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id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Historiographical school of thought regarding Reconstruction</div> <p>The <b>Dunning School</b> was a <a href="/wiki/Historiographical" class="mw-redirect" title="Historiographical">historiographical</a> <a href="/wiki/School_of_thought" title="School of thought">school of thought</a> regarding the <a href="/wiki/Reconstruction_era_of_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Reconstruction era of the United States">Reconstruction</a> period of <a href="/wiki/American_history" class="mw-redirect" title="American history">American history</a> (1865–1877), supporting conservative elements against the <a href="/wiki/Radical_Republicans" title="Radical Republicans">Radical Republicans</a> who introduced civil rights in the South. 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.sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239334494">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks" style="border: 4px double #B0161E; border-spacing:0.2em 0;color: var(--color-base, #000);"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">This article is part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Category:Conservatism in the United States">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background:#B0161E; padding-top:0.25em; font-size:160%; font-weight:normal; color:white; line-height:1em"><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Conservatism in the United States"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#FFF">Conservatism<br />in the United States</span></a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Greater_coat_of_arms_of_the_United_States.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Greater_coat_of_arms_of_the_United_States.svg/90px-Greater_coat_of_arms_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="90" height="95" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Greater_coat_of_arms_of_the_United_States.svg/135px-Greater_coat_of_arms_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Greater_coat_of_arms_of_the_United_States.svg/180px-Greater_coat_of_arms_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="451" data-file-height="476" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B0161E; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Schools</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Compassionate_conservatism" title="Compassionate conservatism">Compassionate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiscal_conservatism" title="Fiscal conservatism">Fiscal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fusionism" title="Fusionism">Fusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_conservatism#Relation_to_American_conservatism" title="Liberal conservatism">Liberal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_conservatism" title="Libertarian conservatism">Libertarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moderate_conservatism" title="Moderate conservatism">Moderate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Movement_conservatism" title="Movement conservatism">Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoconservatism" title="Neoconservatism">Neo-</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleoconservatism" title="Paleoconservatism">Paleo-</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postliberalism" title="Postliberalism">Postliberal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right-wing_populism#United_States" title="Right-wing populism">Populist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_conservatism" title="Progressive conservatism">Progressive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Social conservatism in the United States">Social</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Straussianism" class="mw-redirect" title="Straussianism">Straussian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditionalist_conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Traditionalist conservatism in the United States">Traditionalist</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B0161E; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Principles</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_exceptionalism" title="American exceptionalism">American exceptionalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_nationalism" title="American nationalism">American nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-communism#United_States" title="Anti-communism">Anti-communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_nationalism#United_States" title="Christian nationalism">Christian nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_civil_religion" title="American civil religion">Civil religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_liberalism#United_States" title="Classical liberalism">Classical liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communitarianism" title="Communitarianism">Communitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitutionalism_in_the_United_States" title="Constitutionalism in the United States">Constitutionalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_life" title="Culture of life">Culture of life</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_anti-abortion_movement" title="United States anti-abortion movement">Pro-life</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Familialism#United_States" title="Familialism">Familialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_values" title="Family values">Family values</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalism_in_the_United_States" title="Federalism in the United States">Federalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/States%27_rights" title="States' rights">States' rights</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_essentialism" title="Gender essentialism">Gender essentialism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Complementarianism" title="Complementarianism">Complementarianism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Christian_ethics" title="Judeo-Christian ethics">Judeo-Christian values</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Individualism" title="Individualism">Individualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_and_order_(politics)" title="Law and order (politics)">Law and order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limited_government" title="Limited government">Limited government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meritocracy" title="Meritocracy">Meritocracy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Natural_aristocracy" title="Natural aristocracy">Natural aristocracy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_militarism" title="United States militarism">Militarism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Peace_through_strength" title="Peace through strength">Peace through strength</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moral_absolutism" title="Moral absolutism">Moral absolutism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_law" title="Natural law">Natural law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordered_liberty" title="Ordered liberty">Ordered liberty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Americanism_(ideology)" title="Americanism (ideology)">Patriotism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_property" title="Right to property">Property rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republicanism_in_the_United_States" title="Republicanism in the United States">Republicanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_keep_and_bear_arms_in_the_United_States" title="Right to keep and bear arms in the United States">Right to bear arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rule_of_law" title="Rule of law">Rule of law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supply-side_economics" title="Supply-side economics">Supply-side economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tradition" title="Tradition">Tradition</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B0161E; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">History</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Loyalist_(American_Revolution)" title="Loyalist (American Revolution)">Loyalists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_chivalry" title="Southern chivalry">Southern chivalry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solid_South" title="Solid South">Solid South</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_humanism_(literature)" title="New humanism (literature)">New Humanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Agrarians" title="Southern Agrarians">Southern Agrarians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Right_(United_States)" title="Old Right (United States)">Old Right</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Manifesto" title="Conservative Manifesto">Conservative Manifesto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_coalition" title="Conservative coalition">Conservative coalition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/America_First_Committee" title="America First Committee">America First Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McCarthyism" title="McCarthyism">McCarthyism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barry_Goldwater_1964_presidential_campaign" title="Barry Goldwater 1964 presidential campaign">Goldwater campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Right#United_States" title="New Right">New Right</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reagan_era" title="Reagan era">Reagan era</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reagan_Doctrine" title="Reagan Doctrine">Reagan Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reaganomics" title="Reaganomics">Reaganomics</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoconservatism_and_paleoconservatism" title="Neoconservatism and paleoconservatism">Neo- vs. paleoconservatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redeemers" title="Redeemers">Redeemers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Revolution" title="Republican Revolution">Republican Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tea_Party_movement" title="Tea Party movement">Tea Party movement</a></li> <li>Trump era <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_presidency_of_Donald_Trump" title="First presidency of Donald Trump">First term</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_presidency_of_Donald_Trump" title="Second presidency of Donald Trump">Second term</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B0161E; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Intellectuals</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Adams" title="Henry Adams">Adams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Anton" title="Michael Anton">Anton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irving_Babbitt" title="Irving Babbitt">Babbitt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Bacevich" title="Andrew Bacevich">Bacevich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Bell" title="Daniel Bell">Bell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saul_Bellow" title="Saul Bellow">Bellow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_L._Berger" title="Peter L. Berger">Berger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allan_Bloom" title="Allan Bloom">Bloom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_J._Boorstin" title="Daniel J. Boorstin">Boorstin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_F._Buckley_Jr." title="William F. Buckley Jr.">Buckley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Burgess_(political_scientist)" title="John Burgess (political scientist)">Burgess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Burnham" title="James Burnham">Burnham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_C._Calhoun" title="John C. Calhoun">Calhoun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Carl" title="Jeremy Carl">Carl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whittaker_Chambers" title="Whittaker Chambers">Chambers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Conquest" title="Robert Conquest">Conquest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Deneen" title="Patrick Deneen">Deneen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Eastman" title="Max Eastman">Eastman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T._S._Eliot" title="T. S. Eliot">Eliot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sam_Francis_(writer)" title="Sam Francis (writer)">Francis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugene_Genovese" title="Eugene Genovese">Genovese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Gottfried" title="Paul Gottfried">Gottfried</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victor_Davis_Hanson" title="Victor Davis Hanson">Hanson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoram_Hazony" title="Yoram Hazony">Hazony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gertrude_Himmelfarb" title="Gertrude Himmelfarb">Himmelfarb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans-Hermann_Hoppe" title="Hans-Hermann Hoppe">Hoppe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zora_Neale_Hurston" title="Zora Neale Hurston">Hurston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_V._Jaffa" title="Harry V. Jaffa">Jaffa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willmoore_Kendall" title="Willmoore Kendall">Kendall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Kimball" title="Roger Kimball">Kimball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russell_Kirk" title="Russell Kirk">Kirk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeane_Kirkpatrick" title="Jeane Kirkpatrick">Kirkpatrick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Kreeft" title="Peter Kreeft">Kreeft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irving_Kristol" title="Irving Kristol">Kristol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erik_von_Kuehnelt-Leddihn" title="Erik von Kuehnelt-Leddihn">Kuehnelt-Leddihn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Lasch" title="Christopher Lasch">Lasch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Lind" title="Michael Lind">Lind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft" title="H. P. Lovecraft">Lovecraft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glenn_Loury" title="Glenn Loury">Loury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Lukacs" title="John Lukacs">Lukacs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harvey_Mansfield" title="Harvey Mansfield">Mansfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H._L._Mencken" title="H. L. Mencken">Mencken</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Meyer_(political_philosopher)" title="Frank Meyer (political philosopher)">Meyer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Molnar" title="Thomas Molnar">Molnar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Murray_(political_scientist)" title="Charles Murray (political scientist)">Murray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Nisbet" title="Robert Nisbet">Nisbet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Crowe_Ransom" title="John Crowe Ransom">Ransom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_Rieff" title="Philip Rieff">Rieff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Santayana" title="George Santayana">Santayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Schaeffer" title="Francis Schaeffer">Schaeffer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Sowell" title="Thomas Sowell">Sowell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leo_Strauss" title="Leo Strauss">Strauss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Viereck" title="Peter Viereck">Viereck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Voegelin" title="Eric Voegelin">Voegelin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_M._Weaver" title="Richard M. Weaver">Weaver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nathaniel_Weyl" title="Nathaniel Weyl">Weyl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Wolfe" title="Tom Wolfe">Wolfe</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B0161E; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Politicians</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Adams" title="John Adams">Adams (John)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Quincy_Adams" title="John Quincy Adams">Adams (John Quincy)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Bolton" title="John Bolton">Bolton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pat_Buchanan" title="Pat Buchanan">Buchanan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush">Bush (George H. W.)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">Bush (George W.)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_C._Calhoun" title="John C. Calhoun">Calhoun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dick_Cheney" title="Dick Cheney">Cheney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Clay" title="Henry Clay">Clay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grover_Cleveland" title="Grover Cleveland">Cleveland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calvin_Coolidge" title="Calvin Coolidge">Coolidge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ted_Cruz" title="Ted Cruz">Cruz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ron_DeSantis" title="Ron DeSantis">DeSantis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Everett_Dirksen" title="Everett Dirksen">Dirksen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower" title="Dwight D. Eisenhower">Eisenhower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newt_Gingrich" title="Newt Gingrich">Gingrich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barry_Goldwater" title="Barry Goldwater">Goldwater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warren_G._Harding" title="Warren G. Harding">Harding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josh_Hawley" title="Josh Hawley">Hawley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesse_Helms" title="Jesse Helms">Helms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Hoover" title="Herbert Hoover">Hoover (Herbert)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mike_Huckabee" title="Mike Huckabee">Huckabee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Jordan" title="Jim Jordan">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Cabot_Lodge" title="Henry Cabot Lodge">Lodge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clare_Boothe_Luce" title="Clare Boothe Luce">Luce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_McCain" title="John McCain">McCain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_McCarthy" title="Joseph McCarthy">McCarthy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitch_McConnell" title="Mitch McConnell">McConnell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_McKinley" title="William McKinley">McKinley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Nixon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarah_Palin" title="Sarah Palin">Palin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rand_Paul" title="Rand Paul">Paul (Rand)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ron_Paul" title="Ron Paul">Paul (Ron)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mike_Pence" title="Mike Pence">Pence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_Pierce" title="Franklin Pierce">Pierce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Randolph_of_Roanoke" title="John Randolph of Roanoke">Randolph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Reagan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitt_Romney" title="Mitt Romney">Romney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marco_Rubio" title="Marco Rubio">Rubio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Rumsfeld" title="Donald Rumsfeld">Rumsfeld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Ryan" title="Paul Ryan">Ryan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarah_Huckabee_Sanders" title="Sarah Huckabee Sanders">Sanders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rick_Santorum" title="Rick Santorum">Santorum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Sherman" title="John Sherman">Sherman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_A._Taft" title="Robert A. Taft">Taft (Robert)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Howard_Taft" title="William Howard Taft">Taft (William)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Taylor_of_Caroline" title="John Taylor of Caroline">Taylor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strom_Thurmond" title="Strom Thurmond">Thurmond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Trump</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JD_Vance" title="JD Vance">Vance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Wallace" title="George Wallace">Wallace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Wolfowitz" title="Paul Wolfowitz">Wolfowitz</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B0161E; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Jurists</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Alito" title="Samuel Alito">Alito</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amy_Coney_Barrett" title="Amy Coney Barrett">Barrett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Bork" title="Robert Bork">Bork</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warren_E._Burger" title="Warren E. Burger">Burger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Colson" title="Charles Colson">Colson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_T._Frelinghuysen" title="Frederick T. Frelinghuysen">Frelinghuysen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_P._George" title="Robert P. George">George</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Goldsmith" title="Jack Goldsmith">Goldsmith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neil_Gorsuch" title="Neil Gorsuch">Gorsuch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lino_Graglia" title="Lino Graglia">Graglia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Marshall_Harlan_II" title="John Marshall Harlan II">Harlan