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class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Origins" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Origins"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Origins</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Origins-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Dingnan_Jiedushi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dingnan_Jiedushi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.1</span> <span>Dingnan Jiedushi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dingnan_Jiedushi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Jingzong_(1038–1048)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Jingzong_(1038–1048)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Jingzong (1038–1048)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Jingzong_(1038–1048)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Yizong_(1048–1068)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Yizong_(1048–1068)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Yizong (1048–1068)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Yizong_(1048–1068)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Huizong_(1068–1086)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Huizong_(1068–1086)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Huizong (1068–1086)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Huizong_(1068–1086)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chongzong_(1086–1139)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chongzong_(1086–1139)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Chongzong (1086–1139)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chongzong_(1086–1139)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Renzong_(1139–1193)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Renzong_(1139–1193)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>Renzong (1139–1193)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Renzong_(1139–1193)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Huanzong_(1193–1206)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Huanzong_(1193–1206)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.7</span> <span>Huanzong (1193–1206)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Huanzong_(1193–1206)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Xiangzong_(1206–1211)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Xiangzong_(1206–1211)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.8</span> <span>Xiangzong (1206–1211)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Xiangzong_(1206–1211)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Shenzong_(1211–1223)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Shenzong_(1211–1223)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.9</span> <span>Shenzong (1211–1223)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Shenzong_(1211–1223)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Xianzong_(1223–1226)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Xianzong_(1223–1226)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.10</span> <span>Xianzong (1223–1226)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Xianzong_(1223–1226)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mo_(1226–1227)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mo_(1226–1227)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.11</span> <span>Mo (1226–1227)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mo_(1226–1227)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Destruction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Destruction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.12</span> <span>Destruction</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Destruction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Military" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Military"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Military</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Military-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Culture</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Culture subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Language" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Language"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Language</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Language-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dress" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dress"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Dress</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dress-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Religion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Economy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Economy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rulers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rulers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Rulers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rulers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Administrative_divisions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Administrative_divisions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Administrative divisions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Administrative_divisions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gallery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gallery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Gallery</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gallery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.2</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Western Xia</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 56 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-56" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">56 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westelike_Xia" title="Westelike Xia – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Westelike Xia" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D9%8A%D8%A7_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%BA%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="شيا الغربية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="شيا الغربية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperiu_tangut" title="Imperiu tangut – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Imperiu tangut" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Si_Sya" title="Si Sya – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Si Sya" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%AA%DB%8C_%D8%B4%DB%8C%D8%A7_%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A7%E2%80%8C%D9%84%D9%87%E2%80%8C%D8%B3%DB%8C" title="باتی شیا سولا‌له‌سی – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="باتی شیا سولا‌له‌سی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Se_H%C4%81" title="Se Hā – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Se Hā" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D1%8F%D0%B5_%D0%A1%D1%8F" title="Заходняе Ся – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Заходняе Ся" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%A1%D1%8F" title="Западна Ся – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Западна Ся" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%83%D0%B4_%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81" title="Тангуд улас – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Тангуд улас" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Буряад</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperi_Tangut" title="Imperi Tangut – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Imperi Tangut" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Z%C3%A1padn%C3%AD_Sia" title="Západní Sia – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Západní Sia" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xi_Xia" title="Xi Xia – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Xi Xia" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westliche_Xia-Dynastie" title="Westliche Xia-Dynastie – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Westliche Xia-Dynastie" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A4%C3%A4ne-Xia" title="Lääne-Xia – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Lääne-Xia" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperio_tangut" title="Imperio tangut – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Imperio tangut" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Okcidenta_Xia" title="Okcidenta Xia – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Okcidenta Xia" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%DB%8C%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%AE%D8%AA%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="شیای باختری – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="شیای باختری" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dynastie_des_Xia_occidentaux" title="Dynastie des Xia occidentaux – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Dynastie des Xia occidentaux" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%84%9C%ED%95%98" title="서하 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="서하" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE" title="पश्चिमी शिया – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="पश्चिमी शिया" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zapadna_Xia" title="Zapadna Xia – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Zapadna Xia" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xia_Barat" title="Xia Barat – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Xia Barat" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinastia_Xia_occidentale" title="Dinastia Xia occidentale – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Dinastia Xia occidentale" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xia_Kulon" title="Xia Kulon – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Xia Kulon" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D2%A3%D2%93%D2%B1%D1%82" title="Таңғұт – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Таңғұт" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xanedana_Xia_ya_Rojava" title="Xanedana Xia ya Rojava – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Xanedana Xia ya Rojava" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rietumu_Sja_valsts" title="Rietumu Sja valsts – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Rietumu Sja valsts" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nyugati_Hszia-dinasztia" title="Nyugati Hszia-dinasztia – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Nyugati Hszia-dinasztia" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xia_Barat" title="Xia Barat – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Xia Barat" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C4%83%CC%A4-h%C3%A2" title="Să̤-hâ – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Să̤-hâ" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%83%D0%B4_%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%81" title="Тангуд улс – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Тангуд улс" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%A1%E1%80%94%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%80%E1%80%BA%E1%80%9B%E1%80%BE%E1%80%AC%E1%80%B8%E1%80%94%E1%80%9A%E1%80%BA" title="အနောက်ရှားနယ် – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="အနောက်ရှားနယ်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westelijke_Xia" title="Westelijke Xia – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Westelijke Xia" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E5%A4%8F" title="西夏 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="西夏" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xixia-riket" title="Xixia-riket – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Xixia-riket" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emp%C3%A8ri_Tangut" title="Empèri Tangut – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Empèri Tangut" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%DB%81%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%A7_%D8%B4%DB%8C%D8%A7_%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AC" title="لہندا شیا راج – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="لہندا شیا راج" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xixia" title="Xixia – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Xixia" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imp%C3%A9rio_Tangute" title="Império Tangute – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Império Tangute" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8_%D0%A1%D1%8F" title="Си Ся – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Си Ся" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%95%DB%86%DA%98%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="ڕۆژاوای سیا – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ڕۆژاوای سیا" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0_%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%A1%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Династија Западни Сја – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Династија Западни Сја" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zapadna_Xia" title="Zapadna Xia – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Zapadna Xia" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xixia" title="Xixia – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Xixia" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%81_%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BE" title="மேற்கு சியா – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="மேற்கு சியா" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%81" title="เซี่ยตะวันตก – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="เซี่ยตะวันตก" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bat%C4%B1_%C5%9Eia_Hanedan%C4%B1" title="Batı Şia Hanedanı – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Batı Şia Hanedanı" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B0%D1%85%D1%96%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%A1%D1%8F" title="Західна Ся – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Західна Ся" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%BA%D8%B1%D8%A8%DB%8C_%D8%B4%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="مغربی شیا – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="مغربی شیا" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%A7%DA%AD%D8%BA%DB%87%D8%AA_%D8%B3%DB%87%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%89%D8%B3%D9%89" title="تاڭغۇت سۇلالىسى – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="تاڭغۇت سۇلالىسى" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saehah" title="Saehah – Zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Saehah" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="Zhuang" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vahcuengh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%A2y_H%E1%BA%A1" title="Tây Hạ – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Tây Hạ" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E5%A4%8F" title="西夏 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="西夏" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E5%A4%8F" title="西夏 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="西夏" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a 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searchaux" style="display:none">Dynasty in northwest China (1038–1227)</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other dynasties with the same name, see <a href="/wiki/Xia_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Xia (disambiguation)">Xia (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Xi Xia" and "Xixia" redirect here. For the Chinese general whose name may be transliterated as Xi Xia, see <a href="/wiki/Xi_Qia" title="Xi Qia">Xi Qia</a>. For locations, see <a href="/wiki/Xixia_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Xixia (disambiguation)">Xixia (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1043282317">.mw-parser-output .ib-country{border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country td,.mw-parser-output .ib-country