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class="nav-link">Multimedia archives</a></li><li class="nav-item"> <a href="https://www.unesco.org/en/archives" class="nav-link">Archives</a></li><li class="nav-item"> <a href="https://courier.unesco.org/en" class="nav-link">UNESCO Courier</a></li><li class="nav-item"> <a href="https://www.flickr.com/photos/131897504@N08/albums" class="nav-link">Official Photo Gallery</a></li><li class="nav-item"> <a href="https://www.unesco.org/en/legal-affairs/basictexts" class="nav-link">Basic Texts</a></li></ul></li><li class="nav-item"> <span class="nav-link dropdown-toggle">Databases and Statistics</span><ul class="list-unstyled ms-3"><li class="nav-item"> <a href="https://core.unesco.org/en/home" class="nav-link">Core data portal</a></li><li class="nav-item"> <a href="https://www.unesco.org/en/key-data" class="nav-link">key data</a></li><li class="nav-item"> <a href="https://www.unesco.org/en/safety-journalists/observatory" class="nav-link">Observatory of killed Journalists</a></li><li class="nav-item"> <a href="http://uis.unesco.org/" class="nav-link">UNESCO Institute for Statistics</a></li><li class="nav-item"> <a href="https://www.education-inequalities.org/" class="nav-link">World Inequality Database on Education</a></li></ul></li><li class="nav-item"> <a href="https://www.unesco.org/en/classroom" class="nav-link dropdown-toggle">UNESCO Classroom</a><ul class="list-unstyled ms-3"><li class="nav-item"> <a href="https://www.unesco.org/en/campus" class="nav-link">UNESCO Campus</a></li></ul></li><li class="nav-item"> <a href="https://shop.unesco.org/en" class="nav-link">UNESCO Shop</a></li></ul></li></ul><div class="vocabulary--websites"><span class="title nav-link">All UNESCO websites</span><div class="right"><input aria-label="Search for a site or UNESCO entity" class="dynamic-search" placeholder="Search for a site or UNESCO entity" type="search" /><div class="wrapper-websites"><div data-letter="B" data-nid="32" id="taxonomy-term-32" class="taxonomy-term vocabulary-websites"> <a href="https://www.unesco.org/biennaleluanda/2021/en" title="Biennale of Luanda" target="_blank"><div class="content"><div class="title">Biennale of Luanda</div><div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-description field--type-text-long field--label-hidden field__item"><p>Pan-African Forum for the Culture of Peace</p></div></div> </a></div><div data-letter="C" data-nid="9502" id="taxonomy-term-9502" class="taxonomy-term vocabulary-websites"> <a href="https://core.unesco.org" title="Core Data Portal" target="_blank"><div class="content"><div class="title">Core Data Portal</div><div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-description field--type-text-long field--label-hidden field__item"><p>Public access to information is a key component of UNESCO's commitment to transparency and its accountability.</p></div></div> </a></div><div data-letter="D" data-nid="9163" id="taxonomy-term-9163" class="taxonomy-term vocabulary-websites"> <a href="https://www.unesco.org/creativity/en" title="Diversity of Cultural Expressions (2005 Convention)" target="_blank"><div class="content"><div class="title">Diversity of Cultural Expressions (2005 Convention)</div><div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-description field--type-text-long field--label-hidden field__item"><p>Based on human rights and fundamental freedoms, the 2005 Convention ultimately provides <strong>a new framework for informed, transparent and </strong></p></div></div> </a></div><div data-letter="E" data-nid="33" id="taxonomy-term-33" class="taxonomy-term vocabulary-websites"> <a href="https://www.unesco.org/interculturaldialogue/en" title="E-platform on Intercultural Dialogue" target="_blank"><div class="content"><div class="title">E-platform on Intercultural Dialogue</div><div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-description field--type-text-long field--label-hidden field__item"><p>UNESCO’s e-Platform on intercultural dialogue is designed for organizations and individuals to learn from shared knowledge or experiences from infl</p></div></div> </a></div><div data-letter="G" data-nid="13157" id="taxonomy-term-13157" class="taxonomy-term vocabulary-websites"><div class="content"><div class="title">GEM-reports</div></div></div><div data-letter="G" data-nid="27" id="taxonomy-term-27" class="taxonomy-term vocabulary-websites"> <a href="https://www.unesco.org/gem-report/en" title="Global Education Monitoring Report (GEM Report)" target="_blank"><div class="content"><div class="title">Global Education Monitoring Report (GEM Report)</div><div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-description field--type-text-long field--label-hidden field__item"><p>Established in 2002, the GEM Report is an editorially independent report, hosted and published by UNESCO.