II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brett_Kavanaugh" title="Brett Kavanaugh">Kavanaugh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Kennedy" title="Anthony Kennedy">Kennedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._Michael_Luttig" title="J. Michael Luttig">Luttig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edwin_Meese" title="Edwin Meese">Meese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandra_Day_O%27Connor" title="Sandra Day O'Connor">O'Connor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alton_B._Parker" title="Alton B. Parker">Parker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Rehnquist" title="William Rehnquist">Rehnquist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Roberts" title="John Roberts">Roberts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Terry_Sanford" title="Edward Terry Sanford">Sanford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonin_Scalia" title="Antonin Scalia">Scalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeff_Sessions" title="Jeff Sessions">Sessions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Sutherland" title="George Sutherland">Sutherland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Howard_Taft" title="William Howard Taft">Taft (William)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clarence_Thomas" title="Clarence Thomas">Thomas (Clarence)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adrian_Vermeule" title="Adrian Vermeule">Vermeule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Evans_Whittaker" title="Charles Evans Whittaker">Whittaker</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B0161E; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Commentators</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sohrab_Ahmari" title="Sohrab Ahmari">Ahmari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glenn_Beck" title="Glenn Beck">Beck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dan_Bongino" title="Dan Bongino">Bongino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Breitbart" title="Andrew Breitbart">Breitbart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pat_Buchanan" title="Pat Buchanan">Buchanan (Pat)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_F._Buckley_Jr." title="William F. Buckley Jr.">Buckley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Caldwell_(journalist)" title="Christopher Caldwell (journalist)">Caldwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tucker_Carlson" title="Tucker Carlson">Carlson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oren_Cass" title="Oren Cass">Cass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Chodorov" title="Frank Chodorov">Chodorov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ann_Coulter" title="Ann Coulter">Coulter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dinesh_D%27Souza" title="Dinesh D'Souza">D'Souza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Derbyshire" title="John Derbyshire">Derbyshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_DiLorenzo" title="Thomas DiLorenzo">DiLorenzo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ross_Douthat" title="Ross Douthat">Douthat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rod_Dreher" title="Rod Dreher">Dreher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Larry_Elder" title="Larry Elder">Elder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Fleming_(political_writer)" title="Thomas Fleming (political writer)">Fleming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonah_Goldberg" title="Jonah Goldberg">Goldberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Grant_(radio_host)" title="Bob Grant (radio host)">Grant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alyssa_Farah_Griffin" title="Alyssa Farah Griffin">Griffin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_van_den_Haag" title="Ernest van den Haag">Van den Haag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sean_Hannity" title="Sean Hannity">Hannity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeffrey_Hart" title="Jeffrey Hart">Hart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pete_Hegseth" title="Pete Hegseth">Hegseth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Will_Herberg" title="Will Herberg">Herberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Hoover" title="Margaret Hoover">Hoover (Margaret)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laura_Ingraham" title="Laura Ingraham">Ingraham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alex_Jones" title="Alex Jones">Jones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megyn_Kelly" title="Megyn Kelly">Kelly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charlie_Kirk" title="Charlie Kirk">Kirk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Knowles_(political_commentator)" title="Michael Knowles (political commentator)">Knowles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Krauthammer" title="Charles Krauthammer">Krauthammer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tomi_Lahren" title="Tomi Lahren">Lahren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Levin" title="Mark Levin">Levin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rush_Limbaugh" title="Rush Limbaugh">Limbaugh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heather_Mac_Donald" title="Heather Mac Donald">Mac Donald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Metaxas" title="Eric Metaxas">Metaxas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_John_Neuhaus" title="Richard John Neuhaus">Neuhaus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andy_Ngo" title="Andy Ngo">Ngo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oliver_North" title="Oliver North">North</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Novak" title="Robert Novak">Novak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_O%27Reilly_(political_commentator)" title="Bill O'Reilly (political commentator)">O'Reilly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Candace_Owens" title="Candace Owens">Owens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norman_Podhoretz" title="Norman Podhoretz">Podhoretz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tim_Pool" title="Tim Pool">Pool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Portnoy" title="David Portnoy">Portnoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dennis_Prager" title="Dennis Prager">Prager</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pat_Robertson" title="Pat Robertson">Robertson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ben_Shapiro" title="Ben Shapiro">Shapiro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amity_Shlaes" title="Amity Shlaes">Shlaes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Sullivan" title="Andrew Sullivan">Sullivan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matt_Walsh_(political_commentator)" title="Matt Walsh (political commentator)">Walsh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesse_Watters" title="Jesse Watters">Watters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Whittle" title="Bill Whittle">Whittle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Will" title="George Will">Will</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucian_Wintrich" title="Lucian Wintrich">Wintrich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Woods" title="Tom Woods">Woods</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B0161E; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Activists</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Abramoff" title="Jack Abramoff">Abramoff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Agostinelli" title="Robert Agostinelli">Agostinelli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howard_Ahmanson_Jr." title="Howard Ahmanson Jr.">Ahmanson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Andreessen" class="mw-redirect" title="Mark Andreessen">Andreessen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lee_Atwater" title="Lee Atwater">Atwater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steve_Bannon" title="Steve Bannon">Bannon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaitlin_Bennett" title="Kaitlin Bennett">Bennett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuri_Bezmenov" title="Yuri Bezmenov">Bezmenov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L._Brent_Bozell_Jr." title="L. Brent Bozell Jr.">Bozell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roy_Cohn" title="Roy Cohn">Cohn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Coors" title="Joseph Coors">Coors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Dans" title="Paul Dans">Dans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Dobson" title="James Dobson">Dobson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terry_Dolan_(activist)" title="Terry Dolan (activist)">Dolan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matt_Drudge" title="Matt Drudge">Drudge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerry_Falwell" title="Jerry Falwell">Falwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edwin_Feulner" title="Edwin Feulner">Feulner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brigitte_Gabriel" title="Brigitte Gabriel">Gabriel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Horowitz" title="David Horowitz">Horowitz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Krikorian_(activist)" title="Mark Krikorian (activist)">Krikorian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charlie_Kirk" title="Charlie Kirk">Kirk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Kristol" title="Bill Kristol">Kristol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tim_LaHaye" title="Tim LaHaye">LaHaye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Lindbergh" title="Charles Lindbergh">Lindbergh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonard_Leo" title="Leonard Leo">Leo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_McEntee_(political_aide)" title="John McEntee (political aide)">McEntee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rebekah_Mercer" title="Rebekah Mercer">Mercer (Rebekah)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Mercer" title="Robert Mercer">Mercer (Robert)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Miller_(political_advisor)" title="Stephen Miller (political advisor)">Miller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rupert_Murdoch" title="Rupert Murdoch">Murdoch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elon_Musk" title="Elon Musk">Musk</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Views_of_Elon_Musk" title="Views of Elon Musk">Political views</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_O%27Keefe" title="James O'Keefe">O'Keefe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yeonmi_Park" title="Yeonmi Park">Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howard_Phillips_(activist)" title="Howard Phillips (activist)">Phillips</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dennis_Prager" title="Dennis Prager">Prager</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Reed" title="Ralph Reed">Reed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Regnery" title="Henry Regnery">Regnery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kevin_Roberts_(political_strategist)" title="Kevin Roberts (political strategist)">Roberts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Rove" title="Karl Rove">Rove</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Rufo" title="Christopher Rufo">Rufo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_A._Rusher" title="William A. Rusher">Rusher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Mellon_Scaife" title="Richard Mellon Scaife">Scaife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Schlafly" title="Andrew Schlafly">Schlafly (Andrew)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phyllis_Schlafly" title="Phyllis Schlafly">Schlafly (Phyllis)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Stone" title="Roger Stone">Stone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robby_Starbuck" title="Robby Starbuck">Starbuck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Thiel" title="Peter Thiel">Thiel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Viguerie" title="Richard Viguerie">Viguerie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ginni_Thomas" title="Ginni Thomas">Thomas (Ginni)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Booker_T._Washington" title="Booker T. Washington">Washington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Weyrich" title="Paul Weyrich">Weyrich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_E._Wood" title="Robert E. Wood">Wood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scott_Yenor" title="Scott Yenor">Yenor</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B0161E; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Literature</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Federalist_Papers" title="The Federalist Papers">The Federalist Papers</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1788)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Democracy_in_America" title="Democracy in America">Democracy in America</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1835–1840)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Democracy_and_Leadership" title="Democracy and Leadership">Democracy and Leadership</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1924)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Notes_on_Democracy" title="Notes on Democracy">Notes on Democracy</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1926)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Southern_Agrarians#I'll_Take_My_Stand" title="Southern Agrarians">I'll Take My Stand</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1930)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Our_Enemy,_the_State" title="Our Enemy, the State">Our Enemy, the State</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1935)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Managerial_Revolution" title="The Managerial Revolution">The Managerial Revolution</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1941)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ideas_Have_Consequences" title="Ideas Have Consequences">Ideas Have Consequences</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1948)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/God_and_Man_at_Yale" title="God and Man at Yale">God and Man at Yale</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1951)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Conservative_Mind" title="The Conservative Mind">The Conservative Mind</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1953)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Conscience_of_a_Conservative" title="The Conscience of a Conservative">The Conscience of a Conservative</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1960)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Choice_Not_an_Echo" title="A Choice Not an Echo">A Choice Not an Echo</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1964)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Losing_Ground:_American_Social_Policy,_1950%E2%80%931980" class="mw-redirect" title="Losing Ground: American Social Policy, 1950–1980">Losing Ground</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1984)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Conflict_of_Visions" title="A Conflict of Visions">A Conflict of Visions</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1987)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Closing_of_the_American_Mind" title="The Closing of the American Mind">The Closing of the American Mind</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1987)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Bell_Curve:_Intelligence_and_Class_Structure_in_American_Life" class="mw-redirect" title="The Bell Curve: Intelligence and Class Structure in American Life">The Bell Curve</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1994)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Revolt_of_the_Elites" title="The Revolt of the Elites">The Revolt of the Elites</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1995)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Death_of_the_West" title="The Death of the West">The Death of the West</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2001)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Blank_Slate" title="The Blank Slate">The Blank Slate</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2002)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Black_Rednecks_and_White_Liberals" title="Black Rednecks and White Liberals">Black Rednecks and White Liberals</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2005)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hillbilly_Elegy" title="Hillbilly Elegy">Hillbilly Elegy</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2017)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Benedict_Option" title="The Benedict Option">The Benedict Option</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2017)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Why_Liberalism_Failed" title="Why Liberalism Failed">Why Liberalism Failed</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2018)</span></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B0161E; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Concerns</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_the_United_States" title="Abortion in the United States">Abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cancel_culture#American_public_opinion" title="Cancel culture">Cancel Culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_war#United_States" title="Culture war">Culture war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_multiculturalism#United_States" title="Criticism of multiculturalism">Multiculturalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disparate_impact#Controversy" title="Disparate impact">"Disparate impact" controversy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2020s_controversies_around_critical_race_theory" title="2020s controversies around critical race theory">CRT controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diversity,_equity,_and_inclusion#Criticism_and_controversy" title="Diversity, equity, and inclusion">DEI controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Griggs_v._Duke_Power_Co." title="Griggs v. Duke Power Co.">Griggs v. Duke Power Co.</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Higher_education_bubble_in_the_United_States" title="Higher education bubble in the United States">Higher ed. bubble</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Go_woke,_go_broke" title="Go woke, go broke">Go woke, go broke</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Environmental,_social,_and_governance#Criticism" title="Environmental, social, and governance">ESG</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Corporate_sociopolitical_activism#Counter-movement" title="Corporate sociopolitical activism">Woke capitalism</a>"</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homeschooling#United_States" title="Homeschooling">Homeschooling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_reduction_in_the_United_States" title="Immigration reduction in the United States">Immigration reduction</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_immigration_to_the_United_States" title="Illegal immigration to the United States">Illegal immigration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_immigration_to_the_United_States_and_crime" title="Illegal immigration to the United States and crime">Immigration and crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexico%E2%80%93United_States_border_crisis" title="Mexico–United States border crisis">Border crisis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intelligence_and_public_policy" title="Intelligence and public policy">Intelligence and public policy</a></li> <li>Constitutional interpretations <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Originalism" title="Originalism">Originalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Textualism" title="Textualism">Textualism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Managerial_state" title="Managerial state">Managerial state</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mudsill_theory" title="Mudsill theory">Mudsill theory</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_keep_and_bear_arms_in_the_United_States" title="Right to keep and bear arms in the United States">Second Amendment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sub-replacement_fertility#United_States" title="Sub-replacement fertility">Sub-replacement fertility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unitary_executive_theory" title="Unitary executive theory">Unitary executive</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B0161E; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Parties</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"><b>Active</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Party_(1969)" title="American Party (1969)">American Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Independent_Party" title="American Independent Party">American Independent Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_of_New_York_State" title="Conservative Party of New York State">Conservative Party of New York State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_Party_(United_States)" title="Constitution Party (United States)">Constitution Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican Party</a></li></ul> <p><b>Defunct</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Masonic_Party" title="Anti-Masonic Party">Anti-Masonic Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_Union_Party_(United_States)" title="Constitutional Union Party (United States)">Constitutional Union Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic Party</a> (<i>historically, factions</i>) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boll_weevil_(politics)" title="Boll weevil (politics)">Boll weevils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bourbon_Democrat" title="Bourbon Democrat">Bourbon Democrats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Democrat" title="Conservative