In a Few Lines

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<div class="page"> <main class="page__main" id="main_content" tabindex="-1"> <div class="landing"> <div class="landing__header"> <div class="hero hero--science"> <div class="hero__container container"> <div class="hero__body"> <span class="hero__subtitle"> About </span> <div class="hero__pre"> <h1 class="hero__title"> In a Few Lines </h1> </div> </div> </div> <div class="hero__image"> <div class="imagebox imagebox--right_legend"> <div class="imagebox__image img-cover"> <img src="/sites/default/files/styles/responsive_16_9_300w/public/media/2023-11/tkm_cplx_final_plasma2013-07.jpg.webp?itok=ce7XjC97" class="image img-fluid" data-srcset="/sites/default/files/styles/responsive_16_9_300w/public/media/2023-11/tkm_cplx_final_plasma2013-07.jpg.webp?itok=ce7XjC97 300w,/sites/default/files/styles/responsive_16_9_500w/public/media/2023-11/tkm_cplx_final_plasma2013-07.jpg.webp?itok=tzx8UX_y 500w,/sites/default/files/styles/responsive_16_9_700w/public/media/2023-11/tkm_cplx_final_plasma2013-07.jpg.webp?itok=U21rJsS2 700w,/sites/default/files/styles/responsive_16_9_900w/public/media/2023-11/tkm_cplx_final_plasma2013-07.jpg.webp?itok=_ggcu1wJ 900w,/sites/default/files/styles/responsive_16_9_1100w/public/media/2023-11/tkm_cplx_final_plasma2013-07.jpg.webp?itok=0yQh8nTR 1100w,/sites/default/files/styles/responsive_16_9_1300w/public/media/2023-11/tkm_cplx_final_plasma2013-07.jpg.webp?itok=Ag6fFfTz 1300w,/sites/default/files/styles/responsive_16_9_1500w/public/media/2023-11/tkm_cplx_final_plasma2013-07.jpg.webp?itok=ZIWYY5FX 1500w,/sites/default/files/styles/responsive_16_9_1700w/public/media/2023-11/tkm_cplx_final_plasma2013-07.jpg.webp?itok=RrPEXWLT 1700w,/sites/default/files/styles/responsive_16_9_1900w/public/media/2023-11/tkm_cplx_final_plasma2013-07.jpg.webp?itok=IcXDMMTH 1900w" loading="eager" alt="English: Computer-generated cutaway of the interior of the ITER international thermonuclear experimental reactor machine, with color-coded parts. Français: Image générée par ordinateur de l'intérieur du projet ITER réacteur expérimental thermonucléaire international, avec des composants codés par couleur." width="300" height="168" data-multiplier="2x" data-cover="1" data-ratio="16:9" /> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="landing__content"> <div class="statement"> <div class="statement__container container"> <div class="statement__body"> <h2 class="statement__text"> <div class="field field--name-field-simple-text field--type-string field--label-hidden field__item">ITER ("The Way" in Latin) is one of the most ambitious energy projects in the world today.</div> </h2> </div> </div> </div> <div class="paragraph paragraph--right-wide"> <div class="grid row-gutter-50 row" > <div class="grid-cell col-lg-6 col-12 content"> <h2 class="paragraph__title" id=""> <div class="field field--name-field-title field--type-string field--label-hidden field__item">What is ITER?</div> </h2> <div id="p-19351" class="content-rte"> <div class="content-rte"><p>In southern France, 33 nations* are collaborating to build the world's largest tokamak, a magnetic fusion device that has been designed to prove the feasibility of fusion as a large-scale and carbon-free source of energy based on the same principle that powers our Sun and stars.</p> <p>The experimental campaign that will be carried out at ITER is crucial to advancing fusion science and preparing the way for the fusion power plants of tomorrow.</p> <p>The primary objective of ITER is the investigation and demonstration of burning plasmas—plasmas in which the energy of the helium nuclei produced by the fusion reactions is enough to maintain the temperature of the plasma, thereby reducing or eliminating the need for external heating. ITER will also test the availability and integration of technologies essential for a fusion reactor (such as superconducting magnets, remote maintenance, and systems to exhaust power from the plasma) and the validity of tritium breeding module concepts that would lead in a future reactor to tritium self-sufficiency.</p> <p>Thousands of engineers and scientists have contributed to the design of ITER since the idea for an international joint experiment in fusion was first launched in 1985. The ITER Members—<strong>China, the European Union, India, Japan, Korea, Russia and the United States</strong>—are now engaged in a decades-long collaboration to build and operate the ITER experimental device, and together bring fusion to the point where a demonstration fusion reactor can be designed.