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id="bodyContent" class="content"> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><script>function mfTempOpenSection(id){var block=document.getElementById("mf-section-"+id);block.className+=" open-block";block.previousSibling.className+=" open-block";}</script><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><section class="mf-section-0" id="mf-section-0"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the Senate of the Italian Republic. For the Senate of the Kingdom of Italy, see <a href="/wiki/Senate_of_the_Kingdom_of_Italy" title="Senate of the Kingdom of Italy">Senate of the Kingdom of Italy</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Senate_of_the_Republic_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Senate of the Republic (disambiguation)">Senate of the Republic</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><p>The <b>Senate of the Republic</b> (<a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a>: <i lang="it">Senato della Repubblica</i>), or simply the <b>Senate</b> (Italian: <i lang="it">Senato</i>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="it-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Italian" title="Help:IPA/Italian">[seˈnaːto]</a></span>), is the <a href="/wiki/Upper_house" title="Upper house">upper house</a> of the bicameral <a href="/wiki/Italian_Parliament" title="Italian Parliament">Italian Parliament</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Lower_house" title="Lower house">lower house</a> being the <a href="/wiki/Chamber_of_Deputies_(Italy)" title="Chamber of Deputies (Italy)">Chamber of Deputies</a>. The two houses together form a perfect bicameral system, meaning they perform identical functions, but do so separately. Pursuant to the Articles 57, 58, and 59 of the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Italy" title="Constitution of Italy">Italian Constitution</a>, the Senate has 200 elective members, of which 196 are elected from Italian constituencies, and 4 from Italian citizens living abroad. Furthermore, a small number (currently 5) serve as <a href="/wiki/Senators_for_life_in_Italy" title="Senators for life in Italy">senators for life</a> (<i>senatori a vita</i>), either appointed or <i>ex officio</i>. It was established in its current form on 8 May 1948, but previously existed during the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy" title="Kingdom of Italy">Kingdom of Italy</a> as <i>Senato del Regno</i> (<a href="/wiki/Senate_of_the_Kingdom_of_Italy" title="Senate of the Kingdom of Italy">Senate of the Kingdom</a>), itself a continuation of the <i>Senato Subalpino</i> (<a href="/wiki/Subalpine_Senate" title="Subalpine Senate">Subalpine Senate</a>) of Sardinia established on 8 May 1848. Members of the Senate are styled <i><a href="/wiki/Senator" class="mw-redirect" title="Senator">Senator</a></i> or <i><a href="/wiki/The_Honourable" title="The Honourable">The Honourable</a> Senator</i> (Italian: <i>Onorevole Senatore</i>)<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and they meet at <a href="/wiki/Palazzo_Madama,_Rome" title="Palazzo Madama, Rome">Palazzo Madama</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a>. </p><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 125%; border-top: 2px solid #B80000; border-bottom: 2px solid #B80000"><div style="display:inline" class="fn org">Senate of the Republic</div> <br><div style="display:inline" class="nickname"><span title="Italian-language text"><i lang="it">Senato della Repubblica</i></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><a href="/wiki/Legislature_XIX_of_Italy" title="Legislature XIX of Italy">19th legislature</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_members_of_the_Senate_of_Italy,_2022%E2%80%93present" title="List of members of the Senate of Italy, 2022–present">list</a>)</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Logo_Senato_della_Repubblica.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Logo_Senato_della_Repubblica.png/200px-Logo_Senato_della_Repubblica.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Logo_Senato_della_Repubblica.png/300px-Logo_Senato_della_Repubblica.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Logo_Senato_della_Repubblica.png/400px-Logo_Senato_della_Repubblica.png 2x" data-file-width="427" data-file-height="234"></a></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="border-top: 2px solid #B80000; border-bottom: 2px solid #B80000">Type</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Type</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="padding:0.1em 0;line-height:1.3em;"><div style="display:inline" class="category"><a href="/wiki/Upper_house" title="Upper house">Upper house</a></div> of the <a href="/wiki/Italian_Parliament" title="Italian Parliament">Italian Parliament</a> </div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="border-top: 2px solid #B80000; border-bottom: 2px solid #B80000">Leadership</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_Senate_(Italy)" class="mw-redirect" title="List of presidents of the Senate (Italy)">President</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; line-height:1.3em"><a href="/wiki/Ignazio_La_Russa" title="Ignazio La Russa">Ignazio La Russa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brothers_of_Italy" title="Brothers of Italy">FdI</a> <br>since 13 October 2022 </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; line-height:1.3em">Vice Presidents</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; line-height:1.3em"><a href="/wiki/Licia_Ronzulli" title="Licia Ronzulli">Licia Ronzulli</a> (<a href="/wiki/Forza_Italia_(2013)" title="Forza Italia (2013)">FI</a>)<br><a href="/wiki/Gian_Marco_Centinaio" title="Gian Marco Centinaio">Gian Marco Centinaio</a> (<a href="/wiki/Lega_(political_party)" title="Lega (political party)">Lega</a>)<br><a href="/wiki/Anna_Rossomando" title="Anna Rossomando">Anna Rossomando</a> (<a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(Italy)" title="Democratic Party (Italy)">PD</a>)<br><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maria_Domenica_Castellone&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Maria Domenica Castellone (page does not exist)">Maria Domenica Castellone</a> (<a href="/wiki/Five_Star_Movement" title="Five Star Movement">M5S</a>) <br>since 19 October 2022 </div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="border-top: 2px solid #B80000; border-bottom: 2px solid #B80000">Structure</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Seats</th><td class="infobox-data">205 (200 elected + 5 <a href="/wiki/Senators_for_life_in_Italy" title="Senators for life in Italy">senators for life</a>)</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Senate_of_the_Republic_current.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Senate_of_the_Republic_current.svg/250px-Senate_of_the_Republic_current.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="128" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Senate_of_the_Republic_current.svg/375px-Senate_of_the_Republic_current.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Senate_of_the_Republic_current.svg/500px-Senate_of_the_Republic_current.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="360" data-file-height="185"></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Political groups</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><b><a href="/wiki/Meloni_Cabinet" class="mw-redirect" title="Meloni Cabinet">Government</a> (120)</b> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#03386A; color:white;border:1px solid silver;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Brothers_of_Italy" title="Brothers of Italy">FdI</a> (63)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#008000; color:white;border:1px solid silver;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Lega_(political_party)" title="Lega (political party)">Lega</a>–<a href="/wiki/Sardinian_Action_Party" title="Sardinian Action Party">PSd'Az</a> (29)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#0087DC; color:black;border:1px solid silver;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Forza_Italia_(2013)" title="Forza Italia (2013)">FI</a> (20)</li> <li><span class="nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#2149a7; color:white;border:1px solid silver;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Civics_of_Italy" title="Civics of Italy">CdI–UdC–NM–MAIE–CP</a> (7)</span><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#DCDCDC; color:black;border:1px solid silver;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Mixed_Group" title="Mixed Group">Mixed</a> (1)<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p><b>Opposition (85)</b> </p> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#EF1C27; color:black;border:1px solid silver;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_%E2%80%93_Democratic_and_Progressive_Italy" title="Democratic Party – Democratic and Progressive Italy">PD–IDP</a> (37)<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#FFEB3B; color:black;border:1px solid silver;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Five_Star_Movement" title="Five Star Movement">M5S</a> (26)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#D6418C; color:black;border:1px solid silver;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Italia_Viva" title="Italia Viva">IV</a> (7)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#FF8581; color:black;border:1px solid silver;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/For_the_Autonomies" title="For the Autonomies">Aut</a> (6)<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>d<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#DCDCDC; color:black;border:1px solid silver;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Mixed_Group" title="Mixed Group">Mixed</a> (9)<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>f<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="border-top: 2px solid #B80000; border-bottom: 2px solid #B80000">Elections</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Electoral_system" title="Electoral system">Voting system</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Parallel_voting" title="Parallel voting">Parallel voting</a>: 74 <a href="/wiki/First-past-the-post_voting" title="First-past-the-post voting">FPTP</a> seats, 126 <a href="/wiki/Party-list_proportional_representation" title="Party-list proportional representation">PR</a> seats with 3% <a href="/wiki/Electoral_threshold" title="Electoral threshold">electoral threshold</a> (<a href="/wiki/D%27Hondt_method" title="D'Hondt method">D'Hondt method</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Last election</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/2022_Italian_general_election" title="2022 Italian general election">25 September 2022</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Next election</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Next_Italian_general_election" title="Next Italian general election">No later than 2027</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="border-top: 2px solid #B80000; border-bottom: 2px solid #B80000">Meeting place</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Aula_palazzo_madama.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Aula_palazzo_madama.jpg/220px-Aula_palazzo_madama.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Aula_palazzo_madama.jpg/330px-Aula_palazzo_madama.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Aula_palazzo_madama.jpg/440px-Aula_palazzo_madama.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448"></a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data label"><a href="/wiki/Palazzo_Madama,_Rome" title="Palazzo Madama, Rome">Palazzo Madama</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="border-top: 2px solid #B80000; border-bottom: 2px solid #B80000">Website</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.senato.it/home">www<wbr></wbr>.senato<wbr></wbr>.it<wbr></wbr>/home</a></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl 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role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span></div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Composition"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Composition</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2"><a href="#Electoral_system_and_election_of_the_Senate"><span class="tocnumber">1.1</span> <span class="toctext">Electoral system and election of the Senate</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3"><a href="#Reform_proposals"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Reform proposals</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4"><a href="#Membership"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Membership</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-5"><a href="#Presidents"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Presidents</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-6"><a href="#Historical_composition"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">Historical composition</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7"><a href="#Since_1994"><span class="tocnumber">5.1</span> <span class="toctext">Since 1994</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-8"><a href="#Palazzo_Madama"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">Palazzo Madama</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-9"><a href="#See_also"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-10"><a href="#Notes"><span class="tocnumber">8</span> <span class="toctext">Notes</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-11"><a href="#References"><span class="tocnumber">9</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-12"><a href="#External_links"><span class="tocnumber">10</span> <span class="toctext">External links</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Composition">Composition</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Senate_of_the_Republic_(Italy)&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Composition" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Italian_senators.png" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Italian_senators.png/220px-Italian_senators.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="285" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1632" data-file-height="2112"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 285px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Italian_senators.png/220px-Italian_senators.png" data-width="220" data-height="285" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Italian_senators.png/330px-Italian_senators.