Democrat">Conservative Democrats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dixiecrat" title="Dixiecrat">Dixiecrats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reagan_Democrats" class="mw-redirect" title="Reagan Democrats">Reagan Democrats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Democrat" class="mw-redirect" title="Southern Democrat">Southern Democrats</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorr_Rebellion" title="Dorr Rebellion">Rhode Island Suffrage Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalist_Party" title="Federalist Party">Federalist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Republican_Party" title="National Republican Party">National Republican Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Native American Party">Native American Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whig_Party_(United_States)" title="Whig Party (United States)">Whig Party</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B0161E; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Think tanks</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acton_Institute" title="Acton Institute">Acton Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexis_de_Tocqueville_Institution" title="Alexis de Tocqueville Institution">AdTI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Enterprise_Institute" title="American Enterprise Institute">AEI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Center_for_Security_Policy" title="Center for Security Policy">CSP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Center_for_the_National_Interest" title="Center for the National Interest">Center for the National Interest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claremont_Institute" title="Claremont Institute">Claremont Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Competitive_Enterprise_Institute" title="Competitive Enterprise Institute">CEI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Horowitz_Freedom_Center" title="David Horowitz Freedom Center">CSPC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethics_and_Public_Policy_Center" title="Ethics and Public Policy Center">EPPC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_Research_Institute" title="Family Research Institute">FRI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gatestone_Institute" title="Gatestone Institute">Gatestone Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heartland_Institute" title="Heartland Institute">Heartland Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Heritage_Foundation" title="The Heritage Foundation">The Heritage Foundation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Heritage_Action" title="Heritage Action">Heritage Action</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mandate_for_Leadership" title="Mandate for Leadership">Mandate for Leadership</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_2025" title="Project 2025">Project 2025</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoover_Institution" title="Hoover Institution">Hoover Institution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hudson_Institute" title="Hudson Institute">Hudson Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intercollegiate_Studies_Institute" title="Intercollegiate Studies Institute">ISI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Madison_Program_in_American_Ideals_and_Institutions" title="James Madison Program in American Ideals and Institutions">James Madison Program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leadership_Institute" title="Leadership Institute">Leadership Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manhattan_Institute_for_Policy_Research" title="Manhattan Institute for Policy Research">Manhattan Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mises_Institute" title="Mises Institute">Mises Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Research_Institute" title="Pacific Research Institute">PRI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_for_the_New_American_Century" title="Project for the New American Century">Project for the New American Century</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(Defunct)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ripon_Society" title="Ripon Society">Ripon Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R_Street_Institute" title="R Street Institute">R Street Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rockford_Institute" title="Rockford Institute">Rockford Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_Policy_Network" title="State Policy Network">SPN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sutherland_Institute" title="Sutherland Institute">Sutherland Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tax_Foundation" title="Tax Foundation">Tax Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witherspoon_Institute" title="Witherspoon Institute">Witherspoon Institute</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B0161E; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Media</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <p><b>Newspapers</b> </p> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Chicago_Tribune" title="Chicago Tribune">Chicago Tribune</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dallas_Morning_News" class="mw-redirect" title="Dallas Morning News">Dallas Morning News</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Epoch_Times" title="The Epoch Times">The Epoch Times</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/New_Hampshire_Union_Leader" title="New Hampshire Union Leader">New Hampshire Union Leader</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Jewish_Voice" title="The Jewish Voice">The Jewish Voice</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Observer" title="The New York Observer">The New York Observer</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/New_York_Post" title="New York Post">New York Post</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Remnant_(newspaper)" title="The Remnant (newspaper)">The Remnant</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Wall_Street_Journal" title="The Wall Street Journal">The Wall Street Journal</a></i> <a href="/wiki/Editorial_board_at_The_Wall_Street_Journal" title="Editorial board at The Wall Street Journal">(editorial board)</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Times" title="The Washington Times">The Washington Times</a></i></li></ul> <p><b>Journals</b> </p> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/American_Affairs" title="American Affairs">American Affairs</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_American_Conservative" title="The American Conservative">The American Conservative</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_American_Spectator" title="The American Spectator">The American Spectator</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/American_Thinker" title="American Thinker">American Thinker</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/City_Journal" title="City Journal">City Journal</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Claremont_Review_of_Books" title="Claremont Review of Books">Claremont Review of Books</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Commentary_(magazine)" title="Commentary (magazine)">Commentary</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Compact_(American_magazine)" title="Compact (American magazine)">Compact</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Chronicles_(magazine)" title="Chronicles (magazine)">Chronicles</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Dispatch" title="The Dispatch">The Dispatch</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/First_Things" title="First Things">First Things</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Imaginative_Conservative" title="The Imaginative Conservative">The Imaginative Conservative</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jewish_World_Review" title="Jewish World Review">Jewish World Review</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Modern_Age_(periodical)" title="Modern Age (periodical)">Modern Age</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/National_Affairs" title="National Affairs">National Affairs</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_National_Interest" title="The National Interest">The National Interest</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/National_Review" title="National Review">National Review</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_New_American" title="The New American">The New American</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_New_Atlantis_(journal)" title="The New Atlantis (journal)">The New Atlantis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_New_Criterion" title="The New Criterion">The New Criterion</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Policy_Review" title="Policy Review">Policy Review</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(defunct)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Public_Discourse" class="mw-redirect" title="Public Discourse">Public Discourse</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Southern_Partisan" title="Southern Partisan">Southern Partisan</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Spectator_USA" class="mw-redirect" title="Spectator USA">Spectator USA</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tablet_(magazine)" title="Tablet (magazine)">Tablet</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Taki%27s_Magazine" title="Taki's Magazine">Taki's Magazine</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Telos_(journal)" title="Telos (journal)">Telos</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Washington_Examiner" title="Washington Examiner">Washington Examiner</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Weekly_Standard" title="The Weekly Standard">The Weekly Standard</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(defunct)</span></li></ul> <p><b>TV channels</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Broadcasting_Network" title="Christian Broadcasting Network">CBN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fox_Business" title="Fox Business">Fox Business</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fox_News" title="Fox News">Fox News</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newsmax_TV" title="Newsmax TV">Newsmax TV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One_America_News_Network" title="One America News Network">One America News Network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VOZ_(media_company)" title="VOZ (media company)">VOZ</a></li></ul> <p><b>Websites</b> </p> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Babylon_Bee" title="The Babylon Bee">Babylon Bee</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Breitbart_News" title="Breitbart News">Breitbart News</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Bulwark_(website)" title="The Bulwark (website)">The Bulwark</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Campus_Reform" title="Campus Reform">Campus Reform</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Center_Square" title="The Center Square">The Center Square</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Review" title="Conservative Review">Conservative Review</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Daily_Caller" title="The Daily Caller">Daily Caller</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Daily_Signal" title="The Daily Signal">Daily Signal</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Daily_Wire" title="The Daily Wire">Daily Wire</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Discover_the_Networks" title="Discover the Networks">Discover the Networks</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Federalist_(website)" title="The Federalist (website)">The Federalist</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/FrontPage_Magazine" title="FrontPage Magazine">FrontPage Magazine</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Front_Porch_Republic" title="Front Porch Republic">Front Porch Republic</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Gateway_Pundit" title="The Gateway Pundit">Gateway Pundit</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hot_Air" title="Hot Air">Hot Air</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Human_Events" title="Human Events">Human Events</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Independent_Journal_Review" title="Independent Journal Review">Independent Journal Review</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/InfoWars" title="InfoWars">InfoWars</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jihad_Watch" title="Jihad Watch">Jihad Watch</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/LifeZette" title="LifeZette">LifeZette</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/NewsBusters" class="mw-redirect" title="NewsBusters">NewsBusters</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/PJ_Media" title="PJ Media">PJ Media</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rare_(website)" title="Rare (website)">Rare</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/RedState" title="RedState">RedState</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Dispatch" title="The Dispatch">The Dispatch</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Townhall" title="Townhall">Townhall</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Twitchy" title="Twitchy">Twitchy</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Washington_Examiner" title="Washington Examiner">Washington Examiner</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Free_Beacon" title="The Washington Free Beacon">The Washington Free Beacon</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Western_Journal" title="The Western Journal">The Western Journal</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/WorldNetDaily" title="WorldNetDaily">WorldNetDaily</a></i></li></ul> <p><b>Other</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blaze_Media" title="Blaze Media">Blaze Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Encounter_Books" title="Encounter Books">Encounter Books</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evie_Magazine" title="Evie Magazine">Evie Magazine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_First_TV" title="The First TV">The First</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Imprimis" title="Imprimis">Imprimis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Political_Cesspool" title="The Political Cesspool">The Political Cesspool</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passage_Publishing" title="Passage Publishing">Passage Publishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PragerU" title="PragerU">PragerU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RealClearPolitics" title="RealClearPolitics">RealClearPolitics</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Red_Scare_(podcast)" title="Red Scare (podcast)">Red Scare</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regnery_Publishing" title="Regnery Publishing">Regnery Publishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_Side_Broadcasting_Network" title="Right Side Broadcasting Network">RSBN</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Rubin_Report" title="The Rubin Report">The Rubin Report</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinclair_Broadcast_Group" title="Sinclair Broadcast Group">Sinclair Broadcast Group</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B0161E; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Other organizations</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <p><b>Economics</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Americans_for_Tax_Reform" title="Americans for Tax Reform">ATR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Club_for_Growth" title="Club for Growth">Club for Growth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FreedomWorks" title="FreedomWorks">FreedomWorks</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(defunct)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Federation_of_Independent_Business" title="National Federation of Independent Business">NFIB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Taxpayers_Union" title="National Taxpayers Union">NTU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tea_Party_Patriots" title="Tea Party Patriots">Tea Party Patriots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Chamber_of_Commerce" title="United States Chamber of Commerce">USCC</a></li></ul> <p><b>Gun rights</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gun_Owners_of_America" title="Gun Owners of America">GOA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Association_for_Gun_Rights" title="National Association for Gun Rights">NAGR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Rifle_Association" title="National Rifle Association">NRA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Amendment_Caucus" title="Second Amendment Caucus">Second Amendment Caucus</a></li></ul> <p><b>Identity politics</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ACT_for_America" title="ACT for America"><i>ACT!</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concerned_Women_for_America" title="Concerned Women for America">CWA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Conservative_Citizens" title="Council of Conservative Citizens">Council of Conservative Citizens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gays_Against_Groomers" title="Gays Against Groomers">GAG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_Women%27s_Forum" title="Independent Women's Forum">IWF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Log_Cabin_Republicans" title="Log Cabin Republicans">LCR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moms_for_Liberty" title="Moms for Liberty">Moms for Liberty</a></li></ul> <p><b>Nativist</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Center_for_Immigration_Studies" title="Center for Immigration Studies">CIS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federation_for_American_Immigration_Reform" title="Federation for American Immigration Reform">FAIR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_Restriction_League" title="Immigration Restriction League">Immigration Restriction League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NumbersUSA" title="NumbersUSA">NumbersUSA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oath_Keepers" title="Oath Keepers">Oath Keepers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_Percenters" title="Three Percenters">Three Percenters</a></li></ul> <p><b>Religion</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alliance_Defending_Freedom" title="Alliance Defending Freedom">ADF</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_court_cases_involving_Alliance_Defending_Freedom" title="List of court cases involving Alliance Defending Freedom">Court cases</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Center_for_Law_%26_Justice" title="American Center for Law & Justice">ACLJ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Family_Association" title="American Family Association">AFA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Society_for_the_Defense_of_Tradition,_Family_and_Property" title="American Society for the Defense of Tradition, Family and Property">The American TFP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chalcedon_Foundation" title="Chalcedon Foundation">Chalcedon Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Coalition_of_America" title="Christian Coalition of America">CCA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Voice_(United_States)" title="Christian Voice (United States)">Christian Voice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eagle_Forum" title="Eagle Forum">Eagle Forum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_Research_Council" title="Family Research Council">FCR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Fellowship_(Christian_organization)" title="The Fellowship (Christian organization)">The Fellowship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faith_and_Freedom_Coalition" title="Faith and Freedom Coalition">FFC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Focus_on_the_Family" title="Focus on the Family">Focus on the Family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foundation_for_Moral_Law" title="Foundation for Moral Law">Foundation for Moral Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberty_Counsel" title="Liberty Counsel">Liberty Counsel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moral_Majority" title="Moral Majority">Moral Majority</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(defunct)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Organization_for_Marriage" title="National Organization for Marriage">NOM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Right_to_Life_Committee" title="National Right to Life Committee">NRLC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parents_Television_and_Media_Council" title="Parents Television and Media Council">PTMC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susan_B._Anthony_Pro-Life_America" title="Susan B. Anthony Pro-Life America">Susan B. Anthony Pro-Life America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_More_Law_Center" title="Thomas More Law Center">Thomas More Law Center</a></li></ul> <p><b>Watchdog groups</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Accuracy_in_Media" title="Accuracy in Media">AIM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Econ_Journal_Watch" title="Econ Journal Watch">Econ Journal Watch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_News_Foundation" title="Franklin News Foundation">Franklin News Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judicial_Watch" title="Judicial Watch">JW</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_Research_Center" title="Media Research Center">MRC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/O%27Keefe_Media_Group" class="mw-redirect" title="O'Keefe Media Group">O'Keefe Media Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_Veritas" title="Project Veritas">Project Veritas</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(defunct)</span></li></ul> <p><b>Youth/student