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class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tristesa_dels_c%C3%ADtrics" title="Tristesa dels cítrics – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Tristesa dels cítrics" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tristeza_de_los_c%C3%ADtricos" title="Tristeza de los cítricos – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Tristeza de los cítricos" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citrusa_tristeza_viruso" title="Citrusa tristeza viruso – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Citrusa tristeza viruso" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virus_de_la_tristeza_des_agrumes" title="Virus de la tristeza des agrumes – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Virus de la tristeza des agrumes" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citrus_tristeza_virus" title="Citrus tristeza virus – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Citrus tristeza virus" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a 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class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Species of virus</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses of "CTV", see <a href="/wiki/CTV_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="CTV (disambiguation)">CTV (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <table class="infobox biota" style="text-align: left; width: 200px; font-size: 100%"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(250,250,190)"><i>Citrus tristeza virus</i> </th></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; min-width:15em; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(250,250,190)"><a href="/wiki/Virus_classification" title="Virus classification">Virus classification</a> <span class="plainlinks taxobox-edit-taxonomy skin-invert" style="font-size:smaller; float:right; padding-right:0.4em; margin-left:-3em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Template:Taxonomy/Closterovirus" title="Edit this classification"><img alt="Edit this classification" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/23px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/30px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></span> </th></tr> <tr> <td>(unranked): </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Virus" title="Virus">Virus</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Realm</i>: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Riboviria" title="Riboviria"><i>Riboviria</i></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Kingdom: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Orthornavirae" title="Orthornavirae"><i>Orthornavirae</i></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Phylum: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kitrinoviricota" title="Kitrinoviricota"><i>Kitrinoviricota</i></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Class: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Alsuviricetes" title="Alsuviricetes"><i>Alsuviricetes</i></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Order: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Martellivirales" title="Martellivirales"><i>Martellivirales</i></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Family: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Closteroviridae" title="Closteroviridae"><i>Closteroviridae</i></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Genus: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Closterovirus" title="Closterovirus"><i>Closterovirus</i></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Species: </td> <td><div style="display:inline" class="species"><i><b>Citrus tristeza virus</b></i></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(250,250,190)"><a href="/wiki/Synonym_(taxonomy)" title="Synonym (taxonomy)">Synonyms</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: left"> <p>Citrus quick decline virus <br /> Hassaku dwarf virus <br /> Lime dieback virus </p> </td></tr> </tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238732961">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota tr{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota img{background:transparent}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota tr{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota img{background:white}}.mw-parser-output .infobox.biota .taxobox-edit-taxonomy img{background:transparent!important}body.skin-vector .mw-parser-output table.biota.infobox{margin-top:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output table.biota.infobox tr.taxonrow td{padding:2px 10px}</style> <p><b>Citrus tristeza virus</b> (<b>CTV</b>) is a <a href="/wiki/Viral_species" class="mw-redirect" title="Viral species">viral species</a> of the genus <i>Closterovirus</i> that causes the most economically damaging disease to its namesake plant genus, <i><a href="/wiki/Citrus" title="Citrus">Citrus</a></i>. The disease has led to the death of millions of <i>Citrus</i> trees all over the world and has rendered millions of others useless for production.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Farmers in <a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a> and other South American countries gave it the name "tristeza", meaning sadness in Portuguese and Spanish, referring to the devastation produced by the disease in the 1930s. The virus is transmitted most efficiently by the <a href="/wiki/Toxoptera_citricida" title="Toxoptera citricida">brown citrus aphid</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="The_pathogen">The pathogen</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Citrus_tristeza_virus&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: The pathogen"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>CTV is a flexuous rod <a href="/wiki/Virus" title="Virus">virus</a> with dimensions of 2000 nm long and 12 nm in diameter.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The CTV genome is typically between 19.2 and 19.3 kb long and consists of a single strand of (+)-sense <a href="/wiki/RNA" title="RNA">RNA</a> enclosed by two types of <a href="/wiki/Capsid" title="Capsid">capsid</a> proteins. The size of its <a href="/wiki/Genome" title="Genome">genome</a> makes CTV one of the largest RNA viruses known. The CTV genome contains 12 <a href="/wiki/Open_reading_frame" title="Open reading frame">open reading frames</a>, which could encode at least 17 <a href="/wiki/Protein" title="Protein">proteins</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Cambra_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cambra-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:CTV_flexious_rod.