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Italian_senators.png/440px-Italian_senators.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a><figcaption>Number of senators assigned to each Region before 2020.</figcaption></figure> <p>Article 57 of the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Italy" title="Constitution of Italy">Constitution of Italy</a> originally established that the Senate of the Republic was to be elected on a regional basis by Italian citizens aged 25 or older (unlike the <a href="/wiki/Chamber_of_Deputies_(Italy)" title="Chamber of Deputies (Italy)">Chamber of the Deputies</a>, which was elected on a national basis and by all Italian citizens aged 18 or older). No region could have less than 7 senators, except for the two smallest regions: <a href="/wiki/Aosta_Valley" title="Aosta Valley">Aosta Valley</a> (1 senator) and <a href="/wiki/Molise" title="Molise">Molise</a> (2 senators). From 2006 to 2020, 6 out of 315 senators (and 12 out of 630 deputies) were elected by <a href="/wiki/Overseas_constituencies_of_Italian_Parliament" class="mw-redirect" title="Overseas constituencies of Italian Parliament">Italians residing abroad</a>. </p><p>After two constitutional amendments were passed respectively in 2020 (by <a href="/wiki/2020_Italian_constitutional_referendum" title="2020 Italian constitutional referendum">constitutional referendum</a>) and 2021, however, there have been changes. The Senate is still elected on a regional basis, but the number of senators was reduced from 315 to 200, who are now elected by all citizens aged 18 or older, just like deputies (themselves being reduced from 630 to 400). Italians residing abroad now elect 4 senators (and 8 deputies). </p><p>The remaining 196 senators are assigned to each region proportionally according to their population. The amended Article 57 of the Constitution provides that no region can have fewer than 3 senators representing it, barring Aosta Valley and Molise, which retained 1 and 2 senators respectively. </p> <table class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:left"> <tbody><tr> <th>Region </th> <th>Seats </th></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Flag_of_Abruzzo.svg/23px-Flag_of_Abruzzo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="341"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Flag_of_Abruzzo.svg/23px-Flag_of_Abruzzo.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="23" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Flag_of_Abruzzo.svg/35px-Flag_of_Abruzzo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Flag_of_Abruzzo.svg/45px-Flag_of_Abruzzo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Abruzzo" title="Abruzzo">Abruzzo</a> </td> <td>4 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Flag_of_Valle_d%27Aosta.svg/23px-Flag_of_Valle_d%27Aosta.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Flag_of_Valle_d%27Aosta.svg/23px-Flag_of_Valle_d%27Aosta.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="23" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Flag_of_Valle_d%27Aosta.svg/35px-Flag_of_Valle_d%27Aosta.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Flag_of_Valle_d%27Aosta.svg/45px-Flag_of_Valle_d%27Aosta.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Aosta_Valley" title="Aosta Valley">Aosta Valley</a> </td> <td>1 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Flag_of_Apulia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Apulia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Flag_of_Apulia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Apulia.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="23" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Flag_of_Apulia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Apulia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Flag_of_Apulia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Apulia.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Apulia" title="Apulia">Apulia</a> </td> <td>13 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_Basilicata.svg/23px-Flag_of_Basilicata.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="890" data-file-height="593"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_Basilicata.svg/23px-Flag_of_Basilicata.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="23" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_Basilicata.svg/35px-Flag_of_Basilicata.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_Basilicata.svg/45px-Flag_of_Basilicata.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Basilicata" title="Basilicata">Basilicata</a> </td> <td>3 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Flag_of_Calabria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Calabria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1037" data-file-height="692"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Flag_of_Calabria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Calabria.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="23" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Flag_of_Calabria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Calabria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Flag_of_Calabria.svg/45px-Flag_of_Calabria.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Calabria" title="Calabria">Calabria</a> </td> <td>6 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Flag_of_Campania.svg/23px-Flag_of_Campania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="341"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Flag_of_Campania.svg/23px-Flag_of_Campania.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="23" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Flag_of_Campania.svg/35px-Flag_of_Campania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Flag_of_Campania.svg/45px-Flag_of_Campania.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Campania" title="Campania">Campania</a> </td> <td>18 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Emilia-Romagna_%28de_facto%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Emilia-Romagna_%28de_facto%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="341"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Emilia-Romagna_%28de_facto%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Emilia-Romagna_%28de_facto%29.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="23" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Emilia-Romagna_%28de_facto%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Emilia-Romagna_%28de_facto%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Emilia-Romagna_%28de_facto%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Emilia-Romagna_%28de_facto%29.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Emilia-Romagna" title="Emilia-Romagna">Emilia-Romagna</a> </td> <td>14 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Flag_of_Friuli-Venezia_Giulia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Friuli-Venezia_Giulia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Flag_of_Friuli-Venezia_Giulia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Friuli-Venezia_Giulia.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="23" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Flag_of_Friuli-Venezia_Giulia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Friuli-Venezia_Giulia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Flag_of_Friuli-Venezia_Giulia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Friuli-Venezia_Giulia.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Friuli-Venezia_Giulia" title="Friuli-Venezia Giulia">Friuli Venezia Giulia</a> </td> <td>4 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Flag_of_Lazio.svg/23px-Flag_of_Lazio.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1649" data-file-height="1101"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Flag_of_Lazio.svg/23px-Flag_of_Lazio.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="23" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Flag_of_Lazio.svg/35px-Flag_of_Lazio.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Flag_of_Lazio.svg/45px-Flag_of_Lazio.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Lazio" title="Lazio">Lazio</a> </td> <td>18 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Liguria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Liguria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Liguria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Liguria.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="23" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Liguria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Liguria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Liguria.svg/45px-Flag_of_Liguria.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Liguria" title="Liguria">Liguria</a> </td> <td>5 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Flag_of_Lombardy.svg/23px-Flag_of_Lombardy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Flag_of_Lombardy.svg/23px-Flag_of_Lombardy.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="23" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Flag_of_Lombardy.svg/35px-Flag_of_Lombardy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Flag_of_Lombardy.svg/45px-Flag_of_Lombardy.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Lombardy" title="Lombardy">Lombardy</a> </td> <td>31 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Flag_of_Marche.svg/23px-Flag_of_Marche.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Flag_of_Marche.svg/23px-Flag_of_Marche.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="23" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Flag_of_Marche.svg/35px-Flag_of_Marche.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Flag_of_Marche.svg/45px-Flag_of_Marche.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Marche" title="Marche">Marche</a> </td> <td>5 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Molise.svg/23px-Flag_of_Molise.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Molise.svg/23px-Flag_of_Molise.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="23" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Molise.svg/35px-Flag_of_Molise.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Molise.svg/45px-Flag_of_Molise.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Molise" title="Molise">Molise</a> </td> <td>2 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Flag_of_Piedmont.svg/23px-Flag_of_Piedmont.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="341"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Flag_of_Piedmont.svg/23px-Flag_of_Piedmont.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="23" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Flag_of_Piedmont.svg/35px-Flag_of_Piedmont.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Flag_of_Piedmont.svg/45px-Flag_of_Piedmont.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Piedmont" title="Piedmont">Piedmont</a> </td> <td>14 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Flag_of_Sardinia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Sardinia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="895" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Flag_of_Sardinia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Sardinia.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="23" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Flag_of_Sardinia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Sardinia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Flag_of_Sardinia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Sardinia.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Sardinia" title="Sardinia">Sardinia</a> </td> <td>5 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Sicily_%28revised%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Sicily_%28revised%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="530"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Sicily_%28revised%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Sicily_%28revised%29.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="23" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Sicily_%28revised%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Sicily_%28revised%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Sicily_%28revised%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Sicily_%28revised%29.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Sicily" title="Sicily">Sicily</a> </td> <td>16 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Flag_of_Trentino-South_Tyrol.svg/23px-Flag_of_Trentino-South_Tyrol.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Flag_of_Trentino-South_Tyrol.svg/23px-Flag_of_Trentino-South_Tyrol.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="23" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Flag_of_Trentino-South_Tyrol.svg/35px-Flag_of_Trentino-South_Tyrol.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Flag_of_Trentino-South_Tyrol.svg/45px-Flag_of_Trentino-South_Tyrol.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Trentino-Alto_Adige/S%C3%BCdtirol" title="Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol">Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol</a> </td> <td>6 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Tuscany.svg/23px-Flag_of_Tuscany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="648" data-file-height="432"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Tuscany.svg/23px-Flag_of_Tuscany.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="23" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Tuscany.svg/35px-Flag_of_Tuscany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Tuscany.svg/45px-Flag_of_Tuscany.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Tuscany" title="Tuscany">Tuscany</a> </td> <td>12 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Flag_of_Umbria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Umbria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Flag_of_Umbria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Umbria.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="23" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Flag_of_Umbria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Umbria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Flag_of_Umbria.svg/45px-Flag_of_Umbria.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Umbria" title="Umbria">Umbria</a> </td> <td>3 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Flag_of_Veneto.svg/23px-Flag_of_Veneto.