groups</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Journalism_Center" title="National Journalism Center">NJC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turning_Point_USA" title="Turning Point USA">TPUSA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Young_Americans_for_Freedom" title="Young Americans for Freedom">Young Americans for Freedom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Young_America%27s_Foundation" title="Young America's Foundation">Young America's Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Young_Americans_for_Liberty" title="Young Americans for Liberty">YAL</a></li></ul> <p><b>Miscellaneous</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_85_Fund" title="The 85 Fund">The 85 Fund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Hamilton_Institute_for_the_Study_of_Western_Civilization" title="Alexander Hamilton Institute for the Study of Western Civilization">AHI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Conservative_Union" title="American Conservative Union">ACU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bradley_Foundation" title="Bradley Foundation">Bradley Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Conservative_Caucus" title="The Conservative Caucus">TCC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_for_National_Policy" title="Council for National Policy">CNP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Political_Action_Conference" title="Conservative Political Action Conference">CPAC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_Caucus" title="Freedom Caucus">Freedom Caucus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hillsdale_College" title="Hillsdale College">Hillsdale College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idaho_Freedom_Foundation" title="Idaho Freedom Foundation">IFF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Birch_Society" title="John Birch Society">JBS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_M._Olin_Foundation" title="John M. Olin Foundation">John M. Olin Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberty_Fund" title="Liberty Fund">Liberty Fund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberty_University" title="Liberty University">LU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Association_of_Scholars" title="National Association of Scholars">NAS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philadelphia_Society" title="Philadelphia Society">Philadelphia Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regent_University" title="Regent University">Regent University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Study_Committee" title="Republican Study Committee">RSC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russell_Kirk_Center_for_Cultural_Renewal" title="Russell Kirk Center for Cultural Renewal">Russell Kirk Center for Cultural Renewal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Texas_Public_Policy_Foundation" title="Texas Public Policy Foundation">TPPF</a></li></ul> <p><b>Other</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/America_First_Legal" title="America First Legal">AFL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlas_Network" title="Atlas Network">Atlas Network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collegiate_Network" title="Collegiate Network">CN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ConservAmerica" title="ConservAmerica">ConservAmerica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donors_Trust" title="Donors Trust">Donors Trust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalist_Society" title="Federalist Society">FedSoc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gab_(social_network)" title="Gab (social network)">Gab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gettr" title="Gettr">Gettr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Conservative_Political_Action_Committee" title="National Conservative Political Action Committee">NCPAC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Justice_Institute" title="Pacific Justice Institute">PJI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parler" title="Parler">Parler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Main_Street_Partnership" title="Republican Main Street Partnership">Republican Main Street Partnership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Right_Stuff_(app)" title="The Right Stuff (app)">The Right Stuff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Society_for_American_Civic_Renewal" title="Society for American Civic Renewal">SACR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Young_Republicans" title="Young Republicans">YRNF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ziklag_(organization)" title="Ziklag (organization)">Ziklag</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B0161E; 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text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Related</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agenda_47" title="Agenda 47">Agenda 47</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/America_First_(policy)" title="America First (policy)">America First</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Bibliography of conservatism in the United States">Bibliography of US conservatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_talk_radio" title="Conservative talk radio">Conservative talk radio</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Dunning School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Factions_in_the_Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Factions in the Republican Party (United States)">GOP factions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="History of conservatism in the United States">History of US conservatism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_modern_American_conservatism" title="Timeline of modern American conservatism">Modern timeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_American_conservatives" title="List of American conservatives">List of American conservatives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Conservatism_Conference" title="National Conservatism Conference">NatCon</a></li> <li>Colloquialisms <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/Barstool_conservatism" title="Barstool conservatism">Barstool conservatism</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Cuckservative" title="Cuckservative">Cuckservative</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Don%27t_immanentize_the_eschaton!" class="mw-redirect" title="Don't immanentize the eschaton!">Don't immanentize the eschaton!</a>"</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Republicans_pounce" title="Republicans pounce">Republicans pounce</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Republican_in_Name_Only" class="mw-redirect" title="Republican in Name Only">RINO</a></i></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/South_Park_Republican" title="South Park Republican"><i>South Park</i> Republican</a>"</li></ul></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below plainlist" style="padding-bottom:0.22em; border-top:1px solid #AAA; border-bottom:1px solid #AAA"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg/15px-DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg/22px-DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg/30px-DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="249" data-file-height="268" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Conservatism" title="Portal:Conservatism">Conservatism portal</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/16px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/24px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:United_States" title="Portal:United States">United States portal</a></span></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Conservatism_US" title="Template:Conservatism US"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Conservatism_US" title="Template talk:Conservatism US"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Conservatism_US" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Conservatism US"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The Dunning School viewpoint favored conservative elements in the South (the <a href="/wiki/Redeemers" title="Redeemers">Redeemers</a>, plantation owners and former Confederates) and disparaged Radical Republicans who favored civil rights for former slaves. The views of the Dunning School dominated scholarly and popular depictions of the era from about 1900 to the 1930s. <a href="/wiki/Adam_Fairclough" title="Adam Fairclough">Adam Fairclough</a>, a British historian whose expertise includes Reconstruction, summarized the Dunningite themes: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>All agreed that black suffrage had been a political blunder and that the Republican state governments in the South that rested upon black votes had been corrupt, extravagant, unrepresentative, and oppressive. The sympathies of the "Dunningite" historians lay with the white Southerners who resisted Congressional Reconstruction: whites who, organizing under the banner of the Conservative or Democratic Party, used legal opposition and extralegal violence to oust the Republicans from state power. Although "Dunningite" historians did not necessarily endorse those extralegal methods, they did tend to palliate them. From start to finish, they argued, Congressional Reconstruction—often dubbed "Radical Reconstruction"—lacked political wisdom and legitimacy.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Historian <a href="/wiki/Eric_Foner" title="Eric Foner">Eric Foner</a>, a leading specialist, said: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The traditional or Dunning School of Reconstruction was not just an interpretation of history. It was part of the edifice of the <a href="/wiki/Jim_Crow" class="mw-redirect" title="Jim Crow">Jim Crow</a> System. It was an explanation for and justification of taking the right to vote away from black people on the grounds that they completely abused it during Reconstruction. It was a justification for the white South resisting outside efforts in changing race relations because of the worry of having another Reconstruction. All of the alleged horrors of Reconstruction helped to freeze the minds of the white South in resistance to any change whatsoever. And it was only after the <a href="/wiki/Civil_Rights" class="mw-redirect" title="Civil Rights">Civil Rights</a> revolution swept away the racist underpinnings of that old view—i.e., that black people are incapable of taking part in American <a href="/wiki/Democracy" title="Democracy">democracy</a>—that you could get a new view of Reconstruction widely accepted. For a long time it was an intellectual straitjacket for much of the white South, and historians have a lot to answer for in helping to propagate a <a href="/wiki/Racist" class="mw-redirect" title="Racist">racist</a> system in this country.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>In contrast to Foner's views, Adam Fairclough (previously mentioned) argues that the influence of the Dunning School outside academia was minimal; its hostile view of Reconstruction had been established as the predominant view in white society long before any of the Dunning School historians published works on Reconstruction, and works of popular culture like <a href="/wiki/The_Birth_of_a_Nation" title="The Birth of a Nation">The Birth of a Nation</a> that shared its view of Reconstruction did not use Dunning School historians as their source.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dunning_School&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The school was named after <a href="/wiki/Columbia_University" title="Columbia University">Columbia University</a> professor <a href="/wiki/William_Archibald_Dunning" title="William Archibald Dunning">William Archibald Dunning</a> (1857–1922), whose writings and those of his PhD students comprised the main elements of the school. He supported the idea that <a href="/wiki/Southern_United_States" title="Southern United States">the South</a> had been hurt by Reconstruction and that American values had been trampled by the use of the U.S. Army to control state politics. He contended that <a href="/wiki/Freedmen" class="mw-redirect" title="Freedmen">freedmen</a> had proved incapable of self-government and thus had made <a href="/wiki/Racial_segregation_in_the_United_States" title="Racial segregation in the United States">segregation</a> necessary. Dunning believed that allowing <a href="/wiki/Black_(people)" class="mw-redirect" title="Black (people)">blacks</a> to vote and hold office had been "a serious error".<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a professor, he taught generations of scholars, many of whom expanded his views of the evils of Reconstruction. The Dunning School and similar historians dominated the version of Reconstruction-era history in textbooks into the 1960s. Their generalized adoption of deprecatory terms such as <a href="/wiki/Scalawags" class="mw-redirect" title="Scalawags">scalawags</a> for southern white Republicans and <a href="/wiki/Carpetbagger" title="Carpetbagger">carpetbaggers</a> for northerners who worked and settled in the South, have persisted in historical works. </p><p>Explaining the success of the Dunning School, historian <a href="/wiki/Peter_Novick" title="Peter Novick">Peter Novick</a> noted two forces—the need to reconcile the North and the South after the Civil War and the increase in racism as <a href="/wiki/Social_Darwinism" title="Social Darwinism">Social Darwinism</a> appeared to back the concept with science—that contributed to a "racist historiographical consensus" around the turn of the 20th century on the "criminal outrages" of Reconstruction.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Novick provided examples of the style of the Dunning School approach when he wrote: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p><a href="/wiki/James_Ford_Rhodes" title="James Ford Rhodes">James Ford Rhodes</a>, citing [Louis] <a href="/wiki/Louis_Agassiz" title="Louis Agassiz">Agassiz</a>, said that "what the whole country has only learned through years of costly and bitter experience was known to this leader of scientific thought before we ventured on the policy of trying to make negroes intelligent by legislative acts." <a href="/wiki/John_Burgess_(political_scientist)" title="John Burgess (political scientist)">John W. Burgess</a> wrote that "a black skin means membership in a race of men which has never of itself succeeded in subjecting passion to reason." For William A. Dunning, blacks "had no pride of race and no aspiration or ideals save to be like whites." <a href="/wiki/Ellis_Paxson_Oberholtzer" title="Ellis Paxson Oberholtzer">Ellis Paxson Oberholtzer</a> quoted approvingly the southern observation that Yankees didn't understand the subject because they "had never seen a nigger except <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Douglass" title="Frederick Douglass">Fred Douglass</a>." Blacks were "as credulous as children, which in intellect they in many ways resembled."<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Even <a href="/wiki/James_Wilford_Garner" title="James Wilford Garner">James Wilford Garner</a>'s <i>Reconstruction in Mississippi</i>, regarded by <a href="/wiki/W._E._B._Du_Bois" title="W. E. B. Du Bois">W. E. B. Du Bois</a> as the fairest work of the Dunning school, depicted Reconstruction as "unwise" and Black politicians as liabilities to Southern administrations.<sup id="cite_ref-Lemann_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lemann-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the 1940s <a href="/wiki/Howard_K._Beale" title="Howard K. Beale">Howard K. Beale</a> began to define a different approach. Beale's analysis combined an assumption of "racial egalitarianism and an insistence on the centrality of class". He claimed that some of the more progressive southern historians continued to propose "that their race must bar Negroes from social and economic equality." Beale indicated other southern historians' making more positive contributions were "southern liberals" such as <a href="/wiki/C._Vann_Woodward" title="C. Vann Woodward">C. Vann Woodward</a> and Francis Simkins.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Coulter">Coulter</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dunning_School&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Coulter"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>While he did not study with Dunning or at Columbia University, the Southern historian <a href="/wiki/E._Merton_Coulter" title="E. Merton Coulter">E. Merton Coulter</a> represented some typical views. According to the <i><a href="/wiki/New_Georgia_Encyclopedia" title="New Georgia Encyclopedia">New Georgia Encyclopedia</a></i>, he "framed his literary corpus to praise the Old South, glorify Confederate heroes, vilify northerners, and denigrate southern blacks." He taught at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Georgia" title="University of Georgia">University of Georgia</a> for sixty years, founded the <a href="/wiki/Southern_Historical_Association" title="Southern Historical Association">Southern Historical Association</a>, and edited the <i><a href="/wiki/Georgia_Historical_Quarterly" class="mw-redirect" title="Georgia Historical Quarterly">Georgia Historical Quarterly</a></i> for fifty years, so he had many avenues of influence.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Historian <a href="/wiki/John_Hope_Franklin" title="John Hope Franklin">John Hope Franklin</a> wrote of Coulter: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>No sooner was revisionism launched, however, than E. Merton Coulter insisted that "no amount of revision can write away the grievous mistakes made in this abnormal period of American history." He then declared that he had not attempted to do so, and with that he subscribed to virtually all of the views that had been set forth by the students of Dunning. And he added a few observations of his own, such as "education soon lost its novelty for most of the Negroes"; they would "spend their last piece of money for a drink of whisky"; and, being "by nature highly emotional and excitable…, they carried their religious exercises to extreme lengths."<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Eric Foner wrote in 1988: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The fact that blacks took part in government, wrote E. Merton Coulter in the last full-scale history of Reconstruction written entirely within the Dunning tradition, was a "diabolical" development, "to be remembered, shuddered at, and execrated." Yet while these works abounded in horrified references to "negro rule" and "negro government", blacks in fact played little role in the narratives. Their aspirations, if mentioned at all, were ridiculed, and their role in shaping the course of events during Reconstruction ignored. When the writers spoke of "the South" or "the people", they meant whites. Blacks appeared either as passive victims of white manipulation or as an unthinking people whose "animal natures" threatened the stability of civilized society.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Criticism_of_the_Dunning_School">Criticism of the Dunning School</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dunning_School&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Criticism of the Dunning School"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Dunning School was criticized by <a href="/wiki/John_R._Lynch" title="John R. Lynch">John R. Lynch</a> in his 1913 book <i><a href="/wiki/The_Facts_of_Reconstruction" title="The Facts of Reconstruction">The Facts of Reconstruction</a>,</i> in which he argued that African American politicians had made many gains since the end of the Civil War and that those gains were of their own accord.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1935, <a href="/wiki/W._E._B._DuBois" class="mw-redirect" title="W. E. B. DuBois">W. E. B. DuBois</a> attacked the premises of the Dunning School in <i><a href="/wiki/Black_Reconstruction_in_America" title="Black Reconstruction in America">Black Reconstruction in America</a></i>, setting forth ideas such as the active agency of blacks in the era, that the struggle over control of black labor was central to the politics of the era, and that Reconstruction was a time of great promise and many accomplishments, the overthrow of which was a tragic defeat for democracy. While the work was largely ignored by historians at the time, later revisionist scholars lauded DuBois's analysis.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Historian <a href="/wiki/Kenneth_M._Stampp" title="Kenneth M. Stampp">Kenneth M. Stampp</a> was one of the leaders of the <a href="/wiki/Historical_revisionism" title="Historical revisionism">revisionist movement</a> regarding Reconstruction, which mounted a successful attack on Dunning's racially biased narrative. In putting his criticism in proper context, Stampp wrote: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Few revisionists would claim that the Dunning interpretation of reconstruction is a pure fabrication. They recognize the shabby aspects of the era: the corruption was real, the failures obvious, the tragedy undeniable. Grant is not their idea of a model President, nor were the southern carpetbag governments worthy of their unqualified praise. They understood that the radical Republicans were not all selfless patriots, and that southern white men were not all Negro-hating rebels. In short, they have not turned history on its head, but rather, they recognize that much of what Dunning's disciples have said about reconstruction is true.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Stampp then noted that "Dunningites overlooked a great deal", and revisionists rejected "the two-dimensional characters that Dunning's disciples have painted."<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Stampp asserted that even in accurately identifying the corruption of many state reconstruction governments, the Dunning School fell short. It engaged in "distortion by exaggeration, by a lack of perspective, by superficial analysis, and by overemphasis," while ignoring "constructive accomplishments" and failing to acknowledge "men who transcended the greed" of the age.