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class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Remote sensing</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Remote_sensing-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Remote sensing subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Remote_sensing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Medical_imaging" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Medical_imaging"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Medical imaging</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Medical_imaging-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Medical_electrophysiological_monitoring" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Medical_electrophysiological_monitoring"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Medical electrophysiological 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class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artefacte_(error)" title="Artefacte (error) – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Artefacte (error)" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artefakt_(fejl)" title="Artefakt (fejl) – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Artefakt (fejl)" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artefacto_(error_de_observaci%C3%B3n)" title="Artefacto (error de observación) – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Artefacto (error de observación)" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D8%B1%D8%AA%DB%8C%D9%81%DA%A9%D8%AA" title="آرتیفکت – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="آرتیفکت" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art%C3%A9fact_(erreur)" title="Artéfact (erreur) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Artéfact (erreur)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artefatto_(disturbo)" title="Artefatto (disturbo) – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Artefatto (disturbo)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" 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<div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Any error in the perception or representation of information</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sirius_A_and_B_Hubble_photo.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Sirius_A_and_B_Hubble_photo.jpg/220px-Sirius_A_and_B_Hubble_photo.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="240" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Sirius_A_and_B_Hubble_photo.jpg/330px-Sirius_A_and_B_Hubble_photo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f3/Sirius_A_and_B_Hubble_photo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="369" data-file-height="403" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Diffraction_spike" title="Diffraction spike">Diffraction spikes</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Airy_disk" title="Airy disk">Airy disk</a> are optical artifacts caused by the <a href="/wiki/Diffraction" title="Diffraction">diffraction</a> of light through the <a href="/wiki/Aperture" title="Aperture">aperture</a> of an optical system.</figcaption></figure> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Natural_science" title="Natural science">natural science</a> and <a href="/wiki/Signal_processing" title="Signal processing">signal processing</a>, an <b>artifact</b> or <b>artefact</b><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is any <a href="/wiki/Error" title="Error">error</a> in the perception or representation of any information introduced by the involved equipment or technique(s).<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Statistics">Statistics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Artifact_(error)&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Statistics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <i><a href="/wiki/Statistics" title="Statistics">statistics</a></i>, statistical artifacts are apparent effects that are introduced inadvertently by methods of data analysis rather than by the process being studied. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Computer_science">Computer science</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Artifact_(error)&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Computer science"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <i><a href="/wiki/Computer_science" title="Computer science">computer science</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Digital_artifact" title="Digital artifact">digital artifacts</a> are anomalies introduced into digital signals as a result of <a href="/wiki/Digital_signal_processing" title="Digital signal processing">digital signal processing</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Microscopy">Microscopy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Artifact_(error)&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Microscopy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <i><a href="/wiki/Microscopy" title="Microscopy">microscopy</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Visual_artifact" title="Visual artifact">visual artifacts</a> are sometimes introduced during the processing of samples into <a href="/wiki/Microscopic_slide" class="mw-redirect" title="Microscopic slide">slide</a> form. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Econometrics">Econometrics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Artifact_(error)&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Econometrics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <i><a href="/wiki/Econometrics" title="Econometrics">econometrics</a></i>, which focuses on computing relationships between related <a href="/wiki/Variable_(mathematics)" title="Variable (mathematics)">variables</a>, an artifact is a spurious finding, such as one based on either a faulty choice of variables or an over-extension of the computed relationship. Such an artifact may be called a <i>statistical artifact</i>. For instance, imagine a hypothetical finding that presidential <a href="/wiki/Approval_rating" class="mw-redirect" title="Approval rating">approval rating</a> is approximately equal to twice the percentage of citizens making more than $50,000 annually; if 60% of citizens make more than $50,000 annually, this would predict that the approval rating will be 120%. This prediction is a statistical artifact, since it is spurious to use the <a href="/wiki/Model_(abstract)" class="mw-redirect" title="Model (abstract)">model</a> when the percentage of citizens making over $50,000 is so high, and gross error to predict an approval rating greater than 100%.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Remote_sensing">Remote sensing</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Artifact_(error)&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Remote sensing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Medical_imaging">Medical imaging</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Artifact_(error)&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Medical imaging"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/MRI_artifact" title="MRI artifact">MRI artifact</a></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Medical_imaging" title="Medical imaging">medical imaging</a>, artifacts are misrepresentations of tissue structures produced by imaging techniques such as <a href="/wiki/Medical_ultrasound" title="Medical ultrasound">ultrasound</a>, <a href="/wiki/X-ray" title="X-ray">X-ray</a>, <a href="/wiki/CT_scan" title="CT scan">CT scan</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Magnetic_resonance_imaging" title="Magnetic resonance imaging">magnetic resonance imaging</a> (MRI). These artifacts may be caused by a variety of phenomena such as the underlying physics of the energy-tissue interaction as between ultrasound and air, <a href="/wiki/Magnetic_susceptibility" title="Magnetic susceptibility">susceptibility</a> artifacts, data acquisition errors (such as patient motion), or a reconstruction <a href="/wiki/Algorithm" title="Algorithm">algorithm</a>'s inability to represent the anatomy. Physicians typically learn to recognize some of these artifacts to avoid mistaking them for actual <a href="/wiki/Pathology" title="Pathology">pathology</a>. </p><p>In ultrasound imaging, several assumptions are made from the computer system to interpret the returning echoes. These are: echoes originate only from the main ultrasound beam (while there are side lobes and grating lobes apart from the main ultrasound beam); echoes returns to transducer after a single reflection (while an echo can be reflected several times before reaching the transducer); depth of an object relates directly to the amount of time for an echo to reach the transducer (while an echo may reflect several times, delaying the time for the echo return to the transducer); speed of ultrasound in human tissue is constant, echoes travel in a straight path. and acoustic energy of an echo is uniformly attenuated. When these assumptions are not maintained, artifacts occur.