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id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Malian imam and political leader (born c. 1954)</div> <p> <b>Mahmoud Dicko</b> (<a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: <span lang="ar" dir="rtl">محمود ديكو</span>; born around 1954<sup id="cite_ref-:1_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) is a <a href="/wiki/Mali" title="Mali">Malian</a> <a href="/wiki/Salafi_movement" title="Salafi movement">Salafi</a> <a href="/wiki/Imam" title="Imam">imam</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Tombouctou_Region" title="Tombouctou Region">Tombouctou Region</a> who chaired the <a href="/wiki/High_Islamic_Council_of_Mali" title="High Islamic Council of Mali">High Islamic Council of Mali</a> (<i>Haut Conseil islamique malien</i>, HCIM) from January 2008 to April 2019.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A politico-religious leader considered in 2020 one of the most influential people in Mali, though he has never run for public office,<sup id="cite_ref-:4_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dicko served as mediator between the Malian government and jihadist groups in the north of the country. After supporting <a href="/wiki/Ibrahim_Boubacar_Ke%C3%AFta" title="Ibrahim Boubacar Keïta">Ibrahim Boubacar Keïta</a> in the <a href="/wiki/2013_Malian_presidential_election" title="2013 Malian presidential election">2013 election</a>, he started supporting the opposition in 2017. </p><p>On 7 September 2019, he started his own movement called Coordination of Movements, Associations and Sympathizers (Coordination des Mouvements, Associations et Sympathisants, CMAS). In 2019 and 2020, he called for several <a href="/wiki/2020_Malian_protests" title="2020 Malian protests">important demonstrations against President Keïta</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Biography">Biography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mahmoud_Dicko&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Biography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Dicko is <a href="/wiki/Fula_people" title="Fula people">Fulani</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A former <a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a> professor, trained in <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a><sup id="cite_ref-:1_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Mauritania" title="Mauritania">Mauritania</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dicko became imam of the Salam mosque of Badalabougou in the early 1980s. A <a href="/wiki/Political_quietism_in_Islam" title="Political quietism in Islam">quietist</a> <a href="/wiki/Salafi" class="mw-redirect" title="Salafi">Salafi</a>, he considers himself a <a href="/wiki/Sunni_Islam" title="Sunni Islam">Sunni</a> and not a <a href="/wiki/Wahhabism" title="Wahhabism">Wahhabite</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was secretary general of the Malian Association for the Unity and Progress of Islam (Association Malienne pour l’Unité et la Progrès de l’Islam; AMUPI).<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Dicko rejects jihad and the most violent rules of <a href="/wiki/Sharia" title="Sharia">Sharia law</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He also views Mali's pre-Islamic traditions as important.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2009, he opposed the draft personal and <a href="/wiki/Malian_Family_Code" title="Malian Family Code">family code</a> proposed by the government<sup id="cite_ref-:2_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and with the mobilization of his followers succeeded in eliminating provisions of the code that were favorable to women's rights.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2012, during the <a href="/wiki/Mali_War" title="Mali War">Mali War</a>, he took a stand in favor of dialogue with Islamists and met with <a href="/wiki/Iyad_Ag_Ghaly" title="Iyad Ag Ghaly">Iyad Ag Ghali</a>, the leader of <a href="/wiki/Ansar_Dine" title="Ansar Dine">Ansar Dine</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2013, he stated that the intervention of the French army in Mali, in support of the Malian army against armed jihadist groups, was not an aggression against Islam, saying that France had come to the aid of a people in distress, who had been abandoned by Muslim countries to their own fate.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the <a href="/wiki/2013_Malian_presidential_election" title="2013 Malian presidential election">2013 Malian presidential election</a>, he supported the candidacy of <a href="/wiki/Ibrahim_Boubacar_Ke%C3%AFta" title="Ibrahim Boubacar Keïta">Ibrahim Boubacar Keïta</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In November 2015, after <a href="/wiki/2015_Bamako_hotel_attack" title="2015 Bamako hotel attack">a terrorist attack on a Bamako hotel</a>, Dicko stated on <a href="/wiki/Voice_of_America" title="Voice of America">VOA</a> that the terrorists were sent by God to punish Mali for the promotion of homosexuality, which had been imported from the West.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In December 2015, at the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Mosque_of_Bamako" title="Grand Mosque of Bamako">Grand Mosque of Bamako</a>, he stated that <a href="/wiki/Jihadism" title="Jihadism">jihadism</a> was a creation of the West and of France with the goal of "recolonizing Mali".<sup id="cite_ref-Macé_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Macé-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:3_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 30 October 2016, Dicko announced that he had received, after eight months of discussions, a letter from <a href="/wiki/Iyad_Ag_Ghaly" title="Iyad Ag Ghaly">Iyad Ag Ghaly</a> in which Ag Ghaly announced "the end of attacks throughout the territory".<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> But Ansar Dine denied these statements on 2 November.<sup id="cite_ref-Macé_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Macé-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After having supported Keïta, Dicko moved to the opposition around the end of 2017.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At his urging, 30,000-50,000 people demonstrated against the government in Bamako on 5 April 2019.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 7 September 2019, as others speculated about his presidential ambitions, he launched CMAS, a political movement that follows his Islamist line.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As his influence grew, some analysts viewed him as a contender to win Mali's presidency in the 2023 election.