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datetime="2012-06-05T15:57:47+02:00">5 juin 2012</time></a></div><h2 class="entry-title"><a href="https://pm.hypotheses.org/323" rel="bookmark">Méditerranée mégalithique : dolmens, hypogées, sanctuaires — Jean Guilaine</a></h2> </header> <div class="entry-content"> <p><a href="http://pm.hypotheses.org/files/2012/06/5-ImagePetite-Guilaine2011.jpg"><img decoding="async" class="alignleft size-full wp-image-325" src="http://pm.hypotheses.org/files/2012/06/5-ImagePetite-Guilaine2011.jpg" alt="" width="110" height="141" srcset="https://pm.hypotheses.org/files/2012/06/5-ImagePetite-Guilaine2011.jpg 110w, https://pm.hypotheses.org/files/2012/06/5-ImagePetite-Guilaine2011-39x50.jpg 39w, https://pm.hypotheses.org/files/2012/06/5-ImagePetite-Guilaine2011-62x80.jpg 62w, https://pm.hypotheses.org/files/2012/06/5-ImagePetite-Guilaine2011-78x100.jpg 78w" sizes="(max-width: 110px) 100vw, 110px" /></a>Éditions Archéologie Nouvelle, Collection Archéologie Vivante, Lacapelle-Marival, 2011, 157 pages, 24€ — 978-2-9533973-2-1</p> <p>Si les monuments mégalithiques de la façade atlantique ont été, depuis les années 1960, l’objet de nombreux ouvrages de synthèse en anglais et en français, aucun livre de ce genre n’avait encore couvert l’espace méditerranéen. Voilà chose faite avec cet ouvrage dont l’objectif est de présenter en 150 pages l’ensemble des architectures monumentales de la Préhistoire récente méditerranéenne. Sa principale originalité est d’aborder la totalité de l’espace choisi (de l’Andalousie à la Palestine, du sud de la France à la Tunisie) et dans une large échelle de temps (du Néolithique moyen à l’Âge du Fer). Ce grand espace-temps archéologique est bien connu de l’auteur, Jean Guilaine, professeur au Collège de France, qui a également dirigé plusieurs séminaires consacrés au mégalithisme.</p> <p><em>Méditerranée mégalithique </em>est publié par une toute nouvelle maison d’édition dont la collection <em>Archéologie Vivante</em> propose des ouvrages de vulgarisation sur de grands thèmes de l’archéologie. La démarche adoptée ici est donc essentiellement descriptive : il s’agit avant tout d’exposer les formes et techniques architecturales, les mobiliers et restes funéraires associés ainsi que les contextes chrono-culturels qui caractérisent ces monuments, ceci afin de « mieux faire connaître et aimer ce patrimoine » (p. 4). Les questions les plus sensibles, comme les significations sociales et religieuses des tombeaux et « temples », ne sont que brièvement abordées, l’auteur se limitant à une présentation synthétique des principales interprétations actuelles.</p> <p>L’ouvrage, illustré de très nombreuses photographies en couleurs, se compose de six chapitres thématiques. Le premier (<em>Une histoire du mégalithisme</em>, p. 7-32) constitue une introduction historique et méthodologique. Jean Guilaine retrace l’historique des recherches et rappelle, pour mieux le critiquer, le courant de pensée diffusionniste qui, du dix-neuvième au début du vingtième siècle, voyait le mégalithisme européen comme un phénomène homogène résultant d’un mouvement colonisateur issu de Mycènes ou du Proche ou Moyen Orient. À partir des années 1950, les méthodes de datation au radiocarbone ont bouleversé les débats en montrant, d’une part, la grande ancienneté des mégalithes de l’ouest méditerranéen (antérieurs aux monuments mycéniens) et, d’autre part, la complexité des chronologies régionales : de nombreuses traditions mégalithiques sont le résultat d’évolutions locales et non l’apport extérieur d’un courant de diffusion unique et homogène. Jean Guilaine présente ensuite un modèle d’évolution en trois étapes principales (proto-mégalithique, dolménique simple, dolménique élaborée) et précise les contextes sociaux et religieux qui ont favorisé l’émergence de ces constructions monumentales préhistoriques.