</p></div></div> </a></div><div data-letter="I" data-nid="8714" id="taxonomy-term-8714" class="taxonomy-term vocabulary-websites"> <a href="https://ich.unesco.org/en/" title="Intangible Culture Heritage (ICH)" target="_blank"><div class="content"><div class="title">Intangible Culture Heritage (ICH)</div></div> </a></div><div data-letter="I" data-nid="13112" id="taxonomy-term-13112" class="taxonomy-term vocabulary-websites"><div class="content"><div class="title">Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission of UNESCO (IOC)</div></div></div><div data-letter="I" data-nid="13132" id="taxonomy-term-13132" class="taxonomy-term vocabulary-websites"><div class="content"><div class="title">International Decade of Sciences for Sustainable Development</div></div></div><div data-letter="I" data-nid="13117" id="taxonomy-term-13117" class="taxonomy-term vocabulary-websites"><div class="content"><div class="title">International Year of Glaciers</div></div></div><div data-letter="M" data-nid="34" id="taxonomy-term-34" class="taxonomy-term vocabulary-websites"> <a href="https://www.unesco.org/mab/50anniversary/en" title="Man and the Biosphere - 50th Anniversary" target="_blank"><div class="content"><div class="title">Man and the Biosphere - 50th Anniversary</div></div> </a></div><div data-letter="R" data-nid="30" id="taxonomy-term-30" class="taxonomy-term vocabulary-websites"> <a href="https://www.unesco.org/reports/access-to-information/2021/en" title="Report on Public Access to Information (SDG 16.10.2) 2021" target="_blank"><div class="content"><div class="title">Report on Public Access to Information (SDG 16.10.2) 2021</div><div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-description field--type-text-long field--label-hidden field__item"><p>To recovery and beyond: The report takes stock of the global progress on the adoption and implementation of legal guarantees on Access to Info</p></div></div> </a></div><div data-letter="R" data-nid="5345" id="taxonomy-term-5345" class="taxonomy-term vocabulary-websites"> <a href="https://www.unesco.org/reports/reshaping-creativity/2022/en" title="Reshaping Policies for Creativity - 2022 Report" target="_blank"><div class="content"><div class="title">Reshaping Policies for Creativity - 2022 Report</div><div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-description field--type-text-long field--label-hidden field__item"><p>Addressing culture as a global public good</p></div></div> </a></div><div data-letter="S" data-nid="35" id="taxonomy-term-35" class="taxonomy-term vocabulary-websites"> <a href="https://www.unesco.org/reports/science/2021/en" title="Science Report 2021" target="_blank"><div class="content"><div class="title">Science Report 2021</div></div> </a></div><div data-letter="S" data-nid="12530" id="taxonomy-term-12530" class="taxonomy-term vocabulary-websites"><div class="content"><div class="title">Spotlight Children (GEM campaign)</div></div></div><div data-letter="T" data-nid="44" id="taxonomy-term-44" class="taxonomy-term vocabulary-websites"> <a href="https://courier.unesco.org/en" title="The UNESCO Courier" target="_blank"><div class="content"><div class="title">The UNESCO Courier</div><div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-description field--type-text-long field--label-hidden field__item"><p>For almost 75 years, <em>the UNESCO Courier</em> has served as a platform for international debates on issues that concern the entire pla</p></div></div> </a></div><div data-letter="U" data-nid="10638" id="taxonomy-term-10638" class="taxonomy-term vocabulary-websites"> <a href="https://www.unesco.org/reports/safety-journalists/2022/en" title="UNESCO Director-General's Report on the Safety of Journalists and the Danger of Impunity 2022" target="_blank"><div class="content"><div class="title">UNESCO Director-General's Report on the Safety of Journalists and the Danger of Impunity 2022</div></div> </a></div><div data-letter="U" data-nid="36" id="taxonomy-term-36" class="taxonomy-term vocabulary-websites"> <a href="https://www.uil.unesco.org/" title="UNESCO Institute for Lifelong Learning (UIL)" target="_blank"><div class="content"><div class="title">UNESCO Institute for Lifelong Learning (UIL)</div><div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-description field--type-text-long field--label-hidden field__item"><p>Lifelong learning is key to overcoming global challenges and to achieving the Sustainable Development Goals.