CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-sticky-header-enabled vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Internationalized domain name - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-sticky-header-enabled vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy","wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"a06e1032-849d-4d5e-982d-dbb1f11eaac1","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Internationalized_domain_name","wgTitle":"Internationalized domain name","wgCurRevisionId":1280186781,"wgRevisionId":1280186781,"wgArticleId":407936,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list","CS1 maint: url-status","Webarchive template wayback links","All articles with dead external links","Articles with dead external links from January 2020","Articles with permanently dead external links","Articles with short description","Short description is different from Wikidata","All articles with unsourced statements","Articles with unsourced statements from January 2020","Articles containing German-language text","Wikipedia articles with style issues from May 2020","All articles with style issues","Wikipedia articles in need of updating from January 2022","All Wikipedia articles in need of updating","Wikipedia articles needing clarification from January 2022","Articles with unsourced statements from August 2016","All Wikipedia articles needing clarification","Articles containing Chinese-language text","Articles containing Japanese-language text","Internationalized domain names"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Internationalized_domain_name","wgRelevantArticleId":407936,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":40000,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q756903","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false}; RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.quicksurveys.init","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.22"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7c/IDN-utopia-greek.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="947"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7c/IDN-utopia-greek.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="632"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/IDN-utopia-greek.jpg/640px-IDN-utopia-greek.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="505"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Internationalized domain name - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internationalized_domain_name"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Internationalized_domain_name&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internationalized_domain_name"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Internationalized_domain_name rootpage-Internationalized_domain_name skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" title="Main menu" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Main menu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main page</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia"><span>Contents</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events"><span>Current events</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Random article</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works"><span>About Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia"><span>Contact us</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia"><span>Learn to edit</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors"><span>Community portal</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recent changes</span></a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="n-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages"><span>Special pages</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Internationalized+domain+name" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Internationalized+domain+name" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en"><span>Donate</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Internationalized+domain+name" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Internationalized+domain+name" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Internationalizing_Domain_Names_in_Applications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Internationalizing_Domain_Names_in_Applications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Internationalizing Domain Names in Applications</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Internationalizing_Domain_Names_in_Applications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Guidelines_for_the_Implementation_of_Internationalized_Domain_Names" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Guidelines_for_the_Implementation_of_Internationalized_Domain_Names"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Guidelines for the Implementation of Internationalized Domain Names</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Guidelines_for_the_Implementation_of_Internationalized_Domain_Names-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Guidelines for the Implementation of Internationalized Domain Names subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Guidelines_for_the_Implementation_of_Internationalized_Domain_Names-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-ToASCII_and_ToUnicode" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#ToASCII_and_ToUnicode"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>ToASCII and ToUnicode</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-ToASCII_and_ToUnicode-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Example_of_IDNA_encoding" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Example_of_IDNA_encoding"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Example of IDNA encoding</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Example_of_IDNA_encoding-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Arabic_Script_IDN_Working_Group_(ASIWG)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Arabic_Script_IDN_Working_Group_(ASIWG)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Arabic Script IDN Working Group (ASIWG)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Arabic_Script_IDN_Working_Group_(ASIWG)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Top-level_domain_implementation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Top-level_domain_implementation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Top-level domain implementation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Top-level_domain_implementation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Non-IDNA_or_non-ICANN_registries_that_support_non-ASCII_domain_names" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Non-IDNA_or_non-ICANN_registries_that_support_non-ASCII_domain_names"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Non-IDNA or non-ICANN registries that support non-ASCII domain names</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Non-IDNA_or_non-ICANN_registries_that_support_non-ASCII_domain_names-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-ASCII_spoofing_concerns" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#ASCII_spoofing_concerns"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>ASCII spoofing concerns</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-ASCII_spoofing_concerns-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Top-level_domains_accepting_IDN_registration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Top-level_domains_accepting_IDN_registration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Top-level domains accepting IDN registration</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Top-level_domains_accepting_IDN_registration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Timeline" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Timeline"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Timeline</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Timeline-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Internationalized domain name</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 28 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-28" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">28 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%85_%D9%86%D8%B7%D8%A7%D9%82_%D8%A5%D9%86%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%86%D8%AA_%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%84%D9%8A" title="اسم نطاق إنترنت دولي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="اسم نطاق إنترنت دولي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nom_de_domini_internacionalitzat" title="Nom de domini internacionalitzat – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Nom de domini internacionalitzat" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/IDN" title="IDN – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="IDN" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internationalisierter_Domainname" title="Internationalisierter Domainname – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Internationalisierter Domainname" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nombre_de_dominio_internacionalizado" title="Nombre de dominio internacionalizado – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Nombre de dominio internacionalizado" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%DB%8C%E2%80%8C%D8%AF%DB%8C%E2%80%8C%D8%A7%D9%86" title="آی‌دی‌ان – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="آی‌دی‌ان" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nom_de_domaine_internationalis%C3%A9" title="Nom de domaine internationalisé – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Nom de domaine internationalisé" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B5%AD%EC%A0%9C%ED%99%94_%EB%8F%84%EB%A9%94%EC%9D%B8_%EB%84%A4%EC%9E%84" title="국제화 도메인 네임 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="국제화 도메인 네임" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%84%D5%AB%D5%BB%D5%A1%D5%A6%D5%A3%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%B6%D5%A1%D6%81%D5%BE%D5%A1%D5%AE_%D5%A4%D5%B8%D5%B4%D5%A5%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%AB%D5%B6_%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Միջազգայնացված դոմենային անուններ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Միջազգայնացված դոմենային անուններ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE" title="अन्तरराष्ट्रीयकृत डोमेन नाम – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="अन्तरराष्ट्रीयकृत डोमेन नाम" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/IDN-l%C3%A9n" title="IDN-lén – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="IDN-lén" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nome_di_dominio_internazionalizzato" title="Nome di dominio internazionalizzato – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Nome di dominio internazionalizzato" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Starptautisks_dom%C4%93na_v%C4%81rds" title="Starptautisks domēna vārds – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Starptautisks domēna vārds" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nemzetk%C3%B6zi_tartom%C3%A1nyn%C3%A9v" title="Nemzetközi tartománynév – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Nemzetközi tartománynév" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internationalized_domain_name" title="Internationalized domain name – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Internationalized domain name" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9B%BD%E9%9A%9B%E5%8C%96%E3%83%89%E3%83%A1%E3%82%A4%E3%83%B3%E5%90%8D" title="国際化ドメイン名 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="国際化ドメイン名" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internasjonaliserte_domenenavn" title="Internasjonaliserte domenenavn – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Internasjonaliserte domenenavn" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nom_de_domeni_internacionalizat" title="Nom de domeni internacionalizat – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Nom de domeni internacionalizat" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internationalized_Domain_Name" title="Internationalized Domain Name – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Internationalized Domain Name" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/IDN" title="IDN – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="IDN" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/IDN" title="IDN – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="IDN" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/IDN" title="IDN – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="IDN" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uluslararas%C4%B1_alan_ad%C4%B1" title="Uluslararası alan adı – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Uluslararası alan adı" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/IDN" title="IDN – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="IDN" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%AAn_mi%E1%BB%81n_qu%E1%BB%91c_t%E1%BA%BF_h%C3%B3a" title="Tên miền quốc tế hóa – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Tên miền quốc tế hóa" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9B%BD%E9%99%85%E5%8C%96%E5%9F%9F%E5%90%8D" title="国际化域名 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="国际化域名" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0nternasyonel_namey_domaini" title="İnternasyonel namey domaini – Dimli" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="İnternasyonel namey domaini" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Dimli" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9B%BD%E9%99%85%E5%8C%96%E5%9F%9F%E5%90%8D" title="国际化域名 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="国际化域名" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q756903#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Internationalized_domain_name" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Internationalized_domain_name" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Internationalized_domain_name"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Internationalized_domain_name&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Internationalized_domain_name&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Internationalized_domain_name"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Internationalized_domain_name&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Internationalized_domain_name&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Internationalized_domain_name" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Internationalized_domain_name" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Internationalized_domain_name&oldid=1280186781" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Internationalized_domain_name&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Internationalized_domain_name&id=1280186781&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FInternationalized_domain_name"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FInternationalized_domain_name"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Internationalized_domain_name&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Internationalized_domain_name&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Internationalized_domain_names" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q756903" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Type of internet domain name</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"IDNA" redirects here. For the city, see <a href="/wiki/Idna" title="Idna">Idna</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:IDN-utopia-greek.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/IDN-utopia-greek.jpg/220px-IDN-utopia-greek.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="174" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/IDN-utopia-greek.jpg/330px-IDN-utopia-greek.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/IDN-utopia-greek.jpg/440px-IDN-utopia-greek.jpg 2x" data-file-width="679" data-file-height="536" /></a><figcaption>Example of Greek IDN with domain name in non-<a href="/wiki/Latin_alphabet" title="Latin alphabet">Latin alphabet</a>: ουτοπία.δπθ.gr (<a href="/wiki/Punycode" title="Punycode">Punycode</a> is xn--kxae4bafwg.xn--pxaix.gr)</figcaption></figure> <p>An <b>internationalized domain name</b> (<b>IDN</b>) is an <a href="/wiki/Internet" title="Internet">Internet</a> <a href="/wiki/Domain_name" title="Domain name">domain name</a> that contains at least one label displayed in <a href="/wiki/Application_software" title="Application software">software applications</a>, in whole or in part, in non-Latin script or <a href="/wiki/Alphabet" title="Alphabet">alphabet</a><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or in the <a href="/wiki/Latin_alphabet" title="Latin alphabet">Latin alphabet</a>-based characters with <a href="/wiki/Diacritics" class="mw-redirect" title="Diacritics">diacritics</a> or <a href="/wiki/Typographic_ligature" class="mw-redirect" title="Typographic ligature">ligatures</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These <a href="/wiki/Writing_system" title="Writing system">writing systems</a> are encoded by computers in <a href="/wiki/Variable-width_encoding" title="Variable-width encoding">multibyte</a> <a href="/wiki/Unicode" title="Unicode">Unicode</a>. Internationalized domain names are stored in the <a href="/wiki/Domain_Name_System" title="Domain Name System">Domain Name System</a> (DNS) as <a href="/wiki/ASCII" title="ASCII">ASCII</a> strings using <a href="/wiki/Punycode" title="Punycode">Punycode</a> transcription. </p><p>The DNS, which performs a lookup service to translate mostly user-friendly names into network addresses for locating Internet resources, is restricted in practice<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to the use of ASCII characters, a practical limitation that initially set the standard for acceptable domain names. The internationalization of domain names is a technical solution to translate names written in language-native scripts into an ASCII text representation that is compatible with the DNS. Internationalized domain names can only be used with applications that are specifically designed for such use; they require no changes in the infrastructure of the Internet. </p><p>IDN was originally proposed in December 1987 by Martin Dürst<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and implemented in 1990 by Tan Juay Kwang and Leong Kok Yong under the guidance of Tan Tin Wee.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> After much debate and many competing proposals, a system called <i>Internationalizing Domain Names in Applications</i> (IDNA)<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was adopted as a standard, and has been implemented in several <a href="/wiki/Top-level_domain" title="Top-level domain">top-level domains</a>. </p><p>In IDNA, the term <i>internationalized domain name</i> means specifically any domain name consisting only of labels to which the IDNA ToASCII <a href="/wiki/Algorithm" title="Algorithm">algorithm</a> (see below) can be successfully applied. In March 2008, the <a href="/wiki/IETF" class="mw-redirect" title="IETF">IETF</a> formed a new IDN working group to update<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the current IDNA protocol. In April 2008, <a href="/wiki/Afilias" title="Afilias">Afilias</a> together with <a href="/wiki/UN-ESCWA" class="mw-redirect" title="UN-ESCWA">UN-ESCWA</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Public_Interest_Registry" title="Public Interest Registry">Public Interest Registry</a> (PIR) launched the Arabic Script in IDNs Working Group (ASIWG), which comprised experts in DNS, <a href="/wiki/CcTLD" class="mw-redirect" title="CcTLD">ccTLD</a> operators, business, academia, as well as members of regional and international organizations, drawn from Egypt, Gambia, Iran, Jordan, Tunisia, Algeria, Sudan, Somalia, Djibouti, Kuwait, Pakistan, Saudi Arabia, Syria, UAE and Malaysia. Chaired by Afilias's Ram Mohan, ASIWG aimed to develop a unified IDN table for the <a href="/wiki/Arabic_script" title="Arabic script">Arabic script</a>, and is an example of community collaboration that helps local and regional experts engage in global policy development, as well as technical standardization.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In October 2009, the <a href="/wiki/ICANN" title="ICANN">Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers</a> (ICANN) approved the creation of <a href="/wiki/Internationalized_country_code_top-level_domain" title="Internationalized country code top-level domain">internationalized country code top-level domains</a> (IDN ccTLDs) in the Internet that use the IDNA standard for native language scripts.