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Historian <a href="/wiki/Jean_Edward_Smith" title="Jean Edward Smith">Jean Edward Smith</a> wrote that the Dunning School "despite every intention to be fair" wrote from a white supremacist perspective. Smith stated, "Blacks were depicted as inherently incapable of meaningful political participation while terrorist organizations such as the Ku Klux Klan were applauded for their efforts to restore the South's natural order." Referring to "the racist rants of the Dunning school", Smith noted that the influence of the Civil Rights Movement of the 1950s and 1960s "consigned the Dunning school to the museum of historical artifacts."<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Writing in 2005, the influential Reconstruction historian <a href="/wiki/Eric_Foner" title="Eric Foner">Eric Foner</a> analyzed the Dunning School as follows: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Their account of the era rested, as one member of the Dunning school put it, on the assumption of "negro incapacity." Finding it impossible to believe that blacks could ever be independent actors on the stage of history, with their own aspirations and motivations, Dunning, <i>et al.</i> portrayed African Americans either as "children", ignorant dupes manipulated by unscrupulous whites, or as savages, their primal passions unleashed by the end of slavery.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Philip R. Muller, while acknowledging the widespread charges of racism against Dunning personally, laid much of the perception on Dunning's "methodological weakness" in one particular work, <i>Reconstruction, Political and Economic 1865-1877</i>. Muller noted that "faulty ... generalizations" abounded. </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>They are not, however, chiefly characterized by their hostility toward ethnic groups. Dunning's antipathy in Reconstruction is generously heaped on all groups, regardless of race, color, creed, or sectional origins. If, as one historian has suggested, Dunning viewed Reconstruction as "a mob run riot," the unruly crowd was biracial and bipartisan. More important, the concentration of "evidence" in this single scantily researched volume suggested that Dunning's "racist" generalizations were more unexamined than "inflexible."<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Some historians have suggested that historians sympathetic to the <a href="/wiki/Neo-Confederates" title="Neo-Confederates">Neo-Confederate</a> movement are influenced by the Dunning School's interpretation of history.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Dunning_School_scholars">Dunning School scholars</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dunning_School&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Dunning School scholars"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Claude_Bowers" class="mw-redirect" title="Claude Bowers">Claude Bowers</a>, <i>The Tragic Era</i> (1929), best-selling popular history by an Indiana writer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Watson_Davis" title="William Watson Davis">William Watson Davis</a>, <i>The Civil War and Reconstruction in Florida</i> (1913).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._G._de_Roulhac_Hamilton" title="J. G. de Roulhac Hamilton">J. G. de Roulhac Hamilton</a>, <i>Reconstruction in North Carolina</i> (1914).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Lynwood_Fleming" title="Walter Lynwood Fleming">Walter Lynwood Fleming</a>, <i>Civil War and Reconstruction in Alabama</i> (1905).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Wilford_Garner" title="James Wilford Garner">James Wilford Garner</a>, <i>Reconstruction in Mississippi</i> (1901).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_W._Ramsdell" title="Charles W. Ramsdell">Charles W. Ramsdell</a>, <i>Reconstruction in Texas</i> (1910).</li> <li>John Schreiner Reynolds, <i>Reconstruction in South Carolina, 1865–1877</i> (1905).<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Thomas Staples, <i>Reconstruction in Arkansas, 1862–1874</i> (1923).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/C._Mildred_Thompson" title="C. Mildred Thompson">C. Mildred Thompson</a>, <i>Reconstruction in Georgia</i> (1915).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/E._Merton_Coulter" title="E. Merton Coulter">E. Merton Coulter</a>, <i>The South During Reconstruction</i> (1947).</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dunning_School&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><b>Notes</b> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Adam Fairclough, "Was the Grant of Black Suffrage a Political Error? Reconsidering the Views of John W. Burgess, William A. Dunning, and Eric Foner on Congressional Reconstruction," <i>Journal of The Historical Society</i> (June 2012) 12: 155</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thenation.com/article/archive/how-radical-change-occurs-interview-historian-eric-foner/">"How Radical Change Occurs: An Interview With Historian Eric Foner" by Mike Konczal, February 3, 2015</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFFairclough2015" class="citation journal cs1">Fairclough, Adam (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/24769185">"Review of The Dunning School: Historians, Race, and the Meaning of Reconstruction"</a>. <i>The Florida Historical Quarterly</i>. <b>94</b> (2): 258–261. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0015-4113">0015-4113</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/24769185">24769185</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 May</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Florida+Historical+Quarterly&rft.atitle=Review+of+The+Dunning+School%3A+Historians%2C+Race%2C+and+the+Meaning+of+Reconstruction&rft.volume=94&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=258-261&rft.date=2015&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F24769185%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.issn=0015-4113&rft.aulast=Fairclough&rft.aufirst=Adam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F24769185&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADunning+School" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Current pg. 213</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Novick pp. 74–77. Stampp (p. 20) makes a similar point: <dl><dd>"It [the Dunning interpretation of reconstruction] was written at a time when xenophobia had become almost a national disease, when numerous northern cities (among them Philadelphia and Chicago) were seriously considering the establishment of racially segregated schools, and when Negroes and immigrants were being lumped together in the category of unassimilable aliens"</dd></dl> </span></li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Novick pg. 75</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lemann-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Lemann_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLemann2007" class="citation book cs1">Lemann, Nicholas (2007). <i>Redemption: The Last Battle of the Civil War</i>. Macmillan. p. 204. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-374-53069-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-374-53069-3"><bdi>978-0-374-53069-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Redemption%3A+The+Last+Battle+of+the+Civil+War&rft.pages=204&rft.pub=Macmillan&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-374-53069-3&rft.aulast=Lemann&rft.aufirst=Nicholas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADunning+School" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Novick pg. 233-234</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130429231929/http://www.georgiaencyclopedia.org/nge/Article.jsp?path=%2FHistoryArchaeology%2FHistoriansHistoricalOrganization%2FHistorians&id=h-851">"New Georgia Encyclopedia: E. Merton Coulter (1890-1981)"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.georgiaencyclopedia.org/nge/Article.jsp?path=%2FHistoryArchaeology%2FHistoriansHistoricalOrganization%2FHistorians&id=h-851">the original</a> on 2013-04-29<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-03-19</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=New+Georgia+Encyclopedia%3A+E.+Merton+Coulter+%281890-1981%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.georgiaencyclopedia.org%2Fnge%2FArticle.jsp%3Fpath%3D%252FHistoryArchaeology%252FHistoriansHistoricalOrganization%252FHistorians%26id%3Dh-851&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADunning+School" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Coulter, <i>The South during Reconstruction</i>, Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1947, pp. xi, 86, 336.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.historians.org/info/AHA_History/jhfranklin.htm">American History Association</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Foner (1988), p. xx</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:0_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmithLowery2013" class="citation book cs1">Smith, John David; Lowery, J. Vincent, eds. (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2ZL5fjiAqSgC"><i>The Dunning School: Historians, Race, and the Meaning of Reconstruction</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/University_Press_of_Kentucky" title="University Press of Kentucky">University Press of Kentucky</a>. pp. xi. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780813142722" title="Special:BookSources/9780813142722"><bdi>9780813142722</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Dunning+School%3A+Historians%2C+Race%2C+and+the+Meaning+of+Reconstruction&rft.pages=xi&rft.pub=University+Press+of+Kentucky&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9780813142722&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2ZL5fjiAqSgC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADunning+School" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFoner2013" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Eric_Foner" title="Eric Foner">Foner, Eric</a> (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://saq.dukejournals.org/content/112/3/409.abstract">"Black Reconstruction: An Introduction"</a>. <i>South Atlantic Quarterly</i>. <b>112</b> (3): 409–418. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1215%2F00382876-2146368">10.1215/00382876-2146368</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-01-18</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=South+Atlantic+Quarterly&rft.atitle=Black+Reconstruction%3A+An+Introduction&rft.volume=112&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=409-418&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1215%2F00382876-2146368&rft.aulast=Foner&rft.aufirst=Eric&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsaq.dukejournals.org%2Fcontent%2F112%2F3%2F409.abstract&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADunning+School" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Stampp p. 9</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Stampp, p. 9</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Stampp, p. 11</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080515221147/http://www.claremont.org/publications/crb/id.875/article_detail.asp">"The Claremont Institute - A People's History of Reconstruction"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.claremont.org/publications/crb/id.875/article_detail.asp">the original</a> on 2008-05-15<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2007-12-17</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Claremont+Institute+-+A+People%27s+History+of+Reconstruction&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.claremont.org%2Fpublications%2Fcrb%2Fid.875%2Farticle_detail.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADunning+School" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Foner 2005, p. xxii</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Muller pg. 337</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hummel, Jeffrey Rogers <i>Emancipating Slaves, Enslaving Free Men</i>, Open Court Publishing, 1996. pg. 307</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReynolds2018" class="citation book cs1">Reynolds, John Schreiner (17 February 2018). <i>Reconstruction in South Carolina, 1865-1877</i>. Creative Media Partners, LLC. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1377847641" title="Special:BookSources/978-1377847641"><bdi>978-1377847641</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Reconstruction+in+South+Carolina%2C+1865-1877&rft.pub=Creative+Media+Partners%2C+LLC&rft.date=2018-02-17&rft.isbn=978-1377847641&rft.aulast=Reynolds&rft.aufirst=John+Schreiner&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADunning+School" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <p><b>Bibliography</b> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li>Blight, David. <i>Race and Reunion: The Civil War in American Memory</i> (2000).</li> <li>Current, Richard N. "From Civil War to World Power" in <i>Legacy of Disunion: The Enduring Significance of the Civil War." editors Susan-Mary Grant and Peter J. Parrish. (2003)</i></li> <li>Fairclough, Adam. "Was the Grant of Black Suffrage a Political Error? Reconsidering the Views of John W. Burgess, William A. Dunning, and Eric Foner on Congressional Reconstruction," <i>Journal of The Historical Society</i> (June 2012) 12: 155–188. doi: 10.1111/j.1540-5923.2012.00361.x A favorable view of the School</li> <li>Ross, Michael and Rowland, Leslie, "Adam Fairclough, John Burgess, and the Nettlesome Legacy of the 'Dunning School'," <i>Journal of The Historical Society</i> vol. 12, No. 3 (September 2012), 249–270.</li> <li>Foner, Eric. <i>Reconstruction: America's Unfinished Revolution 1863–1877.</i> (1988)</li> <li>Foner, Eric. <i>Forever Free.</i>(2005)</li> <li>Muller, Philip R. "Look Back Without Anger: A Reappraisal of William A. Dunning". <i>Journal of American History</i> 1974 61(2): 325–338. Online at JSTOR at most colleges.</li> <li>Novick, Peter. <i>That Noble Dream: The "Objectivity Question" and the American Historical Profession.</i> (1988)</li> <li>Smith, John David. <i>Slavery, Race and American History: Historical Conflict, Trends, and Methods, 1866–1953</i> (1999) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yNx5OVK00-kC">excerpt</a></li> <li>Smith, John David and J. Vincent Lowery, eds. <i>The Dunning School: Historians, Race, and the Meaning of Reconstruction</i> (University Press of Kentucky; 2013) 336 pages; scholarly essays on the leading scholars</li> <li>Stampp, Kenneth M. <i>The Era of Reconstruction 1865-1877</i>. (1965)</li> <li>Weisberger, Bernard A. "The Dark and Bloody Ground of Reconstruction Historiography," <i>Journal of Southern History</i> Vol. 25, No. 4 (Nov., 1959), pp. 427–447 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2954450">in JSTOR</a></li> <li>Williams, T. Harry. "An Analysis of Some Reconstruction Attitudes," <i>Journal of Southern History</i> Vol. 12, No. 4 (Nov., 1946), pp. 469–486 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2197687">in JSTOR</a></li></ul> <dl><dd><dl><dd><b>Primary sources (by Dunning School members)</b></dd></dl></dd></dl> <ul><li>Dunning, William Archibald. <i>Reconstruction: Political & Economic, 1865–1877</i> (1905).</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/1901/10/the-undoing-of-reconstruction/429219/">"The Undoing of Reconstruction," by William A. Dunning, <i>The Atlantic</i> (October 1901)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060213110155/http://www.blackmask.com/books11c/sequelapdex.htm"><i>The Sequel of Appomattox, A Chronicle of the Reunion of the States</i> by Walter Lynwood Fleming, (1918) full text of short overview.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Lynwood_Fleming" title="Walter Lynwood Fleming">Fleming, Walter L</a>. ed. <i>Documentary History of Reconstruction: Political, Military, Social, Religious, Educational, and Industrial</i> (1906).</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dunning_School&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>E. Merton Coulter (1926). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.georgiaencyclopedia.org/nge/Article.jsp?path=/HistoryArchaeology/HistoriansHistoricalOrganization/Historians&id=h-851"><i>Civil War and Readjustment in Kentucky</i></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130429231929/http://www.georgiaencyclopedia.org/nge/Article.jsp?path=%2FHistoryArchaeology%2FHistoriansHistoricalOrganization%2FHistorians&id=h-851">Archived</a> 2013-04-29 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Reconstruction_era" style="wide;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Reconstruction_Era" title="Template:Reconstruction Era"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Reconstruction_Era" title="Template talk:Reconstruction Era"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Reconstruction_Era" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Reconstruction Era"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Reconstruction_era" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Reconstruction_era" title="Reconstruction era">Reconstruction era</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Participants</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Federal government</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Presidents <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln">Abraham Lincoln</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Johnson" title="Andrew Johnson">Andrew Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulysses_S._Grant" title="Ulysses S. Grant">Ulysses S. Grant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes" title="Rutherford B. Hayes">Rutherford B. Hayes</a></li></ul></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <ul><li>Congress <ul><li><a href="/wiki/38th_United_States_Congress" title="38th United States Congress">38</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/39th_United_States_Congress" title="39th United States Congress">39</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/40th_United_States_Congress" title="40th United States Congress">40</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/41st_United_States_Congress" title="41st United States Congress">41</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/42nd_United_States_Congress" title="42nd United States Congress">42</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/43rd_United_States_Congress" title="43rd United States Congress">43</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/44th_United_States_Congress" title="44th United States Congress">44</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/45th_United_States_Congress" title="45th United States Congress">45</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radical_Republicans" title="Radical Republicans">Radical Republicans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moderate_Republicans_(Reconstruction_era)" title="Moderate Republicans (Reconstruction era)">Moderate Republicans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Republicans_(Reconstruction_era)" title="Conservative Republicans (Reconstruction era)">Conservative Republicans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_United_States_senators" title="List of African-American United States senators">African-American senators</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_United_States_representatives#Reconstruction_and_early_post-Reconstruction_era,_1870–1887" title="List of African-American United States representatives">African-American representatives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reconstruction_Amendments" title="Reconstruction Amendments">Reconstruction Amendments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Congressional_Joint_Committee_on_Reconstruction" title="United States Congressional Joint Committee on Reconstruction">United States Congressional Joint Committee on Reconstruction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_House_Select_Committee_on_Reconstruction" title="United States House Select Committee on Reconstruction">United States House Select Committee on Reconstruction</a></li></ul></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <ul><li>Federal judiciary <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Taney_Court" title="Taney Court">Taney Court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chase_Court" title="Chase Court">Chase Court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waite_Court" title="Waite Court">Waite Court</a></li></ul></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <ul><li>Federal bureaucracy <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Edwin_Stanton" title="Edwin Stanton">Edwin Stanton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedmen%27s_Bureau" title="Freedmen's Bureau">Freedmen's Bureau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Justice" title="United States Department of Justice">Justice Department</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em"><div style="display:inline-block; padding:0.2em 0.4em; line-height:1.2em;">State governments</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Southern_United_States" title="Southern United States">Southern United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confederate_States_of_America" title="Confederate States of America">Confederate States of America</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans" title="African Americans">African Americans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Free_people_of_color" title="Free people of color">Free people of color</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedman" title="Freedman">Freedman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:African-American_politicians_during_the_Reconstruction_Era" title="Category:African-American politicians during the Reconstruction Era">Politicians</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carpetbagger" title="Carpetbagger">Carpetbaggers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ku_Klux_Klan" title="Ku Klux Klan">Ku Klux