th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-full-data{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-header{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.2}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-names{padding-top:0.25em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-name-style{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-image{padding:0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-anthem{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding-top:0.5em;margin-top:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-largest,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-lang{font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-ethnic,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-religion,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-sovereignty{font-weight:normal;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li{text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li2{text-indent:0.5em;margin-left:1em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-website{line-height:11pt}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption3{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn{text-align:left;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-num{margin-left:1em}</style><table class="infobox ib-country vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above adr"><div class="fn org country-name">Great Xia</div><div class="ib-country-names"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">大夏</span></span><br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Western_Xia_2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="𗴂𗹭𘜶𗴲𗂧" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Western_Xia_2.svg/80px-Western_Xia_2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Western_Xia_2.svg/120px-Western_Xia_2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Western_Xia_2.svg/160px-Western_Xia_2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="360" data-file-height="72" /></a></span> (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">白高大夏國</span></span>)<br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Western_Xia_1.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="𗴂𗹭𗂧𘜶" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Western_Xia_1.svg/60px-Western_Xia_1.svg.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Western_Xia_1.svg/90px-Western_Xia_1.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Western_Xia_1.svg/120px-Western_Xia_1.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="288" data-file-height="72" /></a></span> (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">大白高國</span></span>)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader">1038–1227</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Song-Liao-Xixia-1111.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Location of Western Xia in 1111 (green in north west)"><img alt="Location of Western Xia in 1111 (green in north west)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Song-Liao-Xixia-1111.png/250px-Song-Liao-Xixia-1111.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="241" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Song-Liao-Xixia-1111.png/375px-Song-Liao-Xixia-1111.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Song-Liao-Xixia-1111.png/500px-Song-Liao-Xixia-1111.png 2x" data-file-width="556" data-file-height="537" /></a></span><div class="ib-country-map-caption">Location of Western Xia in 1111 (green in north west)</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Western_Xia.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Western Xia in 1150"><img alt="Western Xia in 1150" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Western_Xia.png/250px-Western_Xia.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="177" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Western_Xia.png/375px-Western_Xia.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Western_Xia.png/500px-Western_Xia.png 2x" data-file-width="1274" data-file-height="901" /></a></span><div class="ib-country-map-caption">Western Xia in 1150</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Capital</th><td class="infobox-data">Xingqing (modern <a href="/wiki/Yinchuan" title="Yinchuan">Yinchuan</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Common languages</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tangut_language" title="Tangut language">Tangut</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Religion <div class="ib-country-religion"></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Taoism" title="Taoism">Taoism</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Confucianism" title="Confucianism">Confucianism</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_folk_religion" title="Chinese folk religion">Chinese folk religion</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Government</th><td class="infobox-data">Monarchy</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Rulers">Emperor</a></th><td class="infobox-data"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1038–1048 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Emperor_Jingzong_of_Western_Xia" title="Emperor Jingzong of Western Xia">Emperor Jingzong</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1139–1193 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Emperor_Renzong_of_Western_Xia" title="Emperor Renzong of Western Xia">Emperor Renzong</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1226–1227 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Emperor_Mo_of_Western_Xia" title="Emperor Mo of Western Xia">Li Xian</a> (final)</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Historical era</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Post-classical_history" title="Post-classical history">Post-classical history</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Rebellion by <a href="/wiki/Li_Jiqian" title="Li Jiqian">Li Jiqian</a> against the <a href="/wiki/Song_dynasty" title="Song dynasty">Song dynasty</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">984</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Dynasty established by <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Jingzong_of_Western_Xia" title="Emperor Jingzong of Western Xia">Emperor Jingzong</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1038</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Subjugation by the <a href="/wiki/Mongol_Empire" title="Mongol Empire">Mongol Empire</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1210</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Destruction by the Mongol Empire </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1227</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Area</th></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">1100 <abbr title="estimation">est.</abbr><sup id="cite_ref-Turchin222_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Turchin222-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></th><td class="infobox-data">1,000,000 km<sup>2</sup> (390,000 sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Population</th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• peak </div></th><td class="infobox-data">3,000,000<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Currency</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Barter" title="Barter">Barter</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cash_(Chinese_coin)" title="Cash (Chinese coin)">copper coins</a><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint noexcerpt Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS"><span title="This claim needs references to better sources. (March 2024)">better source needed</span></a></i>]</sup><br /><i>See <a href="/wiki/Western_Xia_coinage" title="Western Xia coinage">Western Xia coinage</a></i></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"> <table style="width:95%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; display:inline-table;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="text-align:center; border:0; padding-bottom:0"><div id="before-after"></div> <b>Preceded by</b></td> <td style="text-align:center;border:0; padding-bottom:0;"><b>Succeeded by</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center; border:0;"> <table style="width:100%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; border:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></span></span> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Dingnan_Jiedushi" title="Dingnan Jiedushi">Dingnan Jiedushi</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></span></span> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Xiliangfu" title="Xiliangfu">Xiliangfu</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></span></span> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Guiyi_Circuit" title="Guiyi