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-BBC-200910_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BBC-200910-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In May 2010, the first IDN ccTLDs were installed in the <a href="/wiki/DNS_root_zone" title="DNS root zone">DNS root zone</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ICANN-2010-05-05_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ICANN-2010-05-05-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Internationalizing_Domain_Names_in_Applications">Internationalizing Domain Names in Applications</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Internationalized_domain_name&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Internationalizing Domain Names in Applications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Internationalizing Domain Names in Applications (IDNA) is a mechanism defined in 2003 for handling internationalized domain names containing non-<a href="/wiki/ASCII" title="ASCII">ASCII</a> characters. </p><p>Although the <a href="/wiki/Domain_Name_System" title="Domain Name System">Domain Name System</a> supports non-ASCII characters, applications such as <a href="/wiki/E-mail" class="mw-redirect" title="E-mail">e-mail</a> and <a href="/wiki/Web_browser" title="Web browser">web browsers</a> restrict the characters that can be used as domain names for purposes such as a <a href="/wiki/Hostname" title="Hostname">hostname</a>. Strictly speaking, it is the network protocols these applications use that have restrictions on the characters that can be used in domain names, not the applications that have these limitations or the DNS itself.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> To retain backward compatibility with the installed base, the IETF IDNA Working Group decided that internationalized domain names should be converted to a suitable ASCII-based form that could be handled by web browsers and other user applications.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> IDNA specifies how this conversion between names written in non-ASCII characters and their ASCII-based representation is performed. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>An IDNA-enabled application can convert between the internationalized and <a href="/wiki/ASCII" title="ASCII">ASCII</a> representations of a domain name. It uses the ASCII form for DNS lookups but can present the internationalized form to users who presumably prefer to read and write domain names in non-ASCII scripts such as Arabic or Hiragana. Applications that do not support IDNA will not be able to handle domain names with non-ASCII characters, but will still be able to access such domains if given the (usually rather cryptic) ASCII equivalent. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Guidelines_for_the_Implementation_of_Internationalized_Domain_Names">Guidelines for the Implementation of Internationalized Domain Names</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Internationalized_domain_name&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Guidelines for the Implementation of Internationalized Domain Names"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A technical community working group to create the first IDN Guidelines was created<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in August 2002, consisting of Ram Mohan (Afilias), Hiro Hotta (JPRS), Pat Kane (Verisign), Cary Karp (.museum) and Tina Dam (ICANN). Version 1.0 of these Guidelines was published<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> on 20 June 2003, coinciding with the launch of deployment of IDNs under the IETF's Proposed Standard reflected in RFCs 3490, 3491, and 3492. After the publication of the Guidelines, it was possible to register <a href="/wiki/.jp" title=".jp">.jp</a> domains using this system in July 2003 and <a href="/wiki/.info" title=".info">.info</a><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> domains in March 2004. Several other top-level domain registries started accepting registrations in 2004 and 2005. These Guidelines have been updated<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to respond to <a href="/wiki/Phishing" title="Phishing">phishing</a> concerns as well as to accommodate<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> IDN variants. An ICANN working group focused on country-code domain names at the top level was formed in November 2007<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and promoted jointly by the country code supporting organization and the Governmental Advisory Committee. </p><p>Additionally, ICANN supports the community-led <a href="/wiki/Universal_Acceptance" title="Universal Acceptance">Universal Acceptance</a> Steering Group, founded by Ram Mohan in 2015, which seeks to promote the usability of IDNs and other new gTLDS in all applications, devices, and systems.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Mozilla_Application_Suite" title="Mozilla Application Suite">Mozilla</a> 1.4, <a href="/wiki/Netscape_Navigator" title="Netscape Navigator">Netscape</a> 7.1, and <a href="/wiki/Opera_(web_browser)" title="Opera (web browser)">Opera</a> 7.11 were among the first applications to support IDNA. A browser plugin is available for Internet Explorer 6 to provide IDN support. Internet Explorer 7.0<sup id="cite_ref-auto_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Windows_Vista" title="Windows Vista">Windows Vista</a>'s URL APIs provide native support for IDN.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="ToASCII_and_ToUnicode">ToASCII and ToUnicode</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Internationalized_domain_name&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: ToASCII and ToUnicode"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The conversions between ASCII and non-ASCII forms of a domain name are accomplished by a pair of algorithms called ToASCII and ToUnicode. These algorithms are not applied to the domain name as a whole, but rather to individual labels. For example, if the domain name is www.example.com, then the labels are <i>www</i>, <i>example</i>, and <i>com</i>. ToASCII or ToUnicode is applied to each of these three separately. </p><p>The details of these two algorithms are complex. They are specified in RFC 3490. Following is an overview of their workings. </p><p>ToASCII leaves ASCII labels unchanged. It fails if the label is unsuitable for the Domain Name System. For labels containing at least one non-ASCII character, ToASCII applies the <a href="/wiki/Nameprep" title="Nameprep">Nameprep</a> algorithm. This converts the label to lowercase and performs other normalization. ToASCII then translates the result to ASCII, using <a href="/wiki/Punycode" title="Punycode">Punycode</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-rfc3492_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rfc3492-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Finally, it prepends the four-character string "<code>xn--</code>".<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This four-character string is called the ASCII Compatible Encoding (<i>ACE</i>) prefix. It is used to distinguish labels encoded in Punycode from ordinary ASCII labels. The ToASCII algorithm can fail in several ways. For example, the final string could exceed the 63-character limit of a DNS label. A label for which ToASCII fails cannot be used in an internationalized domain name. </p><p>The function ToUnicode reverses the action of ToASCII, stripping off the ACE prefix and applying the Punycode decode algorithm. It does not reverse the Nameprep processing, since that is merely a normalization and is by nature irreversible. Unlike ToASCII, ToUnicode always succeeds, because it simply returns the original string if decoding fails. In particular, this means that ToUnicode does not affect a string that does not begin with the ACE prefix. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Example_of_IDNA_encoding">Example of IDNA encoding</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Internationalized_domain_name&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Example of IDNA encoding"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>IDNA encoding may be illustrated using the example domain <code>Bücher.example</code>. (<a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>: <i lang="de">Bücher</i>, <small><a href="/wiki/Literal_translation" title="Literal translation">lit.</a> </small>'books'.) This domain name has two labels, <i>Bücher</i> and <i>example</i>. The second label is pure ASCII and is left unchanged. The first label is processed by Nameprep to give <code>bücher</code>, and then converted to <a href="/wiki/Punycode" title="Punycode">Punycode</a> to result in <code>bcher-kva</code>. It is then prefixed with <code>xn--</code> to produce <code>xn--bcher-kva</code>. The resulting name suitable for use in DNS records and queries is therefore <code>xn--bcher-kva.example</code>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Arabic_Script_IDN_Working_Group_(ASIWG)"><span id="Arabic_Script_IDN_Working_Group_.28ASIWG.29"></span>Arabic Script IDN Working Group (ASIWG)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Internationalized_domain_name&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Arabic Script IDN Working Group (ASIWG)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Tone plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style ambox-Tone" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/40px-Edit-clear.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/60px-Edit-clear.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/80px-Edit-clear.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section's <b>tone or style may not reflect the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Writing_better_articles#Tone" title="Wikipedia:Writing better articles">encyclopedic tone</a> used on Wikipedia</b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> See Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Writing_better_articles#Tone" title="Wikipedia:Writing better articles">guide to writing better articles</a> for suggestions.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">May 2020</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The Arab region, encompassing approximately 5% of the global population, exhibits a disproportionately low internet usage rate. As of the late 2000s, internet penetration within the Arab world stood at approximately 11% of the population, significantly below the global average of 21.9%. Despite this, the region experienced substantial internet usage growth between 2000 and 2008, registering a 1,426% increase, far exceeding the global average of 305.5% for the same period. </p><p>Factors influencing internet adoption in the Arab region include but are not limited to, linguistic accessibility. The availability of Domain Name System (DNS) services in Arabic script (Internationalized Domain Names, IDNs) is posited to have the potential to further stimulate internet usage. IDN implementation is anticipated to provide Arab internet users with the ability to register domains in their native language and script, thereby facilitating the development of localized applications and services. This advancement is expected to broaden access and enhance the relevance of internet resources for Arab-speaking populations.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In April 2008, <a href="/wiki/Afilias" title="Afilias">Afilias</a> together with <a href="/wiki/UN-ESCWA" class="mw-redirect" title="UN-ESCWA">UN-ESCWA</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Public_Interest_Registry" title="Public Interest Registry">Public Interest Registry</a> (PIR) launched the Arabic Script in IDNs Working Group (ASIWG), which comprised experts in DNS, <a href="/wiki/CcTLD" class="mw-redirect" title="CcTLD">ccTLD</a> operators, business, academia, as well as members of regional and international organizations, drawn from Egypt, Gambia, Iran, Jordan, Tunisia, Algeria, Sudan, Somalia, Djibouti, Kuwait, Pakistan, Saudi Arabia, Syria, UAE and Malaysia. Chaired by Afilias's Ram Mohan, ASIWG aimed to develop a unified IDN table for the <a href="/wiki/Arabic_script" title="Arabic script">Arabic script</a>, the first of its kind. </p><p>The ASIWG's work led to the creation of the first Root Zone Generation Rules (RZ-LGR-1) and covered the Arabic script. It represented the first harmonized repertoire for the Arabic script, not including combining marks or code point sequences, leading to a simplified and technically sound outcome that resulted in the integration of Arabic script into the Root Zone of the Internet.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Top-level_domain_implementation">Top-level domain implementation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Internationalized_domain_name&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Top-level domain implementation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 2009, ICANN decided to implement a new class of top-level domains, assignable to countries and independent regions, similar to the rules for <a href="/wiki/Country_code_top-level_domains" class="mw-redirect" title="Country code top-level domains">country code top-level domains</a>. However, the domain names may be any desirable string of characters, symbols, or glyphs in the language-specific, non-Latin alphabet or script of the applicant's language, within certain guidelines to assure sufficient visual uniqueness. </p><p>The process of installing IDN country code domains began with a long period of testing in a set of subdomains in the <a href="/wiki/.test" title=".test"><code>test</code></a> top-level domain. Eleven domains used language-native scripts or alphabets, such as "δοκιμή",<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> meaning <i>test</i> in <a href="/wiki/Greek_alphabet" title="Greek alphabet">Greek</a>. </p><p>These efforts culminated in the creation of the first <a href="/wiki/Internationalized_country_code_top-level_domain" title="Internationalized country code top-level domain">internationalized country code top-level domains</a> (IDN ccTLDs) for production use in 2010. </p><p>In the Domain Name System, these domains use an <a href="/wiki/ASCII" title="ASCII">ASCII</a> representation consisting of the prefix "<code>xn--</code>" followed by the <a href="/wiki/Punycode" title="Punycode">Punycode</a> translation of the <a href="/wiki/Unicode" title="Unicode">Unicode</a> representation of the language-specific alphabet or script glyphs. For example, the <a href="/wiki/Cyrillic" class="mw-redirect" title="Cyrillic">Cyrillic</a> name of Russia's IDN ccTLD is "рф". In Punycode representation, this is "<code>p1ai</code>", and its DNS name is "<code>xn--p1ai</code>". </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Non-IDNA_or_non-ICANN_registries_that_support_non-ASCII_domain_names">Non-IDNA or non-ICANN registries that support non-ASCII domain names</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Internationalized_domain_name&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Non-IDNA or non-ICANN registries that support non-ASCII domain names"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Other registries support non-ASCII domain names. The company ThaiURL.com in Thailand supports ".com" registrations via its own IDN encoding, <a href="/wiki/ThaiURL" title="ThaiURL">ThaiURL</a>. However, since most modern browsers only recognize IDNA/Punycode IDNs, ThaiURL-encoded domains must be typed in or linked to in their encoded form, and they will be displayed thus in the address bar. This limits their usefulness; however, they are still valid and universally accessible domains. </p><p>Several registries support Punycode <a href="/wiki/Emoji" title="Emoji">emoji</a> characters as <a href="/wiki/Emoji_domain" title="Emoji domain">emoji domains</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="ASCII_spoofing_concerns">ASCII spoofing concerns</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Internationalized_domain_name&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: ASCII spoofing concerns"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/IDN_homograph_attack" title="IDN homograph attack">IDN homograph attack</a></div> <p>The use of Unicode in domain names makes it potentially easier to <a href="/wiki/Spoofing_attack" title="Spoofing attack">spoof</a> websites as the visual representation of an IDN string in a web browser may make a spoof site appear indistinguishable from the legitimate site being spoofed, depending on the font used. For example, the Unicode character U+0430 – <a href="/wiki/A_(Cyrillic)" title="A (Cyrillic)">Cyrillic small letter a</a> – can look identical to the Unicode character U+0061 (<a href="/wiki/A" title="A">Latin small letter a</a>), used in English. As a concrete example, using <a href="/wiki/Cyrillic_script" title="Cyrillic script">Cyrillic letters</a> <a href="/wiki/A_(Cyrillic)" title="A (Cyrillic)">а</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ye_(Cyrillic)" title="Ye (Cyrillic)">е</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dotted_I_(Cyrillic)" title="Dotted I (Cyrillic)">і</a>, <a href="/wiki/Er_(Cyrillic)" title="Er (Cyrillic)">р</a> (<a href="/wiki/A" title="A">a</a>; then "Ie"/"Ye" U+0435, looking essentially identical to Latin letter <a href="/wiki/E" title="E">e</a>; then U+0456, essentially identical to Latin letter <a href="/wiki/I" title="I">i</a>; and "Er" U+0440, essentially identical to Latin letter <a href="/wiki/P" title="P">p</a>), the URL wіkіреdіа.org is formed, which is virtually indistinguishable from the visual representation of the legitimate wikipedia.org (possibly depending on typefaces). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Top-level_domains_accepting_IDN_registration">Top-level domains accepting IDN registration</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Internationalized_domain_name&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Top-level domains accepting IDN registration"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Many top-level domains have started to accept internationalized domain name registrations at the second or lower levels. Afilias (.INFO) offered the first gTLD IDN second-level registrations in 2004 in the German language.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>DotAsia, the registrar for the TLD <a href="/wiki/.asia" title=".asia">Asia</a>, conducted a 70-day <a href="/wiki/Sunrise_period" title="Sunrise period">sunrise period</a> starting May 11, 2011 for second-level domain registrations in the <a href="/wiki/CJK_characters" title="CJK characters">Chinese, Japanese and Korean scripts</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Dot-Asia_releases_IDN_dates_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dot-Asia_releases_IDN_dates-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Timeline">Timeline</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Internationalized_domain_name&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Timeline"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444" /><table class="box-Update plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Update" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg/42px-Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg.png" decoding="async" width="42" height="34" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg/63px-Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg/84px-Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="360" data-file-height="290" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section needs to be <b>updated</b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">January 2022</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <ul><li>December 1996: Martin Dürst's original Internet Draft proposing <a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_Unicode_encodings#UTF-5" title="Comparison of Unicode encodings"> UTF-5</a> (the first example of what is known today as an ASCII-compatible encoding (ACE)) – UTF-5 was first defined at the University of Zürich<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>March 1998: Early research on IDN at National University of Singapore (NUS), Center for Internet Research (formerly Internet Research and Development Unit – IRDU) led by Tan Tin Wee (T. W. Tan)<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (IDN Project team – Tan Juay Kwang and Leong Kok Yong) and subsequently continued under a team at Bioinformatrix Pte. Ltd. (BIX Pte. Ltd.) – an NUS spin-off company led by S. Subbiah.</li> <li>June 1998: Korean Language Domain Name System is developed by Kang, Hee-Seung at KAIST (Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology)<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>July 1998: <ul><li>Geneva INET'98 conference with a BoF<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (January 2022)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> discussion on iDNS and APNG General Meeting and Working Group meeting.