Klan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scalawag" title="Scalawag">Scalawag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redeemers" title="Redeemers">Redeemers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_League" title="White League">White League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Shirts_(United_States)" title="Red Shirts (United States)">Red Shirts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="History of the Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic Party</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bourbon_Democrat" title="Bourbon Democrat">Bourbon Democrat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horatio_Seymour" title="Horatio Seymour">Horatio Seymour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_J._Tilden" title="Samuel J. Tilden">Samuel J. Tilden</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="History of the Republican Party (United States)">Republican Party</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stalwarts_(politics)" title="Stalwarts (politics)">Stalwarts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Sumner" title="Charles Sumner">Charles Sumner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thaddeus_Stevens" title="Thaddeus Stevens">Thaddeus Stevens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyman_Trumbull" title="Lyman Trumbull">Lyman Trumbull</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Wade" title="Benjamin Wade">Benjamin Wade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Bingham" title="John Bingham">John Bingham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Mitchell_Ashley" title="James Mitchell Ashley">James Mitchell Ashley</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedman%27s_Savings_Bank" title="Freedman's Savings Bank">Freedman's Savings Bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_during_the_Reconstruction_era" title="Women during the Reconstruction era">Women during the Reconstruction era</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Elections</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Presidential</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1864_United_States_presidential_election" title="1864 United States presidential election">1864</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1864_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1864 Democratic National Convention">DNC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1864_National_Union_National_Convention" title="1864 National Union National Convention">National Union Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radical_Democracy_Party_(United_States)" title="Radical Democracy Party (United States)">Radical Democracy Party</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1868_United_States_presidential_election" title="1868 United States presidential election">1868</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1868_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1868 Democratic National Convention">DNC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1868_Republican_National_Convention" title="1868 Republican National Convention">RNC</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1872_United_States_presidential_election" title="1872 United States presidential election">1872</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1872_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1872 Democratic National Convention">DNC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1872_Republican_National_Convention" title="1872 Republican National Convention">RNC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Liberal Republican Party (United States)">Liberal Republican Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Straight-Out_Democratic_Party" title="Straight-Out Democratic Party">Straight-Out Democratic Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victoria_Woodhull" title="Victoria Woodhull">Victoria Woodhull</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1876_United_States_presidential_election" title="1876 United States presidential election">1876</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1876_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1876 Democratic National Convention">DNC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1876_Republican_National_Convention" title="1876 Republican National Convention">RNC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1876_Greenback_National_Convention" title="1876 Greenback National Convention">Greenback Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1876_Prohibition_National_Convention" title="1876 Prohibition National Convention">Prohibition Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electoral_Commission_(United_States)" title="Electoral Commission (United States)">Electoral Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compromise_of_1877" title="Compromise of 1877">Compromise of 1877</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em">U.S. Senate</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1864%E2%80%9365_United_States_Senate_elections" title="1864–65 United States Senate elections">1864–65</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1866%E2%80%9367_United_States_Senate_elections" title="1866–67 United States Senate elections">1866–67</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1868%E2%80%9369_United_States_Senate_elections" title="1868–69 United States Senate elections">1868–69</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1870%E2%80%9371_United_States_Senate_elections" title="1870–71 United States Senate elections">1870–71</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1872%E2%80%9373_United_States_Senate_elections" title="1872–73 United States Senate elections">1872–73</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1874%E2%80%9375_United_States_Senate_elections" title="1874–75 United States Senate elections">1874–75</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1876%E2%80%9377_United_States_Senate_elections" title="1876–77 United States Senate elections">1876–77</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em">U.S. House</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1864%E2%80%9365_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections" title="1864–65 United States House of Representatives elections">1864–65</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1866%E2%80%9367_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections" title="1866–67 United States House of Representatives elections">1866–67</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1868%E2%80%9369_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections" title="1868–69 United States House of Representatives elections">1868–69</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1870%E2%80%9371_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections" title="1870–71 United States House of Representatives elections">1870–71</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1872%E2%80%9373_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections" title="1872–73 United States House of Representatives elections">1872–73</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1874%E2%80%9375_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections" title="1874–75 United States House of Representatives elections">1874–75</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1876%E2%80%9377_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections" title="1876–77 United States House of Representatives elections">1876–77</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em">Gubernatorial</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>1863 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1863_Alabama_gubernatorial_election" title="1863 Alabama gubernatorial election">AL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1863_California_gubernatorial_election" title="1863 California gubernatorial election">CA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1863_Connecticut_gubernatorial_election" title="1863 Connecticut gubernatorial election">CT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1863_Kentucky_gubernatorial_election" title="1863 Kentucky gubernatorial election">KY</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1863_Massachusetts_gubernatorial_election" title="1863 Massachusetts gubernatorial election">MA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1863_Minnesota_gubernatorial_election" title="1863 Minnesota gubernatorial election">MN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1863_New_Hampshire_gubernatorial_election" title="1863 New Hampshire gubernatorial election">NH</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1863_Ohio_gubernatorial_election" title="1863 Ohio gubernatorial election">OH</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1863_Pennsylvania_gubernatorial_election" title="1863 Pennsylvania gubernatorial election">PA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1863_Virginia_gubernatorial_elections" title="1863 Virginia gubernatorial elections">VA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1863_Vermont_gubernatorial_election" title="1863 Vermont gubernatorial election">VT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1863_Wisconsin_gubernatorial_election" title="1863 Wisconsin gubernatorial election">WI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1863_West_Virginia_gubernatorial_election" title="1863 West Virginia gubernatorial election">WV</a></li></ul></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <ul><li>1864 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1864_Connecticut_gubernatorial_election" title="1864 Connecticut gubernatorial election">CT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1864_Illinois_gubernatorial_election" title="1864 Illinois gubernatorial election">IL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1864_Indiana_gubernatorial_election" title="1864 Indiana gubernatorial election">IN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1864_Louisiana_gubernatorial_election" title="1864 Louisiana gubernatorial election">LA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1864_Maryland_gubernatorial_election" title="1864 Maryland gubernatorial election">MD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1864_Massachusetts_gubernatorial_election" title="1864 Massachusetts gubernatorial election">MA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1864_Michigan_gubernatorial_election" title="1864 Michigan gubernatorial election">MI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1864_Missouri_gubernatorial_election" title="1864 Missouri gubernatorial election">MO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1864_New_Hampshire_gubernatorial_election" title="1864 New Hampshire gubernatorial election">NH</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1864_Vermont_gubernatorial_election" title="1864 Vermont gubernatorial election">VT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1864_West_Virginia_gubernatorial_election" title="1864 West Virginia gubernatorial election">WV</a></li></ul></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <ul><li>1865 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1865_Connecticut_gubernatorial_election" title="1865 Connecticut gubernatorial election">CT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1865_Florida_gubernatorial_election" title="1865 Florida gubernatorial election">FL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1865_Louisiana_gubernatorial_election" title="1865 Louisiana gubernatorial election">LA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1865_Massachusetts_gubernatorial_election" title="1865 Massachusetts gubernatorial election">MA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1865_Minnesota_gubernatorial_election" title="1865 Minnesota gubernatorial election">MN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1865_New_Jersey_gubernatorial_election" title="1865 New Jersey gubernatorial election">NJ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1865_Ohio_gubernatorial_election" title="1865 Ohio gubernatorial election">OH</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1865_South_Carolina_gubernatorial_election" title="1865 South Carolina gubernatorial election">SC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1865_Vermont_gubernatorial_election" title="1865 Vermont gubernatorial election">VT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1865_Wisconsin_gubernatorial_election" title="1865 Wisconsin gubernatorial election">WI</a></li></ul></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <ul><li>1866 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1866_Connecticut_gubernatorial_election" title="1866 Connecticut gubernatorial election">CT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1866_Delaware_gubernatorial_election" title="1866 Delaware gubernatorial election">DE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1866_Massachusetts_gubernatorial_election" title="1866 Massachusetts gubernatorial election">MA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1866_Maine_gubernatorial_election" title="1866 Maine gubernatorial election">ME</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1866_Michigan_gubernatorial_election" title="1866 Michigan gubernatorial election">MI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1866_North_Carolina_gubernatorial_election" title="1866 North Carolina gubernatorial election">NC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1866_Oregon_gubernatorial_election" title="1866 Oregon gubernatorial election">OR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1866_Pennsylvania_gubernatorial_election" title="1866 Pennsylvania gubernatorial election">PA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1866_Texas_gubernatorial_election" title="1866 Texas gubernatorial election">TX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1866_Vermont_gubernatorial_election" title="1866 Vermont gubernatorial election">VT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1866_West_Virginia_gubernatorial_election" title="1866 West Virginia gubernatorial election">WV</a></li></ul></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <ul><li>1867 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1867_California_gubernatorial_election" title="1867 California gubernatorial election">CA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1867_Connecticut_gubernatorial_election" title="1867 Connecticut gubernatorial election">CT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1867_Massachusetts_gubernatorial_election" title="1867 Massachusetts gubernatorial election">MA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1867_Maryland_gubernatorial_election" title="1867 Maryland gubernatorial election">MD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1867_Maine_gubernatorial_election" title="1867 Maine gubernatorial election">ME</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1867_Minnesota_gubernatorial_election" title="1867 Minnesota gubernatorial election">MN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1867_Ohio_gubernatorial_election" title="1867 Ohio gubernatorial election">OH</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1867_Vermont_gubernatorial_election" title="1867 Vermont gubernatorial election">VT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1867_Wisconsin_gubernatorial_election" title="1867 Wisconsin gubernatorial election">WI</a></li></ul></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <ul><li>1868 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1868_Alabama_gubernatorial_election" title="1868 Alabama gubernatorial election">AL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1868_Connecticut_gubernatorial_election" title="1868 Connecticut gubernatorial election">CT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1868_Florida_gubernatorial_election" title="1868 Florida gubernatorial election">FL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1868_Illinois_gubernatorial_election" title="1868 Illinois gubernatorial election">IL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1868_Indiana_gubernatorial_election" title="1868 Indiana gubernatorial election">IN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1868_Louisiana_gubernatorial_election" title="1868 Louisiana gubernatorial election">LA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1868_Massachusetts_gubernatorial_election" title="1868 Massachusetts gubernatorial election">MA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1868_Maine_gubernatorial_election" title="1868 Maine gubernatorial election">ME</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1868_Michigan_gubernatorial_election" title="1868 Michigan gubernatorial election">MI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1868_Missouri_gubernatorial_election" title="1868 Missouri gubernatorial election">MO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1868_North_Carolina_gubernatorial_election" title="1868 North Carolina gubernatorial election">NC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1868_New_Jersey_gubernatorial_election" title="1868 New Jersey gubernatorial election">NJ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1868_South_Carolina_gubernatorial_election" title="1868 South Carolina gubernatorial election">SC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1868_Vermont_gubernatorial_election" title="1868 Vermont gubernatorial election">VT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1868_West_Virginia_gubernatorial_election" title="1868 West Virginia gubernatorial election">WV</a></li></ul></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <ul><li>1869 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1869_Connecticut_gubernatorial_election" title="1869 Connecticut gubernatorial election">CT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1869_Iowa_gubernatorial_election" title="1869 Iowa gubernatorial election">IA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1869_Massachusetts_gubernatorial_election" title="1869 Massachusetts gubernatorial election">MA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1869_Maine_gubernatorial_election" title="1869 Maine gubernatorial election">ME</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1869_Minnesota_gubernatorial_election" title="1869 Minnesota gubernatorial election">MN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1869_Mississippi_gubernatorial_election" title="1869 Mississippi gubernatorial election">MS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1869_Ohio_gubernatorial_election" title="1869 Ohio gubernatorial election">OH</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1869_Pennsylvania_gubernatorial_election" title="1869 Pennsylvania gubernatorial election">PA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1869_Rhode_Island_gubernatorial_election" title="1869 Rhode Island gubernatorial election">RI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1869_Virginia_gubernatorial_election" title="1869 Virginia gubernatorial election">VA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1869_Vermont_gubernatorial_election" title="1869 Vermont gubernatorial election">VT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1869_Wisconsin_gubernatorial_election" title="1869 Wisconsin gubernatorial election">WI</a></li></ul></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <ul><li>1870 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1870_Alabama_gubernatorial_election" title="1870 Alabama gubernatorial election">AL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1870_Connecticut_gubernatorial_election" title="1870 Connecticut gubernatorial election">CT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1870_Delaware_gubernatorial_election" title="1870 Delaware gubernatorial election">DE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1870_Massachusetts_gubernatorial_election" title="1870 Massachusetts gubernatorial election">MA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1870_Maine_gubernatorial_election" title="1870 Maine gubernatorial election">ME</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1870_Michigan_gubernatorial_election" title="1870 Michigan gubernatorial election">MI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1870_Missouri_gubernatorial_election" title="1870 Missouri gubernatorial election">MO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1870_Oregon_gubernatorial_election" title="1870 Oregon gubernatorial election">OR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1870_Rhode_Island_gubernatorial_election" title="1870 Rhode Island gubernatorial election">RI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1870_South_Carolina_gubernatorial_election" title="1870 South Carolina gubernatorial election">SC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1870_Vermont_gubernatorial_election" title="1870 Vermont gubernatorial election">VT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1870_West_Virginia_gubernatorial_election" title="1870 West Virginia gubernatorial election">WV</a></li></ul></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <ul><li>1871 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1871_California_gubernatorial_election" title="1871 California gubernatorial election">CA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1871_Connecticut_gubernatorial_election" title="1871 Connecticut gubernatorial election">CT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1871_Iowa_gubernatorial_election" title="1871 Iowa gubernatorial election">IA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1871_Kentucky_gubernatorial_election" title="1871 Kentucky gubernatorial election">KY</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1871_Massachusetts_gubernatorial_election" title="1871 Massachusetts gubernatorial election">MA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1871_Maryland_gubernatorial_election" title="1871 Maryland gubernatorial election">MD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1871_Maine_gubernatorial_election" title="1871 Maine gubernatorial election">ME</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1871_Minnesota_gubernatorial_election" title="1871 Minnesota gubernatorial election">MN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1871_New_Jersey_gubernatorial_election" title="1871 