</p></div></div> </a></div><div data-letter="U" data-nid="13107" id="taxonomy-term-13107" class="taxonomy-term vocabulary-websites"><div class="content"><div class="title">UNESCO Institute for Statistics (UIS)</div></div></div><div data-letter="U" data-nid="10639" id="taxonomy-term-10639" class="taxonomy-term vocabulary-websites"> <a href="https://www.ibe.unesco.org/" title="UNESCO International Bureau of Education" target="_blank"><div class="content"><div class="title">UNESCO International Bureau of Education</div></div> </a></div><div data-letter="U" data-nid="37" id="taxonomy-term-37" class="taxonomy-term vocabulary-websites"> <a href="http://www.iiep.unesco.org/" title="UNESCO International Institute for Educational Planning (IIEP)" target="_blank"><div class="content"><div class="title">UNESCO International Institute for Educational Planning (IIEP)</div></div> </a></div><div data-letter="U" data-nid="8568" id="taxonomy-term-8568" class="taxonomy-term vocabulary-websites"> <a href="https://www.iesalc.unesco.org/" title="UNESCO International Institute for Higher Education in Latin America and the Caribbean (IESALC)" target="_blank"><div class="content"><div class="title">UNESCO International Institute for Higher Education in Latin America and the Caribbean (IESALC)</div></div> </a></div><div data-letter="U" data-nid="12494" id="taxonomy-term-12494" class="taxonomy-term vocabulary-websites"> <a href="https://www.iicba.unesco.org/en" title="UNESCO's International Institute for Capacity Building in Africa (IICBA)" target="_blank"><div class="content"><div class="title">UNESCO's International Institute for Capacity Building in Africa (IICBA)</div></div> </a></div><div data-letter="U" data-nid="2" id="taxonomy-term-2" class="taxonomy-term vocabulary-websites"> <a href="https://www.unesco.org" title="UNESCO.org" target="_blank"><div class="content"><div class="title">UNESCO.org</div><div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-description field--type-text-long field--label-hidden field__item"><p>Main UNESCO website</p></div></div> </a></div><div data-letter="U" data-nid="6799" id="taxonomy-term-6799" class="taxonomy-term vocabulary-websites"> <a href="https://unesdoc.unesco.org/" title="UNESDOC" target="_blank"><div class="content"><div class="title">UNESDOC</div><div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-description field--type-text-long field--label-hidden field__item"><p>UNESCO Digital Library website.</p></div></div> </a></div><div data-letter="V" data-nid="13173" id="taxonomy-term-13173" class="taxonomy-term vocabulary-websites"><div class="content"><div class="title">Virtual Science Museum</div></div></div><div data-letter="W" data-nid="38" id="taxonomy-term-38" class="taxonomy-term vocabulary-websites"> <a href="https://whc.unesco.org/" title="World Heritage Convention (WHC)" target="_blank"><div class="content"><div class="title">World Heritage Convention (WHC)</div></div> </a></div><div data-letter="W" data-nid="41" id="taxonomy-term-41" class="taxonomy-term vocabulary-websites"> <a href="https://www.unesco.org/reports/world-media-trends/2021/en" title="World Trends in Freedom of Expression and Media Development - Global Report 2021-2022" target="_blank"><div class="content"><div class="title">World Trends in Freedom of Expression and Media Development - Global Report 2021-2022</div></div> </a></div><div data-letter="W" data-nid="13106" id="taxonomy-term-13106" class="taxonomy-term vocabulary-websites"><div class="content"><div class="title">World Water Development Report</div></div></div><div data-letter="W" data-nid="31" id="taxonomy-term-31" class="taxonomy-term vocabulary-websites"> <a href="http://www.unesco.org/reports/wwdr/2021/en" title="World Water Development Report 2021" target="_blank"><div class="content"><div class="title">World Water Development Report 2021</div><div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-description field--type-text-long field--label-hidden field__item"><p>The Value of water</p></div></div> </a></div><div data-letter="W" data-nid="5346" id="taxonomy-term-5346" class="taxonomy-term vocabulary-websites"> <a href="https://www.unesco.org/reports/wwdr/2022/en" title="World Water Development Report 2022" target="_blank"><div class="content"><div class="title">World Water Development Report 2022</div><div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-description field--type-text-long field--label-hidden field__item"><p>Groundwater, making the invisible visible</p></div></div> </a></div><div data-letter="W" data-nid="12999" id="taxonomy-term-12999" class="taxonomy-term vocabulary-websites"> <a href="https://www.unesco.org/reports/wwdr/2023/en" title="World Water Development Report 2023" target="_blank"><div class="content"><div class="title">World Water Development Report 2023</div></div> </a></div></div></div></div> </nav></div></div></div><div