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href="https://joint-research-centre.ec.europa.eu/scientific-activities-0_en" class="ecl-link ecl-link--standalone ecl-link--no-visited ecl-breadcrumb__link" >Scientific activities A-Z</a><svg class="ecl-icon ecl-icon--fluid ecl-breadcrumb__icon" focusable="false" aria-hidden="true" role="presentation"><use xlink:href="/themes/contrib/oe_theme/dist/ec/images/icons/sprites/icons.svg#corner-arrow"></use></svg></li><li class="ecl-breadcrumb__segment" data-ecl-breadcrumb-item="static"><a href="/scientific-activities-z/natural-and-man-made-hazards_en" class="ecl-link ecl-link--standalone ecl-link--no-visited ecl-breadcrumb__link" >Natural and man-made hazards</a><svg class="ecl-icon ecl-icon--fluid ecl-breadcrumb__icon" focusable="false" aria-hidden="true" role="presentation"><use xlink:href="/themes/contrib/oe_theme/dist/ec/images/icons/sprites/icons.svg#corner-arrow"></use></svg></li><li class="ecl-breadcrumb__segment ecl-breadcrumb__current-page" data-ecl-breadcrumb-item="static" aria-current="page"><span>Floods </span></li></ol></nav><div class="ecl-page-header__info"><h1 class="ecl-page-header__title"><span>Floods </span></h1></div><div class="ecl-page-header__description-container"><picture class="ecl-picture ecl-page-header__picture-thumbnail" ><img class="ecl-page-header__description-thumbnail" src="/sites/default/files/styles/oe_theme_small_no_crop/avportal/P-041685/00-65.jpg?itok=mxuaPguL" alt="Flooding and high tide situation in Venice" ></picture><p class="ecl-page-header__description">Leading the research in this domain for the past two decades, JRC scientists support the preparedness and emergency response to floods events at the European and global level. </p></div></div></div> </div> <main class="ecl-u-pb-xl" id="main-content" data-inpage-navigation-source-area="h2.ecl-u-type-heading-2, div.ecl-featured-item__heading"> <div class="ecl-container"> <div class="ecl-row"> <div class="ecl-col-s-12 ewcms-top-sidebar"> <div> <div data-drupal-messages-fallback class="hidden"></div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="ecl-row"> <div class="ecl-col-s-12"> <div id="block-ewcms-theme-main-page-content" data-inpage-navigation-source-area="h2, div.ecl-featured-item__heading" class="ecl-u-mb-l"> <article dir="ltr"> <div> <div class="ecl-u-mb-2xl"> <a id="paragraph_3235"></a> <div class="ecl"><p>Floods are among the most devastating <a href="https://joint-research-centre.ec.europa.eu/scientific-activities-z/natural-and-man-made-hazards_en" class="ecl-link">natural hazards</a>. They are a threat to human lives, often displacing communities and inflicting billions in economic damages worldwide. In this context, scientists working at the Joint Research Centre (JRC) provide critical data on flood patterns, enabling policymakers and relevant authorities to devise informed strategies.</p> <p>The primary responsibility for preventing, preparing for, and responding to natural and man-made disasters lies within countries. But through cutting-edge algorithms combining in-situ data (e.g. river heights) with meteorological forecasts, JRC sends alerts to registered authorised users  about potentially-affected regions or river/tributary sections.This allows them to devise response strategies to protect people and livelihoods.</p> <p>At JRC, we are proud to contribute to the global understanding of flood dynamics by sharing all our data freely with the international community. This allows fostering collaborations and exchanging best practices within dedicated expert groups. The <a href="https://drmkc.jrc.ec.europa.eu/initiatives-services/social-media-driven-disaster-risk-management" class="ecl-link">social media for disaster risk management expert group</a> is a key example of such collaborations. Together, we work to help nations worldwide prepare for the challenges posed by coastal and river flooding.</p> <p> </p></div> </div> <div class="ecl-u-mb-2xl"> <a id="paragraph_3239"></a> <div class="ecl-fact-figures ecl-fact-figures--col-3" ><div class="ecl-fact-figures__items"><div class="ecl-fact-figures__item"><div class="ecl-fact-figures__value">€7.6</div><div class="ecl-fact-figures__title">billion</div><div class="ecl-fact-figures__description">of damage estimations in the EU and UK from river flooding, annually.