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/44/CTV_flexious_rod.jpg" decoding="async" width="199" height="148" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="199" data-file-height="148" /></a><figcaption>CTV is a <a href="/wiki/Flexuous" title="Flexuous">flexuous</a> rod virus with dimensions of 2000nm long and 12nm in diameter</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Hosts_and_symptoms">Hosts and symptoms</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Citrus_tristeza_virus&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Hosts and symptoms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>CTV infects several species of the plant genus, <i>Citrus</i>, including <a href="/wiki/Sour_orange" class="mw-redirect" title="Sour orange">sour orange</a> (<i>Citrus aurantium</i>) and any <i>Citrus</i> grafted onto sour orange <a href="/wiki/Citrus_rootstock" title="Citrus rootstock">rootstock</a>, <a href="/wiki/Key_lime" title="Key lime">key lime</a> and <a href="/wiki/Seville_orange" class="mw-redirect" title="Seville orange">Seville orange</a> (<i>C. × aurantifolia</i>), <a href="/wiki/Hassaku" title="Hassaku">Hassaku</a><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Sweet_orange" class="mw-redirect" title="Sweet orange">sweet orange</a> (<i>C. × sinensis</i>), <a href="/wiki/Grapefruit" title="Grapefruit">grapefruit</a> (<i>C. × paradisi</i>), and <a href="/wiki/Mandarin_orange" title="Mandarin orange">mandarin</a> (<i>C. reticulata</i>). </p><p>CTV is also known to infect <i><a href="/wiki/Aeglopsis" title="Aeglopsis">Aeglopsis chevalieri</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Afraegle" title="Afraegle">Afraegle paniculata</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Pamburus" title="Pamburus">Pamburus missionis</a></i> of the citrus <a href="/wiki/Subfamily_(biology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Subfamily (biology)">subfamily</a> <a href="/wiki/Aurantioideae" title="Aurantioideae">Aurantioideae</a>, as well as <i><a href="/wiki/Passiflora" title="Passiflora">Passiflora gracilis</a></i> which belongs to an entirely different lineage of <a href="/wiki/Rosids" title="Rosids">rosid plants</a>. CTV is distributed worldwide and can be found wherever citrus trees grow.<sup id="cite_ref-Brunt_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brunt-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:CTV_Leaf_Chlorosis.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5a/CTV_Leaf_Chlorosis.jpg" decoding="async" width="190" height="238" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="190" data-file-height="238" /></a><figcaption>Leaf chlorosis</figcaption></figure> <p>Symptoms of CTV infection are highly variable and depend on several factors including host, virulence of the particular virus strain, and environmental conditions. The three most common groupings of symptoms are decline (quick and slow), stem-pitting, and seedling yellows.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Decline is generally exhibited with sweet orange, mandarin, or grapefruit when they are grafted on infected sour orange rootstock. This decline includes <a href="/wiki/Chlorosis" title="Chlorosis">chlorotic</a> leaves and general dieback of the infected tree. Decline may be slow, lasting several months to years after the first symptoms are noticed. In this case the infected tree will also show a bulge above the bud union and honeycombing on the inner face of the original sour orange root stock bark. The decline may also be quick, resulting in host death just days after the first symptoms are noticed.<sup id="cite_ref-Brunt_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brunt-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Stem-pitting is another symptom of CTV that manifests in most host types under the proper conditions, and especially in <i>Citrus</i> trees grafted onto sour orange rootstock. The host will develop pits in the trunk and stem. This results is decreased tree vigor and reduced fruit yield. This is typically caused by the more virulent strains of CTV.<sup id="cite_ref-Koizumi_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Koizumi-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The third major symptom of CTV infection is seedling yellows. This tends to occur on sour orange, <a href="/wiki/Amanatsu" title="Amanatsu">Natsudaidai</a>, lemon and <a href="/wiki/Buntan" class="mw-redirect" title="Buntan">buntan</a>. Symptoms include yellowing of foliage and general dieback.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:CTV_Stem_Pitting.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/CTV_Stem_Pitting.png/200px-CTV_Stem_Pitting.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="137" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a5/CTV_Stem_Pitting.png 1.5x" data-file-width="205" data-file-height="140" /></a><figcaption>CTV-pitted vs healthy citrus stems</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Diagnosis">Diagnosis</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Citrus_tristeza_virus&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Diagnosis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>CTV is classically diagnosed by graft-inoculating a <a href="/wiki/Mexican_lime" class="mw-redirect" title="Mexican lime">Mexican lime</a> (<i>Citrus aurantifolia</i>) with tissue from a diseased plant. The Mexican lime will develop highly predictable symptoms. Symptoms on the leaves begin as clear veins that turn corky, which is then followed by <a href="/wiki/Chlorosis" title="Chlorosis">chlorosis</a> and cupping of the leaf. Particularly severe strains may result in stunting, and stem-pitting may also occur.<sup id="cite_ref-Cambra_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cambra-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Koizumi_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Koizumi-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Alternatively CTV can be indicated by the presence of <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130613063852/http://www.freshfromflorida.com/pi/enpp/pathology/florida_viruses/CitrusVirus/ClostroFam.html">aggregates of cross-banded inclusion bodies in the phloem</a> of the diseased plant.<sup id="cite_ref-Bar-Joseph_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bar-Joseph-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other diagnostic procedures include <a href="/wiki/Electron_microscope" title="Electron microscope">electron microscopy</a>, double-antibody sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (DAS-<a href="/wiki/ELISA" title="ELISA">ELISA</a>), tissue-print ELISA, and <a href="/wiki/Polymerase_chain_reaction" title="Polymerase chain reaction">PCR</a>-based assays.<sup id="cite_ref-Cambra_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cambra-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These methods identify signs of the virus, such as its microscopic structure (electron microscopy), the presence of its proteins’ <a href="/wiki/Antigen" title="Antigen">antigens</a> (ELISA) or the presence of its RNA (PCR).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Brown_citrus_aphid_5194050.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Brown_citrus_aphid_5194050.png/220px-Brown_citrus_aphid_5194050.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="310" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Brown_citrus_aphid_5194050.png/330px-Brown_citrus_aphid_5194050.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Brown_citrus_aphid_5194050.png/440px-Brown_citrus_aphid_5194050.png 2x" data-file-width="518" data-file-height="731" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Toxoptera_citricida" title="Toxoptera citricida">Toxopterax citricida</a></i>, the most harmful CTV-transmitting vector</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Epidemiology">Epidemiology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Citrus_tristeza_virus&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Epidemiology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>CTV is a virus that is limited to the <a href="/wiki/Phloem" title="Phloem">phloem</a> tissues of its host. It is transmitted semi-persistently by vectors that penetrate the phloem to extract sap, mostly the aphid species that colonize the crop.