Circuit">Guiyi Circuit</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></span></span> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Gansu_Uyghur_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Gansu Uyghur Kingdom">Gansu Uyghur Kingdom</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></span></span> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Liao_dynasty" title="Liao dynasty">Liao dynasty</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></span></span> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Song_dynasty" title="Song dynasty">Song dynasty</a> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center;border:0;"> <table style="width:92%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; border:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Mongol_Empire" title="Mongol Empire">Mongol Empire</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></span></span> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1092331828">@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output 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support">rendering support</a>, you may see <a href="/wiki/Specials_(Unicode_block)#Replacement_character" title="Specials (Unicode block)">question marks, boxes, or other symbols</a> instead of <a href="/wiki/Tangut_script" title="Tangut script">Tangut characters</a>.</div></div> </div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%E5%8D%97%E5%AE%8B%E7%96%86%E5%9F%9F%E5%9B%BE%EF%BC%88%E7%B9%81%EF%BC%89.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/%E5%8D%97%E5%AE%8B%E7%96%86%E5%9F%9F%E5%9B%BE%EF%BC%88%E7%B9%81%EF%BC%89.png/300px-%E5%8D%97%E5%AE%8B%E7%96%86%E5%9F%9F%E5%9B%BE%EF%BC%88%E7%B9%81%EF%BC%89.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="222" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/%E5%8D%97%E5%AE%8B%E7%96%86%E5%9F%9F%E5%9B%BE%EF%BC%88%E7%B9%81%EF%BC%89.png/450px-%E5%8D%97%E5%AE%8B%E7%96%86%E5%9F%9F%E5%9B%BE%EF%BC%88%E7%B9%81%EF%BC%89.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/%E5%8D%97%E5%AE%8B%E7%96%86%E5%9F%9F%E5%9B%BE%EF%BC%88%E7%B9%81%EF%BC%89.png/600px-%E5%8D%97%E5%AE%8B%E7%96%86%E5%9F%9F%E5%9B%BE%EF%BC%88%E7%B9%81%EF%BC%89.png 2x" data-file-width="1417" data-file-height="1047" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/East_Asia" title="East Asia">East Asia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Central_Asia" title="Central Asia">Central Asia</a> in AD <a href="/wiki/1142" title="1142">1142</a>: the <a href="/wiki/Song_dynasty" title="Song dynasty">Southern Song dynasty</a> in orange (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><span class="legend nowrap"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#f1b100; color:black;"> </span> </span>); the <a href="/wiki/Jin_dynasty_(1115%E2%80%931234)" title="Jin dynasty (1115–1234)">Jin dynasty</a> in grey (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><span class="legend nowrap"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#d7d8be; color:black;"> </span> </span>) in the northeast; the <b>Western Xia in turquoise</b> (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><span class="legend nowrap"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#6cdcb3; color:black;"> </span> </span>) and the Western Liao (<a href="/wiki/Qara_Khitai" title="Qara Khitai">Qara Khitai</a>) in lime green (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><span class="legend nowrap"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#cbef7d; color:black;"> </span> </span>) in the northwest; and the <a href="/wiki/Dali_Kingdom" title="Dali Kingdom">Dali Kingdom</a> in dark green (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><span class="legend nowrap"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#a3c59d; color:black;"> </span> </span>) in the southwest.</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1246091330">.mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.2em;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border-collapse:collapse;display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:table!important;float:right!important;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em!important}.mw-parser-output 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks plainlist" style="background:#FFEECC;"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_China" title="Category:History of China">a series</a> on the</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/History_of_China" title="History of China">History of China</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span class="notpageimage mw-no-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/History_of_China" title="History of China"><img alt="History of China in Chinese characters and seal script" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/%22History_of_China%22_for_template_heading.svg/200px-%22History_of_China%22_for_template_heading.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="47" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/%22History_of_China%22_for_template_heading.svg/300px-%22History_of_China%22_for_template_heading.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/%22History_of_China%22_for_template_heading.svg/400px-%22History_of_China%22_for_template_heading.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="121" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Chinese_history" title="Timeline of Chinese history">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dynasties_of_China" title="Dynasties of China">Dynasties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_historiography" title="Chinese historiography">Historiography</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFE4B5;border-top: 1px solid #666;border-bottom: 1px solid #666;color: #000 !important;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Prehistory_of_China" title="Prehistory of China">Prehistoric</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="background: #f0faff; text-align: left"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/List_of_Paleolithic_sites_in_China" title="List of Paleolithic sites in China">Paleolithic</a></b></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/List_of_Neolithic_cultures_of_China" title="List of Neolithic cultures of China">Neolithic</a></b> <span class="nowrap">(<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 8500</span> – c.<span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 2000 BC</span>)</span></li></ul> <dl><dd><b><a href="/wiki/Yellow_River_civilization" title="Yellow River civilization">Yellow</a></b>, <b><a href="/wiki/Yangtze_civilization" title="Yangtze civilization">Yangtze</a></b>, and <b><a href="/wiki/Liao_civilization" title="Liao civilization">Liao civilization</a></b></dd></dl></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFE4B5;border-top: 1px solid #666;border-bottom: 1px solid #666;color: #000 !important;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient China">Ancient</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="background: #eeffe8; text-align: left"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Xia_dynasty" title="Xia dynasty">Xia</a></b> <span class="nowrap">(<span title="circa">c.</span><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 2070</span> – c.<span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1600 BC</span>)</span></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Shang_dynasty" title="Shang dynasty">Shang</a></b> <span class="nowrap">(<span title="circa">c.</span><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1600</span> – c.<span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1046 BC</span>)</span></li></ul> <dl><dd><b><a href="/wiki/Late_Shang" title="Late Shang">Late Shang</a></b> <span class="nowrap">(<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1250</span> – c.<span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1046</span> BC)</span></dd></dl> <hr /> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Zhou_dynasty" title="Zhou dynasty">Zhou</a></b> <span class="nowrap">(<span title="circa">c.</span><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1046</span> – c.