class="dropdown block block-unesco-common block-unesco-commonlanguage-blocklanguage-interface col-lg-1 col-md-12" id="block-languageswitcher"><div data-block="header"><button class="btn btn-link btn-link-white dropdown-toggle" data-bs-toggle="dropdown-menu" aria-haspopup="true" aria-expanded="false">English</button><div class="dropdown-menu dropdown-menu-right" aria-labelledby="dropdownMenuButton"><ul class="language-switcher-language-url"><li hreflang="en" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/1773" class="is-active" aria-current="page"><a href="/en/articles/deep-dive-transatlantic-slave-trade" class="language-link is-active" hreflang="en" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/1773" 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id="main-content" tabindex="-1"></a><div class=""><div class="region region-content"><div class="ows-search-views-keyword-form unesco-search--dropdown block block-unesco-search" data-drupal-selector="ows-search-views-keyword-form" role="search" id="block-unescosearch"><form data-block="content" action="/en/search" method="get" id="ows-search-views-keyword-form" accept-charset="UTF-8"><div class="unesco-search--overlay"></div><div class="btn unesco-search--close"></div> <input type="hidden" name="category" value="The UNESCO Courier" /><div class="wrapper-search-text"><div class="js-form-item form-item js-form-type-search form-type-search js-form-item-text form-item-text"> <input placeholder="" data-drupal-selector="edit-text" type="search" id="edit-text" name="text" value="" size="60" maxlength="128" class="form-search form-control" /></div><button class="btn btn-lg btn-primary custom-submit" label="ows-edit-submit" type="submit">Search</button><div data-drupal-selector="ows-edit-actions" class="form-actions js-form-wrapper form-wrapper" id="ows-edit-actions"> <input data-drupal-selector="ows-edit-submit" class="btn-lg button js-form-submit form-submit btn btn-primary" type="submit" id="ows-edit-submit" value="Search" /></div></div><div class="results-sort-wrapper"></div></form></div><div class="unesco-messages-wrapper"><div data-drupal-messages-fallback class="hidden"></div></div><div id="block-unesco-content" class="block block-system block-system-main-block"> <article class="node--view-mode-full media-small node node--type-article node--promoted node--view-mode-idea" data-terms-tags="5574 19" data-terms-univers="5574 19" data-letter="A" data-nid="1773"><div class="node__content"><div class="header-node-content"><p class="section-text is-arrow text-white"><span>Idea</span></p><h1 class="title article-title">A deep dive into the transatlantic slave trade</h1><div class="section-text field field--name-field-description field--type-string-long field--label-hidden field__item">Off the coast of the island of Gorée – a symbol of human exploitation – African researchers are carrying out underwater explorations to locate and identify the wrecks of slave ships. Their mission is not only to document the history of the transatlantic slave trade, but also to approach it from a different perspective.</div><div class="content-date-wrapper"><div class="created-time"><span>23 January 2024</span></div><div class="updated-time"><span>Last update:</span><span>25 January 2024</span></div></div></div><div class="main-node-content"><div class="content-narrow"><div class="media-wrapper"><div class="media-image field field--name-field-ref-image field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden field__item"><div class="media media--type-image media--view-mode-medium"><div class="field field--name-field-media-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <picture> <source srcset="/sites/default/files/styles/paragraph_medium_desktop/article/2024-01/image001.png.jpg.webp?itok=XqmDhrj7 1x" media="all and (min-width: 993px)" type="image/webp" width="610" height="404"/> <source srcset="/sites/default/files/styles/paragraph_medium_tablet/article/2024-01/image001.png.jpg.webp?itok=9JNDtgWZ 1x" media="all and (min-width: 576px) and (max-width: 992px)" type="image/webp" width="700" height="464"/> <source srcset="/sites/default/files/styles/paragraph_medium_mobile/article/2024-01/image001.png.jpg.webp?itok=cpiKeQIJ 1x" media="all and (max-width: 575px)" type="image/webp" width="327" height="217"/> <source srcset="/sites/default/files/styles/paragraph_medium_desktop/article/2024-01/image001.png.jpg?itok=XqmDhrj7 1x" media="all and (min-width: 993px)" type="image/jpeg" width="610" height="404"/> <source srcset="/sites/default/files/styles/paragraph_medium_tablet/article/2024-01/image001.png.jpg?itok=9JNDtgWZ 1x" media="all and (min-width: 576px) and (max-width: 992px)" type="image/jpeg" width="700" height="464"/> <source srcset="/sites/default/files/styles/paragraph_medium_mobile/article/2024-01/image001.png.jpg?itok=cpiKeQIJ 1x" media="all and (max-width: 575px)" type="image/jpeg" width="327" height="217"/> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/paragraph_medium_desktop/article/2024-01/image001.png.jpg?itok=XqmDhrj7" width="610" height="404" alt="Professor Ibrahima Thiaw and his students on a mission off the coast of the island of Gorée in 2016." class="img-fluid" /> </picture></div></div></div><div class="media-footer"><div class="media-legend">Professor Ibrahima Thiaw and his students on a mission off the coast of the island of Gorée in 2016.