</li> <li>Asia Pacific Networking Group (APNG, now still in existence<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and distinct from a gathering known as APSTAR)<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> iDNS Working Group formed.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></li> <li>October 1998: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/James_Seng" title="James Seng">James Seng</a>, a former student of Tan Tin Wee at Sheares Hall, NUS, and student researcher at Technet and IRDU, Computer Center, NUS, was recruited by CEO S. Subbiah to lead further IDN development at BIX Pte. Ltd.</li> <li>iDNS Testbed launched by BIX Pte. Ltd. under the auspices of APNG with participation from <a href="/wiki/CNNIC" class="mw-redirect" title="CNNIC">CNNIC</a>, <a href="/wiki/Japan_Network_Information_Center" title="Japan Network Information Center">JPNIC</a>, KRNIC, TWNIC, THNIC, HKNIC, and SGNIC led by <a href="/wiki/James_Seng" title="James Seng">James Seng</a><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Presentation of Report on IDN at Joint APNG-APTLD meeting, at APRICOT'99</li></ul></li> <li>March 1999: Endorsement of the IDN Report at APNG General Meeting 1 March 1999.</li> <li>June 1999: Grant application by APNG jointly with the Centre for Internet Research (CIR), the National University of Singapore, to the International Development Research Center (IDRC), a Canadian Government funded international organization to work on IDN for IPv6. This APNG Project was funded under the Pan Asia R&D Grant administered on behalf of IDRC by the Canadian Committee on Occupational Health and Safety (CCOHS). Principal Investigator: Tan Tin Wee of National University of Singapore.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>July 1999: <ul><li>Walid R. Tout (WALID Inc.) filed IDNA patent application number US1999000358043 "Method and system for internationalizing domain names". Published 30 January 2001.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Internet Draft on UTF5 by James Seng, Martin Dürst and Tan Tin Wee.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Renewed 2000.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></li> <li>August 1999: APTLD and APNG forms a <a href="/wiki/Working_group" title="Working group">working group</a> to look into IDN issues chaired by Kilnam Chon.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>October 1999: BIX Pte. Ltd. and National University of Singapore together with New York Venture Capital investors, <a href="/wiki/General_Atlantic_Partners" class="mw-redirect" title="General Atlantic Partners">General Atlantic Partners</a>, spun off the IDN effort into 2 new Singapore companies – i-DNS.net International Inc. and i-Email.net Pte. Ltd. that created the first commercial implementation of an IDN solution for both domain names and IDN email addresses respectively.</li> <li>November 1999: <a href="/wiki/IETF" class="mw-redirect" title="IETF">IETF</a> IDN Birds-of-Feather<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (January 2022)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> in Washington was initiated by i-DNS.net at the request of IETF officials.</li> <li>December 1999: i-DNS.net International Pte. Ltd. launched the first commercial IDN. It was in <a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Taiwan</a> and in <a href="/wiki/Chinese_character" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese character">Chinese characters</a> under the top-level IDN TLD ".gongsi" (meaning loosely ".com") with endorsement by the Minister of Communications of Taiwan and some major Taiwanese ISPs with reports of over 200 000 names sold in a week in Taiwan, Hong Kong, Singapore, Malaysia, <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="People's Republic of China">China</a>, Australia and USA.</li> <li>Late 1999: Kilnam Chon initiated Task Force on IDNS which led to the formation of MINC, the Multilingual Internet Names Consortium.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>January 2000: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/IETF" class="mw-redirect" title="IETF">IETF</a> IDN Working Group formed chaired by <a href="/wiki/James_Seng" title="James Seng">James Seng</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Marc_Blanchet&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Marc Blanchet (page does not exist)">Marc Blanchet</a>.</li> <li>The second-ever commercial IDN launch was IDN TLDs in the Tamil Language, corresponding to .com, .net, .org, and .edu. These were launched in India with IT Ministry support by i-DNS.net International. These used non-standardized character sets, and were soon deprecated.</li></ul></li> <li>February 2000: Multilingual Internet Names Consortium (MINC) Proposal BoF<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (January 2022)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> at IETF Adelaide.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>March 2000: APRICOT 2000 Multilingual DNS session.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>April 2000: WALID Inc. (with IDNA patent-pending application 6182148) started Registration & Resolving Multilingual Domain Names.</li> <li>May 2000: Interoperability Testing WG, MINC meeting. San Francisco, chaired by Bill Manning and Y. Yoneya, 12 May 2000.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li>June 2000: Inaugural Launch of the Multilingual Internet Names Consortium (MINC) in Seoul<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to drive the collaborative roll-out of IDN starting from the Asia Pacific.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>July 2000: <ul><li>Joint Engineering TaskForce (JET) was initiated in Yokohama to study technical issues led by JPNIC (K.Konishi)and TWNIC (Kenny Huang).</li> <li>Official formation of CDNC (<a href="/wiki/Chinese_Domain_Name_Consortium" title="Chinese Domain Name Consortium">Chinese Domain Name Consortium</a>) to resolve issues related to and to deploy <a href="/wiki/Han_Character" class="mw-redirect" title="Han Character">Han Character</a> domain names, founded by <a href="/wiki/CNNIC" class="mw-redirect" title="CNNIC">CNNIC</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=TWNIC&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="TWNIC (page does not exist)">TWNIC</a>, HKNIC and <a href="/w/index.php?title=MONIC&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="MONIC (page does not exist)">MONIC</a> in May 2000.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></li> <li>March 2001: <a href="/wiki/ICANN" title="ICANN">ICANN</a> Board IDN Working Group formed.</li> <li>July 2001: <ul><li>Japanese Domain Name Association: JDNA Launch Ceremony (July 13, 2001) in Tokyo, Japan.</li> <li>Urdu Internet Names System (July 28, 2001) in Islamabad, Pakistan, Organised Jointly by SDNP and MINC.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Presentation on IDN to the Committee Meeting of the Computer Science and Telecommunications Board, National Academies USA (JULY 11–13, 2001) at University of California School of Information Management and Systems, Berkeley, California.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></li> <li>August 2001: MINC presentation and outreach at the Asia Pacific Advanced Network annual conference, Penang, Malaysia, 20 August 2001</li> <li>October 2001: Joint MINC-CDNC Meeting in Beijing 18–20 October 2001.</li> <li>November 2001: <a href="/wiki/ICANN" title="ICANN">ICANN</a> IDN Committee formed,<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ram Mohan (Afilias) appointed as Charter Member and lead.</li> <li>December 2001: Joint ITU-WIPO Symposium on Multilingual Domain Names organized in association with MINC, 6–7 December 2001, International Conference Center, Geneva.</li> <li>January 2003: <ul><li>ICANN IDN Guidelines Working Group formed with membership from Afilias (Ram Mohan), Verisign (Pat Kane), .museum (Cary Karp), JPRS (Hiro Hotta), members of leading gTLD and ccTLD registries.</li> <li>Free implementation of stringprep, Punycode, and IDNA are released in GNU Libidn.</li></ul></li> <li>March 2003: Publication of RFC 3454, RFC 3490, RFC 3491 and RFC 3492.</li> <li>June 2003: Publication of ICANN IDN guidelines for registries.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Adopted by .cn, .info, .jp, .org, and .tw registries.</li> <li>May 2004: Publication of RFC 3743, Joint Engineering Team (JET) Guidelines for Internationalized Domain Names (IDN) Registration and Administration for <a href="/wiki/Chinese_character" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese character">Chinese</a>, Japanese, and Korean.</li> <li>March 2005: First Study Group 17 of ITU-T meeting on Internationalized Domain Names.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>May 2005: .IN ccTLD (India) creates an expert IDN Working Group to create solutions for 22 official languages. Ram Mohan (Afilias) was appointed lead for technical implementation. C-DAC appointed a linguistic expert.</li> <li>April 2006: ITU Study Group 17 meeting in Korea gave final approval to the Question on Internationalized Domain Names.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>June 2006: Workshop on IDN at ICANN meeting at Marrakech, Morocco.</li> <li>November 2006: ICANN GNSO IDN Working Group created to discuss policy implications of IDN TLDs. Ram Mohan (Afilias) elected Chair of the IDN Working Group.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>December 2006: ICANN meeting in São Paulo discusses status of <span class="clarify-content" style="padding-left:0.1em; padding-right:0.1em; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); border:1px solid var(--border-color-subtle, #c8ccd1);">lab tests of IDNs within the root.</span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Clarify" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="This passage needs to be better explained. (January 2022)">clarify</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li>January 2007: Tamil and Malayalam variant table work completed by Ram Mohan (<a href="/wiki/Afilias" title="Afilias">Afilias</a>) and India's <a href="/wiki/Centre_for_Development_of_Advanced_Computing" title="Centre for Development of Advanced Computing">C-DAC</a>.</li> <li>March 2007: ICANN GNSO IDN Working Group completes work, <a href="/wiki/Ram_Mohan" title="Ram Mohan">Ram Mohan</a> presents a report at ICANN Lisboa meeting.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>October 2007: Eleven IDNA <a href="/wiki/Top-level_domain" title="Top-level domain">top-level domains</a> were added to the <a href="/wiki/Root_nameserver" class="mw-redirect" title="Root nameserver">root nameservers</a> in order to evaluate the use of IDNA at the top level of the DNS.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>January 2008: ICANN: Successful Evaluations of .test IDN TLDs.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>February 2008: IDN Workshop: IDNs in Indian Languages and Scripts,<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ICANN, DIT, Afilias, C-DAC, NIXI lead.</li> <li>April 2008: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/IETF" class="mw-redirect" title="IETF">IETF</a> IDNAbis WG chaired by <a href="/wiki/Vint_Cerf" title="Vint Cerf">Vint Cerf</a> continues the work to update IDNA.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Arabic Script IDN Working Group (ASIWG)<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> founded by Ram Mohan (<a href="/wiki/Afilias" title="Afilias">Afilias</a>) and Alexa Raad (<a href="/wiki/Public_Interest_Registry" title="Public Interest Registry">PIR</a>) in Dubai.</li></ul></li> <li>June 2008: <ul><li>ICANN board votes to develop final fast-track implementation proposal for a limited number of IDN ccTLDS.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Arabic Script IDN Working Group (ASIWG) membership<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> expands to Egypt, Iran, Kuwait, Pakistan, Saudi Arabia, Syria, UAE, Malaysia, UN ESCWA, APTLD, ISOC Africa, and invited experts Michael Everson and John Klensin.</li></ul></li> <li>October 2008: ICANN seeks interest in IDN ccTLD fast-track process.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>September 2009: ICANN puts IDN ccTLD proposal on agenda for Seoul meeting in October 2009.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>October 2009: ICANN approves the registration of IDN names in the root of the DNS through the IDN ccTLD Fast-Track process at its meeting in Seoul, 26–30 October 2009.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>January 2010: ICANN announces that Egypt, the Russian Federation, Saudi Arabia, and the United Arab Emirates were the first countries to have passed the Fast-Track String Evaluation within the IDN ccTLD domain application process.<sup id="cite_ref-ICANN-2010-01-21_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ICANN-2010-01-21-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>May 2010: The first implementations<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="of what? (January 2022)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> go live. They are the ccTLDs in the Arabic alphabet for Egypt, Saudi Arabia, and the United Arab Emirates.<sup id="cite_ref-ICANN-2010-05-05_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ICANN-2010-05-05-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>August 2010-: The <a href="/wiki/IETF" class="mw-redirect" title="IETF">IETF</a> publishes the updated "IDNA2008" specifications as <a href="/wiki/Request_for_Comments" title="Request for Comments">RFC</a> 5890–5894.</li> <li>December 2010: ICANN Board IDN Variants Working Group formed<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to oversee and track the IDN Variant Issues Project. Members of the working group are Ram Mohan (Chair), Jonne Soininen, Suzanne Woolf, and Kuo-Wei Wu.</li> <li>February 2012: <a href="/wiki/International_email" title="International email">International email</a> was standardized, utilizing IDN.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Internationalized_domain_name&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Internationalized_Resource_Identifier" title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">Internationalized Resource Identifier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Percent-encoding" title="Percent-encoding">Percent-encoding</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Internationalized_domain_name&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Such as <a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bengali_language" title="Bengali language">Bengali</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chinese_character" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese character">Chinese</a> (<a href="/wiki/Mandarin_Chinese" title="Mandarin Chinese">Mandarin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters" title="Simplified Chinese characters">simplified</a> or <a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters" title="Traditional Chinese characters">traditional</a>), <a href="/wiki/Cyrillic_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Cyrillic alphabet">Cyrillic</a> (including <a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_language" title="Bulgarian language">Bulgarian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Serbian_language" title="Serbian language">Serbian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_language" title="Ukrainian language">Ukrainian</a>), <a href="/wiki/Devanagari" title="Devanagari">Devanagari</a>, <a href="/wiki/Greek_alphabet" title="Greek alphabet">Greek</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hindi" title="Hindi">Hindi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tamil_language" title="Tamil language">Tamil</a> or <a href="/wiki/Thai_language" title="Thai language">Thai</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Such as <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>, <a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>, <a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Polish_language" title="Polish language">Polish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language" title="Portuguese language">Portuguese</a> or <a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/RFC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="RFC (identifier)">RFC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc2181">2181</a>, <i>Clarifications to the DNS Specification</i>: section 11 explicitly allows any binary string. Non-ASCII encodings such as <a href="/wiki/UTF-8" title="UTF-8">UTF-8</a> have indeed been (privately) used over DNS per <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/RFC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="RFC (identifier)">RFC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc6055">6055</a>. The system of internet domain name registration is, however, totally incapable of handling non-ASCII encodings, hence the restriction; see also <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/RFC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="RFC (identifier)">RFC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc5890">5890</a> §§ 2.2, 2.3 on the format of names.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626" /><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDürst,_Martin_J.1996" class="citation news cs1">Dürst, Martin J. (December 10, 1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tools.ietf.org/html/draft-duerst-dns-i18n-00">"Internet Draft: Internationalization of Domain Names"</a>. <i>Ietf Datatracker</i>. The Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF), Internet Society (ISOC)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-10-31</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ietf+Datatracker&rft.atitle=Internet+Draft%3A+Internationalization+of+Domain+Names&rft.date=1996-12-10&rft.au=D%C3%BCrst%2C+Martin+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftools.ietf.org%2Fhtml%2Fdraft-duerst-dns-i18n-00&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternationalized+domain+name" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDürst,_Martin_J.1996" class="citation news cs1">Dürst, Martin J. (December 20, 1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lists.w3.org/Archives/Public/uri/1996Dec/0038.html">"URLs and internationalization"</a>. World Wide Web Consortium<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-10-30</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=URLs+and+internationalization&rft.date=1996-12-20&rft.au=D%C3%BCrst%2C+Martin+J.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flists.w3.org%2FArchives%2FPublic%2Furi%2F1996Dec%2F0038.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternationalized+domain+name" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFaltstromHoffmanCostello2003" class="citation cs1">Faltstrom, P.; Hoffman, P.; Costello, A. (March 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc3490"><i>Internationalizing Domain Names in Applications (IDNA)</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.17487%2FRFC3490">10.17487/RFC3490</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Request_for_Comments" title="Request for Comments">RFC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc3490">3490</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Internationalizing+Domain+Names+in+Applications+%28IDNA%29&rft.date=2003-03&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.17487%2FRFC3490&rft.aulast=Faltstrom&rft.aufirst=P.&rft.au=Hoffman%2C+P.&rft.au=Costello%2C+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdatatracker.ietf.org%2Fdoc%2Fhtml%2Frfc3490&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternationalized+domain+name" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJohn_Klensin2010" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Klensin" title="John Klensin">John Klensin</a> (January 6, 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tools.ietf.org/html/draft-ietf-idnabis-protocol">"Internationalized Domain Names in Applications (IDNA): Protocol (RFC 5891 Draft)"</a>. <i>Ietf Datatracker</i>. <a href="/wiki/Internet_Engineering_Task_Force" title="Internet Engineering Task Force">Internet Engineering Task Force</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-08-12</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ietf+Datatracker&rft.atitle=Internationalized+Domain+Names+in+Applications+%28IDNA%29%3A+Protocol+%28RFC+5891+Draft%29&rft.date=2010-01-06&rft.au=John+Klensin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftools.ietf.org%2Fhtml%2Fdraft-ietf-idnabis-protocol&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternationalized+domain+name" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFEconomic_and_Social_Commission_for_Western_Asia_(ESCWA)2009" class="citation news cs1">Economic and Social Commission for Western Asia (ESCWA), United Nations (15 June 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unescwa.org/sites/www.unescwa.org/files/publications/files/ictd-09-7-e.pdf">"Internet Governance: Challenges and Opportunities for the ESCWA Member Countries"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>United Nations</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 Dec</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=United+Nations&rft.atitle=Internet+Governance%3A+Challenges+and+Opportunities+for+the+ESCWA+Member+Countries&rft.date=2009-06-15&rft.aulast=Economic+and+Social+Commission+for+Western+Asia+%28ESCWA%29&rft.aufirst=United+Nations&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.unescwa.org%2Fsites%2Fwww.unescwa.org%2Ffiles%2Fpublications%2Ffiles%2Fictd-09-7-e.