<span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 256 BC</span>)</span></li></ul> <dl><dd><b><a href="/wiki/Western_Zhou" title="Western Zhou">Western Zhou</a></b> <span class="nowrap">(1046–771 BC)</span></dd> <dd><b><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Zhou" title="Eastern Zhou">Eastern Zhou</a></b> <span class="nowrap">(771–256 BC)</span> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Spring_and_Autumn_period" title="Spring and Autumn period">Spring and Autumn</a> <span class="nowrap">(<span title="circa">c.</span><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 770</span> – c.<span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 476 BC</span>)</span></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Warring_States_period" title="Warring States period">Warring States</a> <span class="nowrap">(475–221 BC)</span></dd></dl></dd></dl></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFE4B5;border-top: 1px solid #666;border-bottom: 1px solid #666;color: #000 !important;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Imperial_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Imperial China">Imperial</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="background: #fffde9; text-align: left"><div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" aria-label="Navbox"><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd plainlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;background: #fffde9; text-align: left"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Qin_dynasty" title="Qin dynasty">Qin</a></b> <span class="nowrap">(221–207 BC)</span></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Han_dynasty" title="Han dynasty">Han</a></b> <span class="nowrap">(206 BC – 220 AD)</span></li></ul> <dl><dd><b><a href="/wiki/Chu%E2%80%93Han_Contention" title="Chu–Han Contention">Chu–Han Contention</a></b> <span class="nowrap">(206–202 BC)</span></dd> <dd><b><a href="/wiki/Han_dynasty#Western_Han" title="Han dynasty">Western Han</a></b> <span class="nowrap">(202 BC – 9 AD)</span></dd> <dd><b><a href="/wiki/Xin_dynasty" title="Xin dynasty">Xin</a></b> <span class="nowrap">(9–23 AD)</span></dd> <dd><b><a href="/wiki/Han_dynasty#Eastern_Han" title="Han dynasty">Eastern Han</a></b> <span class="nowrap">(25–220 AD)</span></dd></dl> <hr /> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Three_Kingdoms" title="Three Kingdoms">Three Kingdoms</a></b> <span class="nowrap">(220–280 AD)</span></li></ul> <dl><dd><b><a href="/wiki/Cao_Wei" title="Cao Wei">Wei</a></b>, <b><a href="/wiki/Shu_Han" title="Shu Han">Shu</a></b>, and <b><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Wu" title="Eastern Wu">Wu</a></b></dd></dl> <hr /> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Jin_dynasty_(266%E2%80%93420)" title="Jin dynasty (266–420)">Jin</a></b> <span class="nowrap">(266–420)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" aria-label="Navbox"><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;background: #fffde9; text-align: left;"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd plainlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;color:inherit;"><div style="padding:0px"><table class="navbox-columns-table" style="border-spacing: 0px; text-align:left;width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="width:5em;">   </td><td class="navbox-list" style="padding:0px;width:50%;"><div> <dl><dd><b><a href="/wiki/Jin_dynasty_(266%E2%80%93420)#Western_Jin_(266–316)" title="Jin dynasty (266–420)">Western Jin</a></b> <span class="nowrap">(266–316)</span></dd> <dd><b><a href="/wiki/Jin_dynasty_(266%E2%80%93420)#Eastern_Jin_(317–420)" title="Jin dynasty (266–420)">Eastern Jin</a></b> <span class="nowrap">(317–420)</span></dd></dl> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;width:50%;"><div> <ul><li><br /></li> <li><br /></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Sixteen_Kingdoms" title="Sixteen Kingdoms">Sixteen Kingdoms</a></b> <span class="nowrap">(304–439)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <hr /> <div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" aria-label="Navbox"><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd plainlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;background: #fffde9; text-align: left"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Northern_and_Southern_dynasties" title="Northern and Southern dynasties">Northern and<br />Southern dynasties</a></b> <span class="nowrap">(420–589)</span></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Sui_dynasty" title="Sui dynasty">Sui</a></b> <span class="nowrap">(581–618)</span></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Tang_dynasty" title="Tang dynasty">Tang</a></b> <span class="nowrap">(618–907)</span> <ul><li><dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Wu_Zhou" title="Wu Zhou">Wu Zhou</a> <span class="nowrap">(690–705)</span></dd></dl></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <hr /> <div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" aria-label="Navbox"><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;background: #fffde9; text-align: left;"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd plainlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;color:inherit;"><div style="padding:0px"><table class="navbox-columns-table" style="border-spacing: 0px; text-align:left;width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="width:5em;">   </td><td class="navbox-list" style="padding:0px;width:50%;"><div> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Five_Dynasties_and_Ten_Kingdoms_period" title="Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period">Five Dynasties and<br />Ten Kingdoms</a></b> <span class="nowrap">(907–979)</span></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Song_dynasty" title="Song dynasty">Song</a></b> <span class="nowrap">(960–1279)</span></li></ul> <dl><dd><b><a href="/wiki/Song_dynasty#Northern_Song,_960–1127" title="Song dynasty">Northern Song</a></b> <span class="nowrap">(960–1127)</span></dd> <dd><b><a href="/wiki/Song_dynasty#Southern_Song,_1127–1279" title="Song dynasty">Southern Song</a></b> <span class="nowrap">(1127–1279)</span></dd></dl> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;width:50%;"><div> <ul><li><br /></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Liao_dynasty" title="Liao dynasty">Liao</a></b> <span class="nowrap">(916–1125)</span></li> <li><br /></li> <li><b><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Western Xia</a></b> <span class="nowrap">(1038–1227)</span></li> <li><br /></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Jin_dynasty_(1115%E2%80%931234)" title="Jin dynasty (1115–1234)">Jin</a></b> <span class="nowrap">(1115–1234)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <hr /> <div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" aria-label="Navbox"><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd plainlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;background: #fffde9; text-align: left"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Yuan_dynasty" title="Yuan dynasty">Yuan</a></b> <span class="nowrap">(1271–1368)</span></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Ming_dynasty" title="Ming dynasty">Ming</a></b> <span class="nowrap">(1368–1644)</span></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Qing_dynasty" title="Qing dynasty">Qing</a></b> <span class="nowrap">(1644–1912)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFE4B5;border-top: 1px solid #666;border-bottom: 1px solid #666;color: #000 !important;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Modern_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Modern China">Modern</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="background: #fff0f6; text-align: left"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_China_(1912%E2%80%931949)" title="Republic of China (1912–1949)">Republic of China</a></b> <span class="nowrap">(mainland, 1912–1949)</span></li></ul> <hr /> <div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" aria-label="Navbox"><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;background: #fff0f6; text-align: left;"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd plainlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;color:inherit;"><div style="padding:0px"><table class="navbox-columns-table" style="border-spacing: 