<sup id="cite_ref-Bar-Joseph_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bar-Joseph-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The brown citrus aphid is considerably more efficient at transmitting the virus than are other aphids that infest citrus. In Florida, it has been shown to be from six to twenty five times as efficient as <i><a href="/wiki/Aphis_gossypii" title="Aphis gossypii">Aphis gossypii</a></i>, the most efficient vector found in the state before the introduction of the brown citrus aphid prior to 1995.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This efficiency is enhanced by the narrow host range of the brown citrus aphid and its tendency to produce winged forms in order to colonize new growth. <i>A. gossypii</i> has a much wider host range, including hundreds of plant species in Florida, and the transmission of the virus is blocked when it feeds on a different host.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Environment">Environment</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Citrus_tristeza_virus&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Environment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Aphids are the main vector by which CTV is transmitted. Initially the United States had as vectors only <i><a href="/wiki/Aphis_gossypii" title="Aphis gossypii">Aphis gossypii</a></i> (melon-and-cotton aphid), <i><a href="/wiki/Aphis_spiraecola" title="Aphis spiraecola">A.spiraecola</a></i> (green citrus aphid), and the black (or brown) citrus aphid <i><a href="/wiki/Toxoptera_aurantii" title="Toxoptera aurantii">Toxoptera aurantii</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Brunt_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brunt-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Stanley_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stanley-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These aphids transmit the virus much less efficiently than <i><a href="/wiki/Toxoptera_citricida" title="Toxoptera citricida">Toxoptera citricida</a></i>, the oriental citrus aphid.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Toxoptera citricida</i> had been found in East Asia and South America, and had slowly made its way up through Central America and the Caribbean Islands. By 1993 it had reached Cuba, and in 1995 it was found in Florida.<sup id="cite_ref-Agrios_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Agrios-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The aphids require at least 30 to 60 minutes of feeding to acquire the virus, and remain viruliferous for at least 24 hours after. <i>T. citricida</i> is much more efficient than the other aphids, and it can transmit CTV strains causing severe stem pitting or decline that the other aphids cannot vector. Even though <i>A. spiraecola</i> is less efficient, it tends to have higher populations and thus can still transfer the virus fairly well. <i>T. aurantii</i> has been shown to only transmit certain strains of CTV. Of the three lesser efficient aphids, <i>A. gossypii</i> has a 78% transmission efficiency, while <i>A. spiraecola</i> and <i>T. aurantii</i> are between 0-6%.<sup id="cite_ref-Cambra_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cambra-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There is laboratory evidence that the psyllid <i>Diaphorina citri</i> may also be a relevant vector.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The main cultural practice that increases the severity of the CTV is when the citrus trees are grafted onto the sour orange rootstock. Using CTV infected budwood for grafting can transfer the CTV from the original tree to the new one.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Management">Management</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Citrus_tristeza_virus&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Management"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Shikwasa-1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/94/Shikwasa-1.jpg" decoding="async" width="212" height="164" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="212" data-file-height="164" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Citrus_%C3%97_depressa" class="mw-redirect" title="Citrus × depressa"><i>Citrus</i> × <i>depressa</i></a> used as rootstock suppresses tristeza disease</figcaption></figure> <p>When CTV was first discovered <a href="/wiki/Quarantine" title="Quarantine">quarantine</a> was the best management strategy, now quarantining only works for areas where a small amount of trees are infected. The other approach that was adopted after <i>T. citricida</i> came to the U.S. was destroying any tree in which the budwood was not free of CTV.<sup id="cite_ref-Agrios_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Agrios-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is a more drastic measure but must be done due to how fast <i>T. citricida</i> can spread the virus. If there is any CTV in the area, avoid grafting trees on sour orange <a href="/wiki/Rootstock" title="Rootstock">rootstock</a> and instead graft on tristeza-tolerant rootstock. Since the virus has been in Asia a long time they have used rootstock from <a href="/wiki/Trifoliate_orange" title="Trifoliate orange">trifoliate orange</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sunki_(fruit)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sunki (fruit)">Sunki</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Shiikuwasha" class="mw-redirect" title="Shiikuwasha">Shiikuwasha</a> (<i>C. × depressa</i>) for many years. Some hybrids, such as Troyer <a href="/wiki/Citrange" title="Citrange">citrange</a> or Swingle <a href="/wiki/Citromelo" class="mw-redirect" title="Citromelo">citromelo</a>, show promise as resistant root-stock. Also, using scion varieties tolerant to stem pitting is recommended.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The production of virus-free trees by shoot-tip grafting or heat treatment is very important. If it is possible to keep the field permanently free of CTV, the planting of virus-free trees is practical. In areas where it is difficult to find a virus-free field, preinoculation with a mild CTV strain protects trees against infection with a severe strain of CTV. Bud-stock trees should be inoculated with a mild CTV strain at least four to six months prior to propagation. They should then be kept in a <a href="/wiki/Greenhouse" title="Greenhouse">greenhouse</a>, under aphid-free conditions. It is also recommended that nurseries of young plants grown for propagation should be kept vector-free. Top-grafting with pre-inoculated buds onto interstock trees infested with severe CTV is not effective, because the tree has little protection against the disease. It is necessary to spray nursery plants and young trees with insecticide occasionally, to control aphids. This should retard any re-infection with the virus.