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternationalized+domain+name" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation pressrelease cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.icann.org/en/announcements/announcement-30oct09-en.htm">"ICANN Bringing the Languages of the World to the Global Internet"</a> (Press release). Internet Corporation For Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN). October 30, 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-10-30</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=ICANN+Bringing+the+Languages+of+the+World+to+the+Global+Internet&rft.pub=Internet+Corporation+For+Assigned+Names+and+Numbers+%28ICANN%29&rft.date=2009-10-30&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.icann.org%2Fen%2Fannouncements%2Fannouncement-30oct09-en.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternationalized+domain+name" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BBC-200910-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-BBC-200910_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/technology/8333194.stm">"Internet addresses set for change"</a>. BBC News. October 30, 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-10-30</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Internet+addresses+set+for+change&rft.date=2009-10-30&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Ftechnology%2F8333194.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternationalized+domain+name" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ICANN-2010-05-05-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ICANN-2010-05-05_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ICANN-2010-05-05_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation pressrelease cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.icann.org/news/announcement-2010-05-05-en">"First IDN ccTLDs now available"</a> (Press release). Internet Corporation For Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN). May 5, 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-05-06</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=First+IDN+ccTLDs+now+available&rft.pub=Internet+Corporation+For+Assigned+Names+and+Numbers+%28ICANN%29&rft.date=2010-05-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.icann.org%2Fnews%2Fannouncement-2010-05-05-en&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternationalized+domain+name" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mohan, Dam, Karp, Kane & Hotta, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.icann.org/general/idn-guidelines-20jun03.htm">IDN Guidelines 1.0</a>, ICANN, June 2003</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMohan,_Dam,_Karp,_Kane_&_Hotta2023" class="citation web cs1">Mohan, Dam, Karp, Kane & Hotta (20 June 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.icann.org/resources/pages/idn-guidelines-2003-06-20-en">"Guidelines for the Implementation of Internationalized Domain Names | Version 1.0"</a>. <i>ICANN</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ICANN&rft.atitle=Guidelines+for+the+Implementation+of+Internationalized+Domain+Names+%7C+Version+1.0&rft.date=2023-06-20&rft.au=Mohan%2C+Dam%2C+Karp%2C+Kane+%26+Hotta&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.icann.org%2Fresources%2Fpages%2Fidn-guidelines-2003-06-20-en&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternationalized+domain+name" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>) CS1 maint: url-status (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_url-status" title="Category:CS1 maint: url-status">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mohan, Ram, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iana.org/domains/idn-tables/tables/info_de_1.0.html">German IDN</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.afilias.info/register/idn/DE-INFO_IDN_Language_Table-v1-1.pdf">German Language Table</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061218142725/http://www.afilias.info/register/idn/DE-INFO_IDN_Language_Table-v1-1.pdf">Archived</a> 2006-12-18 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, March 2003</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mohan, Dam, Karp, Kane, Hotta, El Bashir, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.icann.org/general/idn-guidelines-14nov05.htm">IDN Guidelines 2.0</a>, ICANN, November 2005</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFICANN2022" class="citation web cs1">ICANN (Sep 22, 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.icann.org/en/system/files/files/idn-guidelines-22sep22-en.pdf">"IDN Guidelines v4.1"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>ICANN</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ICANN&rft.atitle=IDN+Guidelines+v4.1&rft.date=2022-09-22&rft.au=ICANN&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.icann.org%2Fen%2Fsystem%2Ffiles%2Ffiles%2Fidn-guidelines-22sep22-en.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternationalized+domain+name" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: url-status (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_url-status" title="Category:CS1 maint: url-status">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJesdanun,_Anick_(Associated_Press)2007" class="citation news cs1">Jesdanun, Anick (Associated Press) (2 November 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081220044332/https://abcnews.go.com/Technology/wireStory?id=3813334">"Group on Non-English Domains Formed"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://abcnews.go.com/Technology/wireStory?id=3813334">the original</a> on December 20, 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 November</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Group+on+Non-English+Domains+Formed&rft.date=2007-11-02&rft.au=Jesdanun%2C+Anick+%28Associated+Press%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fabcnews.go.com%2FTechnology%2FwireStory%3Fid%3D3813334&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternationalized+domain+name" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.icann.org/resources/pages/universal-acceptance-2012-02-25-en">"ICANN – Universal Acceptance"</a>. <i>ICANN</i>. February 25, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ICANN&rft.atitle=ICANN+%E2%80%93+Universal+Acceptance&rft.date=2012-02-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.icann.org%2Fresources%2Fpages%2Funiversal-acceptance-2012-02-25-en&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternationalized+domain+name" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-auto_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/previous-versions/windows/internet-explorer/ie-developer/">"Internet Explorer for Developers"</a>. <i>learn.microsoft.com</i>. October 22, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=learn.microsoft.com&rft.atitle=Internet+Explorer+for+Developers&rft.date=2021-10-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flearn.microsoft.com%2Fen-us%2Fprevious-versions%2Fwindows%2Finternet-explorer%2Fie-developer%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternationalized+domain+name" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/win32/intl/handling-internationalized-domain-names--idns">"Handling Internationalized Domain Names (IDNs) - Win32 apps"</a>. <i>learn.microsoft.com</i>. January 7, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=learn.microsoft.com&rft.atitle=Handling+Internationalized+Domain+Names+%28IDNs%29+-+Win32+apps&rft.date=2021-01-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flearn.microsoft.com%2Fen-us%2Fwindows%2Fwin32%2Fintl%2Fhandling-internationalized-domain-names--idns&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternationalized+domain+name" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-rfc3492-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-rfc3492_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">RFC 3492, <i>Punycode: A Bootstring encoding of Unicode for Internationalized Domain Names in Applications (IDNA)</i>, A. Costello, The Internet Society (March 2003)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFInternet_Assigned_Numbers_Authority2003" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Internet_Assigned_Numbers_Authority" title="Internet Assigned Numbers Authority">Internet Assigned Numbers Authority</a> (2003-02-14). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100427154004/http://www.atm.tut.fi/list-archive/ietf-announce/msg13572.html">"Completion of IANA Selection of IDNA Prefix"</a>. <i>www.atm.tut.fi</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.atm.tut.fi/list-archive/ietf-announce/msg13572.html">the original</a> on 2010-04-27<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-09-22</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.atm.tut.fi&rft.atitle=Completion+of+IANA+Selection+of+IDNA+Prefix&rft.date=2003-02-14&rft.au=Internet+Assigned+Numbers+Authority&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.atm.tut.fi%2Flist-archive%2Fietf-announce%2Fmsg13572.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternationalized+domain+name" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.icann.org/resources/pages/idn-2012-02-25-en">"Internationalized Domain Names - ICANN"</a>. <i>www.icann.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-12-08</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.icann.org&rft.atitle=Internationalized+Domain+Names+-+ICANN&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.icann.org%2Fresources%2Fpages%2Fidn-2012-02-25-en&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternationalized+domain+name" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFICANN2022" class="citation web cs1">ICANN (Sep 22, 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.icann.org/resources/pages/root-zone-lgr-2015-06-21-en">"Root Zone Label Generation Rules"</a>. <i>ICANN</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ICANN&rft.atitle=Root+Zone+Label+Generation+Rules&rft.date=2022-09-22&rft.au=ICANN&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.icann.org%2Fresources%2Fpages%2Froot-zone-lgr-2015-06-21-en&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternationalized+domain+name" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: url-status (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_url-status" title="Category:CS1 maint: url-status">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://isvc3.icann.org/reports/2007/testetal-report-01aug2007.html">IANA Report on Delegation of Eleven Evaluative Internationalised Top-Level Domains</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged January 2020">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iana.org/domains/idn-tables/tables/info_de_1.0.html">".INFO German Character Table"</a>. <i>www.iana.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-04-11</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.iana.org&rft.atitle=.INFO+German+Character+Table&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.iana.org%2Fdomains%2Fidn-tables%2Ftables%2Finfo_de_1.0.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternationalized+domain+name" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dot-Asia_releases_IDN_dates-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Dot-Asia_releases_IDN_dates_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.managingip.com/Article/2807532/Search/Dot-Asia-releases-IDN-dates.html?Keywords=IDN&OrderType=1&PeriodType=0&StartMonth=1&StartYear=1999&EndMonth=7&EndYear=2011&ScopeIndex=0&PartialFields=(CATEGORY_850_IDS%3a11520).(CATEGORYIDS%3a11399)&Brand=InternetIP">Dot-Asia releases IDN dates</a>, Managing Internet IP, April 14, 2011.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDürst1998" class="citation news cs1">Dürst, Martin J. (17 March 1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tools.ietf.org/html/draft-duerst-dns-i18n-00">"draft-duerst-dns-i18n-00 – Internationalization of Domain Names"</a>. <i>Ietf Datatracker</i>. Tools.ietf.org<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-07-29</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ietf+Datatracker&rft.atitle=draft-duerst-dns-i18n-00+%E2%80%93+Internationalization+of+Domain+Names&rft.date=1998-03-17&rft.aulast=D%C3%BCrst&rft.aufirst=Martin+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftools.ietf.org%2Fhtml%2Fdraft-duerst-dns-i18n-00&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternationalized+domain+name" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.minc.org/about/history/">"minc.org"</a>. Archive.minc.org. 2019-12-12<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-10-07</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=minc.org&rft.pub=Archive.minc.org&rft.date=2019-12-12&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchive.minc.org%2Fabout%2Fhistory%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternationalized+domain+name" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080723195844/http://www.connect-world.com/articles/old_articles/Dr-TanTinWee.htm">"the leading Telecom magazine, ICT magazine, Telecom magazine, ICT and Telecom"</a>. Connect-World. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.connect-world.com/articles/old_articles/Dr-TanTinWee.htm">the original</a> on 2008-07-23<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-07-29</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=the+leading+Telecom+magazine%2C+ICT+magazine%2C+Telecom+magazine%2C+ICT+and+Telecom&rft.pub=Connect-World&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.connect-world.com%2Farticles%2Fold_articles%2FDr-TanTinWee.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternationalized+domain+name" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.internethalloffame.org//inductees/tan-tin-wee">"Tan Tin Wee"</a>. <i>Internet Hall of Fame</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Internet+Hall+of+Fame&rft.atitle=Tan+Tin+Wee&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.internethalloffame.org%2F%2Finductees%2Ftan-tin-wee&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternationalized+domain+name" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.itfind.or.kr/Report01/200302/IITA/IITA-2386/IITA-2386.pdf">"APAN-KR"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>IITA</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=IITA&rft.atitle=APAN-KR&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.itfind.or.kr%2FReport01%2F200302%2FIITA%2FIITA-2386%2FIITA-2386.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternationalized+domain+name" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.apng.org">"APNG"</a>. APNG<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-07-29</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=APNG&rft.pub=APNG&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.apng.org&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternationalized+domain+name" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.apstar.org">"The community of Asia Pacific Internet Organization"</a>. Apstar.Org<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-07-29</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+community+of+Asia+Pacific+Internet+Organization&rft.pub=Apstar.Org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.apstar.org&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternationalized+domain+name" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060422155224/http://www.apng.org/old/commission/idns/">"Asia Pacific Networking Group Chairman's Commission on Internationalization of DNS"</a>. <i>www.apng.org</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.apng.org/old/commission/idns/">the original</a> on April 22, 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.apng.org&rft.atitle=Asia+Pacific+Networking+Group+Chairman%27s+Commission+on+Internationalization+of+DNS&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.apng.org%2Fold%2Fcommission%2Fidns%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternationalized+domain+name" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20030823041046/http://www.minc.org/about/history/idns/idomain/">"iDOMAIN - TestBed of iDNS implementations in the Asia Pacific"</a>. <i>www.minc.org</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.minc.org/about/history/idns/idomain/">the original</a> on 2003-08-23.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.minc.org&rft.atitle=iDOMAIN+-+TestBed+of+iDNS+implementations+in+the+Asia+Pacific&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.minc.org%2Fabout%2Fhistory%2Fidns%2Fidomain%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternationalized+domain+name" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060811114532/http://www.apng.org/old/commission/idns/ipv6/">"iDNS for IPv6"</a>. <i>www.apng.org</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.apng.org/old/commission/idns/ipv6/">the original</a> on August 11, 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.apng.org&rft.atitle=iDNS+for+IPv6&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.apng.org%2Fold%2Fcommission%2Fidns%2Fipv6%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternationalized+domain+name" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100715221107/http://www.delphion.com/details?&pn=US06182148__">"Method and system for internationalizing domain names (US6182148)"</a>. Delphion.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.delphion.com/details?&pn=US06182148__">the original</a> on 2010-07-15<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-07-29</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Method+and+system+for+internationalizing+domain+names+%28US6182148%29&rft.pub=Delphion.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.delphion.com%2Fdetails%3F%26pn%3DUS06182148__&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternationalized+domain+name" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tools.ietf.org/html/draft-jseng-utf5-00">"draft-jseng-utf5-00 – UTF-5, a transformation format of Unicode and ISO 10646"</a>. <i>Ietf Datatracker</i>. Tools.ietf.org. 1999-07-27<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-07-29</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ietf+Datatracker&rft.atitle=draft-jseng-utf5-00+%E2%80%93+UTF-5%2C+a+transformation+format+of+Unicode+and+ISO+10646&rft.date=1999-07-27&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftools.ietf.org%2Fhtml%2Fdraft-jseng-utf5-00&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternationalized+domain+name" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tools.ietf.org/html/draft-jseng-utf5-01">"draft-jseng-utf5-01 – UTF-5, a transformation format of Unicode and ISO 10646"</a>. <i>Ietf Datatracker</i>. Tools.ietf.org. 2000-01-28<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-07-29</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ietf+Datatracker&rft.atitle=draft-jseng-utf5-01+%E2%80%93+UTF-5%2C+a+transformation+format+of+Unicode+and+ISO+10646&rft.date=2000-01-28&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftools.ietf.org%2Fhtml%2Fdraft-jseng-utf5-01&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternationalized+domain+name" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20030823041200/http://www.minc.org/about/history/idns/iname/">"iNAME project of APTLD and APNG"</a>. <i>www.minc.org</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.minc.org/about/history/idns/iname/">the original</a> on 2003-08-23<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-08-20</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.minc.org&rft.atitle=iNAME+project+of+APTLD+and+APNG&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.minc.org%2Fabout%2Fhistory%2Fidns%2Finame%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternationalized+domain+name" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.i-dns.net/newsroom/news/IN000724-01.html.ko.ksc">"Internationalisation of the Domain Name System: The Next Big Step in a Multilingual Internet"</a>. <i>NEWS</i>. i-DNS.net. 24 July 2000<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-08-13</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NEWS&rft.atitle=Internationalisation+of+the+Domain+Name+System%3A+The+Next+Big+Step+in+a+Multilingual+Internet&rft.date=2000-07-24&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.i-dns.net%2Fnewsroom%2Fnews%2FIN000724-01.html.ko.ksc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternationalized+domain+name" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20041110195336/http://www.minc.org/oldminc/old//meetings/minc_20000327.html">"Proposal BoF - Meeting Summary"</a>. <i>www.minc.org</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.minc.org/oldminc/old//meetings/minc_20000327.html">the original</a> on 2004-11-10<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-08-20</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.minc.org&rft.atitle=Proposal+BoF+-+Meeting+Summary&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.minc.org%2Foldminc%2Fold%2F%2Fmeetings%2Fminc_20000327.