Nuclear-encoded proteins target to the plastid in Toxoplasma gondii and Plasmodium falciparum

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The apicomplexan plastid, or "apicoplast," is indispensable, but the complete sequence of both the Plasmodium falciparum and Toxoplasma gondii apicoplast genomes has offered no clue …"><meta name="twitter:image" content="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/persistent/pubmed-meta-image-v2.jpg">  <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/persistent/opensearch.xml" title="PubMed search">  <noscript> <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/0d576970-ea4f-4f8d-9bab-bf51569c42d2/core/no-script.css"> </noscript> <meta name="citation_title" content="Nuclear-encoded proteins target to the plastid in Toxoplasma gondii and Plasmodium falciparum"> <meta name="citation_authors" content="Waller RF;Keeling PJ;Donald RG;Striepen B;Handman E;Lang-Unnasch N;Cowman AF;Besra GS;Roos DS;McFadden GI;"> <meta name="citation_date" content="10/13/1998"> <meta name="citation_publisher" content="Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"> <meta name="citation_journal_title" content="Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America"> <meta name="citation_pmid" content="9770490"> <meta name="citation_abstract_html_url" content="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9770490/"> <meta name="citation_volume" content="95"> <meta name="citation_issue" content="21"> <meta name="citation_doi" content="10.1073/pnas.95.21.12352"> <meta name="citation_issn" content="0027-8424"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9770490/" /> </head> <body > <noscript> <div class="no-script-banner" id="no-script-banner"> <div class="warning-message"> <div class="warning-message-text"> This site needs JavaScript to work properly. 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new collection</label> </li> <li> <input type="radio" id="collections-action-panel-existing" class="collections-existing" name="collections" value="existing" checked="true" data-ga-category="save_share" data-ga-action="collections" data-ga-label="collections_radio_existing"> <label for="collections-action-panel-existing">Add to an existing collection</label> </li> </ul> </div> <div class="controls-wrapper"> <div class="action-panel-control-wrap new-collections-controls"> <label for="collections-action-panel-add-to-new" class="action-panel-label required-field-asterisk"> Name your collection: </label> <input type="text" name="add-to-new-collection" id="collections-action-panel-add-to-new" class="collections-action-add-to-new" pattern="[^"&=<>\/]*" title="The following characters are not allowed in the Name field: "&=<>/" maxlength="100" data-ga-category="save_share" data-ga-action="create_collection" data-ga-label="non_favorties_collection"> <div class="collections-new-name-too-long usa-input-error-message selection-validation-message"> Name must be less than 100 characters </div> </div> <div class="action-panel-control-wrap existing-collections-controls"> <label for="collections-action-panel-add-to-existing" class="action-panel-label"> Choose a collection: </label> <select id="collections-action-panel-add-to-existing" class="action-panel-selector collections-action-add-to-existing" data-ga-category="save_share" data-ga-action="select_collection" data-ga-label="($('#collections-action-add-to-existing').val() === 'Favorites') ? 'Favorites' : 'non_favorites_collection'"> </select> <div class="collections-retry-load-on-error usa-input-error-message selection-validation-message"> Unable to load your collection due to an error<br> <a href="#">Please try again</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="action-panel-actions"> <button class="action-panel-submit" type="submit" data-loading-label="Adding..." data-pinger-ignore data-ga-category="save_share" data-ga-action="collections" data-ga-label="add"> Add </button> <button class="action-panel-cancel" aria-label="Close 'Add to Collections' panel" ref="linksrc=close_collections_panel" aria-controls="collections-action-panel" aria-expanded="false" data-ga-category="save_share" data-ga-action="collections" data-ga-label="cancel"> Cancel </button> </div> </form> </div> </div> <div id="bibliography-action-panel" class="bibliography-action-panel action-panel in-progress-dots-panel" aria-hidden="true" data-bibliography-open-panel-enabled="false" data-bibliography-open-panel-url-hash="#open-bibliography-panel"> <div class="inner-wrap"> <h3 class="action-panel-heading"> Add to My Bibliography </h3> <form id="bibliography-action-panel-form" class="bibliography-action-panel-form action-panel-content action-form action-panel-smaller-selectors" data-add-to-bibliography-max-amount="100" data-add-to-bibliography-batch-size="10" data-bibliography-delegates-url="/list-bibliography-delegates/" data-add-to-bibliography-url="/add-to-bibliography/" data-get-article-ids-by-search-url="/get-article-ids-by-search/" data-mybib-root-url="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/myncbi/collections/mybibliography/"> <input type="hidden" name="csrfmiddlewaretoken" value="yThwXr0EPXiEwwn1Z5CuY5gAzHXRmEhx7WlzcgRKwzw2413uRGmS6mHjswffTKcd"> <div class="action-panel-control-wrap bibliographies-controls"> <div class="choice-group"> <ul class="bibliographies-action-add radio-group-items"> <li> <input name="bibliography" id="my-bibliography" class="my-bibliography" type="radio" checked/> <label for="my-bibliography">My Bibliography</label> </li> </ul> </div> </div> <div class="bibliographies-retry-load-on-error usa-input-error-message selection-validation-message"> Unable to load your delegates due to an error<br> <a href="#">Please try again</a> </div> <div class="action-panel-actions"> <button class="action-panel-submit" type="submit" data-loading-label="Adding..." data-pinger-ignore> Add </button> <button class="action-panel-cancel" aria-label="Close 'Add to bibliography' panel" ref="linksrc=close_bibliography_panel" aria-controls="bibliography-action-panel" aria-expanded="false" data-ga-category="save_share" data-ga-action="mybib" data-ga-label="cancel"> Cancel </button> </div> </form> </div> </div> <div id="saved-search-action-panel" class="saved-search-action-panel action-panel " aria-hidden="true" data-saved-search-open-panel-enabled="false" data-saved-search-open-panel-url-hash="#open-saved-search-panel"> <div class="inner-wrap"> <h2 class="action-panel-heading"> Your saved search </h2> <form id="saved-search-action-panel-form" class="saved-search-action-panel-form action-panel-content action-form" data-create-saved-search-url="/create-saved-search/" data-try-search-terms-url="/try-search-term/" data-saved-search-root-url="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/myncbi/searches/"> <input type="hidden" name="csrfmiddlewaretoken" value="yThwXr0EPXiEwwn1Z5CuY5gAzHXRmEhx7WlzcgRKwzw2413uRGmS6mHjswffTKcd"> <div class="action-panel-control-wrap"> <label for="saved-search-name" class="action-panel-label saved-search-name-label required-field-asterisk"> Name of saved search: </label> <input maxlength="200" type="text" name="saved-search-name" id="saved-search-name" class="saved-search-name" value="" required pattern="[^"&=<>\/]*" title="The following characters are not allowed in the Name field: "&=<>/"> </div> <div class="action-panel-control-wrap"> <label for="saved-search-term" class="action-panel-label required-field-asterisk"> Search terms: </label> <textarea name="saved-search-term" id="saved-search-term" class="saved-search-term" required></textarea> </div> <div class="test-search-term-wrap"> <a href="#" class="try-search-term">Test search terms</a> </div> <div class="choice-group action-panel-extra-margin-top"> <span class="action-panel-label" id="fieldset-label"> Would you like email updates of new search results? </span> <fieldset