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1163" data-file-height="776"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Flag_of_Veneto.svg/23px-Flag_of_Veneto.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="23" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Flag_of_Veneto.svg/35px-Flag_of_Veneto.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Flag_of_Veneto.svg/45px-Flag_of_Veneto.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Veneto" title="Veneto">Veneto</a> </td> <td>16 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Overseas_constituencies_of_Italian_Parliament" class="mw-redirect" title="Overseas constituencies of Italian Parliament">Overseas constituencies</a> </td> <td>4 </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <a href="/wiki/List_of_senators_for_life_in_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="List of senators for life in Italy">senators for life</a> are composed of former <a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_Italy" title="List of presidents of Italy">presidents of the Italian Republic</a> who hold office <i><a href="/wiki/Ex_officio" class="mw-redirect" title="Ex officio">ex officio</a></i>, and up to five citizens who are appointed by Presidents of Italy "for outstanding merits in the social, scientific, artistic or literary field". The current life senators are:<sup id="cite_ref-Four_new_life_senators_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Four_new_life_senators-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:left"> <tbody><tr> <th>Senator for life </th> <th>Appointment </th> <th>Since </th> <th>Parliamentary group </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Mario_Monti" title="Mario Monti">Mario Monti</a><br><small>Economist,</small> <small>Former <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Italy" title="Prime Minister of Italy">Prime Minister</a></small> </td> <td rowspan="4">Appointed by <a href="/wiki/Giorgio_Napolitano" title="Giorgio Napolitano">Giorgio Napolitano</a> </td> <td>9 November 2011 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mixed_Group" title="Mixed Group">Mixed Group</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Elena_Cattaneo" title="Elena Cattaneo">Elena Cattaneo</a><br><small>Professor of <a href="/wiki/Pharmacology" title="Pharmacology">pharmacology</a></small> </td> <td rowspan="3">30 August 2013 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/For_the_Autonomies" title="For the Autonomies">For the Autonomies</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Renzo_Piano" title="Renzo Piano">Renzo Piano</a><br><small><a href="/wiki/Pritzker_Prize" class="mw-redirect" title="Pritzker Prize">Pritzker Prize</a>-winning <a href="/wiki/Architect" title="Architect">architect</a></small> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mixed_Group" title="Mixed Group">Mixed Group</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Carlo_Rubbia" title="Carlo Rubbia">Carlo Rubbia</a><br><small><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize" title="Nobel Prize">Nobel Prize</a>-winning particle <a href="/wiki/Physicist" title="Physicist">physicist</a> and <a href="/wiki/Inventor" class="mw-redirect" title="Inventor">inventor</a></small> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/For_the_Autonomies" title="For the Autonomies">For the Autonomies</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Liliana_Segre" title="Liliana Segre">Liliana Segre</a><br><small><a href="/wiki/Holocaust" class="mw-redirect" title="Holocaust">Holocaust</a> survivor</small> </td> <td>Appointed by <a href="/wiki/Sergio_Mattarella" title="Sergio Mattarella">Sergio Mattarella</a> </td> <td>19 January 2018 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mixed_Group" title="Mixed Group">Mixed Group</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The current term of the Senate is five years, except for senators for life that hold their office for their lifetime. Until a Constitutional change on 9 February 1963, the Senate was elected for six-year terms. The Senate may be dissolved before the expiration of its normal term by the president of the Republic (e.g. when no government can obtain a majority). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Electoral_system_and_election_of_the_Senate">Electoral system and election of the Senate</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Senate_of_the_Republic_(Italy)&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Electoral system and election of the Senate" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Italian_electoral_law_of_2017" title="Italian electoral law of 2017">Italian electoral law of 2017</a></div> <p>According to article 58 of the Italian constitution, Italian citizens aged 18 onwards (until 2021 25 years) are enabled to vote for the Senate.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Electoral_system" title="Electoral system">electoral system</a> is a <a href="/wiki/Parallel_voting" title="Parallel voting">parallel voting system</a>, with 37% of seats allocated using <a href="/wiki/First-past-the-post_voting" title="First-past-the-post voting">first-past-the-post voting</a> (FPTP) and 63% using <a href="/wiki/Proportional_representation" title="Proportional representation">proportional representation</a>, allocated with the <a href="/wiki/Largest_remainder_method" class="mw-redirect" title="Largest remainder method">largest remainder method</a>, with one round of voting. </p> <ul><li>The 200 elected senators are elected in: <ul><li>74 in single-member constituencies, by plurality;</li> <li>122 in multi-member constituencies, by regional proportional representation;</li> <li>4 in multi-member abroad constituencies, by constituency proportional representation.</li></ul></li></ul> <p>For Italian residents, each house members are elected by single ballots, including the constituency candidate and his/her supporting party lists. In each single-member constituency the deputy/senator is elected on a plurality basis, while the seats in multi-member constituencies will be allocated nationally. In order to be calculated in single-member constituency results, parties need to obtain at least 1% of the national vote. In order to receive seats in multi-member constituencies, parties need to obtain at least 3% of the national vote. Elects from multi-member constituencies will come from <a href="/wiki/Closed_list" title="Closed list">closed lists</a>. The single voting paper, containing both first-past-the-post candidates and the party lists, shows the names of the candidates to single-member constituencies and, in close conjunction with them, the symbols of the linked lists for the proportional part, each one with a list of the relative candidates. </p><p>Voters can cast their votes in three different ways: </p> <ul><li>Drawing a sign on the symbol of a list: in this case the vote extends to the candidate in the <a href="/wiki/Single-member_constituency" class="mw-redirect" title="Single-member constituency">single-member constituency</a> which is supported by that list.</li> <li>Drawing a sign on the name of the candidate of the single-member constituency and another one on the symbol of one list that supports them: the result is the same as that described above; it is not allowed, under penalty of annulment, the <a href="/wiki/Panachage" title="Panachage">panachage</a>, so the voter can not vote simultaneously for a candidate in the FPTP constituency and for a list which is not linked to them.</li> <li>Drawing a sign only on the name of the candidate for the FPTP constituency, without indicating any list: in this case, the vote is valid for the candidate in the single-member constituency and also automatically extended to the list that supports them; if that candidate is however connected to several lists, the vote is divided proportionally between them, based on the votes that each one has obtained in that constituency.</li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Reform_proposals">Reform proposals</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Senate_of_the_Republic_(Italy)&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Reform proposals" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> <p>In 2016, the Italian Parliament passed a constitutional law that "effectively abolishes the Senate as an elected chamber and sharply restricts its ability to veto legislation".<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The law was rejected on 4 December 2016 by a <a href="/wiki/Italian_constitutional_referendum,_2016" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian constitutional referendum, 2016">referendum</a>, leaving the Senate unchanged.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Membership">Membership</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Senate_of_the_Republic_(Italy)&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Membership" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_members_of_the_Senate_of_Italy,_2022%E2%80%93present" title="List of members of the Senate of Italy, 2022–present">List of members of the Senate of Italy, 2022–present</a></div> <p>The membership of the Senate following the <a href="/wiki/2022_Italian_general_election" title="2022 Italian general election">2022 Italian general election</a>: </p> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:right"> <caption> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" rowspan="1">Coalition </th> <th colspan="2" rowspan="1">Party </th> <th style="text-align:center;">Seats </th> <th style="text-align:center;">% </th></tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="#0A6BE1" rowspan="5"> </td> <td rowspan="5" style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Centre-right_coalition_(Italy)" title="Centre-right coalition (Italy)">Centre-right coalition</a> </td> <td bgcolor="#03386A"> </td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Brothers_of_Italy" title="Brothers of Italy">Brothers of Italy</a> (FdI) </td> <td>66 </td> <td>32.0 </td></tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="#008000"> </td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Lega_(political_party)" title="Lega (political party)">Lega</a> </td> <td>29 </td> <td>14.1 </td></tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="#0087DC"> </td> <td align="left"><span title="Italian-language text"><span lang="it" style="font-style: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Forza_Italia_(2013)" title="Forza Italia (2013)">Forza Italia</a></span></span> (FI) </td> <td>18 </td> <td>8.7 </td></tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="#2149a7"> </td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Us_Moderates" title="Us Moderates">Us Moderates</a> (NM) </td> <td>2 </td> <td>1.0 </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:left;"><b>Total seats</b> </td> <td><b>115</b> </td> <td><b>55.8</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="#EF3E3E" rowspan="3"> </td> <td rowspan="3" style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Centre-left_coalition_(Italy)" title="Centre-left coalition (Italy)">Centre-left coalition</a> </td> <td bgcolor="#E30613"> </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_%E2%80%93_Democratic_and_Progressive_Italy" title="Democratic Party – Democratic and Progressive Italy">Democratic Party – IDP</a> (PD–IDP) </td> <td>40 </td> <td>19.4 </td></tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="#BE3457"> </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Greens_and_Left_Alliance" title="Greens and Left Alliance">Greens–Left</a> (AVS) </td> <td>4 </td> <td>1.9 </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:left;"><b>Total seats</b> </td> <td><b>44</b> </td> <td><b>21.4</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="#FFEB3B"> </td> <td colspan="3" style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Five_Star_Movement" title="Five Star Movement">Five Star Movement</a> (M5S) </td> <td><b>28</b> </td> <td><b>13.6</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="#243683"> </td> <td colspan="3" style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Action_%E2%80%93_Italia_Viva" title="Action – Italia Viva">Action – Italia Viva</a> (A–IV) </td> <td><b>9</b> </td> <td><b>4.4</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="#231F20"> </td> <td colspan="3" style="text-align:left;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/South_Tyrolean_People%27s_Party" title="South Tyrolean People's Party">South Tyrolean People's Party</a> – <a href="/wiki/Trentino_Tyrolean_Autonomist_Party" title="Trentino Tyrolean Autonomist Party">PATT</a> (SVP–PATT)</span> </td> <td><b>2</b> </td> <td><b>1.0</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="#F2AB14"> </td> <td colspan="3" style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/South_calls_North" title="South calls North">South calls North</a> (ScN) </td> <td><b>1</b> </td> <td><b>0.5</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="#333B8E"> </td> <td colspan="3" style="text-align:left;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Associative_Movement_of_Italians_Abroad" title="Associative Movement of Italians Abroad">Associative Movement of Italians Abroad</a> (MAIE)</span> </td> <td><b>1</b> </td> <td><b>0.5</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="#DCDCDC"> </td> <td colspan="3" style="text-align:left;"><i>Senators for life</i> </td> <td><b>6</b> </td> <td><b>2.9</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="4" style="text-align:left;"><b>Total</b> </td> <td><b>206</b> </td> <td><b>100</b> </td></tr></tbody></table> <table style="margin:0; border:none;"><tbody><tr><td style="border:none; padding:0;"><div class="notheme barbox" style="overflow-x: auto;"> <div style="border:1px solid silver; font-size:88%; padding:0.4em; width:425px; background: white; color: black;"> <table style="text-align:left; border-collapse:collapse; width:100%;"> <tbody><tr style="background:#ddd"><th style="text-align:center;" colspan="5">Popular vote (S)</th></tr> <tr style="font-size:88%; height:4px;"> <td colspan="2" style="padding:0 4px; text-align:left;"></td> <td style="width:700px; text-align:left;"></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding:0 4px; width:1em; text-align:right;"></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;"><a href="/wiki/Centre-right_coalition_(Italy)" title="Centre-right coalition (Italy)">CDX</a></td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:#0A6BE1; width:44.02%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">44.02%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;"><a href="/wiki/Centre-left_coalition_(Italy)" title="Centre-left coalition (Italy)">CSX</a></td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:#EF3E3E; width:25.99%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">25.99%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;"><a href="/wiki/Five_Star_Movement" title="Five Star Movement">M5S</a></td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:#FFEB3B; width:15.55%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">15.55%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;"><a href="/wiki/Action_%E2%80%93_Italia_Viva" title="Action – Italia Viva">A–IV</a></td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:#243683; width:7.73%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">7.73%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;">Others</td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:#DDDDBB; width:6.71%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">6.71%</td> </tr> </tbody></table> </div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table> <table style="margin:0; border:none;"><tbody><tr><td style="border:none; padding:0;"><div class="notheme barbox" style="overflow-x: auto;"> <div style="border:1px solid silver; font-size:88%; padding:0.4em; width:425px; background: white; color: black;"> <table style="text-align:left; border-collapse:collapse; width:100%;"> <tbody><tr style="background:#ddd"><th style="text-align:center;" colspan="5">Distribution of the 200 elective parliamentary seats (S)</th></tr> <tr style="font-size:88%; height:4px;"> <td colspan="2" style="padding:0 4px; text-align:left;"></td> <td style="width:700px; text-align:left;"></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding:0 4px; width:1em; text-align:right;"></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;"><a href="/wiki/Centre-right_coalition_(Italy)" title="Centre-right coalition (Italy)">CDX</a></td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:#0A6BE1; width:57.5%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">57.5%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;"><a href="/wiki/Centre-left_coalition_(Italy)" title="Centre-left coalition (Italy)">CSX</a></td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:#EF3E3E; width:22.0%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">22.0%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;"><a href="/wiki/Five_Star_Movement" title="Five Star Movement">M5S</a></td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:#FFEB3B; width:14.0%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">14.0%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;"><a href="/wiki/Action_%E2%80%93_Italia_Viva" title="Action – Italia Viva">A–IV</a></td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:#243683; width:4.5%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">4.5%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;">Others</td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:#DDDDBB; width:2.0%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">2.0%</td> </tr> </tbody></table> </div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Presidents">Presidents</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Senate_of_the_Republic_(Italy)&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Presidents" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_Senate_(Italy)" class="mw-redirect" title="List of presidents of the Senate (Italy)">List of presidents of the Senate (Italy)</a></div> <p>Under the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Italy" title="Constitution of Italy">current Constitution</a>, the Senate must hold its first sitting no later than 20 days after a general election. That session, presided by the oldest senator, proceeds to elect the president of the Senate for the following parliamentary period. On the first two attempts at voting, an absolute majority of all senators is needed; if a third round is needed, a candidate can be elected by an absolute majority of the senators present and voting. If this third round fails to produce a winner, a final ballot is held between the two senators with the highest votes in the previous ballot. In the case of a tie, the elder senator is deemed the winner. </p><p>In addition to overseeing the business of the chamber, chairing and regulating debates, deciding whether motions and bills are admissible, representing the Senate, etc., the president of the Senate stands in for the <a href="/wiki/President_of_Italy" title="President of Italy">president of the Republic</a> when the latter is unable to perform the duties of the office; in this case the Senate is headed by a vice president.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The current president of the Senate is <a href="/wiki/Ignazio_La_Russa" title="Ignazio La Russa">Ignazio La Russa</a>. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2">Name </th> <th>Period </th> <th>Legislature </th></tr> <tr align="center"> <td style="background:#FF8282;"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ivanoe_Bonomi" title="Ivanoe Bonomi">Ivanoe Bonomi</a> (<a href="/wiki/Italian_Democratic_Socialist_Party" title="Italian Democratic Socialist Party">PSDI</a>) </td> <td>8 May 1948 – 20 April 1951 </td> <td rowspan="4">I </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td style="background:#2975C2;"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Enrico_De_Nicola" title="Enrico De Nicola">Enrico De Nicola</a> (<a href="/wiki/Italian_Liberal_Party" title="Italian Liberal Party">PLI</a>) </td> <td>28 April 1951 – 24 June 1952 </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td style="background:#2975C2;"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Paratore" title="Giuseppe Paratore">Giuseppe Paratore</a> (<a href="/wiki/Italian_Liberal_Party" title="Italian Liberal Party">PLI</a>) </td> <td>26 June 1952 – 24 March 1953 </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td style="background:#DCDCDC;"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Meuccio_Ruini" title="Meuccio Ruini">Meuccio Ruini</a> (<a href="/wiki/Independent_politician" title="Independent politician">Independent</a>) </td> <td>25 March 1953 – 25 June 1953 </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td style="background:#DCDCDC;"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Cesare_Merzagora" title="Cesare Merzagora">Cesare Merzagora</a> (<a href="/wiki/Independent_politician" title="Independent politician">Independent</a>) </td> <td>25 June 1953 – 7 November 1967 </td> <td>II, III, IV </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td style="background:#87CEFA;"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ennio_Zelioli-Lanzini" title="Ennio Zelioli-Lanzini">Ennio Zelioli-Lanzini</a> (<a href="/wiki/Christian_Democracy_(Italy)" title="Christian Democracy (Italy)">DC</a>) </td> <td>8 November 1967 – 4 June 1968 </td> <td>IV </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td style="background:#87CEFA;"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Amintore_Fanfani" title="Amintore Fanfani">Amintore Fanfani</a> (<a href="/wiki/Christian_Democracy_(Italy)" title="Christian Democracy (Italy)">DC</a>) </td> <td>5 June 1968 – 26 June 1973 </td> <td>V, VI </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td style="background:#87CEFA;"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Spagnolli" title="Giovanni Spagnolli">Giovanni Spagnolli</a> (<a href="/wiki/Christian_Democracy_(Italy)" title="Christian Democracy (Italy)">DC</a>) </td> <td>27 June 1973 – 4 July 1976 </td> <td>VI </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td style="background:#87CEFA;"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Amintore_Fanfani" title="Amintore Fanfani">Amintore Fanfani</a> (<a href="/wiki/Christian_Democracy_(Italy)" title="Christian Democracy (Italy)">DC</a>) </td> <td>5 July 1976 – 1 December 1982 </td> <td>VII, VIII </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td style="background:#87CEFA;"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tommaso_Morlino" title="Tommaso Morlino">Tommaso Morlino</a> (<a href="/wiki/Christian_Democracy_(Italy)" title="Christian Democracy (Italy)">DC</a>) </td> <td>9 December 1982 – 6 May 1983 </td> <td rowspan="2">VIII </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td style="background:#87CEFA;"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Vittorino_Colombo" title="Vittorino Colombo">Vittorino Colombo</a> (<a href="/wiki/Christian_Democracy_(Italy)" title="Christian Democracy (Italy)">DC</a>) </td> <td>12 May 1983 – 11 July 1983 </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td style="background:#87CEFA;"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Francesco_Cossiga" title="Francesco Cossiga">Francesco Cossiga</a> (<a href="/wiki/Christian_Democracy_(Italy)" title="Christian Democracy (Italy)">DC</a>) </td> <td>12 July 1983 – 24 June 1985 </td> <td rowspan="3">IX </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td style="background:#87CEFA;"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Amintore_Fanfani" title="Amintore Fanfani">Amintore Fanfani</a> (<a href="/wiki/Christian_Democracy_(Italy)" title="Christian Democracy (Italy)">DC</a>) </td> <td>9 July 1985 – 17 April 1987 </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td style="background:#2975C2;"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Malagodi" title="Giovanni Malagodi">Giovanni Malagodi</a> (<a href="/wiki/Italian_Liberal_Party" title="Italian Liberal Party">PLI</a>) </td> <td>22 April 1987 – 1 July 1987 </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td style="background:#3CB371;"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Spadolini" title="Giovanni Spadolini">Giovanni Spadolini</a> (<a href="/wiki/Italian_Republican_Party" title="Italian Republican Party">PRI</a>) </td> <td>2 July 1987 – 14 April 1994 </td> <td>X, XI </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td style="background:#0087DC;"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Carlo_Scognamiglio" title="Carlo Scognamiglio">Carlo Scognamiglio</a> (<a href="/wiki/Forza_Italia" title="Forza Italia">FI</a>) </td> <td>16 April 1994 – 8 May 1996 </td> <td>XII </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td style="background:#87CEFA;"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Nicola_Mancino" title="Nicola Mancino">Nicola Mancino</a> (<a href="/wiki/Italian_People%27s_Party_(1994-2002)" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian People's Party (1994-2002)">PPI</a>) </td> <td>9 May 1996 – 30 May 2001 </td> <td>XIII </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td style="background:#0087DC;"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Marcello_Pera" title="Marcello Pera">Marcello Pera</a> (<a href="/wiki/Forza_Italia" title="Forza Italia">FI</a>) </td> <td>30 May 2001 – 27 April 2006 </td> <td>XIV </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td style="background:#EF1C27;"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Franco_Marini" title="Franco Marini">Franco Marini</a> (<a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(Italy)" title="Democratic Party (Italy)">PD</a>) </td> <td>29 April 2006 – 28 April 2008 </td> <td>XV </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td style="background:#0087DC;"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Renato_Schifani" title="Renato Schifani">Renato Schifani</a> (<a href="/wiki/The_People_of_Freedom" title="The People of Freedom">PdL</a>) </td> <td>29 April 2008 – 14 March 2013 </td> <td>XVI </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td style="background:#EF1C27;"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pietro_Grasso" title="Pietro Grasso">Pietro Grasso</a> (<a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(Italy)" title="Democratic Party (Italy)">PD</a>) </td> <td>16 March 2013 – 22 March 2018 </td> <td>XVII </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td style="background:#0087DC;"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Elisabetta_Casellati" title="Elisabetta Casellati">Elisabetta Casellati</a> (<a href="/wiki/Forza_Italia_(2013)" title="Forza Italia (2013)">FI</a>) </td> <td>24 March 2018 – 13 October 2022 </td> <td>XVIII </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td style="background:#03386A;"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ignazio_La_Russa" title="Ignazio La Russa">Ignazio La Russa</a> (<a href="/wiki/Brothers_of_Italy" title="Brothers of Italy">FdI</a>) </td> <td>13 October 2022 – Incumbent </td> <td>XIX </td></tr></tbody></table> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(5)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Historical_composition">Historical composition</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Senate_of_the_Republic_(Italy)&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Historical composition" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-5 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-5"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Since_1994">Since 1994</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Senate_of_the_Republic_(Italy)&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Since 1994" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <table class="wikitable" width="100%" style="border:solid #000000 1px;font-size:95%;"> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="2"> <table width="100%" style="font-size:90%;"> <tbody><tr> <td width="40"> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#A1292F; color:white;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Communist_Refoundation_Party" title="Communist Refoundation Party">PRC</a></div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#FC2D2D; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Party_of_Italian_Communists" title="Party of Italian Communists">PdCI</a>/<a href="/wiki/Together_with_the_Union" title="Together with the Union">IcU</a></div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#C72F35; color:white;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_of_the_Left" title="Democratic Party of the Left">PDS</a>/<a href="/wiki/Democrats_of_the_Left" title="Democrats of the Left">DS</a></div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#ED2855; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Italian_Socialist_Party" title="Italian Socialist