0px; text-align:left;width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="width:5em;">   </td><td class="navbox-list" style="padding:0px;width:50%;"><div> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="People's Republic of China">People's Republic<br />of China</a></b> <span class="nowrap">(1949–present)</span></li></ul> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;width:50%;"><div> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Republic of China">Republic of China</a></b> <span class="nowrap">(Taiwan,<br />1949–present)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed hlist"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFE4B5;border-top: 1px solid #666;border-bottom: 1px solid #666;color: #000 !important;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Related articles</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_art#History_and_development" title="Chinese art">Art history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_China" title="Economic history of China">Economic history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_education_in_China" title="History of education in China">Education history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_history_of_China" title="Legal history of China">Legal history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_history_in_China" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT history in China">LGBT history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_history_of_China" title="Media history of China">Media history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_China#History" title="Music of China">Music history</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Chinese_music" title="Timeline of Chinese music">Timeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_China_before_1912" title="Military history of China before 1912">Military history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naval_history_of_China" title="Naval history of China">Naval history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_religion_in_China" title="History of religion in China">History of religion in China</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Christianity_in_China" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Christianity in China">Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_China" title="History of the Jews in China">Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Islam_in_China" title="History of Islam in China">Islam</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_science_and_technology_in_China" title="History of science and technology in China">Science and technology history</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Chinese_archaeology" title="History of Chinese archaeology">Archaeology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cartography_of_China" title="Cartography of China">Cartography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Chinese_discoveries" title="List of Chinese discoveries">Discoveries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Chinese_inventions" title="List of Chinese inventions">Inventions</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_transport_in_China" title="History of transport in China">Transport history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_ancient_and_imperial_China" title="Women in ancient and imperial China">Women's history</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:History_of_China" title="Template:History of China"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:History_of_China" title="Template talk:History of China"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:History_of_China" title="Special:EditPage/Template:History of China"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Western Xia</b> or the <b>Xi Xia</b> (<a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E5%A4%8F" class="extiw" title="wikt:西夏">西夏</a></span>; <a href="/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin">pinyin</a>: <i><span lang="zh-Latn">Xī Xià</span></i>; <a href="/wiki/Wade%E2%80%93Giles" title="Wade–Giles">Wade–Giles</a>: <i><span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Hsi<sup>1</sup> Hsia<sup>4</sup></span></i>), officially the <b>Great Xia</b> (<span lang="zh">大夏</span>; <i><span lang="zh-Latn">Dà Xià</span></i>; <i><span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Ta<sup>4</sup> Hsia<sup>4</sup></span></i>), also known as the <b>Tangut Empire</b>, and known as <span title="Standard Tibetan-language romanization"><i lang="bo-Latn">Mi-nyak</i></span><sup id="cite_ref-Stein_1972,_pp._70–71_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stein_1972,_pp._70–71-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to the Tanguts and Tibetans, was a <a href="/wiki/Tangut_people" title="Tangut people">Tangut</a>-led <a href="/wiki/Dynasties_of_China" title="Dynasties of China">imperial dynasty of China</a> that existed from 1038 to 1227. At its peak, the dynasty ruled over modern-day northwestern China, including parts of <a href="/wiki/Ningxia" title="Ningxia">Ningxia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gansu" title="Gansu">Gansu</a>, eastern <a href="/wiki/Qinghai" title="Qinghai">Qinghai</a>, northern <a href="/wiki/Shaanxi" title="Shaanxi">Shaanxi</a>, northeastern <a href="/wiki/Xinjiang" title="Xinjiang">Xinjiang</a>, and southwest <a href="/wiki/Inner_Mongolia" title="Inner Mongolia">Inner Mongolia</a>, and southernmost <a href="/wiki/Outer_Mongolia" title="Outer Mongolia">Outer Mongolia</a>, measuring about 800,000 square kilometres (310,000 square miles).<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The capital of Western Xia was <a href="/wiki/Xingqing_Prefecture" title="Xingqing Prefecture">Xingqing</a> (modern <a href="/wiki/Yinchuan" title="Yinchuan">Yinchuan</a>); another major Xia city and archaeological site is <a href="/wiki/Khara-Khoto" title="Khara-Khoto">Khara-Khoto</a>. Western Xia was annihilated by the <a href="/wiki/Mongol_Empire" title="Mongol Empire">Mongols</a> in 1227. Most of its written records and architecture were destroyed, so the founders and history of the empire remained obscure until 20th-century research in China and the West. Today the <a href="/wiki/Tangut_language" title="Tangut language">Tangut language</a> and its <a href="/wiki/Tangut_script" title="Tangut script">unique script</a> are extinct, only fragments of <a href="/wiki/List_of_Tangut_books" title="List of Tangut books">Tangut literature</a> remain. </p><p>The Western Xia occupied the area around the <a href="/wiki/Hexi_Corridor" title="Hexi Corridor">Hexi Corridor</a>, a stretch of the <a href="/wiki/Silk_Road" title="Silk Road">Silk Road</a>, the most important trade route between <a href="/wiki/Northern_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Northern China">northern China</a> and <a href="/wiki/Central_Asia" title="Central Asia">Central Asia</a>. They made significant achievements in literature, art, music, and architecture, which was characterized as "shining and sparkling".<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Their extensive stance among the other empires of the <a href="/wiki/Liao_dynasty" title="Liao dynasty">Liao</a>, <a href="/wiki/Song_dynasty" title="Song dynasty">Song</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Jin_dynasty_(1115%E2%80%931234)" title="Jin dynasty (1115–1234)">Jin</a> was attributable to their effective military organizations that integrated cavalry, chariots, archery, shields, artillery (cannons carried on the back of camels), and amphibious troops for combat on land and water.