id="saved-search-alert" aria-describedby="fieldset-label"> <legend class="usa-sr-only">Saved Search Alert Radio Buttons</legend> <ul class="radio-group-items"> <li> <input type="radio" id="saved-search-alert-yes" class="saved-search-alert-yes" name="saved-search-alert" value="yes" checked> <label for="saved-search-alert-yes" class="action-panel-label">Yes</label> </li> <li> <input aria-label="No radio input" type="radio" id="saved-search-alert-no" class="saved-search-alert-no" name="saved-search-alert" value="no"> <label for="saved-search-alert-no" class="action-panel-label">No</label> </li> </ul> </fieldset> </div> <div class="alert-schedule-wrap"> <div class="action-panel-control-wrap"> <label class="action-panel-label"> Email: </label> <span aria-label="Email address" id="saved-search-email" class="action-panel-label"><span class="action-panel-label-bold"></span> (<a class="myncbi-account-settings" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/account/settings/">change</a>)</span> </div> <div class="action-panel-control-wrap action-panel-extra-margin-top"> <label for="saved-search-frequency" class="action-panel-label"> Frequency: </label> <select id="saved-search-frequency" class="no-border-panel-selector saved-search-frequency"> <option value="monthly">Monthly</option> <option value="weekly">Weekly</option> <option value="daily">Daily</option> </select> </div> <div class="action-panel-control-wrap saved-search-monthly-additional"> <label for="saved-search-monthly-on-day" class="action-panel-label"> Which day? </label> <select id="saved-search-monthly-on-day" class="no-border-panel-selector"> <option value="Sunday">The first Sunday</option> <option value="Monday">The first Monday</option> <option value="Tuesday">The first Tuesday</option> <option value="Wednesday">The first Wednesday</option> <option value="Thursday">The first Thursday</option> <option value="Friday">The first Friday</option> <option value="Saturday">The first Saturday</option> <option value="day">The first day</option> <option value="weekday">The first weekday</option> </select> </div> <div class="action-panel-control-wrap saved-search-weekly-additional"> <label for="saved-search-weekly-on-day" class="action-panel-label"> Which day? </label> <select id="saved-search-weekly-on-day" class="no-border-panel-selector saved-search-weekly-on-day"> <option value="Sunday">Sunday</option> <option value="Monday">Monday</option> <option value="Tuesday">Tuesday</option> <option value="Wednesday">Wednesday</option> <option value="Thursday">Thursday</option> <option value="Friday">Friday</option> <option value="Saturday">Saturday</option> </select> </div> <div class="action-panel-control-wrap"> <label for="saved-search-report" class="action-panel-label"> Report format: </label> <select id="saved-search-report" class="no-border-panel-selector saved-search-report"> <option value="DocSum">Summary</option> <option value="DocSumText">Summary (text)</option> <option value="Abstract">Abstract</option> <option value="AbstractText">Abstract (text)</option> <option value="MEDLINE">PubMed</option> </select> </div> <div class="action-panel-control-wrap"> <label for="saved-search-amount" class="action-panel-label"> Send at most: </label> <select id="saved-search-amount" class="no-border-panel-selector saved-search-amount"> <option value="1">1 item</option> <option value="5" selected>5 items</option> <option value="10">10 items</option> <option value="20">20 items</option> <option value="50">50 items</option> <option value="100">100 items</option> <option value="200">200 items</option> </select> </div> <div> <input type="checkbox" id="saved-search-send-if-no-result" class="saved-search-send-if-no-result" name="saved-search-send-if-no-result"> <label for="saved-search-send-if-no-result" class="action-panel-label smaller-checkbox"> Send even when there aren't any new results </label> </div> <div class="action-panel-control-wrap option-text-in-email-wrap"> <label for="saved-search-email-text" class="action-panel-label"> Optional text in email: </label> <textarea name="saved-search-email-text" id="saved-search-email-text" class="saved-search-email-text"></textarea> </div> </div> <div class="action-panel-actions"> <button class="action-panel-submit" type="submit" data-loading-label="Saving..." data-ga-category="save_share" data-ga-action="alert" data-ga-label="save"> Save </button> <button class="action-panel-cancel" aria-label="Close 'Your saved search' panel" ref="linksrc=close_saved_search_panel" aria-controls="saved-search-action-panel" aria-expanded="false" data-ga-category="save_share" data-ga-action="alert" data-ga-label="cancel"> Cancel </button> </div> </form> </div> </div> <div id="citation-manager-action-panel" class="citation-manager-action-panel action-panel" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="inner-wrap"> <h2 class="action-panel-heading"> Create a file for external citation management software </h2> <form id="citation-manager-action-panel-form" class="action-panel-content action-form" action="/results-export-ids/" data-by-search-action="/results-export-search-data/" data-by-ids-action="/results-export-ids/" method="post" data-by-search-method="post" data-by-ids-method="post"> <input type="hidden" name="csrfmiddlewaretoken" value="yThwXr0EPXiEwwn1Z5CuY5gAzHXRmEhx7WlzcgRKwzw2413uRGmS6mHjswffTKcd"> <input name="results-format" type="hidden" value="pubmed"/> <div class="action-panel-actions"> <button class="action-panel-submit" type="submit" data-loading-label="Sending..." data-ga-category="save_share" data-ga-action="citation_manager" data-ga-label="save"> Create file </button> <button class="action-panel-cancel" aria-label="Close 'Send citations to citation manager' panel" ref="linksrc=close_citation_manager_panel" aria-controls="citation-manager-action-panel" aria-expanded="false" data-ga-category="save_share" data-ga-action="citation_manager" data-ga-label="cancel"> Cancel </button> </div> </form> </div> </div> <div id="rss-action-panel" class="rss-action-panel action-panel " aria-hidden="true"> <div class="inner-wrap"> <h2 class="action-panel-heading"> Your RSS Feed </h2> <form id="rss-action-panel-form" class="rss-action-panel-form action-panel-content action-form" data-create-rss-feed-url="/create-rss-feed-url/" data-search-form-term-value=""> <input type="hidden" name="csrfmiddlewaretoken" value="yThwXr0EPXiEwwn1Z5CuY5gAzHXRmEhx7WlzcgRKwzw2413uRGmS6mHjswffTKcd"> <div class="action-panel-control-wrap"> <label for="rss-name" class="action-panel-label required-field-asterisk"> Name of RSS Feed: </label> <input maxlength="200" placeholder="Name" type="text" name="rss-name" id="rss-name" class="rss-name" value='' required pattern="[^"&=<>\/]*" title="The following characters are not allowed in the Name field: "&=<>/"> </div> <div class="rss-limit-wrap"> <div class="action-panel-control-wrap action-panel-extra-margin-top"> <label for="rss-limit" class="action-panel-label"> Number of items displayed: </label> <select id="rss-limit" class="no-border-panel-selector rss-limit"> <option value="5">5</option> <option value="10">10</option> <option value="15" selected="selected">15</option> <option value="20">20</option> <option value="50">50</option> <option value="100">100</option> </select> </div> </div> <div class="action-panel-actions"> <button class="action-panel-submit" type="submit" data-loading-label="Creating..." data-ga-category="save_share" data-ga-action="alert" data-ga-label="save"> Create RSS </button> <button class="action-panel-cancel" aria-label="Close 'Your RSS' panel" ref="linksrc=close_rss_panel" aria-controls="rss-action-panel" aria-expanded="false" data-ga-category="save_share" data-ga-action="alert" data-ga-label="cancel"> Cancel </button> </div> <div class="action-panel-control-wrap rss-link-copy-wrap"> <label for="rss-link" class="usa-sr-only">RSS Link</label> <input placeholder="Your RSS Feed