</div><div class="media-copyright">© Jane Hahn</div></div></div><div class="field field--name-field-paragraphs field--type-entity-reference-revisions field--label-hidden field__items"><div class="field__item"><div id="" class="bg-bluelight boxed paragraph paragraph--type--rich-text paragraph--view-mode--default"><div class="rich-text clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-text field--type-text-long field--label-hidden field__item"><p class="text-align-justify" dir="ltr"><strong>Madick Gueye</strong><br>Doctor of underwater archaeology, coordinator of the Slave Wrecks Project, Cultural Engineering and Anthropology Research Unit (URICA) at IFAN, Cheikh Anta Diop University, Dakar (Senegal).</p></div></div></div><div class="field__item"><div id="" class="paragraph paragraph--type--rich-text paragraph--view-mode--default"><div class="rich-text clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-text field--type-text-long field--label-hidden field__item"><p class="text-align-justify" dir="ltr">Today known as a place of memory dedicated to the slave trade, the island of Gorée was the largest slave-trading centre on the African coast from the 15<sup>th</sup> to the 19<sup>th</sup> century. Thousands of human beings passed through this small island some five kilometres from Dakar, Senegal, before being used as forced labour in American plantations. <br><br>It is estimated that nearly a thousand slave ships wrecked between Africa and the Americas. Only a tiny fraction of these wrecks are known and documented today. Consequently, a huge amount of mapping work needs to be undertaken. Tracking down these archeological remains and exploring the underwater sites would help obtain invaluable scientific data and shed light on the tragic history of the triangular trade.</p><p class="text-align-justify" dir="ltr">The waters surrounding the island of Gorée, inscribed on the World Heritage list in 1978, are an important part of this history. This is why, in 2016 and 2017, a team of research divers from the Institut fondamental d'Afrique noire (IFAN) at Cheikh Anta Diop University in Dakar, undertook two underwater archaeological research missions off the coast of the island. Using a magnetometer to detect the presence of metals, combined with a navigation system and a depth sounder, we were able to cover the entire coastline of the island within a radius of 500 metres, recording the data generated with the aid of software. The subsequent work of cataloguing enabled us to identify 24 archaeological sites, confirming the richness of Senegal's underwater cultural heritage.  </p></div></div></div><div class="field__item"><div id="the-middle-passage" class="paragraph paragraph--type--rich-text paragraph--view-mode--default"><div class="field field--name-field-title field--type-string field--label-hidden field__item"><h2>The Middle Passage</h2></div><div class="rich-text clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-text field--type-text-long field--label-hidden field__item"><p class="text-align-justify" dir="ltr">The team then carried out dives in some of the sites. We had a clear mission – to assess the potential of the sites, measure their extent, map the apparent structures and study their environment. This was a decisive factor in the conservation of the remains. So far, IFAN has identified two major sites: <em>HMS Sénégal, </em>which was shipwrecked in 1780, and a second site dating from the early 19<sup>th</sup> century that requires more in-depth archaeological assessment before it can be fully identified.</p><p class="text-align-justify" dir="ltr">In Senegal the research focuses on the Middle Passage, the transatlantic stage of the triangular trade linking Europe, Africa and the Americas, a field that still remains largely undocumented. Given its strategic position and major role in transatlantic trade relations, Senegambia – historically a geographical area corresponding to the Senegal and Gambia river basins –  appears to be a privileged area to be explored.