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Name">Name</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Western_Xia&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Name"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The full title of the Western Xia as named by their own state is <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1065318431">.mw-parser-output .Tangut{font-family:"Tangut Yinchuan","Tangut N4694","New Tangut","New Tangut Std","Tangut TWU","TH-Tshyn-P1","TH-Feon-B","Noto Serif Tangut"}</style><span class="Tangut" style="display:inline-block; text-orientation: upright; -webkit-text-orientation: upright;" title="Tangut text">L1572 L1890 L2937 L4456</span> reconstructed as <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/*phiow¹-bjij²-lhjij-lhjij²/</span>, which word by word denotes 'white', 'high', 'kingdom', 'great', or <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1065318431"><span class="Tangut" style="display:inline-block; text-orientation: upright; -webkit-text-orientation: upright;" title="L1572 L1890 L4457 L0071 L2937">𗴂𗹭𘜶𗴲𗂧</span>, 'white', 'high', 'great', 'summer', 'kingdom'. The corresponding Chinese name, <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">白高大夏國</span></span> ("White High Great Xia State"), was also used. Chinese and Japanese scholars commonly interpret the first two words as "upper reaches of the White River", which was possibly referring to the <a href="/wiki/Yellow_River" title="Yellow River">Yellow River</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKepping1994364_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKepping1994364-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Ksenia_Kepping" title="Ksenia Kepping">Kepping</a> (1994) proposed the translation "the Kingdom of the Great Xia of the White and Lofty", and suggested that the name refers to a peak in the <a href="/wiki/Helan_Mountains" title="Helan Mountains">Helan Mountains</a> named the "White and Lofty Mother".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKepping1994373_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKepping1994373-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The region was known to the Tanguts as <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/mjɨ-njaa/</span>, and to the Tibetans as Minyak.<sup id="cite_ref-Stein_1972,_pp._70–71_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stein_1972,_pp._70–71-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another name the Tanguts used for their state was <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/khjɨ-dwuu-lhjij/</span> (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">萬祕國</span></span>), which means the "State of Ten Thousand Secrets".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKepping1994373_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKepping1994373-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "Western Xia" or "Xi Xia" is the state's Chinese name. "Western" refers to its location to the west of the <a href="/wiki/Liao_dynasty" title="Liao dynasty">Liao</a> (916–1125) and <a href="/wiki/Jin_dynasty_(1115%E2%80%931234)" title="Jin dynasty (1115–1234)">Jin</a> (1115–1234) dynasties, as well as the Song. "Xia" (pointing to the <a href="/wiki/Xia_dynasty" title="Xia dynasty">Xia dynasty</a>) is a historical name for the region that originated from the 5th-century <a href="/wiki/Xia_(Sixteen_Kingdoms)" title="Xia (Sixteen Kingdoms)">Hu Xia dynasty</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKepping1994359–361_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKepping1994359–361-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The name Tangut is derived from a form first found in the <a href="/wiki/Orkhon_inscriptions" title="Orkhon inscriptions">Orkhon inscriptions</a> dated to 735, which is transcribed in Chinese as Tangwu or Tangute (<i>Tangghut</i> (<i>Tangɣud</i>) in <a href="/wiki/Mongolian_language" title="Mongolian language">Mongolian</a>). Tangut was used a common name for certain tribes in the <a href="/wiki/Amdo" title="Amdo">Amdo</a>-Kokonor-<a href="/wiki/Gansu" title="Gansu">Gansu</a> region until the 19th century. The Tanguts called themselves Minag, transcribed in Chinese as Mianyao or Miyao.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETwitchett1994156_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETwitchett1994156-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Western_Xia&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%E8%A5%BF%E5%A4%8F%E7%94%B7%E4%BE%9B%E9%A4%8A%E4%BA%BA%E5%83%8F.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/%E8%A5%BF%E5%A4%8F%E7%94%B7%E4%BE%9B%E9%A4%8A%E4%BA%BA%E5%83%8F.png/220px-%E8%A5%BF%E5%A4%8F%E7%94%B7%E4%BE%9B%E9%A4%8A%E4%BA%BA%E5%83%8F.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/%E8%A5%BF%E5%A4%8F%E7%94%B7%E4%BE%9B%E9%A4%8A%E4%BA%BA%E5%83%8F.png/330px-%E8%A5%BF%E5%A4%8F%E7%94%B7%E4%BE%9B%E9%A4%8A%E4%BA%BA%E5%83%8F.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2b/%E8%A5%BF%E5%A4%8F%E7%94%B7%E4%BE%9B%E9%A4%8A%E4%BA%BA%E5%83%8F.png 2x" data-file-width="388" data-file-height="300" /></a><figcaption>Tangut officials</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Tanguts" title="Timeline of the Tanguts">Timeline of the Tanguts</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Origins">Origins</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Western_Xia&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Origins"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Dingnan_Jiedushi" title="Dingnan Jiedushi">Dingnan Jiedushi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Guiyi_Circuit" title="Guiyi Circuit">Guiyi Circuit</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ganzhou_Uyghur_Kingdom" title="Ganzhou Uyghur Kingdom">Ganzhou Uyghur Kingdom</a></div> <p>The Tanguts originally came from the <a href="/wiki/Qinghai" title="Qinghai">Qinghai</a>-<a href="/wiki/Sichuan" title="Sichuan">Sichuan</a>-<a href="/wiki/Tibet" title="Tibet">Tibet</a> region, whose home originally was in the highlands of western Sichuan.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Chinese records, which called them the Dangxiang, the Tanguts were descended from the Western <a href="/wiki/Qiang_(historical_people)" title="Qiang (historical people)">Qiang</a> people, and occupied the steppes around <a href="/wiki/Qinghai_Lake" title="Qinghai Lake">Qinghai Lake</a> and the mountains to its south.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETwitchett1994156_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETwitchett1994156-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 608, the Tanguts helped the <a href="/wiki/Sui_dynasty" title="Sui dynasty">Sui dynasty</a> defeat the <a href="/wiki/Tuyuhun" title="Tuyuhun">Tuyuhun</a>, however they were betrayed by the Sui forces, who took the chance to loot the Tanguts. In 635, they were requested to serve as guides for <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Taizong%27s_campaign_against_Tuyuhun" title="Emperor Taizong's campaign against Tuyuhun">Emperor Taizong's campaign against Tuyuhun</a>, but the Tang forces double crossed them in a surprise attack and seized thousands of livestock. In retaliation, the Tanguts attacked the Tang and killed thousands of their soldiers.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWang2013226-227_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWang2013226-227-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By the 650s, the Tanguts had left their homeland to escape pressure from the <a href="/wiki/Tibetans" class="mw-redirect" title="Tibetans">Tibetans</a> and migrated eastward, to what are now parts of <a href="/wiki/Shanxi" title="Shanxi">Shanxi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shaanxi" title="Shaanxi">Shaanxi</a>. In 584-5 Tuoba Ningzong led the first group of Tanguts to submit to the Sui. In 628-629 another group under the leadership of Xifeng Bulai surrendered to the Tang. After the Tuyuhun were defeated in 635, the Tanguts under Tuoba Chici also surrendered. The 340,000 Tanguts were divided into 32 <i><a href="/wiki/Jimi_system" title="Jimi system">jimi</a></i> prefectures under the control of Tangut chieftains appointed as prefects. Another wave of Tanguts entered Tang territory in 692, adding as many as 200,000 persons to the population in <a href="/wiki/Lingwu" title="Lingwu">Lingzhou</a> and <a href="/wiki/Xi%C3%A0_Prefecture" title="Xià Prefecture">Xiazhou</a>. In 721–722, Tuoba Sitai, a descendant of Tuoba Chici, aided the Tang in putting down a <a href="/wiki/Sogdians" class="mw-redirect" title="Sogdians">Sogdian</a>-led revolt in <a href="/wiki/Shuofang" class="mw-redirect" title="Shuofang">Shuofang</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETwitchett1994157-159_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETwitchett1994157-159-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the time of the <a href="/wiki/An_Lushan_Rebellion" class="mw-redirect" title="An Lushan Rebellion">An Lushan Rebellion</a> in the 750s, the Tanguts had become the primary local power in the <a href="/wiki/Ordos_region" class="mw-redirect" title="Ordos region">Ordos region</a> in northern Shaanxi. In the 760s, the military commander, Ashina Sijian, harassed six Tangut tribes and took their camels and horses. The Tanguts fled west across the <a href="/wiki/Yellow_River" title="Yellow River">Yellow River</a> and started working for the Tibetans as guides on raiding expeditions. In 764, the Tanguts joined the Tibetans and <a href="/wiki/Uyghurs" title="Uyghurs">Uyghurs</a> in supporting the Tang rebel <a href="/wiki/Pugu_Huaien" class="mw-redirect" title="Pugu Huaien">Pugu Huaien</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWang2013226-227_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWang2013226-227-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the Tang reasserted their authority, a descendant of Tuoba Chici, Tuoba Chaoguang, was put in charge of the loyal Tanguts. The Yeli, Bali, and Bozhou clans continued to side with the Tibetans, however the Tanguts also came under Tibetan predation, and frontier settlements continued switching between Tang and Tibetan control for many years.