</p> <p>Le deuxième chapitre (<em>Dolmens en Méditerranée</em>, p. 33-82) dresse un panorama des tombeaux mégalithiques méditerranéens en suivant le schéma chronologique présenté au chapitre précédent. Sont décrits en premier lieu les ensembles « proto-mégalithiques » (première moitié du cinquième millénaire) représentés principalement par les tombes en coffre et tumulus circulaire de Catalogne (Camp del Ginèbre, Tavertet), de Sardaigne (Li Muri) et de Corse (Monte Revincu). Les premières chambres mégalithiques (ou « dolmens ») sont élaborées entre 4300 et 3500 avant notre ère dans le nord-ouest du bassin méditerranéen : Sardaigne (Laconi), Corse (Monte Revincu), Pyrénées orientales, Andalousie (Alberite). À partir du milieu du quatrième millénaire, les constructions de tombeaux mégalithiques se multiplient en même temps qu’augmente le nombre des morts qu’ils abritent. La taille des monuments s’accroît elle aussi, en particulier en Andalousie où apparaissent de très grandes tombes à couloir de plusieurs dizaines de mètres de développement : dolmens de Soto, Viera et Menga ; tholos de Romeral et de Los Millares. La monumentalité funéraire ne se limite pas à la moitié ouest du bassin méditerranéen : Jean Guilaine rappelle que, dans la seconde moitié du quatrième millénaire, d’autres foyers significatifs se sont développés au Levant, notamment en Jordanie (nécropole d’Ala Safat), ainsi qu’en Bulgarie. L’auteur précise cependant que les deux ensembles mégalithiques à l’ouest et à l’est de la Méditerranée, bien que contemporains, appartiennent à des phases historiques distinctes (respectivement Néolithique et Age du Bronze) et constituent « deux sphères culturelles indépendantes » (p. 81).</p> <p>Les très célèbres « temples » mégalithiques de Malte font l’objet d’un chapitre à part (p. 83-98). Après un historique des recherches, Jean Guilaine décrit les formes architecturales de ces monuments exceptionnels datés au radiocarbone de 3700 à 2500 avant notre ère. Si le site de Mnaidra constitue un exemple d’architecture classique (plan typique « en trèfle »), les temples de Ggantija et Tarxien présentent plusieurs phases de construction et divers remaniements. La question de la finalité exacte de ces monuments demeure non résolue (lieux de culte, cérémoniel, social, politique?) comme celle de leur soudain abandon au milieu du troisième millénaire.</p> <p>Les tombes hypogées, chambres funéraires creusées dans le substrat rocheux, sont traitées dans le quatrième chapitre de l’ouvrage (<em>Terres d’hypogées</em>, p. 99-118). Ces monuments, très nombreux et largement répartis dans l’espace méditerranéen, constituent la seconde grande famille de sépultures monumentales à côté des tombes mégalithiques. C’est en Méditerranée centrale que sont connus les plus anciens hypogées et que cette forme d’architecture funéraire a été le plus aboutie : Sardaigne (cultures de Bonu Ighinu et Ozieri, 4500 à 3500 avant notre ère), Pouilles (culture de Serra d’Alto, 4500 avant notre ère), Malte (hypogées de Hal Saflieni et cercle Brochtorff, Néolithique final), Sicile (nécropole de Castelluccio, Age du Bronze ancien). D’autres foyers sont cependant connus de l’Andalousie à la Palestine en passant par les Baléares et le sud de la France.</p> <p>Le cinquième chapitre (<em>Les mégalithismes méditerranéens tardifs</em>, p. 119-144) s’intéresse aux monuments érigés de l’Age du Bronze jusqu’aux derniers siècles avant notre ère. Ces ultimes manifestations du mégalithisme ne sont pas les moins monumentales : les blocs utilisés pour les « tombes de géants » de Sardaigne ou les « navetas » et « taulas » des Baléares mesurent souvent plusieurs mètres de longueur. Le panorama s’achève sur la rive sud de la Méditerranée, avec les dolmens du Maghreb attribués au sixième siècle avant notre ère.