</p> <p>We invite you to explore the ITER website for more information on the science of ITER, the ITER international collaboration and the large-scale building project that is underway in Saint Paul-lez-Durance, southern France.</p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="grid-cell col-lg-6 col-12 image"> <div class="imagebox-lightbox imagebox-lightbox--4x3" data-lightbox> <div class="imagebox-lightbox__image img-cover" data-lightbox-image> <img src="/sites/default/files/styles/responsive_300w/public/media/2023-11/tkm_cplx_final_plasma2013-07.jpg.webp?itok=VyJNEdN6" class="image img-fluid" data-srcset="/sites/default/files/styles/responsive_300w/public/media/2023-11/tkm_cplx_final_plasma2013-07.jpg.webp?itok=VyJNEdN6 300w,/sites/default/files/styles/responsive_500w/public/media/2023-11/tkm_cplx_final_plasma2013-07.jpg.webp?itok=OyeSTH94 500w,/sites/default/files/styles/responsive_700w/public/media/2023-11/tkm_cplx_final_plasma2013-07.jpg.webp?itok=tHYgXIbN 700w,/sites/default/files/styles/responsive_900w/public/media/2023-11/tkm_cplx_final_plasma2013-07.jpg.webp?itok=ITtMvQ__ 900w,/sites/default/files/styles/responsive_1100w/public/media/2023-11/tkm_cplx_final_plasma2013-07.jpg.webp?itok=mw06WjWv 1100w,/sites/default/files/styles/responsive_1300w/public/media/2023-11/tkm_cplx_final_plasma2013-07.jpg.webp?itok=iFFW9Hrk 1300w,/sites/default/files/styles/responsive_1500w/public/media/2023-11/tkm_cplx_final_plasma2013-07.jpg.webp?itok=F6P-iyvj 1500w,/sites/default/files/styles/responsive_1700w/public/media/2023-11/tkm_cplx_final_plasma2013-07.jpg.webp?itok=gc9NgRfV 1700w,/sites/default/files/styles/responsive_1900w/public/media/2023-11/tkm_cplx_final_plasma2013-07.jpg.webp?itok=DNTk4UvU 1900w" loading="lazy" alt="English: Computer-generated cutaway of the interior of the ITER international thermonuclear experimental reactor machine, with color-coded parts. Français: Image générée par ordinateur de l'intérieur du projet ITER réacteur expérimental thermonucléaire international, avec des composants codés par couleur." width="300" height="180" data-multiplier="4x" /> </div> <button class="imagebox-lightbox__button" data-lightbox-trigger> <img class="image lazyload img-fluid" data-src="/themes/custom/intuitiv/assets/images/design/union-black.svg" alt="" > </button> </div> </div> </div></div> <div class="paragraph-text clearfix"> <div class="paragraph-text__container container"> <div class="paragraph-text__items"> <div id="p-19353" class="content-rte"> <p><em>*Update 1 January 2025: The nations participating in ITER include the 27 member countries of the European Union plus China, India, Japan, Korea, the Russian Federation, and the United States. <u>Switzerland</u>: Whereas Switzerland participated in the ITER Project through the Euratom research and training program and the European Joint Undertaking for ITER (Fusion for Energy) from 2014 to 2020, negotiations on a continued association agreement after that date were not conclusive. With a status of “non-associated third country” Switzerland was considered by Europe to be a non-participating member in ITER construction. This changed with the conclusion of negotiations on the association of Switzerland to the Euratom research and training program in late 2024. As of 2026, Switzerland will again become a full member of Fusion for Energy, allowing Swiss companies and research institutes to take part in the ITER project. (</em><a href="https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/detail/en/ip_24_6562"><em>See the announcement here</em></a><em>.) <u>United Kingdom</u>: Following Brexit, and the subsequent withdrawal from Euratom, the United Kingdom discontinued its participation in the ITER project. In September 2023, the United Kingdom </em><a href="https://www.gov.uk/government/news/uk-joins-horizon-europe-under-a-new-bespoke-deal"><em>announced</em></a><em> that while it will no longer pursue an association agreement with Euratom, it will seek to continue and enhance its international partnerships, including with ITER. For the present, the ITER Project is honouring any existing contracts with UK companies and research institutes but not concluding new contracts.