</p></div></div></div><div class="field__item"><div id="" class="paragraph-border paragraph paragraph--type--quote paragraph--view-mode--default"><div class="row"><div class="rich-text clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-text field--type-text-long field--label-hidden field__item"><p>The Senegalese waters are home to many slave shipwreck sites</p></div></div></div></div><div class="field__item"><div id="" class="paragraph paragraph--type--rich-text paragraph--view-mode--default"><div class="rich-text clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-text field--type-text-long field--label-hidden field__item"><p class="text-align-justify" dir="ltr">For over four centuries, thousands of European slave ships sailed along the coast of West Africa, with the main trading points centred on the coastal regions of Saint-Louis, Gorée, Rufisque, Portudal, Joal, Albreda and Rivières du Sud. </p><p class="text-align-justify" dir="ltr">Obstacles to navigation, such as poor visibility and sandbanks, as well as rivalry between European powers, caused many of these vessels to run aground. Reconstructing what life was like on board and the hardship endured by these men and women is one of the aims of our research.</p></div></div></div><div class="field__item"><div id="training-at-sea-and-in-the-classroom" class="paragraph paragraph--type--rich-text paragraph--view-mode--default"><div class="field field--name-field-title field--type-string field--label-hidden field__item"><h2>Training at sea and in the classroom</h2></div><div class="rich-text clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-text field--type-text-long field--label-hidden field__item"><p class="text-align-justify" dir="ltr">These initial explorations were carried out as part of the <a href="https://nmaahc.si.edu/explore/initiatives/slave-wrecks-project"><u>Slave Wrecks Project</u></a>, initiated by the Smithsonian Institution's National Museum of African American History and Culture in Washington, DC (United States). The aim of the international network of researchers set up by the project is not only to document the history of the transatlantic slave trade, but also to approach it in a new way by placing people at the heart of the story.</p><p class="text-align-justify" dir="ltr">Training is an essential dimension of this initiative bringing together Africans and African-American descendants to study underwater archaeology, both at sea and in classrooms. Since 2014, the Slade Wrecks Project has been able to train a network of researchers at IFAN's Archaeology Laboratory in diving and marine archaeology techniques and technology. It has thus been instrumental in setting up the first African-led marine archaeology team in West Africa.</p></div></div></div><div class="field__item"><div id="" class="paragraph-border paragraph paragraph--type--quote paragraph--view-mode--default"><div class="row"><div class="rich-text clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-text field--type-text-long field--label-hidden field__item"><p> The Cheikh Anta Diop University has established the first African-led marine archaeology team in West Africa</p></div></div></div></div><div class="field__item"><div id="" class="paragraph paragraph--type--rich-text paragraph--view-mode--default"><div class="rich-text clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-text field--type-text-long field--label-hidden field__item"><p class="text-align-justify" dir="ltr">Underwater archaeological sites enable us to re-examine the stories and legacies of the slave trade. By promoting knowledge, the underwater archaeology of the slave trade fosters reconciliation and promotes social justice.</p><p class="text-align-justify" dir="ltr">The desire to document slave trade history by studying underwater remains is not something new. Since the late 1980s, researchers such as Max Guérout, a French underwater archaeologist, have been working on the subject. He led two diving missions to the Gorée area in 1988, as part of UNESCO's programme to safeguard the island. The work of Professor Ibrahima Thiaw, a Senegalese archaeologist and specialist in the living conditions of the slaves on Gorée, has also been instrumental in the development of this discipline in Senegal. </p></div></div></div><div class="field__item"><div id="a-very-present-past" class="paragraph paragraph--type--rich-text paragraph--view-mode--default"><div class="field field--name-field-title field--type-string field--label-hidden field__item"><h2>A very present past</h2></div><div class="rich-text clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-text field--type-text-long field--label-hidden field__item"><p class="text-align-justify" dir="ltr">The transatlantic slave trade is not only a thing of the past – Senegalese social landscapes are still strongly marked by the stigma of slavery. Racial stereotypes arising from the slave trade have had a profound impact on intercultural and interracial relations. </p><p class="text-align-justify" dir="ltr">The question of the role played by the African continent in the export of black slaves continues to be debated. This topic, sometimes reduced to simplistic statements, has been the source of misunderstandings and even tensions with Afro-descendant Americans. Africans were undeniably implicated, but the moral and political economy of the slave trade is highly complex and cannot be reduced to clichés or hasty interpretations.