Party">PSI</a></div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#6CC417; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Federation_of_the_Greens" title="Federation of the Greens">FdV</a></div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:Salmon; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/New_Italian_Socialist_Party" title="New Italian Socialist Party">NPSI</a></div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#228B22; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Alliance_(Italy)" title="Democratic Alliance (Italy)">AD</a></div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#DF0174; color:white;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/The_Network_(political_party)" title="The Network (political party)">LR</a></div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Italy_of_Values" title="Italy of Values">IdV</a></div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#3CB371; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Democracy_is_Freedom_%E2%80%93_The_Daisy" title="Democracy is Freedom – The Daisy">DL</a></div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#0039AA; color:white;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Italian_Renewal" title="Italian Renewal">RI</a></div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#87CEFA; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Italian_People%27s_Party_(1994)" title="Italian People's Party (1994)">PPI</a></div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#FF7F00; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Union_of_Democrats_for_Europe" title="Union of Democrats for Europe">UDEUR</a></div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#48D1CC; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Aosta_Valley_(political_coalition)" title="Aosta Valley (political coalition)">VdA</a></div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#231F20; color:white;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/South_Tyrolean_People%27s_Party" title="South Tyrolean People's Party">SVP</a></div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#808080; color:black;"> </span> Others</div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#FFC31A; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Segni_Pact" title="Segni Pact">PS</a></div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#A6DBEC; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Christian_Democratic_Centre" title="Christian Democratic Centre">CCD</a>+<a href="/wiki/United_Christian_Democrats" title="United Christian Democrats">CDU</a>/<a href="/wiki/Union_of_the_Centre_(2002)" title="Union of the Centre (2002)">UDC</a></div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#008000; color:white;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Lega_Nord" title="Lega Nord">LN</a></div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#0087DC; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Forza_Italia" title="Forza Italia">FI</a></div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#0148A4; color:white;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/National_Alliance_(Italy)" title="National Alliance (Italy)">AN</a></div> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td width="40"><a href="/wiki/1994_Italian_general_election" title="1994 Italian general election">1994</a> </td> <td> <table style="width:100%; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="background-color: #A1292F; width: 5.71%"><a href="/wiki/Communist_Refoundation_Party" title="Communist Refoundation Party"><span class="tmpl-colored-link" style="color: white; text-decoration: inherit;">18</span></a> </td> <td style="background-color: #C72F35; width: 24.13%"><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_of_the_Left" title="Democratic Party of the Left"><span class="tmpl-colored-link" style="color: white; text-decoration: inherit;">76</span></a> </td> <td style="background-color: #ED2855; width: 2.86%"><a href="/wiki/Italian_Socialist_Party" title="Italian Socialist Party"><span class="tmpl-colored-link" style="color: white; text-decoration: inherit;">9</span></a> </td> <td style="background-color: #6CC417; width: 2.22%"><a href="/wiki/Federation_of_the_Greens" title="Federation of the Greens"><span class="tmpl-colored-link" style="color: white; text-decoration: inherit;">7</span></a> </td> <td style="background-color: #228B22; width: 1.90%"><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Alliance_(Italy)" title="Democratic Alliance (Italy)"><span class="tmpl-colored-link" style="color: white; text-decoration: inherit;">6</span></a> </td> <td style="background-color: #DF0174; width: 1.90%"><a href="/wiki/The_Network_(political_party)" title="The Network (political party)"><span class="tmpl-colored-link" style="color: white; text-decoration: inherit;">6</span></a> </td> <td style="background-color: #48D1CC; width: 0.32%"><a href="/wiki/Aosta_Valley_(political_coalition)" title="Aosta Valley (political coalition)"><span class="tmpl-colored-link" style="color: white; text-decoration: inherit;">1</span></a> </td> <td style="background-color: #231F20; width: 0.95%"><a href="/wiki/South_Tyrolean_People%27s_Party" title="South Tyrolean People's Party"><span class="tmpl-colored-link" style="color: white; text-decoration: inherit;">3</span></a> </td> <td style="background-color: #808080; width: 1.27%"><span style="color: #FFFFFF;">4</span> </td> <td style="background-color: #FFC31A; width: 9.84%"><a href="/wiki/Segni_Pact" title="Segni Pact"><span class="tmpl-colored-link" style="color: white; text-decoration: inherit;">31</span></a> </td> <td style="background-color: #A6DBEC; width: 3.81%"><a href="/wiki/Christian_Democratic_Centre" title="Christian Democratic Centre"><span class="tmpl-colored-link" style="color: white; text-decoration: inherit;">12</span></a> </td> <td style="background-color: #0087DC; width: 10.79%"><a href="/wiki/Forza_Italia" title="Forza Italia"><span class="tmpl-colored-link" style="color: white; text-decoration: inherit;">34</span></a> </td> <td style="background-color: #008000; width: 19.05%"><a href="/wiki/Lega_Nord" title="Lega Nord"><span class="tmpl-colored-link" style="color: white; text-decoration: inherit;">60</span></a> </td> <td style="background-color: #0148A4; width: 15.24%"><a href="/wiki/National_Alliance_(Italy)" title="National Alliance (Italy)"><span class="tmpl-colored-link" style="color: white; text-decoration: inherit;">48</span></a> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td width="40"><a href="/wiki/1996_Italian_general_election" title="1996 Italian general election">1996</a> </td> <td> <table style="width:100%; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="background-color: #A1292F; width: 3.17%"><a href="/wiki/Communist_Refoundation_Party" title="Communist Refoundation Party"><span class="tmpl-colored-link" style="color: white; text-decoration: inherit;">10</span></a> </td> <td style="background-color: #C72F35; width: 32.38%"><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_of_the_Left" title="Democratic Party of the Left"><span class="tmpl-colored-link" style="color: white; text-decoration: inherit;">102</span></a> </td> <td style="background-color: #6CC417; width: 4.44%"><a href="/wiki/Federation_of_the_Greens" title="Federation of the Greens"><span class="tmpl-colored-link" style="color: white; text-decoration: inherit;">14</span></a> </td> <td style="background-color: #DF0174; width: 0.32%"><a href="/wiki/The_Network_(political_party)" title="The Network (political party)"><span class="tmpl-colored-link" style="color: white; text-decoration: inherit;">1</span></a> </td> <td style="background-color: #0039AA; width: 3.49%"><a href="/wiki/Italian_Renewal" title="Italian Renewal"><span class="tmpl-colored-link" style="color: white; text-decoration: inherit;">11</span></a> </td> <td style="background-color: #87CEFA; width: 8.57%"><a href="/wiki/Italian_People%27s_Party_(1994)" title="Italian People's Party (1994)"><span class="tmpl-colored-link" style="color: black; text-decoration: inherit;">27</span></a> </td> <td style="background-color: #48D1CC; width: 0.32%"><a href="/wiki/Aosta_Valley_(political_coalition)" title="Aosta Valley (political coalition)"><span class="tmpl-colored-link" style="color: white; text-decoration: inherit;">1</span></a> </td> <td style="background-color: #231F20; width: 0.63%"><a href="/wiki/South_Tyrolean_People%27s_Party" title="South Tyrolean People's Party"><span class="tmpl-colored-link" style="color: white; text-decoration: inherit;">2</span></a> </td> <td style="background-color: #808080; width: 1.27%"><span style="color: #FFFFFF;">4</span> </td> <td style="background-color: #A6DBEC; width: 7.94%"><a href="/wiki/White_Flower" title="White Flower"><span class="tmpl-colored-link" style="color: white; text-decoration: inherit;">25</span></a> </td> <td style="background-color: #0087DC; width: 15.24%"><a href="/wiki/Forza_Italia" title="Forza Italia"><span class="tmpl-colored-link" style="color: white; text-decoration: inherit;">48</span></a> </td> <td style="background-color: #008000; width: 8.57%"><a href="/wiki/Lega_Nord" title="Lega Nord"><span class="tmpl-colored-link" style="color: white; text-decoration: inherit;">27</span></a> </td> <td style="background-color: #0148A4; width: 13.65%"><a href="/wiki/National_Alliance_(Italy)" title="National Alliance (Italy)"><span class="tmpl-colored-link" style="color: white; text-decoration: inherit;">43</span></a> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td width="40"><a href="/wiki/2001_Italian_general_election" title="2001 Italian general election">2001</a> </td> <td> <table style="width:100%; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="background-color: #A1292F; width: 1.27%"><a href="/wiki/Communist_Refoundation_Party" title="Communist Refoundation Party"><span class="tmpl-colored-link" style="color: white; text-decoration: inherit;">4</span></a> </td> <td style="background-color: #FC2D2D; width: 0.63%"><a href="/wiki/Party_of_Italian_Communists" title="Party of Italian Communists"><span class="tmpl-colored-link" style="color: white; text-decoration: inherit;">2</span></a> </td> <td style="background-color: #C72F35; width: 20.32%"><a href="/wiki/Democrats_of_the_Left" title="Democrats of the Left"><span class="tmpl-colored-link" style="color: white; text-decoration: inherit;">64</span></a> </td> <td style="background-color: #6CC417; width: 2.54%"><a href="/wiki/Federation_of_the_Greens" title="Federation of the Greens"><span class="tmpl-colored-link" style="color: white; text-decoration: inherit;">8</span></a> </td> <td style="background-color: #FFA500; width: 0.32%"><a href="/wiki/Italy_of_Values" title="Italy of Values"><span class="tmpl-colored-link" style="color: white; text-decoration: inherit;">1</span></a> </td> <td style="background-color: Salmon; width: 0.32%"><a href="/wiki/New_Italian_Socialist_Party" title="New Italian Socialist Party"><span class="tmpl-colored-link" style="color: white; text-decoration: inherit;">1</span></a> </td> <td style="background-color: #3CB371; width: 13.65%"><a href="/wiki/Democracy_is_Freedom_%E2%80%93_The_Daisy" title="Democracy is Freedom – The Daisy"><span class="tmpl-colored-link" style="color: white; text-decoration: inherit;">43</span></a> </td> <td style="background-color: #3CB371; width: 0.32%"><a href="/wiki/Italian_Republican_Party" title="Italian Republican Party"><span class="tmpl-colored-link" style="color: white; text-decoration: inherit;">1</span></a> </td> <td style="background-color: #48D1CC; width: 0.32%"><a href="/wiki/Aosta_Valley_(political_coalition)" title="Aosta Valley (political coalition)"><span class="tmpl-colored-link" style="color: white; text-decoration: inherit;">1</span></a> </td> <td style="background-color: #231F20; width: 0.95%"><a href="/wiki/South_Tyrolean_People%27s_Party" title="South Tyrolean People's Party"><span class="tmpl-colored-link" style="color: white; text-decoration: inherit;">3</span></a> </td> <td style="background-color: #808080; width: 4.44%"><span style="color: #FFFFFF;">14</span> </td> <td style="background-color: #A6DBEC; width: 9.21%"><a href="/wiki/White_Flower" title="White Flower"><span class="tmpl-colored-link" style="color: white; text-decoration: inherit;">29</span></a> </td> <td style="background-color: #0087DC; width: 26.03%"><a href="/wiki/Forza_Italia" title="Forza Italia"><span class="tmpl-colored-link" style="color: white; text-decoration: inherit;">82</span></a> </td> <td style="background-color: #008000; width: 5.40%"><a href="/wiki/Lega_Nord" title="Lega Nord"><span class="tmpl-colored-link" style="color: white; text-decoration: inherit;">17</span></a> </td> <td style="background-color: #0148A4; width: 14.29%"><a href="/wiki/National_Alliance_(Italy)" title="National Alliance (Italy)"><span class="tmpl-colored-link" style="color: white; text-decoration: inherit;">45</span></a> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td width="40"><a href="/wiki/2006_Italian_general_election" title="2006 Italian general election">2006</a> </td> <td> <table style="width:100%; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="background-color: #A1292F; width: 8.57%"><a href="/wiki/Communist_Refoundation_Party" title="Communist Refoundation Party"><span class="tmpl-colored-link" style="color: white; text-decoration: inherit;">27</span></a> </td> <td style="background-color: #FC2D2D; width: 3.49%"><a href="/wiki/Together_with_the_Union" title="Together with the Union"><span class="tmpl-colored-link" style="color: white; text-decoration: inherit;">11</span></a> </td> <td style="background-color: #C72F35; width: 20.63%"><a href="/wiki/Democrats_of_the_Left" title="Democrats of the Left"><span class="tmpl-colored-link" style="color: white; text-decoration: inherit;">65</span></a> </td> <td style="background-color: #FFA500; width: 1.27%"><a href="/wiki/Italy_of_Values" title="Italy of Values"><span class="tmpl-colored-link" style="color: white; text-decoration: inherit;">4</span></a> </td> <td style="background-color: #3CB371; width: 13.65%"><a href="/wiki/Democracy_is_Freedom_%E2%80%93_The_Daisy" title="Democracy is Freedom – The Daisy"><span class="tmpl-colored-link" style="color: white; text-decoration: inherit;">43</span></a> </td> <td style="background-color: #FF7F00; width: 0.95%"><a href="/wiki/Union_of_Democrats_for_Europe" title="Union of Democrats for Europe"><span class="tmpl-colored-link" style="color: white; text-decoration: inherit;">3</span></a> </td> <td style="background-color: #231F20; width: 0.95%"><a href="/wiki/South_Tyrolean_People%27s_Party" title="South Tyrolean People's Party"><span class="tmpl-colored-link" style="color: white; text-decoration: inherit;">3</span></a> </td> <td style="background-color: #808080; width: 0.95%"><span style="color: #FFFFFF;">3</span> </td> <td style="background-color: #A6DBEC; width: 6.67%"><a href="/wiki/Union_of_the_Centre_(2002)" title="Union of the Centre (2002)"><span class="tmpl-colored-link" style="color: white; text-decoration: inherit;">21</span></a> </td> <td style="background-color: #0087DC; width: 25.40%"><a href="/wiki/Forza_Italia" title="Forza Italia"><span class="tmpl-colored-link" style="color: white; text-decoration: inherit;">80</span></a> </td> <td style="background-color: #008000; width: 4.44%"><a href="/wiki/Lega_Nord" title="Lega Nord"><span class="tmpl-colored-link" style="color: white; text-decoration: inherit;">14</span></a> </td> <td style="background-color: #0148A4; width: 13.02%"><a href="/wiki/National_Alliance_(Italy)" title="National Alliance (Italy)"><span class="tmpl-colored-link" style="color: white; text-decoration: inherit;">41</span></a> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable" width="100%" style="border:solid #000000 1px;font-size:95%;"> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="2"> <table width="100%" style="font-size:90%;"> <tbody><tr> <td width="40"> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#C80815; color:white;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Left_Ecology_Freedom" title="Left Ecology Freedom">SEL</a></div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#BE3457; color:white;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Greens_and_Left_Alliance" title="Greens and Left Alliance">AVS</a></div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#C72837; color:white;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Free_and_Equal_(Italy)" title="Free and Equal (Italy)">LeU</a></div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#EF1C27; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(Italy)" title="Democratic Party (Italy)">PD</a></div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#FFEB3B; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Five_Star_Movement" title="Five Star Movement">M5S</a></div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#243683; color:white;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Action_%E2%80%93_Italia_Viva" title="Action – Italia Viva">A–IV</a></div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Italy_of_Values" title="Italy of Values">IdV</a></div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#1560BD; color:white;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Civic_Choice" title="Civic Choice">SC</a></div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#48D1CC; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Aosta_Valley_(political_coalition)" title="Aosta Valley (political coalition)">VdA</a></div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#231F20; color:white;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/South_Tyrolean_People%27s_Party" title="South Tyrolean People's Party">SVP</a></div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#808080; color:black;"> </span> Others</div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#A6DBEC; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Union_of_the_Centre_(2002)" title="Union of the Centre (2002)">UdC</a></div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#2149a7; color:white;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Us_Moderates" title="Us Moderates">NM</a></div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#00CCCC; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Movement_for_the_Autonomies" class="mw-redirect" title="Movement for the Autonomies">MpA</a></div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#0087DC; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/The_People_of_Freedom" title="The People of Freedom">PdL</a>/<a href="/wiki/Forza_Italia_(2013)" title="Forza Italia (2013)">FI</a></div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#008000; color:white;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Lega_Nord" title="Lega Nord">LN</a>/<a href="/wiki/Lega_(political_party)" title="Lega (political party)">LSP</a></div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#03386A; color:white;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Brothers_of_Italy" title="Brothers of Italy">FdI</a></div> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td width="40"><a href="/wiki/2008_Italian_general_election" title="2008 Italian general election">2008</a> </td> <td> <table style="width:100%; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="background-color: #EF1C27; width: 37.46%"><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(Italy)" title="Democratic Party (Italy)"><span class="tmpl-colored-link" style="color: white; text-decoration: inherit;">118</span></a> </td> <td style="background-color: #FFA500; width: 4.44%"><a href="/wiki/Italy_of_Values" title="Italy of Values"><span class="tmpl-colored-link" style="color: white; text-decoration: inherit;">14</span></a> </td> <td style="background-color: #48D1CC; width: 0.32%"><a href="/wiki/Aosta_Valley_(political_coalition)" title="Aosta Valley (political coalition)"><span class="tmpl-colored-link" style="color: white; text-decoration: inherit;">1</span></a> </td> <td style="background-color: #231F20; width: 1.27%"><a href="/wiki/South_Tyrolean_People%27s_Party" title="South Tyrolean People's Party"><span class="tmpl-colored-link" style="color: white; text-decoration: inherit;">4</span></a> </td> <td style="background-color: #808080; width: 0.32%"><span style="color: #FFFFFF;">1</span> </td> <td style="background-color: #A6DBEC; width: 0.95%"><a href="/wiki/Union_of_the_Centre_(2002)" title="Union of the Centre (2002)"><span class="tmpl-colored-link" style="color: white; text-decoration: inherit;">3</span></a> </td> <td style="background-color: #00CCCC; width: 0.63%"><a href="/wiki/Movement_for_the_Autonomies" class="mw-redirect" title="Movement for the Autonomies"><span class="tmpl-colored-link" style="color: white; text-decoration: inherit;">2</span></a> </td> <td style="background-color: #0087DC; width: 46.67%"><a href="/wiki/The_People_of_Freedom" title="The People of Freedom"><span class="tmpl-colored-link" style="color: white; text-decoration: inherit;">147</span></a> </td> <td style="background-color: #008000; width: 7.94%"><a href="/wiki/Lega_Nord" title="Lega Nord"><span class="tmpl-colored-link" style="color: white; text-decoration: inherit;">25</span></a> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td width="40"><a href="/wiki/2013_Italian_general_election" title="2013 Italian general election">2013</a> </td> <td> <table style="width:100%; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="background-color: #C80815; width: 2.22%"><a href="/wiki/Left_Ecology_Freedom" title="Left Ecology Freedom"><span class="tmpl-colored-link" style="color: white; text-decoration: inherit;">7</span></a> </td> <td style="background-color: #EF1C27; width: 35.24%"><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(Italy)" title="Democratic Party (Italy)"><span class="tmpl-colored-link" style="color: white; text-decoration: inherit;">111</span></a> </td> <td style="background-color: #FFEB3B; width: 17.14%"><a href="/wiki/Five_Star_Movement" title="Five Star Movement"><span class="tmpl-colored-link" style="color: black; text-decoration: inherit;">54</span></a> </td> <td style="background-color: #1560BD; width: 6.03%"><a href="/wiki/Civic_Choice" title="Civic Choice"><span class="tmpl-colored-link" style="color: white; text-decoration: inherit;">19</span></a> </td> <td style="background-color: #48D1CC; width: 0.32%"><a href="/wiki/Aosta_Valley_(political_coalition)" title="Aosta Valley (political coalition)"><span class="tmpl-colored-link" style="color: white; text-decoration: inherit;">1</span></a> </td> <td style="background-color: #231F20; width: 1.27%"><a href="/wiki/South_Tyrolean_People%27s_Party" title="South Tyrolean People's Party"><span class="tmpl-colored-link" style="color: white; text-decoration: inherit;">4</span></a> </td> <td style="background-color: #808080; width: 0.95%"><span style="color: #FFFFFF;">3</span> </td> <td style="background-color: #0087DC; width: 31.11%"><a href="/wiki/The_People_of_Freedom" title="The People of Freedom"><span class="tmpl-colored-link" style="color: white; text-decoration: inherit;">98</span></a> </td> <td style="background-color: #008000; width: 5.71%"><a href="/wiki/Lega_Nord" title="Lega Nord"><span class="tmpl-colored-link" style="color: white; text-decoration: inherit;">18</span></a> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td width="40"><a href="/wiki/2018_Italian_general_election" title="2018 Italian general election">2018</a> </td> <td> <table style="width:100%; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="background-color: #C72837; width: 1.27%"><a href="/wiki/Free_and_Equal_(Italy)" title="Free and Equal (Italy)"><span class="tmpl-colored-link" style="color: white; text-decoration: inherit;">4</span></a> </td> <td style="background-color: #EF1C27; width: 16.83%"><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(Italy)" title="Democratic Party (Italy)"><span class="tmpl-colored-link" style="color: white; text-decoration: inherit;">53</span></a> </td> <td style="background-color: #FFEB3B; width: 35.56%"><a href="/wiki/Five_Star_Movement" title="Five Star Movement"><span class="tmpl-colored-link" style="color: black; text-decoration: inherit;">112</span></a> </td> <td style="background-color: #48D1CC; width: 0.32%"><a href="/wiki/Aosta_Valley_(political_coalition)" title="Aosta Valley (political coalition)"><span class="tmpl-colored-link" style="color: white; text-decoration: inherit;">1</span></a> </td> <td style="background-color: #231F20; width: 0.95%"><a href="/wiki/South_Tyrolean_People%27s_Party" title="South Tyrolean People's Party"><span class="tmpl-colored-link" style="color: white; text-decoration: inherit;">3</span></a> </td> <td style="background-color: #808080; width: 2.86%"><span style="color: #FFFFFF;">9</span> </td> <td style="background-color: #0087DC; width: 18.10%"><a href="/wiki/Forza_Italia_(2013)" title="Forza Italia (2013)"><span class="tmpl-colored-link" style="color: white; text-decoration: inherit;">57</span></a> </td> <td style="background-color: #008000; width: 18.41%"><a href="/wiki/Lega_Nord" title="Lega Nord"><span class="tmpl-colored-link" style="color: white; text-decoration: inherit;">58</span></a> </td> <td style="background-color: #03386A; width: 5.71%"><a href="/wiki/Brothers_of_Italy" title="Brothers of Italy"><span class="tmpl-colored-link" style="color: white; text-decoration: inherit;">18</span></a> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td width="40"><a href="/wiki/2022_Italian_general_election" title="2022 Italian general election">2022</a> </td> <td> <table style="width:100%; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="background-color: #BE3457; width: 2.00%"><a href="/wiki/Greens_and_Left_Alliance" title="Greens and Left Alliance"><span class="tmpl-colored-link" style="color: white; text-decoration: inherit;">4</span></a> </td> <td style="background-color: #EF1C27; width: 20.00%"><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_%E2%80%93_Democratic_and_Progressive_Italy" title="Democratic Party – Democratic and Progressive Italy"><span class="tmpl-colored-link" style="color: white; text-decoration: inherit;">40</span></a> </td> <td style="background-color: #FFEB3B; width: 14.00%"><a href="/wiki/Five_Star_Movement" title="Five Star Movement"><span class="tmpl-colored-link" style="color: black; text-decoration: inherit;">28</span></a> </td> <td style="background-color: #243683; width: 4.50%"><a href="/wiki/Action_%E2%80%93_Italia_Viva" title="Action – Italia Viva"><span class="tmpl-colored-link" style="color: white; text-decoration: inherit;">9</span></a> </td> <td style="background-color: #231F20; width: 1.00%"><a href="/wiki/South_Tyrolean_People%27s_Party" title="South Tyrolean People's Party"><span class="tmpl-colored-link" style="color: white; text-decoration: inherit;">2</span></a> </td> <td style="background-color: #808080; width: 1.00%"><span style="color: #FFFFFF;">2</span> </td> <td style="background-color: #2149a7; width: 1.00%"><a href="/wiki/Us_Moderates" title="Us Moderates"><span class="tmpl-colored-link" style="color: white; text-decoration: inherit;">2</span></a> </td> <td style="background-color: #0087DC; width: 9.00%"><a href="/wiki/Forza_Italia_(2013)" title="Forza Italia (2013)"><span class="tmpl-colored-link" style="color: white; text-decoration: inherit;">18</span></a> </td> <td style="background-color: #008000; width: 15.00%"><a href="/wiki/Lega_(political_party)" title="Lega (political party)"><span class="tmpl-colored-link" style="color: white; text-decoration: inherit;">30</span></a> </td> <td style="background-color: #03386A; width: 32.50%"><a href="/wiki/Brothers_of_Italy" title="Brothers of Italy"><span class="tmpl-colored-link" style="color: white; text-decoration: inherit;">65</span></a> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(6)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Palazzo_Madama">Palazzo Madama</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Senate_of_the_Republic_(Italy)&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Palazzo Madama" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-6 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-6"> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Roma_-_Palazzo_Madama.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Roma_-_Palazzo_Madama.jpg/220px-Roma_-_Palazzo_Madama.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="142" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="929" data-file-height="599"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 142px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Roma_-_Palazzo_Madama.jpg/220px-Roma_-_Palazzo_Madama.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="142" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Roma_-_Palazzo_Madama.jpg/330px-Roma_-_Palazzo_Madama.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Roma_-_Palazzo_Madama.jpg/440px-Roma_-_Palazzo_Madama.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a><figcaption>Palazzo Madama as it appeared in 17th century</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Palazzo_Madama_(Roma).