<sup id="cite_ref-Koizumi_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Koizumi-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A biological approach has been to bring in a <a href="/wiki/Parasitoid_wasp" title="Parasitoid wasp">parasitoid wasp</a> from Asia that naturally controls <i>A. spiraecola</i>. This approach was stopped when <i>T. citricida</i> arrived due to it not being a parasite of the more important aphid. There is a natural parasite of aphids in Florida in the gall midge <a href="/wiki/Family_(biology)" title="Family (biology)">family</a> <a href="/wiki/Cecidomyiidae" title="Cecidomyiidae">Cecidomyiidae</a> that attempts to keep aphid levels down, however due to the influx in aphid population it has not been able to keep populations down.<sup id="cite_ref-Stanley_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stanley-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Importance">Importance</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Citrus_tristeza_virus&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Importance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>CTV is the most economically important and damaging virus of citrus trees. It can be spread quickly and do damage not only by killing trees with sour orange rootstock, but also by stem pitting normal citrus trees.<sup id="cite_ref-Agrios_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Agrios-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It has killed more than 80 million trees worldwide, mainly in South Africa since 1910, Argentina (10 million) and Brazil (6 million) since 1970, and the U.S. (3 million) since 1950. With the spreading of <i>T. citricida</i> the severity and impact has increased dramatically in Central America and the U.S. In Spain there has been a progressive decline in production from over 40 million sweet orange and mandarin trees.<sup id="cite_ref-Cambra_3-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cambra-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Citrus_tristeza_virus&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-3"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFLee2015" class="citation journal cs1">Lee, Richard F. (2015). "Chapter Five - Control of Virus Diseases of Citrus". <i>Advances in Virus Research</i>. <b>92</b>: <span class="nowrap">143–</span>173. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fbs.aivir.2014.10.002">10.1016/bs.aivir.2014.10.002</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25591879">25591879</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Advances+in+Virus+Research&rft.atitle=Chapter+Five+-+Control+of+Virus+Diseases+of+Citrus&rft.volume=92&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E143-%3C%2Fspan%3E173&rft.date=2015&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fbs.aivir.2014.10.002&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F25591879&rft.aulast=Lee&rft.aufirst=Richard+F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACitrus+tristeza+virus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bar-Joseph M, Che X, Mawassi M, Gowda S, Satyanarayana T, Ayllón M, Albiach-Martí M, Garnsey SM, Dawson WO. The Continuous Challenge of Citrus tristeza virus Molecular Research. Fifteenth IOCV Conference, 2002- Citrus Tristeza Virus.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cambra-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Cambra_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cambra_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cambra_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cambra_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cambra_3-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">United Kingdom. Food and Environment Research Agency. Protocol for the Diagnosis and Quarantine Organism Citrus Tristeza Virus. By Mariano Cambra, Antonio Olmos, and Maria T. Gorris. Food and Environment Research Agency. Web. <<a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://fera.defra.gov.uk/plants/plantHealth/pestsDiseases/documents/protocols/ctv.pdf">http://fera.defra.gov.uk/plants/plantHealth/pestsDiseases/documents/protocols/ctv.pdf</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111108080841/http://www.fera.defra.gov.uk/plants/plantHealth/pestsDiseases/documents/protocols/ctv.pdf">Archived</a> 8 November 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Walter Reuther <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Bzv8n96-A10C&pg=PA102">The Citrus Industry, Volume IV</a></i>, p. 102, at <a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Brunt-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Brunt_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brunt_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brunt_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Brunt, A.A., Crabtree, K., Dallwitz, M.J., Gibbs, A.J., Watson, L. and Zurcher, E.J. (eds.) (1996 onwards). `Plant Viruses Online: Descriptions and Lists from the VIDE Database. Version: 20 August 1996.' URL <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20011017193812/http://biology.anu.edu.au/Groups/MES/vide/">"Archived copy"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://biology.anu.edu.au/Groups/MES/vide/">the original</a> on 17 October 2001<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 October</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Archived+copy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbiology.anu.edu.au%2FGroups%2FMES%2Fvide%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACitrus+tristeza+virus" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_archived_copy_as_title" title="Category:CS1 maint: archived copy as title">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Koizumi-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Koizumi_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Koizumi_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Koizumi_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Koizumi, Meisaku. "Citrus Tristeza Virus: Symptoms and Control." Food and Fertilizer Technology Center for the Asian and Pacific Region. Web. <<a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.agnet.org/library/tn/2001003/">http://www.agnet.org/library/tn/2001003/</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100417000717/http://www.agnet.org/library/tn/2001003/">Archived</a> 17 April 2010 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bar-Joseph-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bar-Joseph_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bar-Joseph_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Bar-Joseph, Moshe, Ruth Marcus, and Richard F. Lee. "The Continuous Challenge of Citrus Tristeza Virus Control." Annual Review Phytopathology 27 (1989): 291-316. Print</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Yokomi RK, Lastra R, Stoetzel MB, Damsteegt VC, Lee RF, Garnsey SM, Gottwald TR, Rocha PeAa MA, Niblett CL. 1994. Establishment of the brown citrus aphid (Homoptera: Aphididae) in Central America and the Caribbean Basin and transmission of citrus tristeza virus. Journal of Economic Entomology 87:1078-1085.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://entnemdept.ufl.edu/creatures/citrus/bc_aphid.htm">Featured Creatures</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Stanley-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Stanley_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stanley_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Stanley, Doris. "A Dual Citrus Threat." Agricultural Research 42.12 (1994): 19-. ProQuest. Web. 20 Oct. 2011</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Also known as brown or black citrus aphid, these names may also refer to other members of genus <i><a href="/wiki/Toxoptera" title="Toxoptera">Toxoptera</a></i>, namely the far least harmful tristeza vetor <i>T.aurantii</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Agrios-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Agrios_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Agrios_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Agrios_12-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Agrios, George N. Plant Pathology. San Diego: Academic, 1997. Print.