</div></div><div class="ecl-fact-figures__item"><div class="ecl-fact-figures__value">160 000 </div><div class="ecl-fact-figures__title">people</div><div class="ecl-fact-figures__description">in the EU+UK currently exposed to inundation, annually. </div></div><div class="ecl-fact-figures__item"><div class="ecl-fact-figures__value">1:4 </div><div class="ecl-fact-figures__title">return on investment</div><div class="ecl-fact-figures__description">means that each euro invested in creating water detention areas in Europe can save four euro in avoided damages (in a 3°C warming scenario).</div></div></div><div class="ecl-fact-figures__view-all"><a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41558-022-01540-0" class="ecl-link ecl-link--standalone ecl-link--icon ecl-fact-figures__view-all-link" ><span class="ecl-link__label">Nature Climate Change volume 13, p.196–202 (2023)</span><svg class="ecl-icon ecl-icon--2xs ecl-link__icon" focusable="false" aria-hidden="false" ><use xlink:href="/themes/contrib/oe_theme/dist/ec/images/icons/sprites/icons.svg#external"></use></svg></a></div></div> </div> <div class="ecl-u-mb-2xl"> <a id="paragraph_3240"></a> <h2 class="ecl-u-type-heading-2">How does JRC contribute to minimising flood impacts?</h2> <div class="ecl"><p>JRC's work on floods takes place during the <strong>preparedness </strong>and <strong>response </strong>phases of this disaster.</p> <p>At the latter state - when a flood already occurred - we help with flood <strong>response</strong> by monitoring the flood extent and doing damage assessments via the rapid mapping component of the <a href="https://emergency.copernicus.eu/" class="ecl-link ecl-link--icon ecl-link--icon-after"><span class="ecl-link__label">Copernicus Emergency Management Service (CEMS)</span><svg class="ecl-icon ecl-icon--xs ecl-link__icon" focusable="false" aria-hidden="true" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><use xlink:href="/themes/contrib/oe_theme/dist/ec/images/icons/sprites/icons.svg#external" /></svg></a>. Recent examples include our work on the floods in <a href="https://rapidmapping.emergency.copernicus.eu/EMSR692/download" class="ecl-link ecl-link--icon ecl-link--icon-after ecl-link"><span class="ecl-link__label">Greece</span><svg class="ecl-icon ecl-icon--xs ecl-link__icon" focusable="false" aria-hidden="true" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><use xlink:href="/themes/contrib/oe_theme/dist/ec/images/icons/sprites/icons.svg#external" /></svg></a>, <a href="https://rapidmapping.emergency.copernicus.eu/EMSR683/download" class="ecl-link ecl-link--icon ecl-link--icon-after ecl-link"><span class="ecl-link__label">Norway </span><svg class="ecl-icon ecl-icon--xs ecl-link__icon" focusable="false" aria-hidden="true" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><use xlink:href="/themes/contrib/oe_theme/dist/ec/images/icons/sprites/icons.svg#external" /></svg></a>or <a href="https://emergency.copernicus.eu/mapping/ems/information-bulletin-167-copernicus-emergency-management-service-activities-following-latest" class="ecl-link ecl-link--icon ecl-link--icon-after ecl-link"><span class="ecl-link__label">Italy</span><svg class="ecl-icon ecl-icon--xs ecl-link__icon" focusable="false" aria-hidden="true" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><use xlink:href="/themes/contrib/oe_theme/dist/ec/images/icons/sprites/icons.svg#external" /></svg></a>.</p> <p>At the <strong>preparedness </strong>phase - before a flood hits - we develop the following activities:</p> <ul> <li>early warning and monitoring activities (see the platforms below);</li> <li>anticipatory scientific research on flood mitigation and prevention measures (see PESETA IV studies below).</li> </ul> <p>For all these activities, our hydrologists and GIS experts rely on the use high-resolution climate information, hydro-morphological datasets, hydrological modelling and statistical analyses.</p> <p> </p></div> </div> <div class="ecl-u-mb-2xl"> <a id="paragraph_3241"></a> <article class="ecl-featured-item ecl-featured-item--highlight" ><div class="ecl-featured-item__container ecl-featured-item__container--right"><div class="ecl-featured-item__item"><div class="ecl-featured-item__title"><span class="ecl-featured-item__title-content"> European Flood Awareness System (EFAS)</span></div><div class="ecl-featured-item__description"><div class="ecl"><p>The <a href="https://efas.eu/en" class="ecl-link ecl-link--icon ecl-link--icon-after"><span class="ecl-link__label">European Flood Awareness System (EFAS)</span><svg class="ecl-icon ecl-icon--xs ecl-link__icon" focusable="false" aria-hidden="true" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><use xlink:href="/themes/contrib/oe_theme/dist/ec/images/icons/sprites/icons.svg#external" /></svg></a> is the first operational pan-European flood forecasting and monitoring system.