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Palazzo_Madama_%28Roma%29.jpg/220px-Palazzo_Madama_%28Roma%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="145" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="7444" data-file-height="4896"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 145px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Palazzo_Madama_%28Roma%29.jpg/220px-Palazzo_Madama_%28Roma%29.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="145" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Palazzo_Madama_%28Roma%29.jpg/330px-Palazzo_Madama_%28Roma%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Palazzo_Madama_%28Roma%29.jpg/440px-Palazzo_Madama_%28Roma%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a><figcaption>Palazzo Madama today</figcaption></figure> <p>Since 1871, the Senate has met in <a href="/wiki/Palazzo_Madama,_Rome" title="Palazzo Madama, Rome">Palazzo Madama</a> in <a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a>, an old patrician palace completed in 1505 for the <a href="/wiki/Medici_family" class="mw-redirect" title="Medici family">Medici family</a>. The palace takes its name from <i>Madama</i> <a href="/wiki/Margherita_of_Austria" class="mw-redirect" title="Margherita of Austria">Margherita of Austria</a>, daughter of <a href="/wiki/Charles_V,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor">Charles V</a> and wife of <a href="/wiki/Alessandro_de%27_Medici" class="mw-redirect" title="Alessandro de' Medici">Alessandro de' Medici</a>. After the extinction of the Medici, the palace was handed over to the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Lorraine" title="House of Lorraine">House of Lorraine</a>. and, later, it was sold to <a href="/wiki/Papal_States" title="Papal States">Papal Government</a>. </p><p>Later, in 1755, Pope <a href="/wiki/Benedict_XIV" class="mw-redirect" title="Benedict XIV">Benedict XIV</a> (whose coat of arms still dominates the main entrance) ordered major restructuring, entrusting the work to <a href="/w/index.php?title=Luigi_Hostini&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Luigi Hostini (page does not exist)">Luigi Hostini</a>. In the following years there were installed the court offices and police headquarters. In 1849, <a href="/wiki/Pius_IX" class="mw-redirect" title="Pius IX">Pius IX</a> moved the Ministries of Finances and of the Public Debt here, as well as the Papal Post Offices. After the <a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Rome" title="Capture of Rome">conquest of Rome</a> by the newly formed <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy" title="Kingdom of Italy">Kingdom of Italy</a>, the palace was chosen to become the seat of the <i>Senato del Regno</i> (Senate of the Kingdom). </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cicero_Denounces_Catiline_in_the_Roman_Senate_by_Cesare_Maccari.png" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Cicero_Denounces_Catiline_in_the_Roman_Senate_by_Cesare_Maccari.png/220px-Cicero_Denounces_Catiline_in_the_Roman_Senate_by_Cesare_Maccari.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="143" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2072" data-file-height="1349"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 143px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Cicero_Denounces_Catiline_in_the_Roman_Senate_by_Cesare_Maccari.png/220px-Cicero_Denounces_Catiline_in_the_Roman_Senate_by_Cesare_Maccari.png" data-width="220" data-height="143" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Cicero_Denounces_Catiline_in_the_Roman_Senate_by_Cesare_Maccari.png/330px-Cicero_Denounces_Catiline_in_the_Roman_Senate_by_Cesare_Maccari.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Cicero_Denounces_Catiline_in_the_Roman_Senate_by_Cesare_Maccari.png/440px-Cicero_Denounces_Catiline_in_the_Roman_Senate_by_Cesare_Maccari.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a><figcaption><i>Cicero Denounces Catiline</i></figcaption></figure> <p>Palazzo Madama and the adjacent buildings underwent further restructuring and adaptation in the first decades of the 20th century. A radical transformation which involved, among other things, the modernization of the hemicycle, the full remaking of the prospectus on Via San Salvatore and Via Dogana Vecchia, and the establishment of a connection with the adjacent <a href="/wiki/Palazzo_Carpegna" class="mw-redirect" title="Palazzo Carpegna">Palazzo Carpegna</a>. The latter, owned by the Senate, was entirely rebuilt in an advanced position compared to its original position. The small church of <a href="/w/index.php?title=San_Salvatore_in_Thermis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="San Salvatore in Thermis (page does not exist)">San Salvatore in Thermis</a>, dating to the 6th century, which stood in the street to the left of the palace, was first closed, expropriated and later razed for security reasons. </p><p>The current façade was built in the mid-1650s by both <a href="/wiki/Cigoli" title="Cigoli">Cigoli</a> and <a href="/wiki/Paolo_Maruccelli" class="mw-redirect" title="Paolo Maruccelli">Paolo Maruccelli</a>. The latter added the ornate cornice and whimsical decorative urns on the roof. Among the rooms one of the most significant (and perhaps the most impressive from the political point of view) is the "Sala Maccari," which takes its name from <a href="/wiki/Cesare_Maccari" title="Cesare Maccari">Cesare Maccari</a>, the artist who decorated it in 1880 and created the frescoes, among which stands out the one that depicts <a href="/wiki/Cicero" title="Cicero">Cicero</a> making his indictment of <a href="/wiki/Catiline" title="Catiline">Catiline</a>, who listens isolated. </p><p>The chamber where the Senate met for the first time on 27 November 1871 was designed by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Luigi_Gabet&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Luigi Gabet (page does not exist)">Luigi Gabet</a>. A plaque on the wall behind the speaker's chair commemorates the king's address to Parliament when first convened in the new seat of government: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">L'ITALIA È RESTITVITA A SE STESSA E A<br> ROMA • QVI E' DOVE NOI RICONOSCIAMO LA<br> PATRIA DEI NOSTRI PENSIERI; OGNI COSA<br> CI PARLA DI GRANDEZZA MA NEL TEMPO<br> STESSO OGNI COSA CI RICORDA I NOSTRI<br> DOVERI •<br> <small>VITTORIO EMANVELE II<br> 27 NOVEMBRE MDCCCLXXI</small><br> <i>"Italy is restored to herself and to Rome... Here, where we recognise the homeland of our thoughts, all things speak to us of greatness; but at the same time all things remind us of our duties..." - Victor Emmanuel II, 27 November 1871</i></div></blockquote> <p>Above this has been placed a plaque bearing the inscription: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">IL 2 GIUGNO 1946<br>PER SUFFRAGIO DI POPOLO <br>A PRESIDIO DI PUBBLICHE LIBERTÀ <br>E A CERTEZZA DI PROGRESSO CIVILE <br>FU PROCLAMATA<br> LA REPUBBLICA ITALIANA<br> <i>On 2 June 1946<br>by popular suffrage<br>in defence of public liberty<br>and a certainty of civic progress<br>was proclaimed<br>the Italian Republic</i></div></blockquote> <p>To the viewers' left stand the flags of the <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Italy" title="Flag of Italy">Italian Republic</a> (with a ribbon embroidered with the words SENATO DELLA REPUBBLICA) and the <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Europe" title="Flag of Europe">European Union</a>. </p> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(7)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Senate_of_the_Republic_(Italy)&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: See also" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-7 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-7"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="Parliament of Italy">Parliament of Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Chamber_of_Deputies" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian Chamber of Deputies">Italian Chamber of Deputies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senate" title="Senate">Senate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Senate" title="Roman Senate">Roman Senate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senato_Italiano_(TV_channel)" class="mw-redirect" title="Senato Italiano (TV channel)">Senato Italiano (TV channel)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senators_for_life_in_Italy" title="Senators for life in Italy">Senators for life in Italy</a></li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(8)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Senate_of_the_Republic_(Italy)&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Notes" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-8 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-8"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#03386A; color:white;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Brothers_of_Italy" title="Brothers of Italy">FdI</a> (3)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#E5007D; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Coraggio_Italia" title="Coraggio Italia">CI</a> (1)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#87CEFA; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Union_of_the_Centre_(2002)" title="Union of the Centre (2002)">UdC</a> (1)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#333B8E; color:white;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Associative_Movement_of_Italians_Abroad" title="Associative Movement of Italians Abroad">MAIE</a> (1)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#7DF9FF; color:black;"> </span> Popular Centre (1)</li></ul> </span></li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#7DF9FF; color:black;"> </span> Popular Centre (1)</li></ul> </span></li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#EF1C27; color:black;border:1px solid silver;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(Italy)" title="Democratic Party (Italy)">PD</a> (36)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#A6DBEC; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Centrists_for_Europe" title="Centrists for Europe">CpE</a> (<a href="/wiki/Pier_Ferdinando_Casini" title="Pier Ferdinando Casini">1</a>)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#DCDCDC; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Independent_politician" title="Independent politician">Independent</a> (<a href="/wiki/Annamaria_Furlan" title="Annamaria Furlan">1</a>)</li></ul> </span></li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#231F20; color:white;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/South_Tyrolean_People%27s_Party" title="South Tyrolean People's Party">SVP</a> (2)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#DCDCDC; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Senators_for_life_in_Italy" title="Senators for life in Italy">Senators for life</a> (2)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#EF1C27; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(Italy)" title="Democratic Party (Italy)">PD</a> (<a href="/wiki/Luigi_Spagnolli" title="Luigi Spagnolli">1</a>)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#96bf0d; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Campobase" title="Campobase">Campobase</a> (1)</li></ul> </span></li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#EF3E3E; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Italian_Left" title="Italian Left">SI</a> (2)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#54C160; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Green_Europe" title="Green Europe">EV</a> (1)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#DCDCDC; color:black;"> </span> Ind. (<a href="/wiki/Ilaria_Cucchi" title="Ilaria Cucchi">1</a>)</li></ul> </span></li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#0039AA; color:white;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Action_(Italian_political_party)" title="Action (Italian political party)">Action</a> (2)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#BE3457; color:white;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Greens_and_Left_Alliance" title="Greens and Left Alliance">AVS</a> (4)<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>e<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#DCDCDC; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Senators_for_life_in_Italy" title="Senators for life in Italy">Senators for life</a> (3)</li></ul> </span></li> </ol></div></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(9)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Senate_of_the_Republic_(Italy)&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: References" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-9 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-9"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dizionari.corriere.it/dizionario_italiano/O/onorevole.shtml">"onorevole [o-no-ré-vo-le] agg., s."</a> <i><span title="Italian-language text"><i lang="it"><a href="/wiki/Corriere_della_Sera" title="Corriere della Sera">Corriere della Sera</a></i></span></i>. Dizionario di Italiano (in Italian)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 June</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=%3Cspan+title%3D%22Italian-language+text%22%3E%3Ci+lang%3D%22it%22%3ECorriere+della+Sera%3C%2Fi%3E%3C%2Fspan%3ECategory%3AArticles+containing+Italian-language+text&rft.atitle=onorevole+%5Bo-no-r%C3%A9-vo-le%5D+agg.%2C+s.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdizionari.corriere.it%2Fdizionario_italiano%2FO%2Fonorevole.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASenate+of+the+Republic+%28Italy%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Four_new_life_senators-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Four_new_life_senators_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.senato.it/leg/18/BGT/Schede/Attsen/SenatoriAVita.html">"Senatori a vita, XVIII Legislatura (dal 23 marzo 2018)"</a> [Senators for life, 18th Legislature (since 23 March 2018)]. <i>Senato.it</i> (in Italian)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 June</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Senato.it&rft.atitle=Senatori+a+vita%2C+XVIII+Legislatura+%28dal+23+marzo+2018%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.senato.it%2Fleg%2F18%2FBGT%2FSchede%2FAttsen%2FSenatoriAVita.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASenate+of+the+Republic+%28Italy%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.constituteproject.org/constitution/Italy_2012lang=en#210">"Constitute"</a>. <i>Constituteproject.