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWuHuangFoxHuang2021" class="citation journal cs1">Wu, Fengnian; Huang, Mochi; Fox, Eduardo G. P.; Huang, Jiaquan; Cen, Yijing; Deng, Xiaoling; Xu, Meirong (August 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8396932">"Preliminary Report on the Acquisition, Persistence, and Potential Transmission of Citrus tristeza virus by Diaphorina citri"</a>. <i>Insects</i>. <b>12</b> (8): 735. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3390%2Finsects12080735">10.3390/insects12080735</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8396932">8396932</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34442301">34442301</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Insects&rft.atitle=Preliminary+Report+on+the+Acquisition%2C+Persistence%2C+and+Potential+Transmission+of+Citrus+tristeza+virus+by+Diaphorina+citri&rft.volume=12&rft.issue=8&rft.pages=735&rft.date=2021-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC8396932%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F34442301&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3390%2Finsects12080735&rft.aulast=Wu&rft.aufirst=Fengnian&rft.au=Huang%2C+Mochi&rft.au=Fox%2C+Eduardo+G.+P.&rft.au=Huang%2C+Jiaquan&rft.au=Cen%2C+Yijing&rft.au=Deng%2C+Xiaoling&rft.au=Xu%2C+Meirong&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC8396932&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACitrus+tristeza+virus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Citrus_tristeza_virus&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20060909171211/http://phene.cpmc.columbia.edu/ICTVdB/00.017.0.01.008.htm">ICTVdB - The Universal Virus Database: Citrus tristeza virus</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.virology.net/Big_Virology/BVFamilyGroup.html">Family Groups - The Baltimore Method</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130330144456/http://www.virology.net/Big_Virology/BVFamilyGroup.html">Archived</a> 30 March 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist 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abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Citrus" title="Template:Citrus"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Citrus" title="Template talk:Citrus"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Citrus" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Citrus"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Citrus803" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Citrus" title="Citrus">Citrus</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">True <a href="/wiki/Species" title="Species">species</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australian_lime" title="Australian lime">Australian and Papuan wild limes group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citron" title="Citron">Citron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citrus_cavaleriei" title="Citrus cavaleriei">Ichang papeda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaffir_lime" title="Kaffir lime">Kaffir lime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumquat" title="Kumquat">Kumquats group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandarin_orange" title="Mandarin orange">Mandarin orange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citrus_mangshanensis" title="Citrus mangshanensis">Mangshanyegan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citrus_halimii" title="Citrus halimii">Mountain citron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pomelo" title="Pomelo">Pomelo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citrus_ryukyuensis" title="Citrus ryukyuensis">Ryukyu mandarin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Major <a href="/wiki/Citrus_hybrid" class="mw-redirect" title="Citrus hybrid">hybrids</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grapefruit" title="Grapefruit">Grapefruit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lemon" title="Lemon">Lemon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lime_(fruit)" title="Lime (fruit)">Lime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orange_(fruit)" title="Orange (fruit)">Orange</a> <small>(<a href="/wiki/Citrus_%C3%97_sinensis" title="Citrus × sinensis">sweet orange</a>)</small></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">True and hybrid<br /><a href="/wiki/Cultivar" title="Cultivar">cultivars</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Citrus_macrophylla" title="Citrus macrophylla">Alemow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amanatsu" title="Amanatsu">Amanatsu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assam_lemon" title="Assam lemon">Assam lemon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bergamot_orange" title="Bergamot orange">Bergamot orange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bizzarria" title="Bizzarria">Bizzarria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bitter_orange" title="Bitter orange">Bitter orange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blood_lime" title="Blood lime">Blood lime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blood_orange" title="Blood orange">Blood orange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byeonggyul" title="Byeonggyul">Byeonggyul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biasong" class="mw-redirect" title="Biasong">Biasong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cam_s%C3%A0nh" title="Cam sành">Cam sành</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cara_Cara_navel_orange" title="Cara Cara navel orange">Cara Cara navel orange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citrange" title="Citrange">Citrange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citrumelo" title="Citrumelo">Citrumelo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clementine" title="Clementine">Clementine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coorg_orange" title="Coorg orange">Coorg orange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daidai" title="Daidai">Daidai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dekopon" title="Dekopon">Dekopon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%27Encore%27_mandarin" title="'Encore' mandarin">Encore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fairchild_tangerine" title="Fairchild tangerine">Fairchild tangerine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Florentine_citron" title="Florentine citron">Florentine citron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forbidden_fruit_(citrus)" title="Forbidden fruit (citrus)">Forbidden fruit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citrus_assamensis" title="Citrus assamensis">Ginger lime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haruka_(citrus)" title="Haruka (citrus)">Haruka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hassaku" title="Hassaku">Hassaku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebesu" title="Hebesu">Hebesu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heen_naran" title="Heen