</p><p>EFAS provides constantly updated early flood forecasting information to support national and regional flood risk management authorities in arranging preparatory measures before an event strikes. It also estimates and maps the potential socio-economic impact of those events.</p></div></div><a href="https://efas.eu/en" class="ecl-link ecl-link--cta ecl-link--icon ecl-featured-item__link" ><span class="ecl-link__label"> European Flood Awareness System (EFAS)</span><svg class="ecl-icon ecl-icon--xs ecl-icon--primary ecl-link__icon" focusable="false" aria-hidden="true" ><use xlink:href="/themes/contrib/oe_theme/dist/ec/images/icons/sprites/icons.svg#external"></use></svg></a></div><div class="ecl-featured-item__item"><div class="ecl-media-container ecl-featured-item__media_container" ><figure class="ecl-media-container__figure"><picture class="ecl-picture ecl-media-container__picture" ><img class="ecl-media-container__media" src="https://joint-research-centre.ec.europa.eu/sites/default/files/styles/oe_theme_medium_no_crop/public/2022-03/floods_EFAS.png?itok=2CNqftG6" alt="EFAS system interface view" ></picture></figure></div></div></div></article> </div> <div class="ecl-u-mb-2xl"> <a id="paragraph_3242"></a> <article class="ecl-featured-item ecl-featured-item--highlight" ><div class="ecl-featured-item__container ecl-featured-item__container--right"><div class="ecl-featured-item__item"><div class="ecl-featured-item__title"><span class="ecl-featured-item__title-content">Global Flood Awareness System (GloFAS)</span></div><div class="ecl-featured-item__description"><div class="ecl"><p>The <a href="https://www.globalfloods.eu/" class="ecl-link ecl-link--icon ecl-link--icon-after ecl-link"><span class="ecl-link__label">Global Flood Awareness System (GloFAS)</span><svg class="ecl-icon ecl-icon--xs ecl-link__icon" focusable="false" aria-hidden="true" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><use xlink:href="/themes/contrib/oe_theme/dist/ec/images/icons/sprites/icons.svg#external" /></svg></a> is the global extension of the European Flood Awareness System. It provides information and forecast floods across the world.</p><p>GloFAS provides probabilistic hydrological predictions and overviews across the world on time scales from days to few months, independent of administrative and political boundaries. It is therefore especially beneficial for the flood risk management of large trans-national river basins, as well as for international and national water management or aid-related organisations.</p><p> </p></div></div><a href="https://www.globalfloods.eu/" class="ecl-link ecl-link--cta ecl-link--icon ecl-featured-item__link" ><span class="ecl-link__label">Global Flood Awareness System (GloFAS)</span><svg class="ecl-icon ecl-icon--xs ecl-icon--primary ecl-link__icon" focusable="false" aria-hidden="true" ><use xlink:href="/themes/contrib/oe_theme/dist/ec/images/icons/sprites/icons.svg#external"></use></svg></a></div><div class="ecl-featured-item__item"><div class="ecl-media-container ecl-featured-item__media_container" ><figure class="ecl-media-container__figure"><picture class="ecl-picture ecl-media-container__picture" ><img class="ecl-media-container__media" src="https://joint-research-centre.ec.europa.eu/sites/default/files/styles/oe_theme_medium_no_crop/public/2022-03/floods_GloFAS.png?itok=kzeys3g7" alt="Glofas system view" ></picture></figure></div></div></div></article> </div> <div class="ecl-u-mb-2xl"> <a id="paragraph_3243"></a> <h2 class="ecl-u-type-heading-2">How will climate change increase floods risk?</h2> <div class="ecl"><h3>River floods</h3> <p>With 3°C global warming, river flood damage in the EU and UK in 2100 would be six times larger than current losses, reaching €48 billion/year, and nearly 0.5 million people would be exposed to flooding annually (compared to 170,000 now). The economic impacts could be halved, and the number of people exposed reduced by 230,000, if global warming is limited to 1.5C.</p> <p>Adaptation strategies could further reduce future flood impacts significantly, in a cost-effective manner, and have co-benefits. For example, reducing river flood peaks by installing retention reservoirs would reduce river flood damage in 2100 by nearly 40 €billion/year and also improve ecosystem quality.