Link" type="text" name="rss-link" id="rss-link" class="rss-link" title="RSS Link"> <button type="button" disabled class="rss-link-copy-button disabled" data-ga-category="save_share" data-ga-action="rss" data-ga-label="copy"> Copy </button> </div> </form> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="article-page" id="article-page" data-article-pmid="9770490"> <aside class="page-sidebar"> <div class="inner-wrap"> <div class="full-text-links"> <div class="full-view"> <h3 class="title"> Full text links </h3> <div class="full-text-links-list"> <a class="link-item dialog-focus" 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required-field-asterisk"> Name your collection: </label><input type="text" name="add-to-new-collection" id="collections-action-dialog-add-to-new" class="collections-action-add-to-new" pattern="[^"&=<>\/]*" title="The following characters are not allowed in the Name field: "&=<>/" maxlength="100" data-ga-category="collections_button" data-ga-action="create_collection" data-ga-label="non_favorties_collection"><div class="collections-new-name-too-long usa-input-error-message selection-validation-message"> Name must be less than 100 characters </div></div><div class="action-panel-control-wrap existing-collections-controls"><label for="collections-action-dialog-add-to-existing" class="action-panel-label"> Choose a collection: </label><select id="collections-action-dialog-add-to-existing" class="action-panel-selector collections-action-add-to-existing" data-ga-category="collections_button" data-ga-action="select_collection" data-ga-label="($('.collections-action-add-to-existing').val() === 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'Favorites' : 'non_favorites_collection'"></select><div class="collections-retry-load-on-error usa-input-error-message selection-validation-message"> Unable to load your collection due to an error<br><a href="#">Please try again</a></div></div></div><div class="action-panel-actions"><button class="action-panel-submit" type="submit" data-loading-label="Adding..." data-pinger-ignore data-ga-category="collections_button" data-ga-action="click" data-ga-label="add"> Add </button><button class="action-panel-cancel" aria-label="Close 'Add to Collections' panel" ref="linksrc=close_collections_panel" aria-controls="collections-action-panel" aria-expanded="false" data-ga-category="collections_button" data-ga-action="click" data-ga-label="cancel"> Cancel </button></div></form></div></div></div></div><button class="more-actions-button more-actions-dialog-trigger" title="Open dialog with more actions to take" ref="linksrc=more_actions_btn"></button><div class="display-options" 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journal Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America" data-pinger-ignore> Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A </button><div id="full-view-journal" class="journal-actions-dropdown dropdown dropdown-container" hidden aria-label="Dropdown menu for journal Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America"><div class="title">Actions</div><div class="content"><ul class="journal-actions-links"><li><a class="search-in-pubmed-link dropdown-block-link" href="/?term=%22Proc+Natl+Acad+Sci+U+S+A%22%5Bjour%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc" data-href="/?term=%22Proc+Natl+Acad+Sci+U+S+A%22%5Bjour%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc" ref="linksrc=search_in_pubmed_journal_name_link&journal_abbrev=Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="journal_link" data-ga-label="Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"> Search in PubMed </a></li><li><a class="search-in-nlm-catalog-link dropdown-block-link" ref ="linksrc=search_in_nlm_catalog_link" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nlmcatalog?term=%22Proc+Natl+Acad+Sci+U+S+A%22%5BTitle+Abbreviation%5D" data-ga-category="search_catalog" data-ga-action="journal_link" data-ga-label="Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"> Search in NLM Catalog </a></li><li><a class="add-to-search-link dropdown-block-link" ref ="linksrc=add_to_search_link" role="button" data-search-term='"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"[jour]' data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="add_to_search" data-ga-label='"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"[jour]' href="#"> Add to Search </a></li></ul></div></div></div><span class="period">. </span><span class="cit">1998 Oct 13;95(21):12352-7.</span> </div> <span class="citation-doi"> doi: 10.1073/pnas.95.21.12352. </span> </div> <h1 class="heading-title"> Nuclear-encoded proteins target to the plastid in Toxoplasma gondii and Plasmodium falciparum </h1> <div class="inline-authors"> <div class="authors"> <div class="authors-list"> <span class="authors-list-item "><a class="full-name" href="/?term=Waller+RF&cauthor_id=9770490" ref="linksrc=author_name_link" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="author_link" data-ga-label="R F Waller">R F Waller</a><sup class="affiliation-links"><span class="author-sup-separator"> </span><a class="affiliation-link" title="Plant Cell Biology Research Centre, School of Botany, University of Melbourne, Parkville VIC 3052, Australia." href="#full-view-affiliation-1" ref="linksrc=author_aff"> 1 </a></sup><span class="comma">, </span></span><span class="authors-list-item "><a class="full-name" href="/?term=Keeling+PJ&cauthor_id=9770490" ref="linksrc=author_name_link" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="author_link" data-ga-label="P J Keeling">P J Keeling</a><span class="comma">, </span></span><span class="authors-list-item "><a class="full-name" href="/?term=Donald+RG&cauthor_id=9770490" ref="linksrc=author_name_link" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="author_link" data-ga-label="R G Donald">R G Donald</a><span class="comma">, </span></span><span class="authors-list-item "><a class="full-name" href="/?term=Striepen+B&cauthor_id=9770490" ref="linksrc=author_name_link" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="author_link" data-ga-label="B Striepen">B Striepen</a><span class="comma">, </span></span><span class="authors-list-item "><a class="full-name" href="/?term=Handman+E&cauthor_id=9770490" ref="linksrc=author_name_link" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="author_link" data-ga-label="E Handman">E Handman</a><span class="comma">, </span></span><span class="authors-list-item "><a class="full-name" href="/?term=Lang-Unnasch+N&cauthor_id=9770490" ref="linksrc=author_name_link" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="author_link" data-ga-label="N Lang-Unnasch">N Lang-Unnasch</a><span class="comma">, </span></span><span class="authors-list-item "><a class="full-name" href="/?term=Cowman+AF&cauthor_id=9770490" ref="linksrc=author_name_link" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="author_link" data-ga-label="A F Cowman">A F Cowman</a><span class="comma">, </span></span><span class="authors-list-item "><a class="full-name" href="/?term=Besra+GS&cauthor_id=9770490" ref="linksrc=author_name_link" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="author_link" data-ga-label="G S Besra">G S Besra</a><span class="comma">, </span></span><span class="authors-list-item "><a class="full-name" href="/?term=Roos+DS&cauthor_id=9770490" ref="linksrc=author_name_link" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="author_link" data-ga-label="D S Roos">D S Roos</a><span class="comma">, </span></span><span class="authors-list-item "><a class="full-name" href="/?term=McFadden+GI&cauthor_id=9770490" ref="linksrc=author_name_link" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="author_link" data-ga-label="G I McFadden">G I McFadden</a></span> </div> </div> </div> <div class="short-article-details"> Affiliations <button class="more-details" id="toggle-authors" data-alt-text="Collapse" 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class="citation-journal"> Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A<span class="citation-separator">.