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In June 2020, the CMAS united with the 5 June Movement/Gathering of Patriotic Forces (Mouvement du 5 juin / Rassemblement des Forces Patriotiques, M5-RFP). According to Aly Tounkara's analysis, "Many opponents who would have had no chance of gaining power have decided to rely on the imam and his thousands of followers, giving him great political power".<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 19 June 2020, he organized a demonstration of tens of thousands of faithful and supporters to ask the President, Ibrahim Boubacar Keïta, to resign.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 10 July, during the third day of mobilization, clashes occurred, causing several deaths; leaders of the opposition coalition were arrested and then released.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 18 August, during a <a href="/wiki/2020_Malian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="2020 Malian coup d'état">coup d'état</a>, Keïta and the Prime Minister, <a href="/wiki/Boubou_Ciss%C3%A9" title="Boubou Cissé">Boubou Cissé</a>, were arrested by a military garrison.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A few hours later, the President of the Republic, still detained by the army in a military camp, announced his resignation as well as the dissolution of the government and of the Parliament.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 19 August, Dicko announced that he was leaving politics.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nevertheless, he campaigned actively against the new constitution put to a <a href="/wiki/2023_Malian_constitutional_referendum" title="2023 Malian constitutional referendum">referendum in June 2023</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On February 17, 2024, supporters of Imam Mahmoud Dicko created Synergy of Action for Mali, a coalition of parties and associations opposing the Malian junta.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On March 6, 2024, the Malian government dissolved the Association called “Coordination of Movements, Associations and Sympathizers of Imam Mahmoud Dicko” (CMAS).<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The coordinator of this association, Youssouf Daba Diawara, was arrested in July 2024.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mahmoud_Dicko&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-:1-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.francetvinfo.fr/monde/afrique/societe-africaine/mali-l-influent-et-virulent-imam-mahmoud-dicko-lance-son-mouvement-politique_3609581.html">"Mali : l'influent et virulent imam Mahmoud Dicko, lance son mouvement politique"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/France_Info" title="France Info">France Info</a></i> (in French). 9 September 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 August</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=France+Info&rft.atitle=Mali+%3A+l%27influent+et+virulent+imam+Mahmoud+Dicko%2C+lance+son+mouvement+politique&rft.date=2019-09-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.francetvinfo.fr%2Fmonde%2Fafrique%2Fsociete-africaine%2Fmali-l-influent-et-virulent-imam-mahmoud-dicko-lance-son-mouvement-politique_3609581.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMahmoud+Dicko" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_2-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jeuneafrique.com/135160/politique/mali-l-cole-du-wahhabisme/">"Mali : à l'école du wahhabisme"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Jeune_Afrique" title="Jeune Afrique">Jeune Afrique</a></i> (in French). 23 December 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 March</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Afrique+sur+7&rft.atitle=Mali+%3A+le+gouvernement+dissout+l%E2%80%99association+de+l%E2%80%99Imam+Mahmoud+Dicko&rft.date=2024-03-06&rft.aulast=Atcha&rft.aufirst=Marturin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.afrique-sur7.ci%2Fmali-le-gouvernement-dissout-lassociation-de-limam-mahmoud-dicko&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMahmoud+Dicko" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAFP2024" class="citation news cs1">AFP (14 July 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.voaafrique.com/amp/mali-arrestation-d-un-proche-du-c%25C3%25A9l%25C3%25A8bre-imam-dicko/7696721.html">"Arrestation d'un proche du célèbre imam malien Mahmoud Dicko"</a>. <i>Voa Afrique</i>. Voa Afrique<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 July</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Voa+Afrique&rft.atitle=Arrestation+d%27un+proche+du+c%C3%A9l%C3%A8bre+imam+malien+Mahmoud+Dicko&rft.date=2024-07-14&rft.au=AFP&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.voaafrique.com%2Famp%2Fmali-arrestation-d-un-proche-du-c%2525C3%2525A9l%2525C3%2525A8bre-imam-dicko%2F7696721.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMahmoud+Dicko" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mahmoud_Dicko&oldid=1255518854">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mahmoud_Dicko&oldid=1255518854</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1950s_births" title="Category:1950s births">1950s births</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Living_people" title="Category:Living people">Living people</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:People_from_Tombouctou_Region" title="Category:People from Tombouctou Region">People from Tombouctou Region</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Malian_Salafis" title="Category:Malian Salafis">Malian Salafis</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Malian_imams" title="Category:Malian imams">Malian imams</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Fula_people" title="Category:Fula people">Fula people</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:21st-century_Malian_people" title="Category:21st-century Malian people">21st-century Malian people</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Grand_Muftis" title="Category:Grand Muftis">Grand Muftis</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_French-language_sources_(fr)" title="Category:CS1 French-language sources (fr)">CS1 French-language sources (fr)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_September_2020" title="Category:Use dmy dates from September 2020">Use dmy dates from September 2020</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Arabic-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Arabic-language text">Articles containing Arabic-language text</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 5 November 2024, at 09:49<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. 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