</em></p> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="paragraph paragraph--left-wide-simple"> <div class="grid row-gutter-50 row" > <div class="grid-cell col-lg-6 col-12 image"> <div class="imagebox-lightbox imagebox-lightbox--4x3" data-lightbox> <div class="imagebox-lightbox__image img-cover" data-lightbox-image> <img src="/sites/default/files/styles/responsive_300w/public/media/2024-10/q10_ra.jpg.webp?itok=R95uVOJ2" class="image img-fluid" data-srcset="/sites/default/files/styles/responsive_300w/public/media/2024-10/q10_ra.jpg.webp?itok=R95uVOJ2 300w,/sites/default/files/styles/responsive_500w/public/media/2024-10/q10_ra.jpg.webp?itok=rJJsVEcK 500w,/sites/default/files/styles/responsive_700w/public/media/2024-10/q10_ra.jpg.webp?itok=FnZKGV9A 700w,/sites/default/files/styles/responsive_900w/public/media/2024-10/q10_ra.jpg.webp?itok=uETrnKHx 900w,/sites/default/files/styles/responsive_1100w/public/media/2024-10/q10_ra.jpg.webp?itok=NdpjD6Yk 1100w,/sites/default/files/styles/responsive_1300w/public/media/2024-10/q10_ra.jpg.webp?itok=SSEH0_C2 1300w,/sites/default/files/styles/responsive_1500w/public/media/2024-10/q10_ra.jpg.webp?itok=aiMxk-4_ 1500w,/sites/default/files/styles/responsive_1700w/public/media/2024-10/q10_ra.jpg.webp?itok=WTsLwj-O 1700w,/sites/default/files/styles/responsive_1900w/public/media/2024-10/q10_ra.jpg.webp?itok=oUynibWL 1900w" loading="lazy" alt="" width="300" height="128" data-multiplier="4x" /> </div> <button class="imagebox-lightbox__button" data-lightbox-trigger> <img class="image lazyload img-fluid" data-src="/themes/custom/intuitiv/assets/images/design/union-black.svg" alt="" > </button> </div> </div> <div class="grid-cell col-lg-6 col-12 content"> <h2 class="paragraph__title" id=""> <div class="field field--name-field-title field--type-string field--label-hidden field__item">What will ITER do?</div> </h2> <div id="p-19354" class="content-rte"> <div class="content-rte"><p>The amount of fusion energy a tokamak is capable of producing is a direct result of the number of fusion reactions taking place in its core. Scientists know that the larger the vessel, the larger the volume of the plasma ... and therefore the greater the potential for fusion energy.<br> <br> With five times the plasma volume of the largest machine operating today, the ITER Tokamak will be a unique experimental tool, capable of longer plasmas and better confinement. The machine has been designed specifically to:<br> <br> <strong>1) Achieve a deuterium-tritium plasma in which the fusion conditions are sustained mostly by internal fusion heating</strong><br> Fusion research today is at the threshold of exploring a "burning plasma"—one in which the heat from the fusion reaction is confined within the plasma efficiently enough for the self-heating effect to dominate any other form of heating. Scientists are confident that the plasmas in ITER will not only produce much more fusion energy, but will remain stable for longer periods of time.<br> <br> <strong>2) Generate 500 MW of fusion power in its plasma</strong><br> The world record for fusion power in a magnetic confinement fusion device is held by the European tokamak JET. In 1997, JET produced 16 MW of fusion power from a total input heating power of 24 MW (Q=0.67). ITER is designed to yield in its plasma a ten-fold return on power (Q=10), or <strong>500 MW </strong>of fusion power from 50 MW of input heating power. ITER will not convert the heating power it produces as electricity, but—as the first of all fusion experiments in history to produce net energy gain across the plasma—it will prepare the way for the machines that can.<br> <br> <strong>3) Contribute to the demonstration of the integrated operation of technologies for a fusion power plant</strong><br> ITER will bridge the gap between today's smaller-scale experimental fusion devices and the demonstration fusion power plants of the future. Scientists will be able to study plasmas under conditions similar to those expected in a future power plant and test technologies such as heating, control, diagnostics, cryogenics and remote maintenance.