</span> </span> <span class="date"> <time class="citation-year" datetime="1998">1998</time><span class="citation-separator">.</span> </span> </div> <div class="more-article-details-section with-display-settings"> <button class="more-article-details" id="toggle-article-details" data-alt-text="Hide details" ref="linksrc=toggle_article_details" aria-controls="full-article-details" aria-expanded="false" data-fetch-url="/9770490/long-authors/" data-id-prefix=""> <span class="title">Show details</span> </button> <div class="display-options" data-format-key="format" data-default-format-value="abstract" data-current-format-value="abstract" role="region"> <button class="trigger usa-button" title="Change format" data-ga-category="display_options" data-ga-action="display_options_dialog"> <span class="button-label">Display options</span> </button> <div class="dropdown" hidden> <div class="title"> Display options </div> <div class="content"> <div class="format-container"> <span class="option-label"> Format </span> <select name="format" data-initial-value="abstract" aria-label="Display format" id="mobile-display-format"> <option value="abstract">Abstract</option> <option value="pubmed">PubMed</option> <option value="pmid">PMID</option> </select> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="extended-article-details" id="full-article-details" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="article-citation"> <div class="article-source"> <div class="journal-actions dropdown-block"><button id="short-view-journal-trigger" class="journal-actions-trigger trigger" ref="linksrc=journal_actions_btn" title="Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America" tabindex="0" aria-controls="short-view-journal" aria-expanded="false" aria-label="Toggle dropdown menu for journal Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America" data-pinger-ignore> Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A </button><div id="short-view-journal" class="journal-actions-dropdown dropdown dropdown-container" hidden aria-label="Dropdown menu for journal Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America"><div class="title">Actions</div><div class="content"><ul class="journal-actions-links"><li><a class="search-in-pubmed-link dropdown-block-link" href="/?term=%22Proc+Natl+Acad+Sci+U+S+A%22%5Bjour%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc" data-href="/?term=%22Proc+Natl+Acad+Sci+U+S+A%22%5Bjour%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc" ref="linksrc=search_in_pubmed_journal_name_link&journal_abbrev=Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="journal_link" data-ga-label="Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"> Search in PubMed </a></li><li><a class="search-in-nlm-catalog-link dropdown-block-link" ref ="linksrc=search_in_nlm_catalog_link" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nlmcatalog?term=%22Proc+Natl+Acad+Sci+U+S+A%22%5BTitle+Abbreviation%5D" data-ga-category="search_catalog" 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class="author-sup-separator"> </span><a class="affiliation-link" title="Plant Cell Biology Research Centre, School of Botany, University of Melbourne, Parkville VIC 3052, Australia." href="#short-view-affiliation-1" ref="linksrc=author_aff"> 1 </a></sup><span class="comma">, </span></span><span class="authors-list-item "><a class="full-name" href="/?term=Keeling+PJ&cauthor_id=9770490" ref="linksrc=author_name_link" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="author_link" data-ga-label="P J Keeling">P J Keeling</a><span class="comma">, </span></span><span class="authors-list-item "><a class="full-name" href="/?term=Donald+RG&cauthor_id=9770490" ref="linksrc=author_name_link" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="author_link" data-ga-label="R G Donald">R G Donald</a><span class="comma">, </span></span><span class="authors-list-item "><a class="full-name" href="/?term=Striepen+B&cauthor_id=9770490" ref="linksrc=author_name_link" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="author_link" data-ga-label="B Striepen">B Striepen</a><span class="comma">, </span></span><span class="authors-list-item "><a class="full-name" href="/?term=Handman+E&cauthor_id=9770490" ref="linksrc=author_name_link" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="author_link" data-ga-label="E Handman">E Handman</a><span class="comma">, </span></span><span class="authors-list-item "><a class="full-name" href="/?term=Lang-Unnasch+N&cauthor_id=9770490" ref="linksrc=author_name_link" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="author_link" data-ga-label="N Lang-Unnasch">N Lang-Unnasch</a><span class="comma">, </span></span><span class="authors-list-item "><a class="full-name" href="/?term=Cowman+AF&cauthor_id=9770490" ref="linksrc=author_name_link" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="author_link" data-ga-label="A F Cowman">A F Cowman</a><span class="comma">, </span></span><span class="authors-list-item "><a class="full-name" href="/?term=Besra+GS&cauthor_id=9770490" ref="linksrc=author_name_link" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="author_link" data-ga-label="G S Besra">G S Besra</a><span class="comma">, </span></span><span class="authors-list-item "><a class="full-name" href="/?term=Roos+DS&cauthor_id=9770490" ref="linksrc=author_name_link" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="author_link" data-ga-label="D S Roos">D S Roos</a><span class="comma">, </span></span><span class="authors-list-item "><a class="full-name" href="/?term=McFadden+GI&cauthor_id=9770490" ref="linksrc=author_name_link" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="author_link" data-ga-label="G I McFadden">G I McFadden</a></span> </div> </div> <div class="affiliations"> <h3 class="title"> Affiliation </h3> <ul class="item-list"> <li data-affiliation-id="short-view-affiliation-1" id="short-view-affiliation-1" ><sup class="key">1</sup> Plant Cell Biology Research Centre, School of Botany, University of Melbourne, Parkville VIC 3052, Australia.</li> </ul> </div> </div> <ul class="identifiers" id="short-view-identifiers"> <li> <span class="identifier pubmed"> <span class="id-label"> PMID: </span> <strong class="current-id" title="PubMed ID">9770490</strong> </span> </li> <li> <span class="identifier pmc"> <span class="id-label"> PMCID: </span> <a class="id-link" target="_blank" rel="noopener" ref="linksrc=article_id_link&article_id=PMC22835&id_type=PMC" href="https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC22835/" data-ga-category="full_text" data-ga-action="PMCID" > PMC22835 </a> </span> </li> <li> <span class="identifier doi"> <span class="id-label"> DOI: </span> <a class="id-link" target="_blank" rel="noopener" ref="linksrc=article_id_link&article_id=10.1073/pnas.95.21.12352&id_type=DOI" href="https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.95.21.12352" data-ga-category="full_text" data-ga-action="DOI" > 10.1073/pnas.95.21.12352 </a> </span> </li> </ul> <div class="in-clipboard-label " hidden> Item in Clipboard </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="actions-buttons inline"><div class="inner-wrap"><button class="full-text-links-button full-text-links-dialog-trigger" title="Open dialog with full text links" ref="linksrc=full_text_links"> Full text links </button><button class="citation-button citation-dialog-trigger" aria-label="Open dialog with citation text in different styles" data-ga-category="save_share" data-ga-action="cite" data-ga-label="open" data-all-citations-url="/9770490/citations/" data-citation-style="nlm" data-pubmed-format-link="/9770490/export/"><span class="button-label">Cite</span></button><button class="more-actions-button