</p> <p><a href="https://joint-research-centre.ec.europa.eu/peseta-projects/jrc-peseta-iv/river-floods_en" class="ecl-link">Read more about climate change and river floods</a></p> <h3>Coastal floods</h3> <p>Without mitigation and adaptation measures, annual damage from coastal flooding in the EU and UK could increase sharply from 1.4 €billion nowadays to almost 240 €billion by 2100.</p> <p>Around 95% of these impacts could be avoided through moderate mitigation and by raising dykes where human settlements and economically important areas exist along the coastline. The extent to which adaptation can lessen the effects of coastal flooding and at what cost is sensitive to the investment strategy adopted.</p> <p><a href="https://joint-research-centre.ec.europa.eu/peseta-projects/jrc-peseta-iv/coastal-floods_en" class="ecl-link">Read more about climate change and coastal floods</a></p></div> </div> <div class="ecl-u-mb-2xl"> <a id="paragraph_3246"></a> <nav aria-labelledby="nav-label" class="ecl-contextual-navigation" data-ecl-contextual-navigation ><div id="nav-label" class="ecl-contextual-navigation__label">Related</div><ul class="ecl-contextual-navigation__list" data-ecl-contextual-navigation-list ><li class="ecl-contextual-navigation__item ecl-u-mb-s"><a href="https://joint-research-centre.ec.europa.eu/scientific-activities-z/natural-and-man-made-hazards-0_en" class="ecl-link ecl-link--standalone ecl-contextual-navigation__link" >Other natural and man-made hazards</a></li><li class="ecl-contextual-navigation__item ecl-u-mb-s"><a href="https://joint-research-centre.ec.europa.eu/scientific-activities-z/natural-and-man-made-hazards-0/fires_en" class="ecl-link ecl-link--standalone ecl-contextual-navigation__link" >Fires </a></li><li class="ecl-contextual-navigation__item ecl-u-mb-s"><a href="https://joint-research-centre.ec.europa.eu/scientific-activities-z/natural-and-man-made-hazards-0/desertification-and-drought_en" class="ecl-link ecl-link--standalone ecl-contextual-navigation__link" >Desertification and Drought </a></li><li class="ecl-contextual-navigation__item ecl-u-mb-s"><a href="https://joint-research-centre.ec.europa.eu/scientific-activities-z/natural-and-man-made-hazards-0/global-human-settlements_en" class="ecl-link ecl-link--standalone ecl-contextual-navigation__link" >Global Human Settlements</a></li></ul></nav> </div> </div> </article> </div> <div data-inpage-navigation-source-area="h2"> <div id="block-relatedpfforactivitypagescustom"> <div class="ewcms-page-section ecl-u-mb-2xl ecl-u-bg-neutral-40"> <div class="ecl-container ecl-u-pv-m"> <a id="paragraph_3113"></a> <div class="ecl"><p><strong>To find out more about the JRC's work on similar topics, explore the related JRC portfolios:</strong></p></div> </div> <div class="ecl-container ecl-u-pv-m"> <a id="paragraph_3114"></a> <div id="block-relatedpfforactivitypages" class="ecl-u-mt-l"> <div class="ecl-content-item-block"><div class="ecl-row"><div class="ecl-content-item-block__item contextual-region ecl-u-mb-l ecl-col-12 ecl-col-l-6 last-item-column last-item"><article class="ecl-content-item" ><picture class="ecl-picture ecl-picture--zoom ecl-content-item__picture ecl-content-item__picture--large ecl-content-item__picture--left" data-ecl-picture-link ><img class="ecl-content-item__image" src="https://joint-research-centre.ec.europa.eu/sites/default/files/styles/oe_theme_ratio_3_2_medium/public/2023-01/25.crisis.management_AdobeStock_544745883.jpg?itok=ynWyhPPH" alt="Open air vaccination session in an african village during corona virus pandemic" ></picture><div class="ecl-content-block ecl-content-item__content-block" data-ecl-auto-init="ContentBlock" data-ecl-content-block ><div class="ecl-content-block__title"data-ecl-title-link><a href="/jrc-science-and-knowledge-activities/crisis-management_en" class="ecl-link ecl-link--standalone" >Crisis management</a></div><div class="ecl-content-block__description"><p>Enhanced situational awareness for crisis management.</p></div><div class="ecl-content-block__list-container"></div></div></article></div></div><div class="ecl-u-border-color-neutral ecl-u-border-width-1 ecl-u-border-top"></div><div class="ecl-row"><div class="ecl-content-item-block__button ecl-col-12"><div class="ecl-u-clearfix ecl-u-pv-m"><a href="/jrc-science-and-knowledge-activities/jrc-portfolios-z_en?f%5B0%5D=porfolios_portfolios%3A152&f%5B1%5D=source_ct_source_ct%3A161" class="ecl-link ecl-link--standalone ecl-link--icon" ><span class="ecl-link__label">See all JRC 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