%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%B2%DB%90" 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