more-actions-dialog-trigger" title="Open dialog with more actions to take" ref="linksrc=more_actions_btn"></button><div class="display-options" data-format-key="format" data-default-format-value="abstract" data-current-format-value="abstract" role="region"><button class="trigger usa-button" title="Change format" data-ga-category="display_options" data-ga-action="display_options_dialog"><span class="button-label">Display options</span></button><div class="dropdown" hidden><div class="title"> Display options </div><div class="content"><div class="format-container"><span class="option-label"> Format </span><select name="format" data-initial-value="abstract" aria-label="Display format" id="inline-actions-display-format"><option value="abstract">Abstract</option><option value="pubmed">PubMed</option><option value="pmid">PMID</option></select></div></div></div></div></div></div> <div class="abstract" id="abstract"> <h2 class="title"> Abstract </h2> <div class="abstract-content selected" id="eng-abstract"> <p> A vestigial, nonphotosynthetic plastid has been identified recently in protozoan parasites of the phylum Apicomplexa. The apicomplexan plastid, or "apicoplast," is indispensable, but the complete sequence of both the Plasmodium falciparum and Toxoplasma gondii apicoplast genomes has offered no clue as to what essential metabolic function(s) this organelle might perform in parasites. To investigate possible functions of the apicoplast, we sought to identify nuclear-encoded genes whose products are targeted to the apicoplast in Plasmodium and Toxoplasma. We describe here nuclear genes encoding ribosomal proteins S9 and L28 and the fatty acid biosynthetic enzymes acyl carrier protein (ACP), beta-ketoacyl-ACP synthase III (FabH), and beta-hydroxyacyl-ACP dehydratase (FabZ). These genes show high similarity to plastid homologues, and immunolocalization of S9 and ACP verifies that the proteins accumulate in the plastid. All the putatively apicoplast-targeted proteins bear N-terminal presequences consistent with plastid targeting, and the ACP presequence is shown to be sufficient to target a recombinant green fluorescent protein reporter to the apicoplast in transgenic T. gondii. Localization of ACP, and very probably FabH and FabZ, in the apicoplast implicates fatty acid biosynthesis as a likely function of the apicoplast. Moreover, inhibition of P. falciparum growth by thiolactomycin, an inhibitor of FabH, indicates a vital role for apicoplast fatty acid biosynthesis. Because the fatty acid biosynthesis genes identified here are of a plastid/bacterial type, and distinct from those of the equivalent pathway in animals, fatty acid biosynthesis is potentially an excellent target for therapeutics directed against malaria, toxoplasmosis, and other apicomplexan-mediated diseases. </p> </div> </div> <p class="disclaimer" id="disclaimer"> <a href="/disclaimer/" target="_blank" ga_category="literature_resources" ga_action="disclaimer_link" ga_label="under_abstract">PubMed Disclaimer</a> </p> <div class="figures" id="figures"> <h2 class="title"> Figures </h2> <div class="figures-list" id="slides-container" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageGallery"> <figure class="figure-item " itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="associatedMedia" data-slide-index="0" data-label-slug="figure-1"> <a class="figure-link" href="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/f8ed/22835/7d8f0d5cd651/pq2082822001.jpg" itemprop="contentUrl" aria-describedby="figure-caption-0" role="button" data-image-width="699" data-image-height="260" data-image-alt="Figure 1" data-pmc-id="PMC22835" data-figure-id="F1"> <img class="figure-thumb" itemprop="thumbnail" id="article-image-0" src="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/f8ed/22835/e8f1591b225a/pq2082822001.gif" alt="Figure 1" /> </a> <meta itemprop="width" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" content="699"> <meta itemprop="height" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" content="260"> <div class="figure-caption figure-caption-text" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="caption" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="caption-wrap"> <strong class="figure-label"> <p> Figure 1 </p> </strong> <div class="figure-caption-contents"><p> Phylogenetic relationship of apicomplexan S9,… </p></div> </div> </div> <div class="figure-caption-medium figure-caption-text" aria-hidden="true"> <strong class="figure-label"> <p> Figure 1 </p> </strong> <div class="figure-caption-contents"><p> Phylogenetic relationship of apicomplexan S9, L28, and FabH proteins to plastid and cyanobacterial… </p></div> </div> <figcaption id="figure-caption-0" class="figure-caption-full figure-caption-text" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="description"> <strong class="figure-label"> Figure 1 </strong> <div class="figure-caption-contents">Phylogenetic relationship of apicomplexan S9, L28, and FabH proteins to plastid and cyanobacterial homologs. Neighbor-joining (NJ) trees are shown with bootstrap confidence values >50% from both NJ (below the nodes) and protein maximum likelihood (ML) (above the nodes). Asterisks indicate constrained nodes in ML analyses. For all three data sets, the apicomplexan genes consistently group among genes from plastids and cyanobacteria (see circled bootstrap values) and distinct from mitochondria (mt data available only for S9 and L28) and other eubacterial groups.</div> </figcaption> </figure> <figure class="figure-item " itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="associatedMedia" data-slide-index="1" data-label-slug="figure-2"> <a class="figure-link" href="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/f8ed/22835/d64813dea0f7/pq2082822002.jpg" itemprop="contentUrl" aria-describedby="figure-caption-1" role="button" data-image-width="457" data-image-height="820" data-image-alt="Figure 2" data-pmc-id="PMC22835" data-figure-id="F2"> <img class="figure-thumb" itemprop="thumbnail" id="article-image-1" src="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/f8ed/22835/8fac9feec1f4/pq2082822002.gif" alt="Figure 2" /> </a> <meta itemprop="width" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" content="457"> <meta itemprop="height" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" content="820"> <div class="figure-caption figure-caption-text" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="caption" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="caption-wrap"> <strong class="figure-label"> <p> Figure 2 </p> </strong> <div class="figure-caption-contents"><p> Apicoplast localization of nuclear-encoded proteins.… </p></div> </div> </div> <div class="figure-caption-medium figure-caption-text" aria-hidden="true"> <strong class="figure-label"> <p> Figure 2 </p> </strong> <div class="figure-caption-contents"><p> Apicoplast localization of nuclear-encoded proteins. ( <i> A </i> and <i> B </i> ) Immunodetection of S9… </p></div> </div> <figcaption id="figure-caption-1" class="figure-caption-full figure-caption-text" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="description"> <strong class="figure-label"> Figure 2 </strong> <div class="figure-caption-contents">Apicoplast localization of nuclear-encoded proteins. (<i>A</i> and <i>B</i>) Immunodetection of S9 and ACP (respectively) in intact <i>T. gondii</i> cells demonstrates that these proteins are restricted to a distinct region of the parasite similar to the location of the apicoplast. Some cells show two plastids, which are probably division stages. (<i>C</i>) Counterstaining with propidium iodide (red) confirms colocalization of ACP (green) with the extranuclear apicoplast DNA (<i>Inset</i> shows DNA staining only; arrowhead indicates apicoplast DNA). (<i>D</i> and <i>E</i>) Detection of ACP by immunogold labeling of ultra-thin sections shows strong labeling of the apicoplast (arrowhead). Nu, nucleus; Mi, mitochondrion; Go, Golgi apparatus. (<i>F</i>) The N-terminal domain of ACP (<i>Tg</i>ACP<sub>leader</sub>-GFP) is sufficient to target GFP to the apicoplast, and the recombinant protein can be visualized in living cells. (<i>G–I</i>) In fixed cells labeled with anti-GFP (green) and counterstained with DAPI (blue), <i>Tg</i>ACP<sub>leader</sub>-GFP can be seen to colocalize with the apicoplast DNA (arrowheads indicate apicoplasts in two cells). Color images were collected independently and overlaid on top of phase-contrast micrographs. (White scale bars = 10 μm, black scale bars = 200 nm).