naran">Heen naran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyuganatsu" title="Hyuganatsu">Hyuganatsu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_lemon" title="Imperial lemon">Imperial lemon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citrus_indica" title="Citrus indica">Indian wild orange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iyokan" title="Iyokan">Iyokan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jabara_(citrus)" title="Jabara (citrus)">Jabara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaffa_orange" title="Jaffa orange">Jaffa orange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamaican_tangelo" title="Jamaican tangelo">Jamaican tangelo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kabbad" title="Kabbad">Kabbad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kabosu" title="Kabosu">Kabosu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaji_Nemu" title="Kaji Nemu">Kaji Nemu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citrus_gracilis" title="Citrus gracilis">Kakadu lime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalpi_(fruit)" title="Kalpi (fruit)">Kalpi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanpei" title="Kanpei">Kanpei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kawachi_bankan" title="Kawachi bankan">Kawachi bankan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Key_lime" title="Key lime">Key lime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citrus_latipes" title="Citrus latipes">Khasi papeda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kinkoji_unshiu" title="Kinkoji unshiu">Kinkoji unshiu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kinnow" title="Kinnow">Kinnow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kishu_mikan" title="Kishu mikan">Kishu mikan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiyomi" title="Kiyomi">Kiyomi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kobayashi_mikan" title="Kobayashi mikan">Kobayashi mikan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koji_orange" title="Koji orange">Koji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Komikan_(fruit)" title="Komikan (fruit)">Komikan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laraha" title="Laraha">Laraha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lemonade_fruit" title="Lemonade fruit">Lemonade fruit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lim%C3%B3n_de_Pica" title="Limón de Pica">Limón de Pica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lumia_(citrus)" title="Lumia (citrus)">Lumia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandelo" title="Mandelo">Mandelo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandora_(fruit)" title="Mandora (fruit)">Mandora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citrus_macroptera" title="Citrus macroptera">Melanesian papeda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melogold" title="Melogold">Melogold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meyer_lemon" title="Meyer lemon">Meyer lemon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Micrantha_(citrus)" title="Micrantha (citrus)">Micrantha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midknight_Valencia_Orange" title="Midknight Valencia Orange">Midknight Valencia Orange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murcott_(fruit)" title="Murcott (fruit)">Murcott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citrus_myrtifolia" title="Citrus myrtifolia">Myrtle-leaved orange tree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nagpur_orange" title="Nagpur orange">Nagpur orange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citrus_%C3%97_amblycarpa" title="Citrus × amblycarpa">Nasnaran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_grapefruit" title="New Zealand grapefruit">New Zealand grapefruit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%8Cgonkan" title="Ōgonkan">Ōgonkan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orangelo" title="Orangelo">Orangelo/Chironja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oroblanco" title="Oroblanco">Oroblanco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestinian_sweet_lime" title="Palestinian sweet lime">Palestinian sweet lime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_lime" title="Persian lime">Persian lime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pixie_mandarin" title="Pixie mandarin">Pixie mandarin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pompia" title="Pompia">Pompia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ponderosa_lemon" title="Ponderosa lemon">Ponderosa lemon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ponkan" title="Ponkan">Ponkan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rangpur_(fruit)" title="Rangpur (fruit)">Rangpur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reikou" title="Reikou">Reikou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhobs_el_Arsa" title="Rhobs el Arsa">Rhobs el Arsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rough_lemon" title="Rough lemon">Rough lemon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuyao" class="mw-redirect" title="Samuyao">Samuyao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanbokan" title="Sanbokan">Sanbokan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citrus_unshiu" title="Citrus unshiu">Satsuma mandarin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Setoka" title="Setoka">Setoka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shangjuan" title="Shangjuan">Shangjuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shonan_Gold" title="Shonan Gold">Shonan Gold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smith_Red_Valencia" title="Smith Red Valencia">Smith Red Valencia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudachi" title="Sudachi">Sudachi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koji_orange#Varieties" title="Koji orange">Suruga yuko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sweet_lemon" title="Sweet lemon">Sweet lemon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citrus_limetta" title="Citrus limetta">Sweet limetta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tangelo" title="Tangelo">Tangelo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tangerine" title="Tangerine">Tangerine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tangor" title="Tangor">Tangor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsunonozomi" title="Tsunonozomi">Tsunonozomi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valencia_orange" title="Valencia orange">Valencia orange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Variegated_pink_lemon" title="Variegated pink lemon">Variegated pink lemon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volkamer_lemon" title="Volkamer lemon">Volkamer lemon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citrus_longispina" title="Citrus longispina">Winged lime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/X%C3%A3_%C4%90o%C3%A0i_orange" title="Xã Đoài orange">Xã Đoài orange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Y%C5%ABk%C5%8D" title="Yūkō">Yūkō</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuzu" title="Yuzu">Yuzu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Citron" title="Citron">Citrons</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balady_citron" title="Balady