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Medical_electrophysiological_monitoring">Medical electrophysiological monitoring</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Artifact_(error)&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Medical electrophysiological monitoring"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In medical <a href="/wiki/Electrophysiological" class="mw-redirect" title="Electrophysiological">electrophysiological</a> monitoring, artifacts are anomalous (interfering) signals that originate from some source other than the electrophysiological structure being studied. These artifact signals may stem from, but are not limited to: light sources; monitoring equipment issues; utility frequency (50 Hz and 60 Hz); or undesired electrophysiological signals such as <a href="/wiki/Electromyography" title="Electromyography">EMG</a> presenting on an <a href="/wiki/EEG" class="mw-redirect" title="EEG">EEG</a>-, <a href="/wiki/Evoked_potential" title="Evoked potential">EP</a>-, <a href="/wiki/ECG" class="mw-redirect" title="ECG">ECG</a>-, or <a href="/wiki/EOG" class="mw-redirect" title="EOG">EOG</a>- signal. Offending artifacts may obscure, distort, or completely misrepresent the true underlying electrophysiological signal sought. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Radar">Radar</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Artifact_(error)&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Radar"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Multipath_propagation_diagram_en.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Multipath_propagation_diagram_en.svg/220px-Multipath_propagation_diagram_en.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Multipath_propagation_diagram_en.svg/330px-Multipath_propagation_diagram_en.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Multipath_propagation_diagram_en.svg/440px-Multipath_propagation_diagram_en.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1052" data-file-height="744" /></a><figcaption>Radar multipath <a href="/wiki/Light_echo" title="Light echo">echoes</a> from a target cause ghosts to appear.</figcaption></figure> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Radar#Radar_signal_processing" title="Radar">radar signal processing</a>, some echoes can be related to fixed objects (<a href="/wiki/Clutter_(radar)" title="Clutter (radar)">clutter</a>), multipath returns, <a href="/wiki/Radar_jamming_and_deception" title="Radar jamming and deception">jamming</a>, atmospheric effect (<a href="/wiki/Weather_radar#Bright_band" title="Weather radar">brightband</a> or <a href="/wiki/Attenuation" title="Attenuation">attenuation</a>), <a href="/wiki/Anomalous_propagation" title="Anomalous propagation">anomalous propagation</a>, and many other effects. All those echoes must be filtered in order to obtain the position, velocity and type of the real targets that may include aircraft, and weather. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Artifact_(error)&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Artifacts_(errors)" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Artifacts (errors)">Artifacts (errors)</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sonic_artifact" title="Sonic artifact">Sonic artifact</a>, in sound and music production, sonic material that is accidental or unwanted, resulting from the editing of another sound.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visual_artifact" title="Visual artifact">Visual artifact</a>, in imaging, any unwanted visual alteration introduced by the imaging equipment.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compression_artifact" title="Compression artifact">Compression artifact</a>, in computer graphics, distortion of media by the data compression.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Artifact_(error)&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170701200705/https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/artefact">"Oxford Languages | the Home of Language Data"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/artefact">the original</a> on 1 July 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Oxford+Languages+%26%23124%3B+the+Home+of+Language+Data&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fen.oxforddictionaries.com%2Fdefinition%2Fartefact&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArtifact+%28error%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/artifact">Dictionary.com</a>, definitions 4, 5, and 6. Accessed 2010.05.20.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohn_ScottGordon_Marshall2009" class="citation cs2">John Scott; Gordon Marshall (2009), "statistical artefact", <i>A Dictionary of Sociology</i>, Oxford University Press, p. 112, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Facref%2F9780199533008.001.0001">10.1093/acref/9780199533008.001.0001</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780191726842" title="Special:BookSources/9780191726842"><bdi>9780191726842</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=A+Dictionary+of+Sociology&rft.atitle=statistical+artefact&rft.pages=112&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Facref%2F9780199533008.001.0001&rft.isbn=9780191726842&rft.au=John+Scott&rft.au=Gordon+Marshall&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArtifact+%28error%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFeldmanKatyalBlackwood2009" class="citation journal cs1">Feldman, Myra K.; Katyal, Sanjeev; Blackwood, Margaret S. (July 2009). "US Artifacts". <i>RadioGraphics</i>. <b>29</b> (4): <span class="nowrap">1179–</span>1189. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1148%2Frg.294085199">10.1148/rg.294085199</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0271-5333">0271-5333</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19605664">19605664</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=RadioGraphics&rft.atitle=US+Artifacts&rft.volume=29&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1179-%3C%2Fspan%3E1189&rft.date=2009-07&rft.issn=0271-5333&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F19605664&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1148%2Frg.294085199&rft.aulast=Feldman&rft.aufirst=Myra+K.&rft.au=Katyal%2C+Sanjeev&rft.au=Blackwood%2C+Margaret+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArtifact+%28error%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Artifact_(error)&oldid=1268947402">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Artifact_(error)&oldid=1268947402</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Error" title="Category:Error">Error</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Optical_illusions" title="Category:Optical illusions">Optical illusions</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Data_compression" title="Category:Data compression">Data compression</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Radar_theory" title="Category:Radar theory">Radar theory</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_American_English_from_July_2020" title="Category:Use American English from July 2020">Use American English from July 2020</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_Wikipedia_articles_written_in_American_English" title="Category:All Wikipedia articles written in American English">All Wikipedia articles written in American English</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_July_2020" title="Category:Use dmy dates from July 2020">Use dmy dates from July 2020</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Commons_category_link_is_on_Wikidata" title="Category:Commons category link is on Wikidata">Commons category link is on Wikidata</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 12 January 2025, at 08:25<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. 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