New Jersey gubernatorial election">NJ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1871_Ohio_gubernatorial_election" title="1871 Ohio gubernatorial election">OH</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1871_Rhode_Island_gubernatorial_election" title="1871 Rhode Island gubernatorial election">RI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1871_Wisconsin_gubernatorial_election" title="1871 Wisconsin gubernatorial election">WI</a></li></ul></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <ul><li>1872 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1872_Alabama_gubernatorial_election" title="1872 Alabama gubernatorial election">AL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1872_Connecticut_gubernatorial_election" title="1872 Connecticut gubernatorial election">CT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1872_Florida_gubernatorial_election" title="1872 Florida gubernatorial election">FL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1872_Illinois_gubernatorial_election" title="1872 Illinois gubernatorial election">IL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1872_Indiana_gubernatorial_election" title="1872 Indiana gubernatorial election">IN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1872_Louisiana_gubernatorial_election" title="1872 Louisiana gubernatorial election">LA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1872_Massachusetts_gubernatorial_election" title="1872 Massachusetts gubernatorial election">MA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1872_Maine_gubernatorial_election" title="1872 Maine gubernatorial election">ME</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1872_Michigan_gubernatorial_election" title="1872 Michigan gubernatorial election">MI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1872_Missouri_gubernatorial_election" title="1872 Missouri gubernatorial election">MO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1872_North_Carolina_gubernatorial_election" title="1872 North Carolina gubernatorial election">NC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1872_Pennsylvania_gubernatorial_election" title="1872 Pennsylvania gubernatorial election">PA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1872_Rhode_Island_gubernatorial_election" title="1872 Rhode Island gubernatorial election">RI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1872_South_Carolina_gubernatorial_election" title="1872 South Carolina gubernatorial election">SC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1872_Vermont_gubernatorial_election" title="1872 Vermont gubernatorial election">VT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1872_West_Virginia_gubernatorial_election" title="1872 West Virginia gubernatorial election">WV</a></li></ul></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <ul><li>1873 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1873_Connecticut_gubernatorial_election" title="1873 Connecticut gubernatorial election">CT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1873_Iowa_gubernatorial_election" title="1873 Iowa gubernatorial election">IA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1873_Massachusetts_gubernatorial_election" title="1873 Massachusetts gubernatorial election">MA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1873_Maine_gubernatorial_election" title="1873 Maine gubernatorial election">ME</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1873_Minnesota_gubernatorial_election" title="1873 Minnesota gubernatorial election">MN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1873_Mississippi_gubernatorial_election" title="1873 Mississippi gubernatorial election">MS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1873_Ohio_gubernatorial_election" title="1873 Ohio gubernatorial election">OH</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1873_Texas_gubernatorial_election" title="1873 Texas gubernatorial election">TX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1873_Virginia_gubernatorial_election" title="1873 Virginia gubernatorial election">VA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1873_Wisconsin_gubernatorial_election" title="1873 Wisconsin gubernatorial election">WI</a></li></ul></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <ul><li>1874 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1874_Alabama_gubernatorial_election" title="1874 Alabama gubernatorial election">AL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1874_Connecticut_gubernatorial_election" title="1874 Connecticut gubernatorial election">CT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1874_Delaware_gubernatorial_election" title="1874 Delaware gubernatorial election">DE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1874_Kansas_gubernatorial_election" title="1874 Kansas gubernatorial election">KS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1874_Massachusetts_gubernatorial_election" title="1874 Massachusetts gubernatorial election">MA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1874_Maine_gubernatorial_election" title="1874 Maine gubernatorial election">ME</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1874_Michigan_gubernatorial_election" title="1874 Michigan gubernatorial election">MI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1874_Missouri_gubernatorial_election" title="1874 Missouri gubernatorial election">MO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1874_New_Jersey_gubernatorial_election" title="1874 New Jersey gubernatorial election">NJ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1874_Nevada_gubernatorial_election" title="1874 Nevada gubernatorial election">NV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1874_Oregon_gubernatorial_election" title="1874 Oregon gubernatorial election">OR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1874_South_Carolina_gubernatorial_election" title="1874 South Carolina gubernatorial election">SC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1874_Vermont_gubernatorial_election" title="1874 Vermont gubernatorial election">VT</a></li></ul></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <ul><li>1875 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1875_California_gubernatorial_election" title="1875 California gubernatorial election">CA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1875_Connecticut_gubernatorial_election" title="1875 Connecticut gubernatorial election">CT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1875_Iowa_gubernatorial_election" title="1875 Iowa gubernatorial election">IA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1875_Kentucky_gubernatorial_election" title="1875 Kentucky gubernatorial election">KY</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1875_Massachusetts_gubernatorial_election" title="1875 Massachusetts gubernatorial election">MA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1875_Maryland_gubernatorial_election" title="1875 Maryland gubernatorial election">MD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1875_Maine_gubernatorial_election" title="1875 Maine gubernatorial election">ME</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1875_Minnesota_gubernatorial_election" title="1875 Minnesota gubernatorial election">MN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1875_Ohio_gubernatorial_election" title="1875 Ohio gubernatorial election">OH</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1875_Pennsylvania_gubernatorial_election" title="1875 Pennsylvania gubernatorial election">OH</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1875_Wisconsin_gubernatorial_election" title="1875 Wisconsin gubernatorial election">WI</a></li></ul></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <ul><li>1876 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1876_Alabama_gubernatorial_election" title="1876 Alabama gubernatorial election">AL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1876_Colorado_gubernatorial_election" title="1876 Colorado gubernatorial election">CO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_1876_Connecticut_gubernatorial_election" title="April 1876 Connecticut gubernatorial election">CT <i>Apr.</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_1876_Connecticut_gubernatorial_election" title="November 1876 Connecticut gubernatorial election">CT <i>Nov.</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1876_Florida_gubernatorial_election" title="1876 Florida gubernatorial election">FL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1876_Illinois_gubernatorial_election" title="1876 Illinois gubernatorial election">IL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1876_Indiana_gubernatorial_election" title="1876 Indiana gubernatorial election">IN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1876_Kansas_gubernatorial_election" title="1876 Kansas gubernatorial election">KS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1876_Louisiana_gubernatorial_election" title="1876 Louisiana gubernatorial election">LA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1876_Massachusetts_gubernatorial_election" title="1876 Massachusetts gubernatorial election">MA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1876_Maine_gubernatorial_election" title="1876 Maine gubernatorial election">ME</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1876_Michigan_gubernatorial_election" title="1876 Michigan gubernatorial election">MI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1876_Missouri_gubernatorial_election" title="1876 Missouri gubernatorial election">MO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1876_North_Carolina_gubernatorial_election" title="1876 North Carolina gubernatorial election">NC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1876_Rhode_Island_gubernatorial_election" title="1876 Rhode Island gubernatorial election">RI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1876_South_Carolina_gubernatorial_election" title="1876 South Carolina gubernatorial election">SC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1876_Vermont_gubernatorial_election" title="1876 Vermont gubernatorial election">VT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1876_West_Virginia_gubernatorial_election" title="1876 West Virginia gubernatorial election">WV</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em">U.S. elections</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1864_United_States_elections" title="1864 United States elections">1864</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1866_United_States_elections" title="1866 United States elections">1866</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1868_United_States_elections" title="1868 United States elections">1868</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1870_United_States_elections" title="1870 United States elections">1870</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1872_United_States_elections" title="1872 United States elections">1872</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1874_United_States_elections" title="1874 United States elections">1874</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1876_United_States_elections" title="1876 United States elections">1876</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Key events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em">Prelude</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Indian_Wars" title="American Indian Wars">American Indian Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_United_States" title="Slavery in the United States">Slavery in the United States</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Vindication_of_the_Rights_of_Woman" title="A Vindication of the Rights of Woman">A Vindication of the Rights of Woman</a></i> (1792)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Equality_of_the_Sexes_and_the_Condition_of_Women&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The Equality of the Sexes and the Condition of Women (page does not exist)">The Equality of the Sexes and the Condition of Women</a></i> (1838)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Woman_in_the_Nineteenth_Century" title="Woman in the Nineteenth Century">Woman in the Nineteenth Century</a></i> (1839)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seneca_Falls_Convention" title="Seneca Falls Convention">Seneca Falls Convention</a> (1848)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Women%27s_Rights_Convention" title="National Women's Rights Convention">National Women's Rights Convention</a> (1850)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confiscation_Act_of_1861" title="Confiscation Act of 1861">Confiscation Act of 1861</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confiscation_Act_of_1862" title="Confiscation Act of 1862">Confiscation Act of 1862</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/District_of_Columbia_Compensated_Emancipation_Act" title="District of Columbia Compensated Emancipation Act">District of Columbia Compensated Emancipation Act</a> (1862)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Militia_Act_of_1862" title="Militia Act of 1862">Militia Act of 1862</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em">1863</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emancipation_Proclamation" title="Emancipation Proclamation">Emancipation Proclamation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_Order_No._143" title="General Order No. 143">General Order No. 143</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reconstruction_era#Lincoln's_presidential_Reconstruction" title="Reconstruction era">Lincoln's presidential Reconstruction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ten_percent_plan" title="Ten percent plan">Ten percent plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Bank_Act" title="National Bank Act">National Bank Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_Loyal_National_League" title="Women's Loyal National League">Women's Loyal National League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_City_draft_riots" title="New York City draft riots">New York City draft riots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1863_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="1863 State of the Union Address">1863 State of the Union Address</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em">1864</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wade%E2%80%93Davis_Bill" title="Wade–Davis Bill">Wade–Davis Bill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1864_United_States_elections" title="1864 United States elections">1864 elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1864_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="1864 State of the Union Address">1864 State of the Union Address</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em">1865</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thirteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution">13th Amendment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_inauguration_of_Abraham_Lincoln" title="Second inauguration of Abraham Lincoln">Second inauguration of Abraham Lincoln</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln%27s_second_inaugural_address" title="Abraham Lincoln's second inaugural address">Address</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Codes_(United_States)" title="Black Codes (United States)">Black Codes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_Field_Orders_No._15" class="mw-redirect" title="Special Field Orders No. 15">Special Field Orders No. 15 </a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedmen%27s_Bureau" title="Freedmen's Bureau">Freedmen's Bureau</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Freedmen%27s_Bureau_bills" title="Freedmen's Bureau bills">Freedmen's Bureau bills</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Appomattox_Court_House" title="Battle of Appomattox Court House">Confederates surrender at Appomattox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Abraham_Lincoln" title="Assassination of Abraham Lincoln">Assassination of Abraham Lincoln</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaw_University" title="Shaw University">Shaw University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Departure_(United_States)" title="New Departure (United States)">New Departure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1865_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="1865 State of the Union Address">1865 State of the Union Address</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ku_Klux_Klan" title="Ku Klux Klan">Founding of the Ku Klux Klan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em">1866</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Civil_Rights_Act_of_1866" title="Civil Rights Act of 1866">Civil Rights Act of 1866</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memphis_massacre_of_1866" title="Memphis massacre of 1866">Memphis massacre of 1866</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Orleans_Massacre_of_1866" title="New Orleans Massacre of 1866">New Orleans Massacre of 1866</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swing_Around_the_Circle" title="Swing Around the Circle">Swing Around the Circle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Homestead_Act_of_1866" title="Southern Homestead Act of 1866">Southern Homestead Act of 1866</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Smith_Conference_and_Cherokee_Reconstruction_Treaty_of_1866" class="mw-redirect" title="Fort Smith Conference and Cherokee Reconstruction Treaty of 1866">Fort Smith Conference and Cherokee Reconstruction Treaty of 1866</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oklahoma_Organic_Act#Treaty_of_Washington_(1866)" title="Oklahoma Organic Act">Choctaw and Chickasaw Treaty of Washington of 1866</a></li> <li>Tennessee readmitted to Union</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Petition_for_Universal_Freedom&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Petition for Universal Freedom (page does not exist)">Petition for Universal Freedom</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Labor_Union" title="National Labor Union">National Labor Union</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ex_parte_Garland" title="Ex parte Garland">Ex parte Garland</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ex_parte_Milligan" title="Ex parte Milligan">Ex parte Milligan</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slave_Kidnapping_Act_of_1866" title="Slave Kidnapping Act of 1866">Slave Kidnapping Act of 1866</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1866_United_States_elections" title="1866 United States elections">1866 elections</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em">1867</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tenure_of_Office_Act_(1867)" title="Tenure of Office Act (1867)">Tenure of Office Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Command_of_Army_Act" title="Command of Army Act">Command of Army Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medicine_Lodge_Treaty#Indian_Peace_Commission" title="Medicine Lodge Treaty">Indian Peace Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knights_of_the_White_Camelia" title="Knights of the White Camelia">Knights of the White Camelia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulaski_riot" title="Pulaski riot">Pulaski riot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reconstruction_Acts" title="Reconstruction Acts">Reconstruction Acts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reconstruction_military_districts" title="Reconstruction military districts">Reconstruction military districts</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constitutional_conventions_of_1867&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Constitutional conventions of 1867 (page does not exist)">Constitutional conventions of 1867</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habeas_Corpus_Act_of_1867" title="Habeas Corpus Act of 1867">Habeas Corpus Act of 1867</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peonage_Act_of_1867" title="Peonage Act of 1867">Peonage Act of 1867</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_impeachment_inquiry_into_Andrew_Johnson" title="First impeachment inquiry into Andrew Johnson">First impeachment inquiry into Andrew Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1867_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="1867 State of the Union Address">1867 State of the Union Address</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em">1868</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fourteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution">14th Amendment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_impeachment_inquiry_into_Andrew_Johnson" title="Second impeachment inquiry into Andrew Johnson">Second impeachment inquiry into Andrew Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impeachment_of_Andrew_Johnson" title="Impeachment of Andrew Johnson">Impeachment of Andrew Johnson</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_impeachment_of_Andrew_Johnson" title="Timeline of the impeachment of Andrew Johnson">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impeachment_trial_of_Andrew_Johnson" title="Impeachment trial of Andrew Johnson">Impeachment trial of Andrew Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1868_impeachment_managers_investigation" title="1868 impeachment managers investigation">Impeachment managers investigation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Articles_of_impeachment_adopted_against_Andrew_Johnson" title="Articles of impeachment adopted against Andrew Johnson">Articles of impeachment</a></li></ul></li> <li>Arkansas readmitted to Union</li> <li>Florida readmitted to Union</li> <li>North Carolina readmitted to Union</li> <li>South Carolina readmitted to Union</li> <li>Louisiana readmitted to Union</li> <li>Alabama readmitted to Union</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opelousas_massacre" title="Opelousas massacre">Opelousas massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reconstruction_Acts" title="Reconstruction Acts">Fourth Reconstruction Act</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Georgia_v._Stanton" title="Georgia v. Stanton">Georgia