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternationalized+domain+name" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.apricot.net/apricot2000/index2.html">"APRICOT 2000 in Seoul"</a>. Apricot.net<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-07-29</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=APRICOT+2000+in+Seoul&rft.pub=Apricot.net&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.apricot.net%2Fapricot2000%2Findex2.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternationalized+domain+name" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.minc.org">"Multilingual Internet Names Consortium"</a>. MINC<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-07-29</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Multilingual+Internet+Names+Consortium&rft.pub=MINC&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.minc.org&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternationalized+domain+name" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20040126052853/http://www.minc.org/about/history/">"History of MINC"</a>. <i>www.minc.org</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.minc.org/about/history/">the original</a> on 2004-01-26<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-08-20</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.minc.org&rft.atitle=History+of+MINC&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.minc.org%2Fabout%2Fhistory%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternationalized+domain+name" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cdnc.org/english/introduction/index.html">"Chinese Domain Name Consortium"</a>. CDNC. 2000-05-19<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-07-29</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Chinese+Domain+Name+Consortium&rft.pub=CDNC&rft.date=2000-05-19&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cdnc.org%2Fenglish%2Fintroduction%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternationalized+domain+name" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cdnc.org/english/news/index.html">"Chinese Domain Name Consortium"</a>. CDNC<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-07-29</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Chinese+Domain+Name+Consortium&rft.pub=CDNC&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cdnc.org%2Fenglish%2Fnews%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternationalized+domain+name" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160106084833/http://urduworkshop.sdnpk.org/">"urduworkshop.sdnpk.org"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://urduworkshop.sdnpk.org/">the original</a> on 2016-01-06<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-07-10</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=urduworkshop.sdnpk.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Furduworkshop.sdnpk.org%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternationalized+domain+name" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080706151434/http://www.nap.edu/books/0309096405/html/390.html">"Signposts in Cyberspace: The Domain Name System and Internet Navigation"</a>. National Academies Press. 2001-11-07. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nap.edu/books/0309096405/html/390.html">the original</a> on 2008-07-06<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-07-29</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Signposts+in+Cyberspace%3A+The+Domain+Name+System+and+Internet+Navigation&rft.pub=National+Academies+Press&rft.date=2001-11-07&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nap.edu%2Fbooks%2F0309096405%2Fhtml%2F390.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternationalized+domain+name" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.icann.org/en/committees/idn/">"ICANN | Archives | Committees | Internationalized Domain Names (IDN) Committee"</a>. <i>archive.icann.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-04-11</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=archive.icann.org&rft.atitle=ICANN+%7C+Archives+%7C+Committees+%7C+Internationalized+Domain+Names+%28IDN%29+Committee&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.icann.org%2Fen%2Fcommittees%2Fidn%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternationalized+domain+name" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.icann.org/general/idn-guidelines-20jun03.htm">"Guidelines for the Implementation of Internationalized Domain Names – Version 1.0"</a>. <i>ICANN</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ICANN&rft.atitle=Guidelines+for+the+Implementation+of+Internationalized+Domain+Names+%E2%80%93+Version+1.0&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.icann.org%2Fgeneral%2Fidn-guidelines-20jun03.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternationalized+domain+name" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.itu.int/md/T05-SG17-050330/sum/en">"ITU-T SG17 Meeting Documents"</a>. Itu.int<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-07-29</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=ITU-T+SG17+Meeting+Documents&rft.pub=Itu.int&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.itu.int%2Fmd%2FT05-SG17-050330%2Fsum%2Fen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternationalized+domain+name" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100529143600/http://www.itu.int/ITU-T/newslog/Multilingual+Internet+Work+Progresses.aspx">"ITU-T Newslog – Multilingual Internet Work Progresses"</a>. Itu.int. 2006-05-04. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.itu.int/ITU-T/newslog/Multilingual+Internet+Work+Progresses.aspx">the original</a> on 2010-05-29<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-07-29</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=ITU-T+Newslog+%E2%80%93+Multilingual+Internet+Work+Progresses&rft.pub=Itu.int&rft.date=2006-05-04&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.itu.int%2FITU-T%2Fnewslog%2FMultilingual%2BInternet%2BWork%2BProgresses.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternationalized+domain+name" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gnso.icann.org/en/drafts/idn-wg-fr-22mar07.htm">"GNSO IDN WG"</a>. icann.org. 2007-03-22<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-08-30</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=GNSO+IDN+WG&rft.pub=icann.org&rft.date=2007-03-22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgnso.icann.org%2Fen%2Fdrafts%2Fidn-wg-fr-22mar07.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternationalized+domain+name" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mohan, Ram, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gnso.icann.org/correspondence/gnso-idn-wg-outcomes-ram.pdf">GNSO IDN Working Group, Outcomes Report</a> (PDF), ICANN</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.icann.org/en/announcements/details/on-its-way-one-of-the-biggest-changes-to-the-internet--internet-users-have-key-role-in-testing-the-operation-of-exampletest-in-11-languages-9-10-2007-en">"On Its Way: One of the Biggest Changes to the Internet | Internet users have key role in testing the operation of example.test in 11 languages"</a>. <i>www.icann.org</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.icann.org&rft.atitle=On+Its+Way%3A+One+of+the+Biggest+Changes+to+the+Internet+%26%23124%3B+Internet+users+have+key+role+in+testing+the+operation+of+example.test+in+11+languages&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.icann.org%2Fen%2Fannouncements%2Fdetails%2Fon-its-way-one-of-the-biggest-changes-to-the-internet--internet-users-have-key-role-in-testing-the-operation-of-exampletest-in-11-languages-9-10-2007-en&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternationalized+domain+name" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.icann.org/en/announcements/details/my-name-my-language-my-internet-idn-test-goes-live--icann-launches-global-test-of-internationalized-domain-names-15-10-2007-en">"My Name, My Language, My Internet: IDN Test Goes Live | ICANN launches global test of Internationalized Domain Names"</a>. <i>www.icann.org</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.icann.org&rft.atitle=My+Name%2C+My+Language%2C+My+Internet%3A+IDN+Test+Goes+Live+%26%23124%3B+ICANN+launches+global+test+of+Internationalized+Domain+Names&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.icann.org%2Fen%2Fannouncements%2Fdetails%2Fmy-name-my-language-my-internet-idn-test-goes-live--icann-launches-global-test-of-internationalized-domain-names-15-10-2007-en&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternationalized+domain+name" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.icann.org/en/announcements/details/successful-evaluations-of-test-idn-tlds-31-1-2008-en">"Successful Evaluations of .test IDN TLDs"</a>. <i>www.icann.org</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.icann.org&rft.atitle=Successful+Evaluations+of+.test+IDN+TLDs&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.icann.org%2Fen%2Fannouncements%2Fdetails%2Fsuccessful-evaluations-of-test-idn-tlds-31-1-2008-en&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternationalized+domain+name" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.icann.org/en/meetings/delhi2008/node/88.html">"IDN Workshop: IDNs in Indian Languages and Scripts | New Delhi 2008"</a>. <i>archive.icann.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-04-11</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=archive.icann.org&rft.atitle=IDN+Workshop%3A+IDNs+in+Indian+Languages+and+Scripts+%7C+New+Delhi+2008&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchive.icann.org%2Fen%2Fmeetings%2Fdelhi2008%2Fnode%2F88.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternationalized+domain+name" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Purlnet:IDNAbis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Purlnet:IDNAbis (page does not exist)">IDNAbis overview</a> (2008)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.icann.org/en/topics/idn/meetings.htm">"ICANN | Archives | Internationalized Domain Names Meetings"</a>. <i>archive.icann.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-04-11</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=archive.icann.org&rft.atitle=ICANN+%7C+Archives+%7C+Internationalized+Domain+Names+Meetings&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.icann.org%2Fen%2Ftopics%2Fidn%2Fmeetings.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternationalized+domain+name" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://isoc-ny.org/wiki/ICANN_-_Paris/IDN_CCTLD_discussion">"ICANN - Paris/IDN CCTLD discussion - Wiki"</a>. <i>isoc-ny.org</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=isoc-ny.org&rft.atitle=ICANN+-+Paris%2FIDN+CCTLD+discussion+-+Wiki&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fisoc-ny.org%2Fwiki%2FICANN_-_Paris%2FIDN_CCTLD_discussion&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternationalized+domain+name" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.icann.org/en/meetings/paris2008/en/node/114.html">"ASIWIG Meeting | Paris 2008"</a>. <i>archive.icann.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-04-11</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=archive.icann.org&rft.atitle=ASIWIG+Meeting+%7C+Paris+2008&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchive.icann.org%2Fen%2Fmeetings%2Fparis2008%2Fen%2Fnode%2F114.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternationalized+domain+name" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.icann.org/en/announcements/details/icann-seeks-interest-in-idn-cctld-fast-track-process-2-10-2008-en">"ICANN Seeks Interest in IDN ccTLD Fast-Track Process"</a>. <i>ICANN</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ICANN&rft.atitle=ICANN+Seeks+Interest+in+IDN+ccTLD+Fast-Track+Process&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.icann.org%2Fen%2Fannouncements%2Fdetails%2Ficann-seeks-interest-in-idn-cctld-fast-track-process-2-10-2008-en&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternationalized+domain+name" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.icann.org/en/announcements/announcement-2-30sep09-en.htm">Proposed Final Implementation Plan: IDN ccTLD Fast Track Process</a>, 30 September 2009</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.siliconrepublic.com/news/article/14274/new-media/regulator-approves-multi-lingual-web-addresses">Regulator approves multi-lingual web addresses</a>, Silicon Republic, 30.10.2009</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ICANN-2010-01-21-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ICANN-2010-01-21_68-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://icann.org/en/announcements/announcement-21jan10-en.htm">"First IDN ccTLDs Requests Successfully Pass String Evaluation"</a>. ICANN. 2010-01-21.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=First+IDN+ccTLDs+Requests+Successfully+Pass+String+Evaluation&rft.pub=ICANN&rft.date=2010-01-21&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ficann.org%2Fen%2Fannouncements%2Fannouncement-21jan10-en.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternationalized+domain+name" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.icann.org/resources/pages/idn-variants-2012-02-25-en">"Board IDN Variants Working Group – ICANN"</a>. <i>www.icann.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-04-11</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.icann.org&rft.atitle=Board+IDN+Variants+Working+Group+%E2%80%93+ICANN&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.icann.org%2Fresources%2Fpages%2Fidn-variants-2012-02-25-en&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternationalized+domain+name" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJ._Klensin2012" class="citation cs1">J. Klensin (February 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc6530"><i>Overview and Framework for Internationalized Email</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Internet_Engineering_Task_Force" title="Internet Engineering Task Force">IETF</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.17487%2FRFC6530">10.17487/RFC6530</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Request_for_Comments" title="Request for Comments">RFC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc6530">6530</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 14,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Overview+and+Framework+for+Internationalized+Email&rft.pub=IETF&rft.date=2012-02&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.17487%2FRFC6530&rft.au=J.+Klensin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdatatracker.ietf.org%2Fdoc%2Fhtml%2Frfc6530&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternationalized+domain+name" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Internationalized_domain_name&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" />RFC <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc3454">3454</a> "Preparation of Internationalized Strings ('stringprep')"</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" />RFC <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc5890">5890</a> "Internationalized Domain Names for Applications (IDNA): Definitions and Document Framework"</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" />RFC <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc5891">5891</a> "Internationalized Domain Names in Applications (IDNA): Protocol"</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" />RFC <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc5892">5892</a> "The Unicode Code Points and Internationalized Domain Names for Applications (IDNA)"</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" />RFC <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc5893">5893</a> "Right-to-Left Scripts for Internationalized Domain Names for Applications (IDNA)"</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.icann.org/topics/idn.html">ICANN Internationalized Domain Names</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iana.org/assignments/idn/">IDN Language Table Registry</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unicode.org/reports/tr36/">Unicode Technical Report #36 – Security Considerations for the Implementation of Unicode and Related Technology</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Country_code_top-level_domains194" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:CcTLD" title="Template:CcTLD"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:CcTLD" title="Template talk:CcTLD"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:CcTLD" title="Special:EditPage/Template:CcTLD"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Country_code_top-level_domains194" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Country_code_top-level_domain" title="Country code top-level domain">Country code top-level domains</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible collapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="ISO_3166-1194" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/ISO_3166-1_alpha-2" title="ISO 3166-1 alpha-2">ISO 3166-1</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div> <p><b>A</b> <a href="/wiki/.ac" title=".ac">.ac</a> <a href="/wiki/.ad" title=".ad">.ad</a> <a href="/wiki/.ae" title=".ae">.ae</a> <a href="/wiki/.af" title=".af">.af</a> <a href="/wiki/.ag" title=".ag">.ag</a> <a href="/wiki/.ai" title=".ai">.ai</a> <a href="/wiki/.al" title=".al">.al</a> <a href="/wiki/.am" title=".am">.am</a> <a href="/wiki/.ao" title=".ao">.ao</a> <a href="/wiki/.aq" title=".aq">.aq</a> <a href="/wiki/.ar" title=".ar">.ar</a> <a href="/wiki/.as" title=".as">.as</a> <a href="/wiki/.at" title=".at">.at</a> <a href="/wiki/.au" title=".au">.au</a> <a href="/wiki/.aw" title=".aw">.aw</a> <a href="/wiki/.ax" title=".ax">.ax</a> <a href="/wiki/.az" title=".az">.az</a><span class="nowrap">  </span><br /> <b>B</b> <a href="/wiki/.ba" title=".ba">.ba</a> <a href="/wiki/.bb" title=".bb">.bb</a> <a href="/wiki/.bd" title=".bd">.bd</a> <a href="/wiki/.be" title=".be">.be</a> <a href="/wiki/.bf" title=".bf">.bf</a> <a href="/wiki/.bg" title=".bg">.bg</a> <a href="/wiki/.bh" title=".bh">.bh</a> <a href="/wiki/.bi" title=".bi">.bi</a> <a href="/wiki/.bj" title=".bj">.bj</a> <a href="/wiki/.bm" title=".bm">.bm</a> <a href="/wiki/.bn" title=".bn">.bn</a> <a href="/wiki/.bo" title=".bo">.bo</a> <a href="/wiki/.br" title=".br">.br</a> <a href="/wiki/.bs" title=".bs">.bs</a> <a href="/wiki/.bt" title=".bt">.bt</a> <a href="/wiki/.bw" title=".bw">.bw</a> <a href="/wiki/.by" title=".by">.by</a> <a href="/wiki/.bz" title=".bz">.bz</a><span class="nowrap">  </span><br /> <b>C</b> <a href="/wiki/.ca" title=".ca">.ca</a> <a href="/wiki/.cc" title=".cc">.cc</a> <a href="/wiki/.cd" title=".cd">.cd</a> <a href="/wiki/.cf" title=".cf">.cf</a> <a href="/wiki/.cg" title=".cg">.cg</a> <a href="/wiki/.ch" title=".ch">.ch</a> <a href="/wiki/.ci" title=".ci">.ci</a> <a href="/wiki/.ck" title=".ck">.ck</a> <a href="/wiki/.cl" title=".cl">.cl</a> <a href="/wiki/.cm" title=".cm">.cm</a> <a href="/wiki/.cn" title=".cn">.cn</a> <a href="/wiki/.co" title=".co">.co</a> <a href="/wiki/.cr" title=".cr">.cr</a> <a href="/wiki/.cu" title=".cu">.cu</a> <a href="/wiki/.cv" title=".cv">.cv</a> <a href="/wiki/.cw" title=".cw">.cw</a> <a href="/wiki/.cx" title=".cx">.cx</a> <a href="/wiki/.cy" title=".cy">.cy</a> <a href="/wiki/.cz" title=".cz">.cz</a><span class="nowrap">  </span><br /> <b>D</b> <a href="/wiki/.de" title=".de">.de</a> <a href="/wiki/.dj" title=".dj">.dj</a> <a href="/wiki/.dk" title=".dk">.dk</a> <a href="/wiki/.dm" title=".dm">.dm</a> <a href="/wiki/.do" title=".do">.do</a> <a href="/wiki/.dz" title=".dz">.dz</a><span