</p> <p>La question du décor des tombes mégalithiques ibériques, des hypogées sardes et des temples maltais est hélas survolée dans les deux pages qui constituent le dernier chapitre de l’ouvrage (<em>L’art mégalithique</em>, p. 145-146). En conclusion (p. 147-152), Jean Guilaine rappelle les différentes phases d’évolution du mégalithisme méditerranéen et insiste sur sa diversité dans l’espace et le temps. Ce mégalithisme n’est ni un phénomène homogène ni une fin en soi : il n’est qu’un moyen utilisé indépendamment par différentes sociétés préhistoriques afin de répondre à de mêmes exigences sociales, symboliques et religieuses.</p> <p>Écrit dans une langue claire et accessible, cet ouvrage atteint son objectif et offre au lecteur une bonne présentation à la fois chronologique et spatiale des différentes architectures monumentales construites à la fin de la Préhistoire sur l’ensemble de la Méditerranée, Afrique du Nord et Proche-Orient compris. Une des principales qualité de l’ouvrage réside dans les très nombreuses photographies couleur (212 pour un livre de 150 pages), dont une vingtaine figurent en pleine page ou double page. Ces clichés donnent à voir les grands sites classiques mais également des monuments moins connus, comme les dolmens avec dalles à hublot de Ala Safat en Jordanie. Il faut également souligner le souci de Jean Guilaine d’introduire régulièrement la question du contexte social (et non seulement culturel) dans la définition et la présentation des monuments, suivant en cela l’approche d’Alain Gallay (2006).</p> <p>Une des faiblesses de l’ouvrage tient dans son titre même qui englobe sous le vocable « mégalithique » l’ensemble des monuments traités. Contrairement à la synthèse de Laurent Jacques Costa (2008), qui couvre une partie moindre de la Méditerranée, le présent livre accorde une part importante à des monuments <em>non</em> mégalithiques : les hypogées (dans lesquels l’adjonction de grandes dalles est très rare) et les coffres funéraires « pré-mégalithiques ». De plus, <em>tous</em> les monuments mégalithiques ne sont pas abordés : sont exclus de l’inventaire les sites de pierres dressées (p. 5), mégalithes par excellence dont la Méditerranée compte de fameux exemples (ex : alignements de Cauria, Corse, ou de Pranu Muttedu, Sardaigne). Ces choix, par ailleurs tout à fait justifiés et pertinents, ne sont pas bien retranscrits dans l’intitulé de l’ouvrage. Autre problème terminologique, l’opposition établie par Jean Guilaine entre fonction « funéraire » ou « sépulcrale » d’une part et fonction « cultuelle » ou « cérémonielle » d’autre part (ex. p. 5, 73 et 83) n’est pas toujours pertinente car ces notions ne sont pas exclusives l’une de l’autre : on ne peut exclure la tenue de cérémonies religieuses au sein de l’espace funéraire d’un dolmen ou d’un hypogée (la présence d’art pariétal et mobilier, de banquettes et de dépôts réguliers indique plutôt le contraire).</p> <p>Certaines caractéristiques essentielles à tout ouvrage de synthèse en archéologie font curieusement défaut à <em>Méditerranée mégalithique</em>. Premièrement, l’omniprésence de la photographie contraste avec une absence totale d’autres formes de documents graphiques : l’ouvrage ne compte aucune carte géographique (ce qui aurait été pourtant très utile pour illustrer la distribution dans l’espace et le temps des multiples traditions monumentales), aucun plan ou section de monument (ceux qui ne le connaissent pas devront imaginer le plan « en trèfle » des temples maltais), ni tableaux chronologiques. Deuxièmement, aucun renvoi bibliographique n’apparaît dans le corps de texte et le lecteur devra parcourir l’« orientation bibliographique » en fin d’ouvrage (p. 153-155) pour retrouver les références d’auteurs mentionnés dans le texte. Quelques-uns, dont les idées et travaux sont cités dans l’argumentation (ex : V.G. Childe, p. 7 ; E. Cartailhac, p. 9 ; M. Sohn, p. 23), ne figurent même pas dans la bibliographie. Seuls certains encadrés thématiques indiquent quelques références bibliographiques et font ainsi curieusement exception. Ces lacunes iconographiques et bibliographiques, inhabituelles dans les ouvrages de Jean Guilaine, sont-elles un choix éditorial imposé à l’auteur ?