</p><p class="text-align-justify" dir="ltr">In this context, a better understanding of the past and of the complexity of the transatlantic slave trade is essential to foster dialogue and heal the wounds of the past, wounds which are sometimes still open. Moreover, by involving the local population in the research we will help them take ownership of the black slave trade history.<strong> </strong></p><p class="text-align-justify" dir="ltr">Provided, however, that the ruins and remains can continue to reveal their secrets to future generations. In fact, underwater archaeological sites face a number of threats. Several dozen metres below the surface, micro-organisms, marine fauna and the mechanical effects of the sea, currents and even fishing gear can destroy wrecks.</p><p class="text-align-justify" dir="ltr">Buried in the sediment, sheltered from light and in an oxygen-poor environment, organic matter is well preserved. But once brought to the surface, the objects are fragile and need to be preserved with appropriate conservation treatment. This is particularly true of iron objects and wood. Indeed, the archaeological objects excavated by Max Guérout in the late 1980s are already deteriorating.</p></div></div></div><div class="field__item"><div id="" class="paragraph-border paragraph paragraph--type--quote paragraph--view-mode--default"><div class="row"><div class="rich-text clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-text field--type-text-long field--label-hidden field__item"><p>Senegal does not yet have a conservation laboratory, which is essential for continuing underwater archaeological excavations</p></div></div></div></div><div class="field__item"><div id="" class="paragraph paragraph--type--rich-text paragraph--view-mode--default"><div class="rich-text clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-text field--type-text-long field--label-hidden field__item"><p class="text-align-justify" dir="ltr">Senegal does not yet have a conservation laboratory, an essential element for continuing underwater archaeological excavations. The creation of such an establishment is therefore imperative for the future of our research and, more broadly, for the documentation of the history of the transatlantic slave trade.</p></div></div></div><div class="field__item"><div id="" class="paragraph-border -one-column paragraph paragraph--type--quick-link paragraph--view-mode--default"><div class="field field--name-field-description field--type-string-long field--label-hidden field__item">READ MORE</div><div class="field field--name-field-links field--type-link field--label-hidden field__items"><div class="field__item"><a href="https://www.unesco.org/en/articles/holds-clotilda-africatown-0"><div class="link-wrapper"><span class="arrow-primary"></span><span class="link-title">From the holds of the Clotilda to Africatown, 2019</span></div></a></div><div class="field__item"><a href="https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000139495"><div class="link-wrapper"><span class="arrow-primary"></span><span class="link-title">The Shipwrecked memory of the Utile slaves, 2005</span></div></a></div></div></div></div><div class="field__item"><div id="more-articles-in-ideas" class="paragraph paragraph--type--content-search-article paragraph--view-mode--default"></div></div><div class="field__item"><div id="subscribe" class="bg-gray paragraph-simple paragraph paragraph--type--cta paragraph--view-mode--default"><div class="cta-media-wrapper"><div class="field field--name-field-ref-image field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden field__item"><div class="media media--type-image media--view-mode-thumbnail-cta"><div class="field field--name-field-media-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <picture> <source srcset="/sites/default/files/styles/square_144/public/2022-01/2022_01_12_0s9_Kleki.png.jpg.webp?itok=8mG2xctB 1x" media="all and (min-width: 993px)" type="image/webp" width="144" height="144"/> <source 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