<br> <br> <strong>4) Test tritium breeding</strong><br> One of the missions for the later stages of ITER operation is to demonstrate the feasibility of producing tritium from lithium within the vacuum vessel. The world supply of tritium (used with deuterium to fuel the fusion reaction) is not sufficient to cover the needs of future power plants. ITER will provide a unique opportunity to test mockup in-vessel tritium breeding blankets in a real fusion environment.<br> <br> <strong>5) Demonstrate the safety characteristics of a fusion device</strong><br> ITER achieved an important landmark in fusion history when, in 2012, the ITER Organization was licensed as a nuclear operator in France based on the rigorous and impartial examination of its safety files. One of the primary goals of ITER operation is to demonstrate the control of the plasma and the fusion reactions with negligible consequences to the environment.</p> </div> </div> </div> </div></div> <div class="paragraph paragraph--right-wide"> <div class="grid row-gutter-50 row" > <div class="grid-cell col-lg-6 col-12 content"> <h2 class="paragraph__title" id=""> <div class="field field--name-field-title field--type-string field--label-hidden field__item">What is fusion?</div> </h2> <div id="p-19355" class="content-rte"> <div class="content-rte"><p>Fusion is the energy source of the Sun and stars. In the tremendous heat and gravity at the core of these stellar bodies, hydrogen nuclei collide, fuse into heavier helium atoms and release tremendous amounts of energy in the process.</p><p>Twentieth-century fusion science identified the most efficient fusion reaction in the laboratory setting to be the reaction between two hydrogen isotopes, deuterium (D) and tritium (T), as the DT fusion reaction produces the highest energy gain at the "lowest" temperatures.</p><p>Three conditions must be fulfilled to achieve fusion in a laboratory: very high temperature (on the order of 150,000,000 °C); sufficient plasma particle density (to increase the likelihood that collisions do occur); and sufficient confinement time (to hold the plasma, which has a propensity to expand, within a defined volume).</p><p>At extreme temperatures, electrons are separated from nuclei and a gas becomes a plasma—often referred to as the fourth state of matter. Fusion plasmas provide the environment in which light elements can fuse and yield energy.</p><p>In a tokamak device, powerful magnetic fields are used to confine and control the plasma.</p><p><em>See the Science section for more on </em><a href="/sci/whatisfusion"><em>fusion</em></a><em> and </em><a href="/science/making-it-work"><em>plasmas</em></a>.</p></div> </div> </div> <div class="grid-cell col-lg-6 col-12 image"> <div class="imagebox-lightbox imagebox-lightbox--4x3" data-lightbox> <div class="imagebox-lightbox__image img-cover" data-lightbox-image> <img src="/sites/default/files/styles/responsive_300w/public/media/2025-01/h_reaction_white.jpg.webp?itok=_wXWXc_k" class="image img-fluid" data-srcset="/sites/default/files/styles/responsive_300w/public/media/2025-01/h_reaction_white.jpg.webp?itok=_wXWXc_k 300w,/sites/default/files/styles/responsive_500w/public/media/2025-01/h_reaction_white.jpg.webp?itok=p4mDdS1V 500w,/sites/default/files/styles/responsive_700w/public/media/2025-01/h_reaction_white.jpg.webp?itok=6LXF1pHH 700w,/sites/default/files/styles/responsive_900w/public/media/2025-01/h_reaction_white.jpg.webp?itok=Drbx-Max 900w,/sites/default/files/styles/responsive_1100w/public/media/2025-01/h_reaction_white.jpg.webp?itok=eFJ07ivU 1100w,/sites/default/files/styles/responsive_1300w/public/media/2025-01/h_reaction_white.jpg.webp?itok=pIL8j1aF 1300w,/sites/default/files/styles/responsive_1500w/public/media/2025-01/h_reaction_white.jpg.webp?itok=QGRHWT29 1500w,/sites/default/files/styles/responsive_1700w/public/media/2025-01/h_reaction_white.jpg.webp?itok=9slkE6zW 1700w,/sites/default/files/styles/responsive_1900w/public/media/2025-01/h_reaction_white.jpg.webp?itok=ReFuglHg 1900w" loading="lazy" alt="" width="300" height="186" data-multiplier="4x" /> </div> <button class="imagebox-lightbox__button" data-lightbox-trigger> <img class="image lazyload img-fluid" data-src="/themes/custom/intuitiv/assets/images/design/union-black.svg" alt="" > </button> </div> </div> </div></div> <div class="paragraph paragraph--left-wide-simple"> <div class="grid row-gutter-50 row" > <div class="grid-cell col-lg-6 col-12 image"> <div class="imagebox-lightbox imagebox-lightbox--4x3" data-lightbox> <div