class="nowrap">  </span><br /> <b>E</b> <a href="/wiki/.ec" title=".ec">.ec</a> <a href="/wiki/.ee" title=".ee">.ee</a> <a href="/wiki/.eg" title=".eg">.eg</a> <a href="/wiki/.er" title=".er">.er</a> <a href="/wiki/.es" title=".es">.es</a> <a href="/wiki/.et" title=".et">.et</a> <a href="/wiki/.eu" title=".eu">.eu</a><span class="nowrap">  </span><br /> <b>F</b> <a href="/wiki/.fi" title=".fi">.fi</a> <a href="/wiki/.fj" title=".fj">.fj</a> <a href="/wiki/.fk" title=".fk">.fk</a> <a href="/wiki/.fm" title=".fm">.fm</a> <a href="/wiki/.fo" title=".fo">.fo</a> <a href="/wiki/.fr" title=".fr">.fr</a><span class="nowrap">  </span><br /> <b>G</b> <a href="/wiki/.ga" title=".ga">.ga</a> <a href="/wiki/.gd" title=".gd">.gd</a> <a href="/wiki/.ge" title=".ge">.ge</a> <a href="/wiki/.gf" title=".gf">.gf</a> <a href="/wiki/.gg" title=".gg">.gg</a> <a href="/wiki/.gh" title=".gh">.gh</a> <a href="/wiki/.gi" title=".gi">.gi</a> <a href="/wiki/.gl" title=".gl">.gl</a> <a href="/wiki/.gm" title=".gm">.gm</a> <a href="/wiki/.gn" title=".gn">.gn</a> <a href="/wiki/.gp" title=".gp">.gp</a> <a href="/wiki/.gq" title=".gq">.gq</a> <a href="/wiki/.gr" title=".gr">.gr</a> <a href="/wiki/.gs" title=".gs">.gs</a> <a href="/wiki/.gt" title=".gt">.gt</a> <a href="/wiki/.gu" title=".gu">.gu</a> <a href="/wiki/.gw" title=".gw">.gw</a> <a href="/wiki/.gy" title=".gy">.gy</a><span class="nowrap">  </span><br /> <b>H</b> <a href="/wiki/.hk" title=".hk">.hk</a> <a href="/wiki/.hm" title=".hm">.hm</a> <a href="/wiki/.hn" title=".hn">.hn</a> <a href="/wiki/.hr" title=".hr">.hr</a> <a href="/wiki/.ht" title=".ht">.ht</a> <a href="/wiki/.hu" title=".hu">.hu</a><span class="nowrap">  </span><br /> <b>I</b> <a href="/wiki/.id" title=".id">.id</a> <a href="/wiki/.ie" title=".ie">.ie</a> <a href="/wiki/.il" title=".il">.il</a> <a href="/wiki/.im" title=".im">.im</a> <a href="/wiki/.in" title=".in">.in</a> <a href="/wiki/.io" title=".io">.io</a> <a href="/wiki/.iq" title=".iq">.iq</a> <a href="/wiki/.ir" title=".ir">.ir</a> <a href="/wiki/.is" title=".is">.is</a> <a href="/wiki/.it" title=".it">.it</a><span class="nowrap">  </span><br /> <b>J</b> <a href="/wiki/.je" title=".je">.je</a> <a href="/wiki/.jm" title=".jm">.jm</a> <a href="/wiki/.jo" title=".jo">.jo</a> <a href="/wiki/.jp" title=".jp">.jp</a><span class="nowrap">  </span><br /> <b>K</b> <a href="/wiki/.ke" title=".ke">.ke</a> <a href="/wiki/.kg" title=".kg">.kg</a> <a href="/wiki/.kh" title=".kh">.kh</a> <a href="/wiki/.ki" title=".ki">.ki</a> <a href="/wiki/.km" title=".km">.km</a> <a href="/wiki/.kn" title=".kn">.kn</a> <a href="/wiki/.kp" title=".kp">.kp</a> <a href="/wiki/.kr" title=".kr">.kr</a> <a href="/wiki/.kw" title=".kw">.kw</a> <a href="/wiki/.ky" title=".ky">.ky</a> <a href="/wiki/.kz" title=".kz">.kz</a><span class="nowrap">  </span><br /> <b>L</b> <a href="/wiki/.la" title=".la">.la</a> <a href="/wiki/.lb" title=".lb">.lb</a> <a href="/wiki/.lc" title=".lc">.lc</a> <a href="/wiki/.li" title=".li">.li</a> <a href="/wiki/.lk" title=".lk">.lk</a> <a href="/wiki/.lr" title=".lr">.lr</a> <a href="/wiki/.ls" title=".ls">.ls</a> <a href="/wiki/.lt" title=".lt">.lt</a> <a href="/wiki/.lu" title=".lu">.lu</a> <a href="/wiki/.lv" title=".lv">.lv</a> <a href="/wiki/.ly" title=".ly">.ly</a><span class="nowrap">  </span><br /> <b>M</b> <a href="/wiki/.ma" title=".ma">.ma</a> <a href="/wiki/.mc" title=".mc">.mc</a> <a href="/wiki/.md" title=".md">.md</a> <a href="/wiki/.me" title=".me">.me</a> <a href="/wiki/.mg" title=".mg">.mg</a> <a href="/wiki/.mh" title=".mh">.mh</a> <a href="/wiki/.mk" title=".mk">.mk</a> <a href="/wiki/.ml" title=".ml">.ml</a> <a href="/wiki/.mm" title=".mm">.mm</a> <a href="/wiki/.mn" title=".mn">.mn</a> <a href="/wiki/.mo" title=".mo">.mo</a> <a href="/wiki/.mp" title=".mp">.mp</a> <a href="/wiki/.mq" title=".mq">.mq</a> <a href="/wiki/.mr" title=".mr">.mr</a> <a href="/wiki/.ms" title=".ms">.ms</a> <a href="/wiki/.mt" title=".mt">.mt</a> <a href="/wiki/.mu" title=".mu">.mu</a> <a href="/wiki/.mv" title=".mv">.mv</a> <a href="/wiki/.mw" title=".mw">.mw</a> <a href="/wiki/.mx" title=".mx">.mx</a> <a href="/wiki/.my" title=".my">.my</a> <a href="/wiki/.mz" title=".mz">.mz</a><span class="nowrap">  </span><br /> <b>N</b> <a href="/wiki/.na" title=".na">.na</a> <a href="/wiki/.nc" title=".nc">.nc</a> <a href="/wiki/.ne" title=".ne">.ne</a> <a href="/wiki/.nf" title=".nf">.nf</a> <a href="/wiki/.ng" title=".ng">.ng</a> <a href="/wiki/.ni" title=".ni">.ni</a> <a href="/wiki/.nl" title=".nl">.nl</a> <a href="/wiki/.no" title=".no">.no</a> <a href="/wiki/.np" title=".np">.np</a> <a href="/wiki/.nr" title=".nr">.nr</a> <a href="/wiki/.nu" title=".nu">.nu</a> <a href="/wiki/.nz" title=".nz">.nz</a><span class="nowrap">  </span><br /> <b>O</b> <a href="/wiki/.om" title=".om">.om</a><span class="nowrap">  </span><br /> <b>P</b> <a href="/wiki/.pa" title=".pa">.pa</a> <a href="/wiki/.pe" title=".pe">.pe</a> <a href="/wiki/.pf" title=".pf">.pf</a> <a href="/wiki/.pg" title=".pg">.pg</a> <a href="/wiki/.ph" title=".ph">.ph</a> <a href="/wiki/.pk" title=".pk">.pk</a> <a href="/wiki/.pl" title=".pl">.pl</a> <a href="/wiki/.pm" title=".pm">.pm</a> <a href="/wiki/.pn" title=".pn">.pn</a> <a href="/wiki/.pr" title=".pr">.pr</a> <a href="/wiki/.ps" title=".ps">.ps</a> <a href="/wiki/.pt" title=".pt">.pt</a> <a href="/wiki/.pw" title=".pw">.pw</a> <a href="/wiki/.py" title=".py">.py</a><span class="nowrap">  </span><br /> <b>Q</b> <a href="/wiki/.qa" title=".qa">.qa</a><span class="nowrap">  </span><br /> <b>R</b> <a href="/wiki/.re" title=".re">.re</a> <a href="/wiki/.ro" title=".ro">.ro</a> <a href="/wiki/.rs" title=".rs">.rs</a> <a href="/wiki/.ru" title=".ru">.ru</a> <a href="/wiki/.rw" title=".rw">.rw</a><span class="nowrap">  </span><br /> <b>S</b> <a href="/wiki/.sa" title=".sa">.sa</a> <a href="/wiki/.sb" title=".sb">.sb</a> <a href="/wiki/.sc" title=".sc">.sc</a> <a href="/wiki/.sd" title=".sd">.sd</a> <a href="/wiki/.se" title=".se">.se</a> <a href="/wiki/.sg" title=".sg">.sg</a> <a href="/wiki/.sh" title=".sh">.sh</a> <a href="/wiki/.si" title=".si">.si</a> <a href="/wiki/.sk" title=".sk">.sk</a> <a href="/wiki/.sl" title=".sl">.sl</a> <a href="/wiki/.sm" title=".sm">.sm</a> <a href="/wiki/.sn" title=".sn">.sn</a> <a href="/wiki/.so" title=".so">.so</a> <a href="/wiki/.sr" title=".sr">.sr</a> <a href="/wiki/.ss" title=".ss">.ss</a> <a href="/wiki/.st" title=".st">.st</a> <a href="/wiki/.su" title=".su">.su</a> <a href="/wiki/.sv" title=".sv">.sv</a> <a href="/wiki/.sx" title=".sx">.sx</a> <a href="/wiki/.sy" title=".sy">.sy</a> <a href="/wiki/.sz" title=".sz">.sz</a><span class="nowrap">  </span><br /> <b>T</b> <a href="/wiki/.tc" title=".tc">.tc</a> <a href="/wiki/.td" title=".td">.td</a> <a href="/wiki/.tf" title=".tf">.tf</a> <a href="/wiki/.tg" title=".tg">.tg</a> <a href="/wiki/.th" title=".th">.th</a> <a href="/wiki/.tj" title=".tj">.tj</a> <a href="/wiki/.tk" title=".tk">.tk</a> <a href="/wiki/.tl" title=".tl">.tl</a> <a href="/wiki/.tm" title=".tm">.tm</a> <a href="/wiki/.tn" title=".tn">.tn</a> <a href="/wiki/.to" title=".to">.to</a> <a href="/wiki/.tr" title=".tr">.tr</a> <a href="/wiki/.tt" title=".tt">.tt</a> <a href="/wiki/.tv" title=".tv">.tv</a> <a href="/wiki/.tw" title=".tw">.tw</a> <a href="/wiki/.tz" title=".tz">.tz</a><span class="nowrap">  </span><br /> <b>U</b> <a href="/wiki/.ua" title=".ua">.ua</a> <a href="/wiki/.ug" title=".ug">.ug</a> <a href="/wiki/.uk" title=".uk">.uk</a> <a href="/wiki/.us" title=".us">.us</a> <a href="/wiki/.uy" title=".uy">.uy</a> <a href="/wiki/.uz" title=".uz">.uz</a><span class="nowrap">  </span><br /> <b>V</b> <a href="/wiki/.va" title=".va">.va</a> <a href="/wiki/.vc" title=".vc">.vc</a> <a href="/wiki/.ve" title=".ve">.ve</a> <a href="/wiki/.vg" title=".vg">.vg</a> <a href="/wiki/.vi" title=".vi">.vi</a> <a href="/wiki/.vn" title=".vn">.vn</a> <a href="/wiki/.vu" title=".vu">.vu</a><span class="nowrap">  </span><br /> <b>W</b> <a href="/wiki/.wf" title=".wf">.wf</a> <a href="/wiki/.ws" title=".ws">.ws</a><span class="nowrap">  </span><br /> <b>Y</b> <a href="/wiki/.ye" title=".ye">.ye</a> <a href="/wiki/.yt" title=".yt">.yt</a><span class="nowrap">  </span><br /> <b>Z</b> <a href="/wiki/.za" title=".za">.za</a> <a href="/wiki/.zm" title=".zm">.zm</a> <a href="/wiki/.zw" title=".zw">.zw</a> </p> </div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible uncollapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Internationalized_(IDN)_ccTLD194" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Internationalized_country_code_top-level_domain" title="Internationalized country code top-level domain">Internationalized (IDN) ccTLD</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd plainlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;color:inherit;"><div style="padding:0px"><table class="navbox-columns-table" style="border-spacing: 0px; text-align:left;width:100%;"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="font-weight:bold;"><a href="/wiki/Cyrillic_script" title="Cyrillic script">Cyrillic script</a></td><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;font-weight:bold;"><a href="/wiki/Arabic_script" title="Arabic script">Arabic script</a></td><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;font-weight:bold;"><a href="/wiki/Brahmic_scripts" title="Brahmic scripts">Brahmic scripts</a></td><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;font-weight:bold;"><a href="/wiki/Chinese_characters" title="Chinese characters">Chinese characters</a></td><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;font-weight:bold;"><a href="/wiki/Writing_system" title="Writing system">Other scripts</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td class="navbox-list" style="padding:0px;text-align:left;width:20em;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/.%D0%B1%D0%B3" title=".бг">.бг</a> (<i>bg</i>, <a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/.%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%BB" title=".бел">.бел</a> (<i>bieł</i>, <a href="/wiki/Belarus" title="Belarus">Belarus</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/.%D0%B5%D1%8E" class="mw-redirect" title=".ею">.ею</a> (<i>eyu</i>, <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/.%D2%9B%D0%B0%D0%B7" title=".қаз">.қаз</a> (<i>qaz</i>, <a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/.%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BD" title=".мон">.мон</a> (<i>mon</i>, <a href="/wiki/Mongolia" title="Mongolia">Mongolia</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/.%D0%BC%D0%BA%D0%B4" title=".мкд">.мкд</a> (<i>mkd</i>, <a href="/wiki/North_Macedonia" title="North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/.%D1%80%D1%84" title=".рф">.рф</a> (<i>rf</i>, <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/.%D1%81%D1%80%D0%B1" title=".срб">.срб</a> (<i>srb</i>, <a href="/wiki/Serbia" title="Serbia">Serbia</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/.%D1%83%D0%BA%D1%80" title=".укр">.укр</a> (<i>ukr</i>, <a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a>)</li></ul> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;text-align:left;width:20em;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/.dz" title=".dz">الجزائر.</a> (<i>al-Jazā’ir</i>, <a href="/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria">Algeria</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Misr_(domain_name)" class="mw-redirect" title="Misr (domain name)">مصر.</a> (<i>Miṣr</i>, <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/.in#Internationalized_domain_names_and_country_codes" title=".in">بھارت.</a> (<span title="ISO 233 Arabic (Urdu language) transliteration"><i lang="ur-Latn">Bhārat</i></span>, India)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/.ir#Persian_domains" title=".ir">ایران.</a> (<i>Irân</i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/.jo" title=".jo">الاردن.</a> (<i>al-Urdun</i>, <a href="/wiki/Jordan" title="Jordan">Jordan</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/.ps" title=".ps">فلسطين.</a> (<i>Filasṭin</i>, <a href="/wiki/Palestine" title="Palestine">Palestine</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/.pk#Internationalized_county_codes" title=".pk">پاکستان.</a> (<i>Pākistān</i>, <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/.qa" title=".qa">قطر.</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Qa%E1%B9%ADar" class="mw-redirect" title="Qaṭar">Qaṭar</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/AlSaudiah" title="AlSaudiah">السعودية.</a> (<i>al-Saudiah</i>, <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Internet_top-level_domains#Internationalized_country_code_top-level_domains" title="List of Internet top-level domains">سوريا.</a> (<i>Sūryā</i>, <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Internet_top-level_domains#Internationalized_country_code_top-level_domains" title="List of Internet top-level domains">تونس.</a> (<i>Tunis</i>, <a href="/wiki/Tunisia" title="Tunisia">Tunisia</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emarat" title="Emarat">امارات.</a> (<i>Emarat</i>, <a href="/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates" title="United Arab Emirates">UAE</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%D8%B9%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86." class="mw-redirect" title="عمان.">عمان.</a> (<i>ʻUmān</i>, <a href="/wiki/Oman" title="Oman">Oman</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%D9%85%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%A7." class="mw-redirect" title="مليسيا.">مليسيا.</a> (<i>Maleesya</i>, <a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%BA%D8%B1%D8%A8." class="mw-redirect" title="المغرب.">المغرب.</a> (<i>al-Maġrib</i>, <a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%86." class="mw-redirect" title="سودان.">سودان.</a> (<i>Sūdān</i>, <a href="/wiki/Sudan" title="Sudan">Sudan</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%85%D9%86." class="mw-redirect" title="اليمن.">اليمن.</a> (<i>al-Yaman</i>, <a href="/wiki/Yemen" title="Yemen">Yemen</a>)</li></ul> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;text-align:left;width:20em;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/.%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE" class="mw-redirect" title=".বাংলা">.বাংলা</a> (<span title="ISO 15919 Indic (Bengali language) transliteration"><i lang="bn-Latn">Bāṅla</i></span>, <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/.in#Internationalized_domain_names_and_country_codes" title=".in">.ভাৰত</a> (<span title="ISO transliteration"><i lang="as-Latn">Bhārat</i></span>, <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/.in#Internationalized_domain_names_and_country_codes" title=".in">.ভারত</a> (<span title="ISO 15919 Indic (Bengali language) transliteration"><i lang="bn-Latn">Bhārat</i></span>, <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/.in#Internationalized_domain_names_and_country_codes" title=".in">.भारत</a> (<span title="ISO 15919 Indic (Hindi language) transliteration"><i lang="hi-Latn">Bhārat</i></span>, India)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/.in#Internationalized_domain_names_and_country_codes" title=".in">.భారత్</a> (<span title="ISO 15919 Indic (Telugu language) transliteration"><i lang="te-Latn">Bhārat</i></span>, India)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/.in#Internationalized_domain_names_and_country_codes" title=".in">.ભારત</a> (<span title="ISO 15919 Indic (Gujarati language) transliteration"><i lang="gu-Latn">Bhārat</i></span>, India)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/.in#Internationalized_domain_names_and_country_codes" title=".in">.ਭਾਰਤ</a> (<span title="ISO 15919 Indic (Punjabi language) transliteration"><i lang="pa-Latn">Bhārat</i></span>, India)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/.in#Internationalized_domain_names_and_country_codes" title=".in">.ଭାରତ</a> (<span title="ISO 15919 Indic (Odia language) transliteration"><i lang="or-Latn">Bhārata</i></span>, India)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/.in#Internationalized_domain_names_and_country_codes" title=".in">.இந்தியா</a> (<span title="ISO 15919 Indic (Tamil language) transliteration"><i lang="ta-Latn">Indiyā</i></span>, India)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/.la" title=".la">.ລາວ</a> (<i>Lao</i>, <a href="/wiki/Laos" title="Laos">Laos</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/.sg" title=".sg">.சிங்கப்பூர்</a> (<span title="ISO 15919 Indic (Tamil language) transliteration"><i lang="ta-Latn">Cinkappūr</i></span>, <a href="/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore">Singapore</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/.lk#Internationalized_top-level_domains" title=".lk">.ලංකා</a> (<span title="ISO 15919 Indic (Sinhala language) transliteration"><i lang="si-Latn">Laṅkā</i></span>, <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/.lk#Internationalized_top-level_domains" title=".lk">.இலங்கை</a> (<span title="ISO 15919 Indic (Tamil language) transliteration"><i lang="ta-Latn">Ilaṅkai</i></span>, Sri Lanka)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/.th#Second_top_domain" title=".th">.ไทย</a> (<i>Thai</i>, <a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a>)</li></ul> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;text-align:left;width:20em;"><div> <ul><li><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hans"><a href="/wiki/.cn#Internationalized_domain_names" title=".cn">.中国</a></span></span> (<a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Simplified_Chinese" class="mw-redirect" title="Simplified Chinese">simplified Chinese</a>)</li> <li><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant"><a href="/wiki/.cn#Internationalized_domain_names" title=".cn">.中國</a></span></span> (China, in <a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese" class="mw-redirect" title="Traditional Chinese">traditional Chinese</a>)</li> <li><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant"><a href="/wiki/.hk" title=".hk">.香港</a></span></span> (<a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong" title="Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a>)</li> <li><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant"><a href="/wiki/.mo" title=".mo">.澳門</a></span></span> (<a href="/wiki/Macau" title="Macau">Macau</a>, trad.)</li> <li><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh"><a href="/wiki/.mo" title=".mo">.澳门</a></span></span> (Macau, simp.)</li> <li><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh"><a href="/wiki/.sg" title=".sg">.新加坡</a></span></span> (<a href="/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore">Singapore</a>)</li> <li><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-TW"><a href="/wiki/.tw" title=".tw">.台灣</a></span></span> (<a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Taiwan</a>, trad.)</li> <li><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh"><a href="/wiki/.tw" title=".tw">.台湾</a></span></span> (Taiwan, simp.)</li></ul> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;text-align:left;width:20em;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/.%D5%B0%D5%A1%D5%B5" title=".հայ">.հայ</a> (<i>hay</i>, <a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Armenia</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/.%CE%B5%CF%85" class="mw-redirect" title=".ευ">.ευ</a> (<i>ey</i>, <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/.ge" title=".ge">.გე</a> (<i>ge</i>, <a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)">Georgia</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/.gr" title=".gr">.ελ</a> (<i>el</i>, <a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/.kr" title=".kr">.한국</a> (<i>Han-guk</i>, <a href="/wiki/South_Korea" title="South Korea">South Korea</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%D7%99%D7%A9%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%9C." class="mw-redirect" title="ישראל.">ישראל.</a> (<i>Yisrael</i>, <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a>)</li></ul> <hr /> <div style="text-align:center;">Proposed IDN ccTLDs</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/.cy" title=".cy">.κπ</a> (<i>kp</i>, <a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a>)</li> <li><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja"><a href="/wiki/.jp" title=".jp">.