</p> <p>Tombes mégalithiques et hypogées sont traités dans des chapitres distincts, certainement dans un souci pédagogique que l’on comprendra aisément. Cependant, l’ouvrage omet de préciser que ces deux traditions architecturales ont souvent cohabité sur de mêmes territoires, comme en Catalogne, en Sardaigne ou à Malte. La question des relations entre mégalithisme et hypogéisme méditerranéens, récemment abordée lors d’une rencontre scientifique (Cámara Serrano <em>et al. </em>2010), aurait mérité un traitement particulier dans le cadre de cet ouvrage dont le « fondement » annoncé est justement le « binôme dolmens / hypogées » (p. 5). Enfin, de ce panorama exhaustif nous pouvons regretter l’absence du site de Göbekli Tepe (Turquie – seulement évoqué brièvement p. 83), premier « temple » mégalithique de Méditerranée (9000 avant J.C.) et certainement l’un des monuments préhistoriques les plus remarquables du monde par son décor animalier sculpté.</p> <p>Le sujet traité est vaste et l’exercice de la synthèse impose nécessairement des limites. On ne peut, en 150 pages, tout dire sur un matériau aussi riche et complexe et il faut faire des choix. L’organisation du propos, à la fois chronologique et spatiale, est efficace ; le contenu des chapitres thématiques est à la fois substantiel et accessible, tout en évitant le catalogage ennuyeux. On retiendra donc surtout les qualités pédagogiques de ce livre de vulgarisation qui en font une excellente introduction à la thématique, à recommander en particulier aux étudiants de premier cycle.</p> <p><em>Références citées</em> :</p> <ul> <li>Cámara Serrano, J.A., Afonso Marrero, J.A., Spanedda, L. (eds) 2010. <em>Links between megalithism and hypogeism in western Mediterranean Europe.</em> Oxford : Archaeopress.</li> <li>Costa, L.J. 2008. <em>Mégalithismes insulaires en Méditerranée : dolmens et menhirs de Corse, Sardaigne, Baléares et Malte.</em> Paris : Errance.</li> <li>Gallay, A. 2006. <em>Les sociétés mégalithiques. Pouvoir des hommes, mémoire des morts.</em> Lausanne : Presses polytechniques et universitaires romandes.</li> </ul> <p> </p> <p><em>Guillaume Robin — UMR 7269, LaMPEA</em> — <a href="mailto:guillaume.robin@netcourrier.com">guillaume.robin@netcourrier.com</a></p> <div class="wp-about-author-containter-top" style="background-color:#FFEAA8;"><div class="wp-about-author-pic"><img alt='' src='https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/4d8f237084a4adf043d1ef9cc547eabe?s=100&d=mm&r=g' srcset='https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/4d8f237084a4adf043d1ef9cc547eabe?s=200&d=mm&r=g 2x' class='avatar avatar-100 photo' height='100' width='100' /></div><div class="wp-about-author-text" style="margin-left:140px"><h3><a href='https://pm.hypotheses.org/author/renault' title='renault'>renault</a></h3><p></p><p><a href='https://pm.hypotheses.org/author/renault' title='More posts by renault'>More Posts</a> </p></div></div> </div> </article> </main> </div> <aside id="secondary" class="widget-area" aria-label="Colonne latérale du blog"> <section id="search-1" class="widget widget_search"> <form role="search" method="get" class="search-form" action="https://pm.hypotheses.org/"> <label for="search-form-1"> <span class="screen-reader-text"> Recherche pour : </span> </label> <input type="search" id="search-form-1" class="search-field" placeholder="Recherche…" value="" name="s" /> <button type="submit" class="search-submit"><svg class="icon icon-search" aria-hidden="true" role="img"> <use href="#icon-search" xlink:href="#icon-search"></use> </svg><span class="screen-reader-text"> Recherche </span></button> </form> </section><section id="text-3" class="widget widget_text"> <div class="textwidget">L’équipe de rédaction de la revue "Préhistoires méditerranéennes" ouvre un espace d’informations scientifiques "Les Chroniques de Préhméd". 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