</div> </figcaption> </figure> <figure class="figure-item " itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="associatedMedia" data-slide-index="2" data-label-slug="figure-3"> <a class="figure-link" href="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/f8ed/22835/79842b3b5eb6/pq2082822003.jpg" itemprop="contentUrl" aria-describedby="figure-caption-2" role="button" data-image-width="400" data-image-height="239" data-image-alt="Figure 3" data-pmc-id="PMC22835" data-figure-id="F3"> <img class="figure-thumb" itemprop="thumbnail" id="article-image-2" src="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/f8ed/22835/56d5f646d270/pq2082822003.gif" alt="Figure 3" /> </a> <meta itemprop="width" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" content="400"> <meta itemprop="height" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" content="239"> <div class="figure-caption figure-caption-text" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="caption" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="caption-wrap"> <strong class="figure-label"> <p> Figure 3 </p> </strong> <div class="figure-caption-contents"><p> Plastid origins and protein targeting.… </p></div> </div> </div> <div class="figure-caption-medium figure-caption-text" aria-hidden="true"> <strong class="figure-label"> <p> Figure 3 </p> </strong> <div class="figure-caption-contents"><p> Plastid origins and protein targeting. ( <i> A </i> ) Primary endosymbiosis describes the uptake… </p></div> </div> <figcaption id="figure-caption-2" class="figure-caption-full figure-caption-text" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="description"> <strong class="figure-label"> Figure 3 </strong> <div class="figure-caption-contents">Plastid origins and protein targeting. (<i>A</i>) Primary endosymbiosis describes the uptake of a prokaryote by a eukaryote. Plastids derived by primary endosymbiosis are generally surrounded by two membranes, and targeting of nuclear-encoded gene products to the endosymbiont is effected by an N-terminal transit peptide (T). (<i>B</i>) Secondary endosymbiotic plastid origin involves a heterotrophic eukaryote phagocytozing a photosynthetic eukaryote produced by primary endosymbiosis. The secondary endosymbiont’s cytoplasm and nucleus (N<sup>1</sup>) are typically lost or heavily reduced, and the resulting plastid is surrounded by four membranes, the outermost of which derives from the phagocytotic membrane. Sometimes one of the two outer membranes is lost at this point, resulting in a total of three. Targeting of nucleus-encoded (N<sup>2</sup>) gene products to secondary plastids requires a signal peptide (S) to mediate protein passage across the outer membrane(s) followed by a transit peptide (T) for import across the inner membrane pair.</div> </figcaption> </figure> <figure class="figure-item " itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="associatedMedia" data-slide-index="3" data-label-slug="figure-4"> <a class="figure-link" href="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/f8ed/22835/00c2ba478f7d/pq2082822004.jpg" itemprop="contentUrl" aria-describedby="figure-caption-3" role="button" data-image-width="400" data-image-height="334" data-image-alt="Figure 4" data-pmc-id="PMC22835" data-figure-id="F4"> <img class="figure-thumb" itemprop="thumbnail" id="article-image-3" src="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/f8ed/22835/1224f10f8361/pq2082822004.gif" alt="Figure 4" /> </a> <meta itemprop="width" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" content="400"> <meta itemprop="height" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" content="334"> <div class="figure-caption figure-caption-text" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="caption" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="caption-wrap"> <strong class="figure-label"> <p> Figure 4 </p> </strong> <div class="figure-caption-contents"><p> Schematic of inferred proteins of… </p></div> </div> </div> <div class="figure-caption-medium figure-caption-text" aria-hidden="true"> <strong class="figure-label"> <p> Figure 4 </p> </strong> <div class="figure-caption-contents"><p> Schematic of inferred proteins of <i> T. gondii </i> (Tg) genes <i> rps </i> 9, <i> rpl </i> 28,… </p></div> </div> <figcaption id="figure-caption-3" class="figure-caption-full figure-caption-text" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="description"> <strong class="figure-label"> Figure 4 </strong> <div class="figure-caption-contents">Schematic of inferred proteins of <i>T. gondii</i> (Tg) genes <i>rps</i>9, <i>rpl</i>28, <i>fab</i>Z, and <i>acp</i>P and <i>P. falciparum</i> (Pf) genes <i>acp</i>P and <i>fab</i>H, showing N-terminal extensions resembling signal plus transit peptides (shaded and black boxes, respectively). Putative signal peptide cleavage sites were predicted by using <sc>signalp</sc> and <sc>psort</sc> (18); transit peptide/mature protein boundaries were imprecisely defined based on Western data (see Fig. 5) and sequence similarity with other mature proteins. Intron positions are indicated (triangle) (except for FabZ); “ψ” and “∗” indicate introns shared between <i>T. gondii</i> and <i>P. falciparum</i> homologs, suggesting shared ancestry.</div> </figcaption> </figure> <figure class="figure-item " itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="associatedMedia" data-slide-index="4" data-label-slug="figure-5"> <a class="figure-link" href="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/f8ed/22835/2edaa06343aa/pq2082822005.jpg" itemprop="contentUrl" aria-describedby="figure-caption-4" role="button" data-image-width="400" data-image-height="540" data-image-alt="Figure 5" data-pmc-id="PMC22835" data-figure-id="F5"> <img class="figure-thumb" itemprop="thumbnail" id="article-image-4" src="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/f8ed/22835/98ddc054f765/pq2082822005.gif" alt="Figure 5" /> </a> <meta itemprop="width" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" content="400"> <meta itemprop="height" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" content="540"> <div class="figure-caption figure-caption-text" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="caption" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="caption-wrap"> <strong class="figure-label"> <p> Figure 5 </p> </strong> <div class="figure-caption-contents"><p> Processing of apicoplast-targeted proteins in… </p></div> </div> </div> <div class="figure-caption-medium figure-caption-text" aria-hidden="true"> <strong class="figure-label"> <p> Figure 5 </p> </strong> <div class="figure-caption-contents"><p> Processing of apicoplast-targeted proteins in <i> T. gondii </i> . ( <i> A </i> ) Schematic of… </p></div> </div> <figcaption id="figure-caption-4" class="figure-caption-full figure-caption-text" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="description"> <strong class="figure-label"> Figure 5 </strong> <div class="figure-caption-contents">Processing of apicoplast-targeted proteins in <i>T. gondii</i>. (<i>A</i>) Schematic of <i>T. gondii</i> S9 and ACP proteins, and GFP fusion proteins (ACP<sub>full</sub>-GFP and ACP<sub>leader</sub>-GFP), showing protein band sizes before and after predicted processing (mature ACP carries a phosophopantetheine prosthetic group that adds 4 kDa to its expected gel mobility (45). (<i>B</i>) Western blot analysis of <i>T. gondii</i> S9 and ACP proteins (lanes i and ii, respectively). The observed antigens are in close agreement with the expected sizes for fully processed protein (lower bands) and full-length protein including the transit peptide but lacking the signal sequence (upper bands). (<i>C</i>) Western blot analysis of <i>Tg</i>ACP<sub>full</sub>-GFP and <i>Tg</i>ACP<sub>leader</sub>-GFP proteins (lanes iii and iv). Observed molecular masses correspond to the predictions shown in (<i>A</i>) (the faint lower molecular mass band of ≈30 kDa in the ACP<sub>full</sub>-GFP lane is not seen in untransfected parasites and probably represents a GFP degradation product). Note that similar amounts and relative levels of processed and unprocessed apicoplast proteins are observed for the native and recombinant proteins.