日本</a></span></span> (<i>Nippon</i>, <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Others194" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Others</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;color:inherit;"><div style="padding:0px"><table class="navbox-columns-table" style="border-spacing: 0px; text-align:left;width:100%;"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="font-weight:bold;font-weight:normal;">Reserved / unassigned</td><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;font-weight:bold;font-weight:normal;">Allocated / unused</td><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;font-weight:bold;font-weight:normal;">Phased out / deleted</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td class="navbox-list" style="padding:0px;white-space:nowrap;text-align:center;width:10em;"><div> <p><a href="/wiki/.bl" title=".bl">.bl</a> <a href="/wiki/.bq" title=".bq">.bq</a> <a href="/wiki/.eh" title=".eh">.eh</a> <a href="/wiki/.mf" title=".mf">.mf</a> <a href="/wiki/.xk" title=".xk">.xk</a> </p> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;white-space:nowrap;text-align:center;width:10em;"><div> <p><a href="/wiki/.bv" title=".bv">.bv</a> <a href="/wiki/.gb" title=".gb">.gb</a> <a href="/wiki/.sj" title=".sj">.sj</a> </p> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;white-space:nowrap;text-align:center;width:10em;"><div> <p><a href="/wiki/.an" title=".an">.an</a> <a href="/wiki/.mm" title=".mm">.bu</a> <a href="/wiki/.cs" title=".cs">.cs</a> <a href="/wiki/.dd" title=".dd">.dd</a> <a href="/wiki/.tp" title=".tp">.tp</a> <a href="/wiki/.um" title=".um">.um</a> <a href="/wiki/.yu" title=".yu">.yu</a> <a href="/wiki/.zr" class="mw-redirect" title=".zr">.zr</a> </p> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>See also: <a href="/wiki/Generic_top-level_domain" title="Generic top-level domain">Generic top-level domains</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Unicode116" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Unicode_navigation" title="Template:Unicode navigation"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Unicode_navigation" title="Template talk:Unicode navigation"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Unicode_navigation" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Unicode navigation"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Unicode116" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Unicode" title="Unicode">Unicode</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Unicode</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Unicode_Consortium" title="Unicode Consortium">Unicode Consortium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_Coded_Character_Set" title="Universal Coded Character Set">ISO/IEC 10646 (Universal Character Set)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unicode#Versions" title="Unicode">Versions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Code_point" title="Code point">Code points</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Unicode_block" title="Unicode block">Block</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Unicode_blocks" title="Category:Unicode blocks">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_Character_Set_characters" title="Universal Character Set characters">Universal Character Set</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Unicode_charts" title="Category:Unicode charts">Character charts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unicode_character_property" title="Unicode character property">Character property</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plane_(Unicode)" title="Plane (Unicode)">Plane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Private_Use_Areas" title="Private Use Areas">Private Use Area</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Characters</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:12em"><a href="/wiki/Universal_Character_Set_characters#Special-purpose_characters" title="Universal Character Set characters">Special purpose</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Byte_order_mark" title="Byte order mark">BOM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combining_grapheme_joiner" title="Combining grapheme joiner">Combining grapheme joiner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Left-to-right_mark" class="mw-redirect" title="Left-to-right mark">Left-to-right mark</a> / <a href="/wiki/Right-to-left_mark" class="mw-redirect" title="Right-to-left mark">Right-to-left mark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soft_hyphen" title="Soft hyphen">Soft hyphen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Variant_form_(Unicode)" title="Variant form (Unicode)">Variant form</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Word_joiner" title="Word joiner">Word joiner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zero-width_joiner" title="Zero-width joiner">Zero-width joiner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zero-width_non-joiner" title="Zero-width non-joiner">Zero-width non-joiner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zero-width_space" title="Zero-width space">Zero-width space</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:12em">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Unicode_characters" title="List of Unicode characters">Characters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CJK_Unified_Ideographs" title="CJK Unified Ideographs">CJK Unified Ideographs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combining_character" title="Combining character">Combining character</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duplicate_characters_in_Unicode" title="Duplicate characters in Unicode">Duplicate characters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Numerals_in_Unicode" title="Numerals in Unicode">Numerals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Script_(Unicode)" title="Script (Unicode)">Scripts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_(punctuation)#Spaces_in_Unicode" title="Space (punctuation)">Spaces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unicode_symbol" title="Unicode symbol">Symbols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halfwidth_and_fullwidth_forms" title="Halfwidth and fullwidth forms">Halfwidth and fullwidth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unicode_alias_names_and_abbreviations" title="Unicode alias names and abbreviations">Alias names and abbreviations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whitespace_character#Unicode" title="Whitespace character">Whitespace characters</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Processing</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:12em">Algorithms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bidirectional_text" title="Bidirectional text">Bidirectional text</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unicode_collation_algorithm" title="Unicode collation algorithm">Collation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_14651" title="ISO/IEC 14651">ISO/IEC 14651</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unicode_equivalence" title="Unicode equivalence">Equivalence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Variant_form_(Unicode)" title="Variant form (Unicode)">Variation sequences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Ideographs_Core" title="International Ideographs Core">International Ideographs Core</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:12em"><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_Unicode_encodings" title="Comparison of Unicode encodings">Comparison of encodings</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Binary_Ordered_Compression_for_Unicode" title="Binary Ordered Compression for Unicode">BOCU-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CESU-8" title="CESU-8">CESU-8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punycode" title="Punycode">Punycode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standard_Compression_Scheme_for_Unicode" title="Standard Compression Scheme for Unicode">SCSU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UTF-1" title="UTF-1">UTF-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UTF-7" title="UTF-7">UTF-7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UTF-8" title="UTF-8">UTF-8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UTF-16" title="UTF-16">UTF-16/UCS-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UTF-32" title="UTF-32">UTF-32/UCS-4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UTF-EBCDIC" title="UTF-EBCDIC">UTF-EBCDIC</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">On pairs of<br />code points</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Combining_character" title="Combining character">Combining character</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unicode_compatibility_characters" title="Unicode compatibility characters">Compatibility characters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duplicate_characters_in_Unicode" title="Duplicate characters in Unicode">Duplicate characters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unicode_equivalence" title="Unicode equivalence">Equivalence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homoglyph" title="Homoglyph">Homoglyph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Precomposed_character" title="Precomposed character">Precomposed character</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_precomposed_Latin_characters_in_Unicode" title="List of precomposed Latin characters in Unicode">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Z-variant" title="Z-variant">Z-variant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Variant_form_(Unicode)" title="Variant form (Unicode)">Variation sequences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regional_indicator_symbol" title="Regional indicator symbol">Regional indicator symbol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emoji#Skin_color" title="Emoji">Emoji skin color</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Usage</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Domain names (IDN)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unicode_and_email" title="Unicode and email">Email</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unicode_font" title="Unicode font">Fonts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unicode_and_HTML" title="Unicode and HTML">HTML</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_XML_and_HTML_character_entity_references" title="List of XML and HTML character entity references">entity references</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Numeric_character_reference" title="Numeric character reference">numeric references</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unicode_input" title="Unicode input">Input</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Ideographs_Core" title="International Ideographs Core">International Ideographs Core</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related standards</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Common_Locale_Data_Repository" title="Common Locale Data Repository">Common Locale Data Repository (CLDR)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GB_18030" title="GB 18030">GB 18030</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_8859" title="ISO/IEC 8859">ISO/IEC 8859</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DIN_91379" title="DIN 91379">DIN 91379</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_15924" title="ISO 15924">ISO 15924</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Unicode_anomaly" class="mw-redirect" title="Unicode anomaly">Anomalies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ConScript_Unicode_Registry" title="ConScript Unicode Registry">ConScript Unicode Registry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ideographic_Research_Group" title="Ideographic Research Group">Ideographic Research Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Components_for_Unicode" title="International Components for Unicode">International Components for Unicode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:People_involved_with_Unicode" title="Category:People involved with Unicode">People involved with Unicode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Han_unification" title="Han unification">Han unification</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Scripts_and_symbols_in_Unicode476" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Script_(Unicode)" title="Script (Unicode)">Scripts</a> and symbols in Unicode</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Script_(Unicode)#Common_and_inherited_scripts" title="Script (Unicode)">Common and <br />inherited scripts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Combining_character" title="Combining character">Combining marks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diacritic" title="Diacritic">Diacritics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punctuation#Punctuation_marks_in_Unicode" title="Punctuation">Punctuation marks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_(punctuation)#Spaces_in_Unicode" title="Space (punctuation)">Spaces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Numerals_in_Unicode" title="Numerals in Unicode">Numbers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Modern scripts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adlam_script" title="Adlam script">Adlam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_script" title="Arabic script">Arabic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_alphabet" title="Armenian alphabet">Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balinese_script" title="Balinese script">Balinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bamum_script" title="Bamum script">Bamum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Batak_script" title="Batak script">Batak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengali%E2%80%93Assamese_script" title="Bengali–Assamese script">Bengali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bopomofo" title="Bopomofo">Bopomofo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Braille" title="Braille">Braille</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buhid_script" title="Buhid script">Buhid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mon%E2%80%93Burmese_script" title="Mon–Burmese script">Burmese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Aboriginal_syllabics" title="Canadian Aboriginal syllabics">Canadian Aboriginal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chakma_script" title="Chakma script">Chakma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cham_script" title="Cham script">Cham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cherokee_syllabary" title="Cherokee syllabary">Cherokee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CJK_Unified_Ideographs" title="CJK Unified Ideographs">CJK Unified Ideographs (Han)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyrillic_script_in_Unicode" title="Cyrillic script in Unicode">Cyrillic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deseret_alphabet" title="Deseret alphabet">Deseret</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devanagari" title="Devanagari">Devanagari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garay_alphabet" title="Garay alphabet">Garay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ge%CA%BDez_script" title="Geʽez script">Geʽez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_scripts" title="Georgian scripts">Georgian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_script_in_Unicode" title="Greek script in Unicode">Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gujarati_script" title="Gujarati script">Gujarati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gunjala_Gondi_script" title="Gunjala Gondi script">Gunjala Gondi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gurmukhi" title="Gurmukhi">Gurmukhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gurung_Khema" class="mw-redirect" title="Gurung Khema">Gurung Khema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hangul" title="Hangul">Hangul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanifi_Rohingya_script" title="Hanifi Rohingya script">Hanifi Rohingya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanja" title="Hanja">Hanja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanunoo_script" title="Hanunoo script">Hanunuoo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_alphabet" title="Hebrew alphabet">Hebrew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hiragana" title="Hiragana">Hiragana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Javanese_script" title="Javanese script">Javanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanji" title="Kanji">Kanji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kannada_script" title="Kannada script">Kannada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katakana" title="Katakana">Katakana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kayah_Li_alphabet" title="Kayah Li alphabet">Kayah Li</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khmer_script" title="Khmer script">Khmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirat_Rai" title="Kirat Rai">Kirat Rai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lao_script" title="Lao script">Lao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_script_in_Unicode" title="Latin script in Unicode">Latin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lepcha_script" title="Lepcha script">Lepcha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limbu_script" title="Limbu script">Limbu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fraser_script" title="Fraser script">Lisu (Fraser)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lontara_script" title="Lontara script">Lontara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malayalam_script" title="Malayalam script">Malayalam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gondi_writing#Munshi_Mangal_Singh_Masaram_Script" title="Gondi writing">Masaram Gondi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mende_Kikakui_script" title="Mende Kikakui script">Mende Kikakui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medefaidrin" title="Medefaidrin">Medefaidrin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pollard_script" title="Pollard script">Miao (Pollard)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_script" title="Mongolian script">Mongolian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mru_language#Alphabet" title="Mru language">Mru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N%27Ko_script" title="N'Ko script">N'Ko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nag_Mundari" class="mw-redirect" title="Nag Mundari">Nag Mundari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Tai_Lue_alphabet" title="New Tai Lue alphabet">New Tai Lue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N%C3%BCshu" title="Nüshu">Nüshu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyiakeng_Puachue_Hmong" title="Nyiakeng Puachue Hmong">Nyiakeng Puachue Hmong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odia_script" title="Odia script">Odia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ol_Chiki_script" title="Ol Chiki script">Ol Chiki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ol_Onal" title="Ol Onal">Ol Onal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osage_script" title="Osage script">Osage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osmanya_alphabet" title="Osmanya alphabet">Osmanya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pahawh_Hmong" title="Pahawh Hmong">Pahawh Hmong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pau_Cin_Hau_script" title="Pau Cin Hau script">Pau Cin Hau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pracalit_script" title="Pracalit script">Pracalit (Newa)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ranjana_script" title="Ranjana script">Ranjana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rejang_alphabet" title="Rejang alphabet">Rejang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samaritan_script" title="Samaritan script">Samaritan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saurashtra_script" title="Saurashtra script">Saurashtra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shavian_alphabet" title="Shavian alphabet">Shavian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinhala_script" title="Sinhala script">Sinhala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sorang_Sompeng_script" title="Sorang Sompeng script">Sorang Sompeng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sundanese_script" title="Sundanese script">Sundanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunwar_language" title="Sunwar language">Sunuwar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syriac_alphabet" title="Syriac alphabet">Syriac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tagbanwa_script" title="Tagbanwa script">Tagbanwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tai_Le_script" title="Tai Le script">Tai Le</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tai_Tham_script" title="Tai Tham script">Tai Tham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tai_Dam_language#Writing_system" title="Tai Dam language">Tai Viet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_script" title="Tamil