class="imagebox-lightbox__image img-cover" data-lightbox-image> <img src="/sites/default/files/styles/responsive_300w/public/media/2023-11/video_ornl_2_0.jpg.webp?itok=tTCuSAM0" class="image img-fluid" data-srcset="/sites/default/files/styles/responsive_300w/public/media/2023-11/video_ornl_2_0.jpg.webp?itok=tTCuSAM0 300w,/sites/default/files/styles/responsive_500w/public/media/2023-11/video_ornl_2_0.jpg.webp?itok=rzWt1AfW 500w,/sites/default/files/styles/responsive_700w/public/media/2023-11/video_ornl_2_0.jpg.webp?itok=3x5RiJTi 700w,/sites/default/files/styles/responsive_900w/public/media/2023-11/video_ornl_2_0.jpg.webp?itok=Q7gwAPeU 900w,/sites/default/files/styles/responsive_1100w/public/media/2023-11/video_ornl_2_0.jpg.webp?itok=_qpHBm00 1100w,/sites/default/files/styles/responsive_1300w/public/media/2023-11/video_ornl_2_0.jpg.webp?itok=ory21GTQ 1300w,/sites/default/files/styles/responsive_1500w/public/media/2023-11/video_ornl_2_0.jpg.webp?itok=9aHgMp8i 1500w,/sites/default/files/styles/responsive_1700w/public/media/2023-11/video_ornl_2_0.jpg.webp?itok=wxVAjsSg 1700w,/sites/default/files/styles/responsive_1900w/public/media/2023-11/video_ornl_2_0.jpg.webp?itok=DqnQc0PR 1900w" loading="lazy" alt="video_ornl_2" width="300" height="169" data-multiplier="4x" /> </div> <button class="imagebox-lightbox__button" data-lightbox-trigger> <img class="image lazyload img-fluid" data-src="/themes/custom/intuitiv/assets/images/design/union-black.svg" alt="" > </button> <p class="imagebox-lightbox__legend legend" data-lightbox-legend> <span>Visualization courtesy of Jamison Daniel, Oak Ridge Leadership Computing Facility</span> </p> </div> </div> <div class="grid-cell col-lg-6 col-12 content"> <h2 class="paragraph__title" id=""> <div class="field field--name-field-title field--type-string field--label-hidden field__item">What is a tokamak?</div> </h2> <div id="p-19356" class="content-rte"> <div class="content-rte"><p>Power plants today rely either on fossil fuels, nuclear fission, or renewable sources like wind or water. Whatever the energy source, the plants generate electricity by converting mechanical power, such as the rotation of a turbine, into electrical power. In a coal-fired steam station, the combustion of coal turns water into steam and the steam in turn drives turbine generators to produce electricity.<br> <br> The <strong>tokamak</strong> is an experimental machine designed to harness the energy of fusion. Inside a tokamak, the energy produced through the fusion of atoms is absorbed as heat in the walls of the vessel. Just like a conventional power plant, a fusion power plant will use this heat to produce steam and then electricity by way of turbines and generators.<br> <br> The heart of a tokamak is its doughnut-shaped vacuum chamber. Inside, under the influence of extreme heat and pressure, gaseous hydrogen fuel becomes a plasma—the very environment in which hydrogen atoms can be brought to fuse and yield energy. (You can read more on this particular state of matter <a href="/science/making-it-work">here</a>.) The charged particles of the plasma can be shaped and controlled by the massive magnetic coils placed around the vessel; physicists use this important property to confine the hot plasma away from the vessel walls. The term "tokamak" comes to us from a Russian acronym that stands for "toroidal chamber with magnetic coils."<br> <br> First developed by Soviet research in the late 1950s, the tokamak has been adopted around the world as the most promising configuration of magnetic fusion device. ITER will be the world's largest tokamak—twice the size of the largest machine currently in operation, with six times the plasma chamber volume.<br> <br> <em>See the <a data-entity-substitution="canonical" data-entity-type="node" data-entity-uuid="32bb795a-04a2-4966-b873-4df91b09129e" href="/machine">Machine</a> section for more on the Tokamak and its components.</em></p> </div> </div> </div> </div></div> <div class="paragraph paragraph--right-wide"> <div class="grid row-gutter-50 row" > <div class="grid-cell col-lg-6 col-12 content"> <h2 class="paragraph__title" id=""> <div class="field field--name-field-title field--type-string field--label-hidden field__item">Who is participating?</div> </h2> <div id="p-19357" class="content-rte"> <div class="content-rte"><p>The ITER Project is a globe-spanning collaboration of 35 nations.