citron">Balady citron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corsican_citron" title="Corsican citron">Corsican citron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diamante_citron" title="Diamante citron">Diamante citron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fingered_citron" class="mw-redirect" title="Fingered citron">Fingered citron/Buddha's hand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_citron" title="Greek citron">Greek citron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moroccan_citron" title="Moroccan citron">Moroccan citron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemenite_citron" title="Yemenite citron">Yemenite citron</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mandarin_orange_varieties" title="Mandarin orange varieties">Mandarin oranges</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Citrus_reshni" title="Citrus reshni">Cleopatra mandarin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citrus_depressa" title="Citrus depressa">Shīkwāsā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanfengmiju" title="Nanfengmiju">Nanfengmiju</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tachibana_orange" title="Tachibana orange">Tachibana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citrus_x_deliciosa" class="mw-redirect" title="Citrus x deliciosa">Willowleaf orange</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Papeda_(citrus)" title="Papeda (citrus)">Papedas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Citrus_celebica" class="mw-redirect" title="Citrus celebica">Celebes papeda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citrus_halimii" title="Citrus halimii">Mountain "citron"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citrus_ichangensis" class="mw-redirect" title="Citrus ichangensis">Ichang papeda</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pomelos" class="mw-redirect" title="Pomelos">Pomelos</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Banpeiyu" title="Banpeiyu">Banpeiyu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dangyuja" title="Dangyuja">Dangyuja</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kumquat" title="Kumquat">Kumquats</a> group</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Kumquat species</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Citrus_hindsii" title="Citrus hindsii">Hong Kong kumquat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citrus_crassifolia" title="Citrus crassifolia">Meiwa kumquat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citrus_margarita" title="Citrus margarita">Oval kumquat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citrus_japonica" title="Citrus japonica">Round kumquat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citrus_obovata" title="Citrus obovata">Jiangsu kumquat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citrus_swinglei" title="Citrus swinglei">Malayan kumquat</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Kumquat hybrids <br />(<a href="/wiki/Hybrid_name" title="Hybrid name">×</a> <a href="/wiki/Citrofortunella" title="Citrofortunella">Citrofortunella</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Calamansi" title="Calamansi">Calamansi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citrangequat" title="Citrangequat">Citrangequat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limequat" title="Limequat">Limequat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandarinquat" title="Mandarinquat">Mandarinquat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Procimequat" title="Procimequat">Procimequat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunquat" title="Sunquat">Sunquat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuzuquat" title="Yuzuquat">Yuzuquat</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Australian_lime" title="Australian lime">Australian<br />and Papuan<br />wild limes group</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i>Eromocitrus</i> <br /> <small>(former genera)</small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Citrus_glauca" title="Citrus glauca">Desert lime</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i>Microcitrus</i> <br /> <small>(former genera)</small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Citrus_warburgiana" title="Citrus warburgiana">New Guinea wild lime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citrus_australis" title="Citrus australis">Australian round lime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citrus_inodora" title="Citrus inodora">Russell River lime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citrus_maideniana" class="mw-redirect" title="Citrus maideniana">Maiden's wild lime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citrus_garrawayi" title="Citrus garrawayi">Mount White lime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citrus_australasica" title="Citrus australasica">Australian finger lime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citrus_wintersii" title="Citrus wintersii">Brown River finger lime</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Clymenia_(plant)" title="Clymenia (plant)">Clymenia</a></i> <br /> <small>(former genera)</small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Clymenia_platypoda&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Clymenia platypoda (page does not exist)">Clymenia platypoda</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Clymenia_polyandra&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Clymenia polyandra (page does not exist)">Clymenia polyandra</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/False_orange" title="False orange">Oxanthera</a></i> <br /> <small>(former genera)</small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Citrus_oxanthera" title="Citrus oxanthera">Orange-flowered oxanthera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citrus_neocaledonica" title="Citrus neocaledonica">Large-leaf oxanthera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citrus_undulata" title="Citrus undulata">Wavy-leaf oxanthera</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Oxanthera_brevipes" title="Oxanthera brevipes">Oxanthera brevipes</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Citrus_taxonomy#Trifoliate_orange" title="Citrus taxonomy">Related genera</a><br />(perhaps<br />properly <i>Citrus</i>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Trifoliate_orange" title="Trifoliate orange">Poncirus</a></i>/<a href="/wiki/Trifoliate_orange" title="Trifoliate orange">Trifoliate orange</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Drinks</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Calamansi_juice" class="mw-redirect" title="Calamansi juice">Calamansi juice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ch%C5%ABhai" title="Chūhai">Chūhai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cura%C3%A7ao_(liqueur)" title="Curaçao (liqueur)">Curaçao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dried_lime_tea" title="Dried lime tea">Dried lime tea (noomi basra)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grapefruit_juice" title="Grapefruit juice">Grapefruit juice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lemonade" title="Lemonade">Lemonade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limeade" title="Limeade">Limeade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orange_juice" title="Orange