</div> </figcaption> </figure> <figure class="figure-item " itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="associatedMedia" data-slide-index="5" data-label-slug="figure-6"> <a class="figure-link" href="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/f8ed/22835/1f0a20d912af/pq2082822006.jpg" itemprop="contentUrl" aria-describedby="figure-caption-5" role="button" data-image-width="400" data-image-height="260" data-image-alt="Figure 6" data-pmc-id="PMC22835" data-figure-id="F6"> <img class="figure-thumb" itemprop="thumbnail" id="article-image-5" src="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/f8ed/22835/ad95e6f0e731/pq2082822006.gif" alt="Figure 6" /> </a> <meta itemprop="width" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" content="400"> <meta itemprop="height" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" content="260"> <div class="figure-caption figure-caption-text" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="caption" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="caption-wrap"> <strong class="figure-label"> <p> Figure 6 </p> </strong> <div class="figure-caption-contents"><p> Log concentration-growth inhibition curves for… </p></div> </div> </div> <div class="figure-caption-medium figure-caption-text" aria-hidden="true"> <strong class="figure-label"> <p> Figure 6 </p> </strong> <div class="figure-caption-contents"><p> Log concentration-growth inhibition curves for the type II fatty acid biosynthesis inhibitor, thiolactomycin,… </p></div> </div> <figcaption id="figure-caption-5" class="figure-caption-full figure-caption-text" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="description"> <strong class="figure-label"> Figure 6 </strong> <div class="figure-caption-contents">Log concentration-growth inhibition curves for the type II fatty acid biosynthesis inhibitor, thiolactomycin, tested against <i>P. falciparum</i>. The IC<sub>50</sub> for both D10-strain and the multi-drug-resistant strain W2 mef (data not shown) <i>P. falciparum</i> was calculated as ≈50 μM. Vertical bars indicate standard deviations from six samples. (<i>Inset</i>) the structure of thiolactomycin.</div> </figcaption> </figure> </div>  <div class="pswp figures-dialog" id="figures-dialog" tabindex="-1" role="dialog" aria-hidden="true" data-image-gallery-uid="article-figures" aria-label="Figures Dialog">  <div class="pswp__bg"></div>  <div class="pswp__scroll-wrap">  <div class="pswp__container"> <div class="pswp__item"></div> <div class="pswp__item"></div> <div class="pswp__item"></div> </div>  <div class="pswp__ui pswp__ui--hidden"> <div class="pswp__top-bar">  <div class="pswp__counter"></div> <button class="pswp__button pswp__button--close" title="Close (Esc)"></button> <button class="pswp__button pswp__button--share" title="Share"></button> <button class="pswp__button pswp__button--fs" title="Toggle fullscreen"></button> <button class="pswp__button pswp__button--zoom" title="Zoom in/out"></button>   <div class="pswp__preloader"> <div class="pswp__preloader__icn"> <div class="pswp__preloader__cut"> <div 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Epub 2024 Mar 19.</span> <span class="docsum-journal-citation short-journal-citation">mBio. 2024.</span> <span class="citation-part">PMID: <span class="docsum-pmid">38501871</span></span> <span class="free-resources spaced-citation-item citation-part">Free PMC article.</span> </div> </div> </li> </ul> <div class="actions-bar"> <a class="show-all-linked-articles" data-href="/?linkname=pubmed_pubmed_citedin&from_uid=9770490" data-ga-category="cited_by" data-ga-action="show_all" > See all "Cited by" articles </a> </div> </div> <div class="references" id="references"> <h2 class="title"> References </h2> <div id='top-references-list' class="references-lists-container"> <div class="refs-list"> <ol id="top-references-list-1" class="references-list"> <li> <ol class="references-and-notes-list"> <li class="skip-numbering" value="1"> Wilson R J M, Denny P W, Preiser P R, Rangachari K, Roberts K, Roy A, Whyte A, Strath M, Moore D J, Moore P W, et al. 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Clin Diagn Lab Immunol. 1997;4:11–13. - <a class="reference-link" href="https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC170468/" ref="linksrc=references_link&ordinalpos=1" data-ga-category="reference" data-ga-action="PMC170468" > PMC </a> - <a class="reference-link" href="/9008274/" ref="linksrc=references_link&ordinalpos=2" data-ga-category="reference" data-ga-action="9008274" > PubMed </a> </li> </ol> </li> </ol> <div class="actions-bar"> <button class="show-all" ref="linksrc=show_all_references_link" aria-controls="top-references-list-1" data-next-page-url="/9770490/references/" data-ga-category="reference" data-ga-action="show_more" > Show all 45 references </button> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div id="publication-types" class="publication-types keywords-section"> <h2 class="title"> Publication types </h2> <ul class="keywords-list"><li><div class="keyword-actions dropdown-block"><button class="keyword-actions-trigger trigger keyword-link" aria-label="Toggle dropdown menu for keyword 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metabolism*" tabindex="0" aria-controls="keyword-actions-mesh-terms-major-9" aria-expanded="false" data-pinger-ignore> Nuclear Proteins / metabolism* </button><div id="keyword-actions-mesh-terms-major-9" class="keyword-actions-dropdown dropdown dropdown-container" hidden aria-label="Dropdown menu for keyword Nuclear Proteins / metabolism*"><div class="title">Actions</div><div class="content"><ul class="keyword-actions-links"><li><a class="search-in-pubmed-link dropdown-block-link" href="/?term=%22Nuclear+Proteins%2Fmetabolism%22%5BMAJR%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc" data-href="/?term=%22Nuclear+Proteins%2Fmetabolism%22%5BMAJR%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc" ref="linksrc=search_in_pubmed_keyword_link&mesh="Nuclear Proteins/metabolism"[MAJR]" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="mesh_term" data-ga-label="Nuclear Proteins / metabolism*"> Search in PubMed </a></li><li><a class="search-in-mesh-link dropdown-block-link" ref="linksrc=search_in_mesh_link" 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data-ga-label=""Plastids/metabolism"[MAJR]" href="#"> Add to Search </a></li></ul></div></div></div></li><li><div class="keyword-actions dropdown-block"><button class="keyword-actions-trigger trigger keyword-link" aria-label="Toggle dropdown menu for keyword Toxoplasma / genetics" tabindex="0" aria-controls="keyword-actions-mesh-terms-14" aria-expanded="false" data-pinger-ignore> Toxoplasma / genetics </button><div id="keyword-actions-mesh-terms-14" class="keyword-actions-dropdown dropdown dropdown-container" hidden aria-label="Dropdown menu for keyword Toxoplasma / genetics"><div class="title">Actions</div><div class="content"><ul