<br><br>The ITER Members <strong>China</strong>, the <strong>European Union (through Euratom)</strong>, <strong>India</strong>, <strong>Japan</strong>, <strong>Korea</strong>, <strong>Russia</strong> and the <strong>United States </strong>have combined resources to conquer one of the greatest frontiers in science—reproducing on Earth the boundless energy that fuels the Sun and the stars.<br><br>As signatories to the ITER Agreement, concluded in 2006, the seven Members will share the cost of project construction, operation and decommissioning. They also share the experimental results and any intellectual property generated by the fabrication, construction and operation phases.<br><br>Europe is responsible for the largest portion of construction costs (45.6 percent); the remainder is shared equally by China, India, Japan, Korea, Russia and the United States (9.1 percent each). The Members deliver very little monetary contribution to the project: instead, nine-tenths of contributions will be delivered to the ITER Organization in the form of completed components, systems or buildings.<br><br>Taken together, the ITER Members represent three continents, over 40 languages, half of the world's population and 73 percent of global gross domestic product. In the offices of the ITER Organization and those of the seven Domestic Agencies, in laboratories and in industry, literally thousands of people are working toward the success of ITER. A recent <a href="/newsline/-/3854">review</a> indicated that, with all contracting organizations included, individuals from 90 countries are working on the ITER site.<br><br>The ITER Organization has also concluded non-Member technical cooperation agreements with <a href="/sites/default/files/media/2016_09_iter-ansto.pdf">Australia </a>(through the Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation, ANSTO, in 2016) and <a href="/sites/default/files/media/2017_06_iter-kazakhstan.pdf">Kazakhstan</a> (through Kazakhstan's National Nuclear Centre in 2017); a Memorandum of Understanding with <a href="/news/canada-returns-table">Canada</a> agreeing to explore the possibility of future cooperation (2020); and a Cooperation Agreement with the <a href="/newsline/-/3196">Thailand</a> Institute of Nuclear Technology (2018). ITER also has nearly 100 Cooperation Agreements with international organizations, national laboratories, universities and schools (see the full list at the end of the latest <a href="/publication-center#annual-reports">Annual Report</a>).<br><br><em>See the </em><a href="/proj/Countries"><em>Members</em></a><em> page for links to the seven Domestic Agencies.</em></p></div> </div> </div> <div class="grid-cell col-lg-6 col-12 image"> <div class="imagebox-lightbox imagebox-lightbox--4x3" data-lightbox> <div class="imagebox-lightbox__image img-cover" data-lightbox-image> <img src="/sites/default/files/styles/responsive_300w/public/media/2025-03/miniplanete3-1_small.jpg.webp?itok=xccvAhae" class="image img-fluid" data-srcset="/sites/default/files/styles/responsive_300w/public/media/2025-03/miniplanete3-1_small.jpg.webp?itok=xccvAhae 300w,/sites/default/files/styles/responsive_500w/public/media/2025-03/miniplanete3-1_small.jpg.webp?itok=tHkA2vwO 500w,/sites/default/files/styles/responsive_700w/public/media/2025-03/miniplanete3-1_small.jpg.webp?itok=Fwvod30q 700w,/sites/default/files/styles/responsive_900w/public/media/2025-03/miniplanete3-1_small.jpg.webp?itok=mqB7-sYW 900w,/sites/default/files/styles/responsive_1100w/public/media/2025-03/miniplanete3-1_small.jpg.webp?itok=gs62c_N5 1100w,/sites/default/files/styles/responsive_1300w/public/media/2025-03/miniplanete3-1_small.jpg.webp?itok=GcQPeB5c 1300w,/sites/default/files/styles/responsive_1500w/public/media/2025-03/miniplanete3-1_small.jpg.webp?itok=1m8TZkUw 1500w,/sites/default/files/styles/responsive_1700w/public/media/2025-03/miniplanete3-1_small.jpg.webp?itok=ed1AXMDb 1700w,/sites/default/files/styles/responsive_1900w/public/media/2025-03/miniplanete3-1_small.jpg.webp?itok=xabAJNLu 1900w" loading="lazy" alt="" width="300" height="168" data-multiplier="4x" /> </div> <button class="imagebox-lightbox__button" data-lightbox-trigger> <img class="image lazyload img-fluid" data-src="/themes/custom/intuitiv/assets/images/design/union-black.svg" alt="" > </button> </div> </div> </div></div> <div