v. Stanton</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1868_United_States_elections" title="1868 United States elections">1868 elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1868_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="1868 State of the Union Address">1868 State of the Union Address</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em">1869</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Woman_Suffrage_Association" title="National Woman Suffrage Association">National Woman Suffrage Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Woman_Suffrage_Association" title="American Woman Suffrage Association">American Woman Suffrage Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alabama_Claims" title="Alabama Claims"><i>Alabama</i> Claims</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proposed_annexation_of_Santo_Domingo" title="Proposed annexation of Santo Domingo">Proposed annexation of Santo Domingo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Board_of_Indian_Commissioners" title="Board of Indian Commissioners">Board of Indian Commissioners</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_Credit_Act_of_1869" title="Public Credit Act of 1869">Public Credit Act of 1869</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Friday_(1869)" title="Black Friday (1869)">Black Friday (1869)</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ex_parte_McCardle" title="Ex parte McCardle">Ex parte McCardle</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_transcontinental_railroad" title="First transcontinental railroad">First transcontinental railroad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1869_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="1869 State of the Union Address">1869 State of the Union Address</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em">1870</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fifteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Fifteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution">15th Amendment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enforcement_Act_of_1870" title="Enforcement Act of 1870">Enforcement Act of 1870</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Justice" title="United States Department of Justice">Justice Department</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naturalization_Act_of_1870" title="Naturalization Act of 1870">Naturalization Act of 1870</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirk%E2%80%93Holden_war" title="Kirk–Holden war">Kirk–Holden war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shoffner_Act" title="Shoffner Act">Shoffner Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1870_United_States_elections" title="1870 United States elections">1870 elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1870_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="1870 State of the Union Address">1870 State of the Union Address</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em">1871</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ku_Klux_Klan_hearings&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ku Klux Klan hearings (page does not exist)">Ku Klux Klan hearings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Enforcement_Act" title="Second Enforcement Act">Second Enforcement Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ku_Klux_Klan_Act" title="Ku Klux Klan Act">Ku Klux Klan Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcorn_State_University" title="Alcorn State University">Alcorn State University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meridian_race_riot_of_1871" title="Meridian race riot of 1871">Meridian race riot of 1871</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Washington_(1871)" title="Treaty of Washington (1871)">Treaty of Washington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scandals_of_the_Ulysses_S._Grant_administration#New_York_custom_house_ring" title="Scandals of the Ulysses S. Grant administration">New York custom house ring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_service_commission" title="Civil service commission">Civil service commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_expedition_to_Korea" title="United States expedition to Korea">United States expedition to Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1871_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="1871 State of the Union Address">1871 State of the Union Address</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em">1872</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/General_Mining_Act_of_1872" title="General Mining Act of 1872">General Mining Act of 1872</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cr%C3%A9dit_Mobilier_scandal" title="Crédit Mobilier scandal">Crédit Mobilier scandal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modoc_War" title="Modoc War">Modoc War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Star_Route_scandal" title="Star Route scandal">Star Route scandal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salary_Grab_Act" title="Salary Grab Act">Salary Grab Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amnesty_Act" title="Amnesty Act">Amnesty Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1872_United_States_elections" title="1872 United States elections">1872 elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1872_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="1872 State of the Union Address">1872 State of the Union Address</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em">1873</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Panic_of_1873" title="Panic of 1873">Panic of 1873</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colfax_massacre" title="Colfax massacre">Colfax massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timber_Culture_Act" title="Timber Culture Act">Timber Culture Act</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Slaughter-House_Cases" title="Slaughter-House Cases">Slaughter-House Cases</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virginius_Affair" title="Virginius Affair"><i>Virginius</i> Affair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coinage_Act_of_1873" title="Coinage Act of 1873">Coinage Act of 1873</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_Depression" title="Long Depression">Long Depression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comstock_laws" class="mw-redirect" title="Comstock laws">Comstock laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1873_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="1873 State of the Union Address">1873 State of the Union Address</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em">1874</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brooks%E2%80%93Baxter_War" title="Brooks–Baxter War">Brooks–Baxter War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Liberty_Place" title="Battle of Liberty Place">Battle of Liberty Place</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coushatta_massacre" title="Coushatta massacre">Coushatta massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_River_War" title="Red River War">Red River War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timber_Culture_Act" title="Timber Culture Act">Timber Culture Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_League" title="White League">White League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Election_Massacre_of_1874" title="Election Massacre of 1874">Election Massacre of 1874</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vicksburg_massacre" title="Vicksburg massacre">Vicksburg massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Hills_Gold_Rush" class="mw-redirect" title="Black Hills Gold Rush">Black Hills Gold Rush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanborn_incident" title="Sanborn incident">Sanborn incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Moiety_Acts" title="Anti-Moiety Acts">Anti-Moiety Acts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1874_United_States_elections" title="1874 United States elections">1874 elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1874_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="1874 State of the Union Address">1874 State of the Union Address</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em">1875</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Cruikshank" title="United States v. Cruikshank">United States v. Cruikshank</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_Rights_Act_of_1875" title="Civil Rights Act of 1875">Civil Rights Act of 1875</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Shirts_(United_States)" title="Red Shirts (United States)">Red Shirts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mississippi_Plan" title="Mississippi Plan">Mississippi Plan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Clifton_Riot_of_1875&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Clifton Riot of 1875 (page does not exist)">Clifton Riot of 1875</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yazoo_City_Riot_of_1875&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yazoo City Riot of 1875 (page does not exist)">Yazoo City Riot of 1875</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Specie_Payment_Resumption_Act" title="Specie Payment Resumption Act">Specie Payment Resumption Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whiskey_Ring" title="Whiskey Ring">Whiskey Ring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wheeler_Compromise" title="Wheeler Compromise">Wheeler Compromise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scandals_of_the_Ulysses_S._Grant_administration#Department_of_Interior" title="Scandals of the Ulysses S. Grant administration">Delano affair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pratt_%26_Boyd" class="mw-redirect" title="Pratt & Boyd">Pratt & Boyd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1875_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="1875 State of the Union Address">1875 State of the Union Address</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em">1876</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hamburg_massacre" title="Hamburg massacre">Hamburg massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Carolina_civil_disturbances_of_1876" title="South Carolina civil disturbances of 1876">South Carolina civil disturbances of 1876</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ellenton_massacre" title="Ellenton massacre">Ellenton massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Sioux_War_of_1876" title="Great Sioux War of 1876">Great Sioux War of 1876</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Little_Bighorn" title="Battle of the Little Bighorn">Battle of the Little Bighorn</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Reese" title="United States v. Reese">United States v. Reese</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trader_post_scandal" title="Trader post scandal">Trader post scandal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centennial_Exposition" title="Centennial Exposition">Centennial Exposition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scandals_of_the_Ulysses_S._Grant_administration#Cattellism" title="Scandals of the Ulysses S. Grant administration">Cattellism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safe_burglary_conspiracy" class="mw-redirect" title="Safe burglary conspiracy">Safe burglary conspiracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1876_United_States_elections" title="1876 United States elections">1876 elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1876_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="1876 State of the Union Address">1876 State of the Union Address</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em">1877</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Electoral_Commission_(United_States)" title="Electoral Commission (United States)">Electoral Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compromise_of_1877" title="Compromise of 1877">Compromise of 1877</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nez_Perce_War" title="Nez Perce War">Nez Perce War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desert_Land_Act" title="Desert Land Act">Desert Land Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Railroad_Strike_of_1877" title="Great Railroad Strike of 1877">Great Railroad Strike of 1877</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em">Aftermath</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Posse_Comitatus_Act" title="Posse Comitatus Act">Posse Comitatus Act</a> (1878)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Civil_Rights_Cases" title="Civil Rights Cases">Civil Rights Cases</a></i> (1883)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Harris" title="United States v. Harris">United States v. Harris</a></i> (1883)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Plessy_v._Ferguson" title="Plessy v. Ferguson">Plessy v. Ferguson</a></i> (1896)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Williams_v._Mississippi" title="Williams v. Mississippi">Williams v. Mississippi</a></i> (1898)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilmington_insurrection_of_1898" class="mw-redirect" title="Wilmington insurrection of 1898">Wilmington insurrection of 1898</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Giles_v._Harris" title="Giles v. Harris">Giles v. Harris</a></i> (1903)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disfranchisement_after_the_Reconstruction_era" title="Disfranchisement after the Reconstruction era">Disenfranchisement</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Aspects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em">Historiography</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_the_Reconstruction_era" title="Bibliography of the Reconstruction era">Bibliography of the Reconstruction era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Shepherd_Pike" title="James Shepherd Pike">James Shepherd Pike</a></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Prostrate_State:_South_Carolina_under_Negro_Government&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The Prostrate State: South Carolina under Negro Government (page does not exist)">The Prostrate State</a></i> (1874)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Bryce,_1st_Viscount_Bryce" title="James Bryce, 1st Viscount Bryce">James Bryce</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_American_Commonwealth" class="mw-redirect" title="The American Commonwealth">The American Commonwealth</a></i> (1888)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude_G._Bowers" title="Claude G. Bowers">Claude G. Bowers</a></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Tragic_Era&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The Tragic Era (page does not exist)">The Tragic Era</a></i> (1929)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Columbia_University" title="Columbia University">Columbia University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Burgess_(political_scientist)" title="John Burgess (political scientist)">John Burgess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Lynwood_Fleming" title="Walter Lynwood Fleming">Walter Lynwood Fleming</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Dunning School</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_Archibald_Dunning" title="William Archibald Dunning">William Archibald Dunning</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_A._Beard" title="Charles A. Beard">Charles A. Beard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howard_K._Beale" title="Howard K. Beale">Howard K. Beale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W._E._B._Du_Bois" title="W. E. B. Du Bois">W. E. B. Du Bois</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Black_Reconstruction_in_America" title="Black Reconstruction in America">Black Reconstruction in America</a></i> (1935)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/C._Vann_Woodward" title="C. Vann Woodward">C. Vann Woodward</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Joel_Williamson&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Joel Williamson (page does not exist)">Joel Williamson</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_R._Brock&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="William R. Brock (page does not exist)">William R. Brock</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_American_Crisis" title="The American Crisis">The American Crisis</a></i> (1963)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Hope_Franklin" title="John Hope Franklin">John Hope Franklin</a></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=From_Slavery_to_Freedom&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="From Slavery to Freedom (page does not exist)">From Slavery to Freedom</a></i> (1947)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=After_Slavery&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="After Slavery (page does not exist)">After Slavery</a></i> (1965)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leon_Litwack" title="Leon Litwack">Leon Litwack</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Been_in_the_Storm_So_Long" title="Been in the Storm So Long">Been in the Storm So Long</a></i> (1979)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Foner" title="Eric Foner">Eric Foner</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Reconstruction:_America%27s_Unfinished_Revolution,_1863%E2%80%931877" title="Reconstruction: America's Unfinished Revolution, 1863–1877">Reconstruction: America's Unfinished Revolution, 1863–1877</a></i> (1988)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_M._Stampp" title="Kenneth M. Stampp">Kenneth M. Stampp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steven_Hahn" title="Steven Hahn">Steven Hahn</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Nation_Under_Our_Feet" title="A Nation Under Our Feet">A Nation Under Our Feet</a></i> (2003)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Second_Founding" title="The Second Founding">The Second Founding: How the Civil War and Reconstruction Remade the Constitution</a></i> (2019)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em">Memory</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Winslow_Homer" title="Winslow Homer">Winslow Homer</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Visit_from_the_Old_Mistress" title="A Visit from the Old Mistress">A Visit from the Old Mistress</a></i> (1876)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Dixon_Jr." title="Thomas Dixon Jr.">Thomas Dixon Jr.</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Leopard%27s_Spots" title="The Leopard's Spots">The Leopard's Spots</a></i> (1902)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Clansman:_A_Historical_Romance_of_the_Ku_Klux_Klan" title="The Clansman: A Historical Romance of the Ku Klux Klan">The Clansman: A Historical Romance of the Ku Klux Klan</a></i> (1905)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/D._W._Griffith" title="D. W. Griffith">D. W. Griffith</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Birth_of_a_Nation" title="The Birth of a Nation">The Birth of a Nation</a></i> (1915)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Daughters_of_the_Confederacy" title="United Daughters of the Confederacy">United Daughters of the Confederacy</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gone_with_the_Wind_(film)" title="Gone with the Wind (film)">Gone with the Wind</a></i> (1939)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_W._Blight" title="David W. Blight">David W. Blight</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Race_and_Reunion" title="Race and Reunion">Race and Reunion</a></i> (2001)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em">Legacy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_the_United_States" title="Women's suffrage in the United States">Women's suffrage in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labor_history_of_the_United_States" title="Labor history of the United States">Labor history of the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilded_Age" title="Gilded Age">Gilded Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Crow_laws" title="Jim Crow laws">Jim Crow era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_rights_movement" title="Civil rights movement">Civil rights movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_frontier" title="American frontier">American frontier</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em">Other topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_American_founding_fathers_of_the_United_States" title="African American founding fathers of the United States">African American founding fathers of the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forty_acres_and_a_mule" title="Forty acres and a mule">Forty acres and a mule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habeas_corpus" title="Habeas corpus">Habeas corpus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1865%E2%80%931917)" title="History of the United States (1865–1917)">History of the United States (1865–1917)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paramilitary" title="Paramilitary">Paramilitary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Race_(human_categorization)" title="Race (human categorization)">Race (human categorization)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reconstruction_Treaties" title="Reconstruction Treaties">Reconstruction Treaties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suffrage" title="Suffrage">Suffrage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technological_and_industrial_history_of_the_United_States" title="Technological and industrial history of the United States">Technological and industrial history of the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_supremacy" title="White supremacy">White supremacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whitecapping" title="Whitecapping">Whitecapping</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Reconstruction_Era" title="Category:Reconstruction Era">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; 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