class="keyword-actions-links"><li><a class="search-in-pubmed-link dropdown-block-link" href="/?term=%22Toxoplasma%2Fgenetics%22%5BMeSH%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc" data-href="/?term=%22Toxoplasma%2Fgenetics%22%5BMeSH%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc" ref="linksrc=search_in_pubmed_keyword_link&mesh="Toxoplasma/genetics"[MeSH]" data-ga-category="search" 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class="add-to-search-link dropdown-block-link" ref="linksrc=add_to_search_link" role="button" data-search-term=""Toxoplasma/metabolism"[MAJR]" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="add_to_search" data-ga-label=""Toxoplasma/metabolism"[MAJR]" href="#"> Add to Search </a></li></ul></div></div></div></li></ul> </div> <div id="substances" class="substances keywords-section"> <h2 class="title"> Substances </h2> <ul class="keywords-list"><li><div class="keyword-actions dropdown-block"><button class="keyword-actions-trigger trigger keyword-link" aria-label="Toggle dropdown menu for keyword DNA, Complementary" tabindex="0" aria-controls="keyword-actions-substances-0" aria-expanded="false" data-pinger-ignore> DNA, Complementary </button><div id="keyword-actions-substances-0" class="keyword-actions-dropdown dropdown dropdown-container" hidden aria-label="Dropdown menu for keyword DNA, Complementary"><div class="title">Actions</div><div class="content"><ul class="keyword-actions-links"><li><a class="search-in-pubmed-link dropdown-block-link" href="/?term=%22DNA%2C+Complementary%22%5Bnm%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc" data-href="/?term=%22DNA%2C+Complementary%22%5Bnm%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc" ref="linksrc=search_in_pubmed_keyword_link&keyword="DNA, Complementary"[nm]" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="substance" data-ga-label="DNA, Complementary"> Search in PubMed </a></li><li><a class="search-in-mesh-link dropdown-block-link" ref="linksrc=search_in_mesh_link" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh?term=%22DNA%2C+Complementary%22" data-ga-category="search_mesh" data-ga-action="substance_link" data-ga-label="DNA, Complementary"> Search in MeSH </a></li><li><a class="add-to-search-link dropdown-block-link" ref="linksrc=add_to_search_link" role="button" data-search-term=""DNA, Complementary"[nm]" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="add_to_search" data-ga-label=""DNA, Complementary"[nm]" href="#"> Add to Search </a></li></ul></div></div></div></li><li><div class="keyword-actions dropdown-block"><button class="keyword-actions-trigger trigger keyword-link" aria-label="Toggle dropdown menu for keyword Fatty Acids" tabindex="0" aria-controls="keyword-actions-substances-1" aria-expanded="false" data-pinger-ignore> Fatty Acids </button><div id="keyword-actions-substances-1" class="keyword-actions-dropdown dropdown dropdown-container" hidden aria-label="Dropdown menu for keyword Fatty Acids"><div class="title">Actions</div><div class="content"><ul class="keyword-actions-links"><li><a class="search-in-pubmed-link dropdown-block-link" href="/?term=%22Fatty+Acids%22%5Bnm%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc" data-href="/?term=%22Fatty+Acids%22%5Bnm%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc" ref="linksrc=search_in_pubmed_keyword_link&keyword="Fatty Acids"[nm]" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="substance" data-ga-label="Fatty Acids"> Search in PubMed </a></li><li><a class="search-in-mesh-link dropdown-block-link" ref="linksrc=search_in_mesh_link" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh?term=%22Fatty+Acids%22" data-ga-category="search_mesh" data-ga-action="substance_link" data-ga-label="Fatty Acids"> Search in MeSH </a></li><li><a class="add-to-search-link dropdown-block-link" ref="linksrc=add_to_search_link" role="button" data-search-term=""Fatty Acids"[nm]" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="add_to_search" data-ga-label=""Fatty Acids"[nm]" href="#"> Add to Search </a></li></ul></div></div></div></li><li><div class="keyword-actions dropdown-block"><button class="keyword-actions-trigger trigger keyword-link" aria-label="Toggle dropdown menu for keyword Luminescent Proteins" tabindex="0" aria-controls="keyword-actions-substances-2" aria-expanded="false" data-pinger-ignore> Luminescent Proteins </button><div id="keyword-actions-substances-2" class="keyword-actions-dropdown dropdown dropdown-container" hidden aria-label="Dropdown menu for keyword Luminescent Proteins"><div class="title">Actions</div><div class="content"><ul class="keyword-actions-links"><li><a class="search-in-pubmed-link dropdown-block-link" href="/?term=%22Luminescent+Proteins%22%5Bnm%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc" data-href="/?term=%22Luminescent+Proteins%22%5Bnm%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc" ref="linksrc=search_in_pubmed_keyword_link&keyword="Luminescent Proteins"[nm]" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="substance" data-ga-label="Luminescent Proteins"> Search in PubMed </a></li><li><a class="search-in-mesh-link dropdown-block-link" ref="linksrc=search_in_mesh_link" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh?term=%22Luminescent+Proteins%22" data-ga-category="search_mesh" data-ga-action="substance_link" data-ga-label="Luminescent Proteins"> Search in MeSH </a></li><li><a class="add-to-search-link dropdown-block-link" ref="linksrc=add_to_search_link" role="button" data-search-term=""Luminescent Proteins"[nm]" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="add_to_search" data-ga-label=""Luminescent Proteins"[nm]" href="#"> Add to Search </a></li></ul></div></div></div></li><li><div class="keyword-actions dropdown-block"><button class="keyword-actions-trigger trigger keyword-link" aria-label="Toggle dropdown menu for keyword Nuclear Proteins" tabindex="0" aria-controls="keyword-actions-substances-3" aria-expanded="false" data-pinger-ignore> Nuclear Proteins </button><div id="keyword-actions-substances-3" class="keyword-actions-dropdown dropdown dropdown-container" hidden aria-label="Dropdown menu for keyword Nuclear Proteins"><div class="title">Actions</div><div class="content"><ul class="keyword-actions-links"><li><a class="search-in-pubmed-link dropdown-block-link" href="/?term=%22Nuclear+Proteins%22%5Bnm%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc" data-href="/?term=%22Nuclear+Proteins%22%5Bnm%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc" ref="linksrc=search_in_pubmed_keyword_link&keyword="Nuclear Proteins"[nm]" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="substance" data-ga-label="Nuclear Proteins"> Search in PubMed </a></li><li><a class="search-in-mesh-link dropdown-block-link" ref="linksrc=search_in_mesh_link" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh?term=%22Nuclear+Proteins%22" data-ga-category="search_mesh" data-ga-action="substance_link" data-ga-label="Nuclear Proteins"> Search in MeSH </a></li><li><a class="add-to-search-link dropdown-block-link" ref="linksrc=add_to_search_link" role="button" data-search-term=""Nuclear Proteins"[nm]" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="add_to_search" data-ga-label=""Nuclear Proteins"[nm]" href="#"> Add to Search </a></li></ul></div></div></div></li><li><div class="keyword-actions dropdown-block"><button class="keyword-actions-trigger trigger keyword-link" aria-label="Toggle dropdown menu for keyword Green Fluorescent Proteins" tabindex="0" aria-controls="keyword-actions-substances-4" aria-expanded="false" data-pinger-ignore> Green Fluorescent Proteins </button><div id="keyword-actions-substances-4" class="keyword-actions-dropdown dropdown dropdown-container" hidden 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Nuclear-encoded proteins target to the plastid in Toxoplasma gondii and Plasmodium falciparum - PubMed