juice">Orange juice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuja-hwachae" title="Yuja-hwachae">Yuja-hwachae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuja_tea" title="Yuja tea">Yuja tea</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Products</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Calcium_citrate" title="Calcium citrate">Calcium citrate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citric_acid" title="Citric acid">Citric acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biphenyl" title="Biphenyl">Lemonene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limonene" title="Limonene">Limonene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neroli" title="Neroli">Neroli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orange_flower_water" title="Orange flower water">Orange flower water</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orange_oil" title="Orange oil">Orange oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orangeat" class="mw-redirect" title="Orangeat">Orangeat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Succade" title="Succade">Succade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zest_(ingredient)" title="Zest (ingredient)">Zest</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_citrus_diseases" title="List of citrus diseases">Diseases</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Citrus_black_spot" title="Citrus black spot">Black spot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citrus_canker" title="Citrus canker">Canker</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">CTV/Tristeza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citrus_exocortis" title="Citrus exocortis">Exocortis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citrus_greening_disease" title="Citrus greening disease">Greening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phoma_tracheiphila" title="Phoma tracheiphila">Mal secco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phytophthora" title="Phytophthora">Phytophthora</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Phytophthora_citricola" title="Phytophthora citricola">citricola</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Citrus botanists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clara_H._Hasse" title="Clara H. Hasse">Clara H. Hasse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Willard_Hodgson" title="Robert Willard Hodgson">Robert Willard Hodgson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lena_B._Smithers_Hughes" title="Lena B. Smithers Hughes">Lena B. Smithers Hughes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Mabberley" title="David Mabberley">David Mabberley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cl%C3%A9ment_Rodier" title="Clément Rodier">Clément Rodier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Soost" title="Robert Soost">Robert Soost</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Tennyson_Swingle" title="Walter Tennyson Swingle">Walter Tennyson Swingle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ch%C5%8Dzabur%C5%8D_Tanaka" title="Chōzaburō Tanaka">Chōzaburō Tanaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ikuro_Takahashi_(botanist)" title="Ikuro Takahashi (botanist)">Ikuro Takahashi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Christoph_Volkamer" title="Johann Christoph Volkamer">Johann Christoph Volkamer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_John_Webber" title="Herbert John Webber">Herbert John Webber</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Citrus_Industry" title="The Citrus Industry">The Citrus Industry</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citrus_production" title="Citrus production">Citrus production</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citrus_rootstock" title="Citrus rootstock">Citrus rootstock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citrus_taxonomy" title="Citrus taxonomy">Citrus taxonomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cold-hardy_citrus" title="Cold-hardy citrus">Cold-hardy citrus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hesperidium" title="Hesperidium">Hesperidium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_citrus" title="Japanese citrus">Japanese citrus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_citrus_fruits" title="List of citrus fruits">List of citrus fruits</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mother_Orange_Tree" title="Mother Orange Tree">Mother Orange Tree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orangery" title="Orangery">Orangery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_California_Citrus_Experiment_Station" title="University of California Citrus Experiment Station">University of California Citrus Experiment Station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_California,_Riverside_Citrus_Variety_Collection" class="mw-redirect" title="University of California, Riverside Citrus Variety Collection">University of California, Riverside Citrus Variety Collection</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Category:Citrus" title="Category:Citrus">Category</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Category:Citrus_production" title="Category:Citrus production">Production</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <b><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Citrus" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Citrus">Commons</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Taxon_identifiers1239" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Taxon_identifiers1239" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Taxon_identifiers" title="Help:Taxon identifiers">Taxon identifiers</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;"><i>Citrus tristeza virus</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Wikidata" title="Wikidata">Wikidata</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="external"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2353828" class="extiw" title="wikidata:Q2353828">Q2353828</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Wikispecies" title="Wikispecies">Wikispecies</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="external"><a href="https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Citrus_tristeza_virus" class="extiw" title="wikispecies:Citrus tristeza virus">Citrus tristeza virus</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Catalogue_of_Life" title="Catalogue of Life">CoL</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.catalogueoflife.org/data/taxon/VMMJ">VMMJ</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Life" title="Encyclopedia of Life">EoL</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eol.org/pages/541338">541338</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/EPPO_Code" title="EPPO Code">EPPO</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gd.eppo.int/taxon/CTV000">CTV000</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Interim_Register_of_Marine_and_Nonmarine_Genera" title="Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera">IRMNG</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.irmng.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=11459485">11459485</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a 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