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 June</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Constituteproject.org&rft.atitle=Constitute&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.constituteproject.org%2Fconstitution%2FItaly_2012lang%3Den%23210&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASenate+of+the+Republic+%28Italy%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/us-italy-politics/italy-passes-renzi-flagship-reform-opening-way-for-referendum-idUSKCN0X9217">"Italy passes Renzi's flagship reform, opening way for referendum"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Reuters" title="Reuters">Reuters</a></i>. 12 April 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 June</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=Italy+passes+Renzi%27s+flagship+reform%2C+opening+way+for+referendum&rft.date=2016-04-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2Fus-italy-politics%2Fitaly-passes-renzi-flagship-reform-opening-way-for-referendum-idUSKCN0X9217&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASenate+of+the+Republic+%28Italy%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.money.it/Referendum-costituzionale-2016">"Referendum costituzionale 2016: vince il No. I pro e contro della riforma"</a> [Constitutional referendum 2016: "No" wins. The pros and cons of athe reform]. <i>Money.it</i> (in Italian). 5 December 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 June</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Money.it&rft.atitle=Referendum+costituzionale+2016%3A+vince+il+No.+I+pro+e+contro+della+riforma&rft.date=2016-12-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.money.it%2FReferendum-costituzionale-2016&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASenate+of+the+Republic+%28Italy%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGiampiero_Buonomo,_Marco_Cosentino1999" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Giampiero Buonomo, Marco Cosentino (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/2440863">"Il Vicario del Presidente nelle Assemblee parlamentari con particolare riferimento al Senato della Repubblica italiana"</a> [The Vicar of the President in the Parliamentary Assemblies with particular reference to the Senate of the Italian Republic]. <i><a href="/wiki/Academia.edu" title="Academia.edu">Academia.edu</a></i> (in Italian). pp. 24–37<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 June</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Academia.edu&rft.atitle=Il+Vicario+del+Presidente+nelle+Assemblee+parlamentari+con+particolare+riferimento+al+Senato+della+Repubblica+italiana&rft.pages=24-37&rft.date=1999&rft.au=Giampiero+Buonomo%2C+Marco+Cosentino&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F2440863&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASenate+of+the+Republic+%28Italy%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(10)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Senate_of_the_Republic_(Italy)&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: External links" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large 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.side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" 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text" href="http://www.senato.it">Official website</a></span></span> <span class="languageicon">(in Italian)</span></li> <li><span class="official-website"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.senato.it/english/default.htm">Official website</a></span></span> <span class="languageicon">(in English)</span></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;padding:0.15em 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data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/21px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png" data-alt="flag" data-width="21" data-height="14" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/32px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/42px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:European_Union" title="Portal:European Union">European Union</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:A_coloured_voting_box.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/19px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 19px;height: 19px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/19px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png" data-alt="icon" data-width="19" data-height="19" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/29px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/38px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Politics" title="Portal:Politics">Politics</a></li></ul></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div> <p><span class="geo-inline-hidden noexcerpt"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Senate_of_the_Republic_(Italy)&params=41_53_57.09_N_12_28_27.4_E_source:jawiki"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">41°53′57.09″N</span> <span class="longitude">12°28′27.4″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">41.8991917°N 12.474278°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">41.8991917; 12.474278</span></span></span></a></span></span> </p> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div>    </section></div> <noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=mobile&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" 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class="read-more-container"></div> </div> <div id="p-lang"> <h4>Languages</h4> <section> <ul id="p-variants" class="minerva-languages"></ul> <ul class="minerva-languages"><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AC%D9%84%D8%B3_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B4%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%AE_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D9%8A%D8%B7%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A" title="مجلس الشيوخ الإيطالي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="مجلس الشيوخ الإيطالي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%82_%D0%86%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%96" title="Сенат Італіі – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Сенат Італіі" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senat_d%27It%C3%A0lia" title="Senat d'Itàlia – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Senat d'Itàlia" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sen%C3%A1t_republiky_(It%C3%A1lie)" title="Senát republiky (Itálie) – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Senát republiky (Itálie)" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senedd_yr_Eidal" title="Senedd yr Eidal – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Senedd yr Eidal" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senato_della_Repubblica" title="Senato della Repubblica – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Senato della Repubblica" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%93%CE%B5%CF%81%CE%BF%CF%85%CF%83%CE%AF%CE%B1_%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%82_%CE%94%CE%B7%CE%BC%CE%BF%CE%BA%CF%81%CE%B1%CF%84%CE%AF%CE%B1%CF%82_(%CE%99%CF%84%CE%B1%CE%BB%CE%AF%CE%B1)" title="Γερουσία της Δημοκρατίας (Ιταλία) – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Γερουσία της Δημοκρατίας (Ιταλία)" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senado_de_la_Rep%C3%BAblica_(Italia)" title="Senado de la República (Italia) – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Senado de la República (Italia)" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italia_Senato" title="Italia Senato – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Italia Senato" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A9nat_de_la_R%C3%A9publique_(Italie)" title="Sénat de la République (Italie) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Sénat de la République (Italie)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senado_de_Italia" title="Senado de Italia – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Senado de Italia" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B3%B5%ED%99%94%EA%B5%AD_%EC%83%81%EC%9B%90_(%EC%9D%B4%ED%83%88%EB%A6%AC%EC%95%84)" title="공화국 상원 (이탈리아) – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="공화국 상원 (이탈리아)" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BB%D5%BF%D5%A1%D5%AC%D5%AB%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%AB_%D5%8D%D5%A5%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%BF" title="Իտալիայի Սենատ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Իտալիայի Սենատ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senat_Italia" title="Senat Italia – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Senat Italia" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senato_della_Repubblica" title="Senato della Repubblica – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Senato della Repubblica" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%A1%D7%A0%D7%90%D7%98_%D7%A9%D7%9C_%D7%94%D7%A8%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%91%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%94_(%D7%90%D7%99%D7%98%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%94)" title="הסנאט של הרפובליקה (איטליה) – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="הסנאט של הרפובליקה (איטליה)" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%98%E1%83%A2%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%A1%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98" title="იტალიის სენატი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="იტალიის სენატი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senatus_Reipublicae_Italicae" title="Senatus Reipublicae Italicae – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Senatus Reipublicae Italicae" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senad_de_la_Republica_(Italia)" title="Senad de la Republica (Italia) – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Senad de la Republica (Italia)" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Szen%C3%A1tus_(Olaszorsz%C3%A1g)" title="Szenátus (Olaszország) – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Szenátus (Olaszország)" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senat_Republik_Itali" title="Senat Republik Itali – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Senat Republik Itali" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senaat_van_de_Republiek_(Itali%C3%AB)" title="Senaat van de Republiek (Italië) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Senaat van de Republiek (Italië)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%85%83%E8%80%81%E9%99%A2_(%E3%82%A4%E3%82%BF%E3%83%AA%E3%82%A2)" title="元老院 (イタリア) – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="元老院 (イタリア)" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italias_senat" title="Italias senat – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Italias senat" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senat_%C3%ABd_la_Rep%C3%B9blica_Italian-a" title="Senat ëd la Repùblica Italian-a – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Senat ëd la Repùblica Italian-a" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senat_(W%C5%82ochy)" title="Senat (Włochy) – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Senat (Włochy)" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senado_da_Rep%C3%BAblica_(It%C3%A1lia)" title="Senado da República (Itália) – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Senado da República (Itália)" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%82_%D0%98%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B8" title="Сенат Италии – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Сенат Италии" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinatu" title="Sinatu – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Sinatu" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senate_of_the_Republic_(Italy)" title="Senate of the Republic (Italy) – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Senate of the Republic (Italy)" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senat_Italijanske_republike" title="Senat Italijanske republike – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Senat Italijanske republike" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%82_%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B5_%D0%98%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B5" title="Сенат Републике Италије – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Сенат Републике Италије" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_senaatti" title="Italian senaatti – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Italian senaatti" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italiens_senat" title="Italiens senat – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Italiens senat" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cumhuriyet_Senatosu_(%C4%B0talya)" title="Cumhuriyet Senatosu (İtalya) – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Cumhuriyet Senatosu (İtalya)" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%82_%D0%86%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%97" title="Сенат Італії – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Сенат Італії" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senato_de_%C5%82a_Rep%C3%B9blega_Italiana" title="Senato de ła Repùblega Italiana – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Senato de ła Repùblega Italiana" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Th%C6%B0%E1%BB%A3ng_vi%E1%BB%87n_%C3%9D" title="Thượng viện Ý – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Thượng viện Ý" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD%E5%8F%82%E8%AE%AE%E9%99%A2_(%E6%84%8F%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%A9)" title="共和国参议院 (意大利) – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="共和国参议院 (意大利)" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li></ul> </section> </div> <div class="minerva-footer-logo"><img src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" alt="Wikipedia" width="120" height="18" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"/> </div> <ul id="footer-info" class="footer-info hlist hlist-separated"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 27 November 2024, at 15:08<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Content is available under <a class="external" rel="nofollow" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">CC BY-SA 4.0</a> unless otherwise noted.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places" class="footer-places hlist 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