class="paragraph paragraph--left-wide-simple"> <div class="grid row-gutter-50 row" > <div class="grid-cell col-lg-6 col-12 image"> <div class="imagebox-lightbox imagebox-lightbox--4x3" data-lightbox> <div class="imagebox-lightbox__image img-cover" data-lightbox-image> <img src="/sites/default/files/styles/responsive_300w/public/media/2025-03/drone_nov_2024_4.jpg.webp?itok=h_wFt0UK" class="image img-fluid" data-srcset="/sites/default/files/styles/responsive_300w/public/media/2025-03/drone_nov_2024_4.jpg.webp?itok=h_wFt0UK 300w,/sites/default/files/styles/responsive_500w/public/media/2025-03/drone_nov_2024_4.jpg.webp?itok=uaccSk_C 500w,/sites/default/files/styles/responsive_700w/public/media/2025-03/drone_nov_2024_4.jpg.webp?itok=_iQ6DRqB 700w,/sites/default/files/styles/responsive_900w/public/media/2025-03/drone_nov_2024_4.jpg.webp?itok=M5kNw9X4 900w,/sites/default/files/styles/responsive_1100w/public/media/2025-03/drone_nov_2024_4.jpg.webp?itok=iyeQ51U2 1100w,/sites/default/files/styles/responsive_1300w/public/media/2025-03/drone_nov_2024_4.jpg.webp?itok=CqTAOIho 1300w,/sites/default/files/styles/responsive_1500w/public/media/2025-03/drone_nov_2024_4.jpg.webp?itok=qjHYwKfy 1500w,/sites/default/files/styles/responsive_1700w/public/media/2025-03/drone_nov_2024_4.jpg.webp?itok=jhL24BUR 1700w,/sites/default/files/styles/responsive_1900w/public/media/2025-03/drone_nov_2024_4.jpg.webp?itok=M0x6qg_9 1900w" loading="lazy" alt="" width="300" height="168" data-multiplier="4x" /> </div> <button class="imagebox-lightbox__button" data-lightbox-trigger> <img class="image lazyload img-fluid" data-src="/themes/custom/intuitiv/assets/images/design/union-black.svg" alt="" > </button> <p class="imagebox-lightbox__legend legend" data-lightbox-legend> <span>Construction of the ITER scientific installation began in 2010. In the centre of the platform, in the Tokamak Complex, the ITER machine is taking shape. (Photo: ITER Organization/EJF Riche, October 2024)</span> </p> </div> </div> <div class="grid-cell col-lg-6 col-12 content"> <h2 class="paragraph__title" id=""> <div class="field field--name-field-title field--type-string field--label-hidden field__item">When will experiments begin?</div> </h2> <div id="p-19358" class="content-rte"> <div class="content-rte"><p>On a 42-hectare site in the south of France, building has been underway since 2010. (See the <a href="/building-iter" data-entity-type="node" data-entity-uuid="f23cf02f-02cd-4561-843b-c9da60ffb822" data-entity-substitution="canonical">Construction</a> pages of the ITER web.) The central Tokamak Building was handed over to the ITER Organization in March 2020 for the start of machine assembly. The first major event of this new phase was the installation of the 1,250-tonne cryostat base in <a href="/news/moment-will-live-our-memories">May 2020</a>. </p><p>The ITER Organization is now overseeing the integration and assembly of components delivered to the ITER site by the seven ITER Members. This includes the assembly of the ITER Tokamak, with its estimated one million components, and the parallel installation and integration of plant systems such as radio frequency heating, fuel cycle, cryogenic, cooling water, vacuum, control, and high voltage electrical.</p><p>Hundreds of thousands of assembly tasks, organized into construction work packages, have been carefully planned and organized by ITER engineers and schedulers. In its role as overall assembly integrator, the ITER Organization is assisted by several major contractors. (See the <a href="/project/assembly-overview">Assembly</a> pages of the ITER web.)</p><p><strong>Update January 2025: </strong>At the 35th Meeting of the ITER Council in November 2024, the ITER Organization presented a new baseline proposal to replace the plan that had been used as a reference since 2016. The new baseline prioritizes a robust start to scientific exploitation with a more complete machine than initially planned, with a divertor, blanket shield blocks and other key components and systems in place in time for the first operational phase. That phase—Start of Research Operation—features hydrogen and deuterium-deuterium plasmas that culminate in the operation of the machine in long pulses at full magnetic energy and plasma current. In the new plan, the achievement of full magnetic energy in 2036 represents a delay of three years relative to the 2016 reference, while the start of the deuterium-tritium operation phase in 2039 represents a delay of four years. Based on the analyses carried out so far by the ITER Members, the Council approved the overall baseline approach. The project is moving forward with the definition of project phases and gates, with associated milestones, for project control. More detail is provided in <a href="/node/20687/support-baseline-approach" data-entity-type="node" data-entity-uuid="559d972b-f219-433f-a521-a8fa3f0ca709" data-entity-substitution="canonical">this article</a>.)