script">Tamil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tangsa_language" title="Tangsa language">Tangsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telugu_script" title="Telugu script">Telugu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thaana" title="Thaana">Thaana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_script" title="Thai script">Thai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_script" title="Tibetan script">Tibetan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tifinagh" title="Tifinagh">Tifinagh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tirhuta_script" title="Tirhuta script">Tirhuta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toto_language#Writing_system" title="Toto language">Toto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vai_syllabary" title="Vai syllabary">Vai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wancho_script" title="Wancho script">Wancho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warang_Citi" title="Warang Citi">Warang Citi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yi_script" title="Yi script">Yi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ancient and<br />historic scripts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ahom_script" title="Ahom script">Ahom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anatolian_hieroglyphs" title="Anatolian hieroglyphs">Anatolian hieroglyphs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_North_Arabian" title="Ancient North Arabian">Ancient North Arabian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avestan_alphabet" title="Avestan alphabet">Avestan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bassa_Vah_alphabet" title="Bassa Vah alphabet">Bassa Vah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhaiksuki_script" title="Bhaiksuki script">Bhaiksuki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahmi_script" title="Brahmi script">Brāhmī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carian_alphabets" title="Carian alphabets">Carian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caucasian_Albanian_script" title="Caucasian Albanian script">Caucasian Albanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coptic_script" title="Coptic script">Coptic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuneiform" title="Cuneiform">Cuneiform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cypriot_syllabary" title="Cypriot syllabary">Cypriot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cypro-Minoan_syllabary" title="Cypro-Minoan syllabary">Cypro-Minoan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhives_Akuru" title="Dhives Akuru">Dives Akuru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dogri_script" title="Dogri script">Dogra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_hieroglyphs" title="Egyptian hieroglyphs">Egyptian hieroglyphs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elbasan" title="Elbasan">Elbasan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elymaic" title="Elymaic">Elymaic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glagolitic_script" title="Glagolitic script">Glagolitic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_alphabet" title="Gothic alphabet">Gothic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grantha_script" title="Grantha script">Grantha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hatran_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Hatran alphabet">Hatran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aramaic_alphabet" title="Aramaic alphabet">Imperial Aramaic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pahlavi_scripts#Inscriptional_Pahlavi" title="Pahlavi scripts">Inscriptional Pahlavi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parthian_language#Written_Parthian" title="Parthian language">Inscriptional Parthian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaithi" title="Kaithi">Kaithi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kawi_script" title="Kawi script">Kawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kharosthi" title="Kharosthi">Kharosthi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khitan_small_script" title="Khitan small script">Khitan small script</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khojki_script" title="Khojki script">Khojki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khudabadi_script" title="Khudabadi script">Khudawadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khwarezmian_language" title="Khwarezmian language">Khwarezmian</a> (Chorasmian)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linear_A" title="Linear A">Linear A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linear_B" title="Linear B">Linear B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lycian_alphabet" title="Lycian alphabet">Lycian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lydian_alphabet" title="Lydian alphabet">Lydian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahajani" title="Mahajani">Mahajani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makassarese_language#Writing_systems" title="Makassarese language">Makasar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandaic_alphabet" title="Mandaic alphabet">Mandaic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manichaean_script" title="Manichaean script">Manichaean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marchen_script" title="Marchen script">Marchen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meitei_script" title="Meitei script">Meetei Mayek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meroitic_script" title="Meroitic script">Meroitic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modi_script" title="Modi script">Modi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multani_script" title="Multani script">Multani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nabataean_script" title="Nabataean script">Nabataean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nandinagari" title="Nandinagari">Nandinagari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ogham" title="Ogham">Ogham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Hungarian_script" title="Old Hungarian script">Old Hungarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Italic_scripts" title="Old Italic scripts">Old Italic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Permic_script" title="Old Permic script">Old Permic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Persian_cuneiform" title="Old Persian cuneiform">Old Persian cuneiform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sogdian_alphabet" title="Sogdian alphabet">Old Sogdian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Turkic_script" title="Old Turkic script">Old Turkic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Uyghur" title="Old Uyghur">Old Uyghur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palmyrene_alphabet" title="Palmyrene alphabet">Palmyrene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%CA%BCPhags-pa_script" title="ʼPhags-pa script">ʼPhags-pa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phoenician_alphabet" title="Phoenician alphabet">Phoenician</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pahlavi_scripts#Psalter_Pahlavi" title="Pahlavi scripts">Psalter Pahlavi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rune" class="mw-redirect" title="Rune">Runic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharada_script" title="Sharada script">Sharada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siddha%E1%B9%83_script" title="Siddhaṃ script">Siddham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sogdian_alphabet" title="Sogdian alphabet">Sogdian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_South_Arabian_script" title="Ancient South Arabian script">South Arabian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyombo_script" title="Soyombo script">Soyombo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sylheti_Nagri" title="Sylheti Nagri">Sylheti Nagri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baybayin" title="Baybayin">Tagalog (Baybayin)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takri_script" title="Takri script">Takri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tangut_script" title="Tangut script">Tangut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Todhri_alphabet" title="Todhri alphabet">Todhri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tigalari_script" title="Tigalari script">Tulu Tigalari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ugaritic_alphabet" title="Ugaritic alphabet">Ugaritic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vithkuqi_alphabet" title="Vithkuqi alphabet">Vithkuqi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yezidi_(script)" class="mw-redirect" title="Yezidi (script)">Yezidi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zanabazar_square_script" title="Zanabazar square script">Zanabazar Square</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Notational scripts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Duployan_shorthand" title="Duployan shorthand">Duployan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SignWriting" title="SignWriting">SignWriting</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Symbols, emojis</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religious_and_political_symbols_in_Unicode" title="Religious and political symbols in Unicode">Cultural, political, and religious symbols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Currency_symbol" title="Currency symbol">Currency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Control_Pictures" title="Control Pictures">Control Pictures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mathematical_operators_and_symbols_in_Unicode" title="Mathematical operators and symbols in Unicode">Mathematical operators and symbols</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_mathematical_symbols" title="Glossary of mathematical symbols">Glossary</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phonetic_symbols_in_Unicode" title="Phonetic symbols in Unicode">Phonetic symbols (including IPA)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emoji" title="Emoji">Emoji</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Unicode" title="Category:Unicode">Category: Unicode</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Unicode_blocks" title="Category:Unicode blocks">Category: Unicode blocks</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Internationalized_domain_name&oldid=1280186781">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Internationalized_domain_name&oldid=1280186781</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Category</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Internationalized_domain_names" title="Category:Internationalized domain names">Internationalized domain names</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_url-status" title="Category:CS1 maint: url-status">CS1 maint: url-status</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" title="Category:Webarchive template wayback links">Webarchive template wayback links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_dead_external_links" title="Category:All articles with dead external links">All articles with dead external links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_dead_external_links_from_January_2020" title="Category:Articles with dead external links from January 2020">Articles with dead external links from January 2020</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_permanently_dead_external_links" title="Category:Articles with permanently dead external links">Articles with permanently dead external links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements" title="Category:All articles with unsourced statements">All articles with unsourced statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_January_2020" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from January 2020">Articles with unsourced statements from January 2020</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_German-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing German-language text">Articles containing German-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_with_style_issues_from_May_2020" title="Category:Wikipedia articles with style issues from May 2020">Wikipedia articles with style issues from May 2020</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_style_issues" title="Category:All articles with style issues">All articles with style issues</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_in_need_of_updating_from_January_2022" title="Category:Wikipedia articles in need of updating from January 2022">Wikipedia articles in need of updating from January 2022</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_Wikipedia_articles_in_need_of_updating" title="Category:All Wikipedia articles in need of updating">All Wikipedia articles in need of updating</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_clarification_from_January_2022" title="Category:Wikipedia articles needing clarification from January 2022">Wikipedia articles needing clarification from January 2022</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_August_2016" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from August 2016">Articles with unsourced statements from August 2016</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_Wikipedia_articles_needing_clarification" title="Category:All Wikipedia articles needing clarification">All Wikipedia articles needing clarification</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Chinese-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Chinese-language text">Articles containing Chinese-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Japanese-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Japanese-language text">Articles containing Japanese-language text</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 13 March 2025, at 01:44<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Internationalized_domain_name&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://www.wikimedia.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><picture><source media="(min-width: 500px)" srcset="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia.svg" width="25" height="25" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" lang="en" loading="lazy"></picture></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><picture><source media="(min-width: 500px)" srcset="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" width="88" height="31"><img src="/w/resources/assets/mediawiki_compact.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" lang="en" width="25" height="25" loading="lazy"></picture></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-header-container vector-sticky-header-container"> <div id="vector-sticky-header" class="vector-sticky-header"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-start"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-start vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" aria-hidden="true"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-sticky-header-search-toggle" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.vector-sticky-search-form.icon"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </button> </div> <div role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box"> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="vector-sticky-search-form" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia"> <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-context-bar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-sticky-header-toc" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-sticky-header-toc vector-sticky-header-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-sticky-header-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-sticky-header-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-sticky-header-toc-label" for="vector-sticky-header-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-sticky-header-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div class="vector-sticky-header-context-bar-primary" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="mw-page-title-main">Internationalized domain name</span></div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-end" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icons"> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-talk-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="talk-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-speechBubbles mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-speechBubbles"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-subject-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="subject-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-article mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-article"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-history-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="history-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-history mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-history"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only mw-watchlink" id="ca-watchstar-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="watch-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-star mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-star"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="wikitext-edit-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikiText mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-wikiText"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-ve-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-edit mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-edit"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-viewsource-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-protected-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-editLock mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-editLock"></span> <span></span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-buttons"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet mw-interlanguage-selector" id="p-lang-btn-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-language"></span> <span>28 languages</span> </button> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive" id="ca-addsection-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="addsection-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-speechBubbleAdd-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-speechBubbleAdd-progressive"></span> <span>Add topic</span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-end"> <div class="vector-user-links"> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="mw-portlet mw-portlet-dock-bottom emptyPortlet" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul> </ul> </div> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-5d5f45b5c6-scn9c","wgBackendResponseTime":170,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"0.933","walltime":"1.139","ppvisitednodes":{"value":7547,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":260613,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":10088,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":18,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":10,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":237304,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":0,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 943.030 1 -total"," 36.08% 340.203 2 Template:Reflist"," 16.73% 157.780 44 Template:Cite_web"," 15.91% 149.992 1 Template:CcTLD"," 15.63% 147.426 1 Template:Navbox_with_collapsible_groups"," 10.39% 98.024 1 Template:Langx"," 9.00% 84.847 9 Template:Cite_news"," 6.61% 62.360 1 Template:Short_description"," 6.61% 62.353 5 Template:Citation_needed"," 6.38% 60.168 6 Template:Fix"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.558","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":24742777,"limit":52428800}},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-5d5f45b5c6-2px9b","timestamp":"20250328150001","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Internationalized domain name","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Internationalized_domain_name","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q756903","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q756903","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2003-12-19T12:36:19Z","dateModified":"2025-03-13T01:44:32Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/7\/7c\/IDN-utopia-greek.jpg","headline":"Internet domain name that contains at least one label that is displayed in software applications, in whole or in part, in a language-specific script or alphabet"}</script> </body> </html>