</p></div> </div> </div> </div></div> <div class="paragraph-text clearfix"> <div class="paragraph-text__container container"> <h2 class="paragraph-text__title" id="iter-timeline"> ITER Timeline </h2> <div class="paragraph-text__items"> <div id="p-19359" class="content-rte"> <p>2005                Decision to site the project in France<br>2006                Signature of the ITER Agreement<br>2007                Formal creation of the ITER Organization<br>2007-2009      Land clearing and levelling<br>2008                Component fabrication begins<br>2010-2014       Ground support structure and seismic foundations for the Tokamak Complex<br>2012                 Nuclear licensing milestone: ITER becomes a Basic Nuclear Installation under French law<br>2010-2024       Construction of ITER plant and auxiliary buildings (excepting the Hot Cell Facility)<br>2015...              Largest components are transported along the ITER Itinerary<br>2020                Machine assembly begins<br>2023                Completion of Tokamak Complex civil works<br>2024                Updated ITER baseline proposal reviewed by the ITER Council; overall approach approved<br>2033                Cryostat closure<br>2033-2034      Integrated commissioning<br><strong>2034                   Start of Research Operation</strong><br>2036                Full magnetic energy<br>2039                Start of Deuterium-Tritium Operation<br> </p> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-content-bottom field--type-entity-reference-revisions field--label-hidden field__items"> <div class="field__item"> <div id="p-19352" class="thumb-category thumb-category--default" data-thumb> <div class="thumb-category__head"> <h2 class="thumb-category__title"> Explore further </h2> <div class="thumb-category__navigation"> <div class="thumb-category__prev swiper-button-prev"> <i class="icon icon-chevron-bold-left" aria-hidden="true"></i> </div> <div class="thumb-category__next swiper-button-next"> <i class="icon icon-chevron-bold-right" aria-hidden="true"></i> </div> </div> </div> <div class="thumb-category__slider swiper" data-slider="thumb-category"> <div class="thumb-category__wrapper swiper-wrapper"> <div class="thumb-category__slide swiper-slide"> <a class="thumbnail" href="/machine/what-tokamak"> <div class="thumbnail__body"> <h3 class="thumbnail__title"> What is a tokamak? </h3> </div> <div class="thumbnail__image img-cover"> <div about="/machine/what-tokamak" class="imagebox imagebox--16x10 node n-component-detail n-component-detail--teaser"> <div class="imagebox__image img-cover"> <img src="/sites/default/files/styles/responsive_300w/public/media/16/tokamak_poster.jpg.webp?itok=2LD_xKGf" class="image img-fluid" data-srcset="/sites/default/files/styles/responsive_300w/public/media/16/tokamak_poster.jpg.webp?itok=2LD_xKGf 300w,/sites/default/files/styles/responsive_500w/public/media/16/tokamak_poster.jpg.webp?itok=o8anwjFD 500w,/sites/default/files/styles/responsive_700w/public/media/16/tokamak_poster.jpg.webp?itok=bRwpUHH3 700w,/sites/default/files/styles/responsive_900w/public/media/16/tokamak_poster.jpg.webp?itok=f7f2kPdV 900w,/sites/default/files/styles/responsive_1100w/public/media/16/tokamak_poster.jpg.webp?itok=2GPbv7yF 1100w,/sites/default/files/styles/responsive_1300w/public/media/16/tokamak_poster.jpg.webp?itok=w1oqQ6Kx 1300w,/sites/default/files/styles/responsive_1500w/public/media/16/tokamak_poster.jpg.webp?itok=OkTIabw3 1500w,/sites/default/files/styles/responsive_1700w/public/media/16/tokamak_poster.jpg.webp?itok=5CDMXKSo 1700w,/sites/default/files/styles/responsive_1900w/public/media/16/tokamak_poster.jpg.webp?itok=KnYl1f9P 1900w" loading="lazy" alt="Qu'est-ce qu'un tokamak? 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