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETwitchett1994161_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETwitchett1994161-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 806, the Acting Minister of Works, Du You, admitted that they treated the Tanguts badly: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>In recent years, corrupt frontier generals have repeatedly harassed and mistreated [the Tanguts]. Some profited from [unfair trading in] their fine horses; some seized their sons and daughters. Some accepted their local products as bribes, and some imposed corvée on them. Having suffered so much hardship, the Tanguts rebelled and fled. They either sent envoys to contact the Uighurs or cooperated with the Tibetans to raid our borders. These are the consequences of [Tang frontier generals’ wrong] deeds. We must discipline them.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWang2013277_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWang2013277-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Du You</cite></div></blockquote> <p>In 814 the Tang appointed a Commissioner for Pacifying the Tanguts to Youzhou (modern <a href="/wiki/Otog_Banner" title="Otog Banner">Otog Banner</a>), however this did not resolve the Tangut problem. In 820 the Tanguts were subjected to the tyranny of a local governor, Tian Jin. They retaliated by joining the Tibetans in raids on Tang garrisons. Sporadic conflict with the Tanguts lasted until the 840s when they rose in open revolt against the Tang, but the rebellion was suppressed. Eventually the Tang court was able to mollify the Tanguts by admonishing their frontier generals and replacing them with more disciplined ones.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWang2013227-228_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWang2013227-228-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Tanguts also fought against the Uyghurs after the collapse of the <a href="/wiki/Uyghur_Khaganate" title="Uyghur Khaganate">Uyghur Khaganate</a> because they both wanted to monopolize the horse trade which passed through Lingzhou.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETwitchett1994162_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETwitchett1994162-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Dingnan_Jiedushi">Dingnan Jiedushi</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Western_Xia&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Dingnan Jiedushi"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Song%E2%80%93Xia_wars" title="Song–Xia wars">Song–Xia wars</a></div> <p>In 873, the senior Tangut leader at Xiazhou, <a href="/wiki/Li_Sigong" title="Li Sigong">Tuoba Sigong</a>, occupied <a href="/wiki/Otog_Banner" title="Otog Banner">Youzhou</a> and declared himself prefect. When <a href="/wiki/Chang%27an" title="Chang'an">Chang'an</a> fell to <a href="/wiki/Huang_Chao" title="Huang Chao">Huang Chao</a> in 880, Sigong led a Chinese-Tangut army to assist Tang forces in driving out the rebels. For his service, he was granted in 881 control of Xiazhou, Youzhou, <a href="/wiki/Sui_Prefecture_(Shaanxi)" title="Sui Prefecture (Shaanxi)">Suizhou</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yin_Prefecture" title="Yin Prefecture">Yinzhou</a>, and later also <a href="/wiki/Jingbian_County" title="Jingbian County">Jingbian</a>. Together the territory was called <a href="/wiki/Dingnan_Jiedushi" title="Dingnan Jiedushi">Dingnan Jiedushi</a>, also known as Xiasui, centered on modern <a href="/wiki/Yulin,_Shaanxi" title="Yulin, Shaanxi">Yulin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shaanxi" title="Shaanxi">Shaanxi</a>. After the Huang Chao rebellion's defeat in 883, Sigong was granted the dynastic surname Li and enfeoffed as "Duke of Xia". In 878, the <a href="/wiki/Shatuo" title="Shatuo">Shatuo</a> chieftain <a href="/wiki/Li_Guochang" title="Li Guochang">Li Guochang</a> attacked the Tanguts but was repelled by a <a href="/wiki/Tuyuhun" title="Tuyuhun">Tuyuhun</a> intervention.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETwitchett1994163_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETwitchett1994163-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Xixia_Wanling_Museum_-_22912002356.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Xixia_Wanling_Museum_-_22912002356.jpg/220px-Xixia_Wanling_Museum_-_22912002356.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Xixia_Wanling_Museum_-_22912002356.jpg/330px-Xixia_Wanling_Museum_-_22912002356.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Xixia_Wanling_Museum_-_22912002356.jpg/440px-Xixia_Wanling_Museum_-_22912002356.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2800" data-file-height="1867" /></a><figcaption>Xixia stone inscriptions</figcaption></figure> <p>Sigong died in 886 and was succeeded by his brother <a href="/wiki/Li_Sijian" title="Li Sijian">Sijian</a>. In 905 <a href="/wiki/Li_Keyong" title="Li Keyong">Li Keyong</a>'s independent regime allied with the <a href="/wiki/Khitan_people" title="Khitan people">Khitans</a>, which pushed the Tanguts into an alliance with <a href="/wiki/Later_Liang_(Five_Dynasties)" title="Later Liang (Five Dynasties)">Later Liang</a>, which awarded the Dingnan rulers with honorary titles. Sijian died in 908 and was succeeded by his adopted son <a href="/wiki/Li_Yichang" title="Li Yichang">Yichang</a>, who was murdered by his officer Gao Zongyi in 909. Gao Zongyi was himself murdered by soldiers of Dingnan and was replaced by Yichang's uncle, <a href="/wiki/Li_Renfu" title="Li Renfu">Renfu</a>, who was a popular officer in the army. In 910 Dingnan came under a monthlong siege by the forces of <a href="/wiki/Qi_(Li_Maozhen%27s_state)" title="Qi (Li Maozhen's state)">Qi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jin_(Later_Tang_precursor)" title="Jin (Later Tang precursor)">Jin</a> but was able to repel the invasion with the aid of Later Liang. In 922 Renfu sent 500 horses to <a href="/wiki/Luoyang" title="Luoyang">Luoyang</a>, perhaps to aid the Later Liang in fighting the Shatuo. In 924 Renfu was enfeoffed as "Prince of Shuofang" by <a href="/wiki/Later_Tang" title="Later Tang">Later Tang</a>. When Renfu died in 933, Later Tang tried to replace his son, <a href="/wiki/Li_Yichao" title="Li Yichao">Yichao</a>, with a Sogdian governor, An Congjin. An Congjin besieged Xiazhou with 50,000 soldiers, but the Tanguts mounted a successful defensive by rallying the tribes and stripping the countryside of any resources. The Later Tang army was forced to retreat after three months. Despite Later Tang aggression, Yichao made peace with them by sending 50 horses as an offering.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETwitchett1994164-165_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETwitchett1994164-165-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Yichao died in 935 and was succeeded by his brother <a href="/wiki/Li_Yixing" title="Li Yixing">Yixing</a>. Yixing discovered a plot by his brother, Yimin, to overthrow him in 943. Yimin fled to Chinese territory, but was returned to Xiazhou for execution. Over 200 clan members were implicated in the plot, resulting in a purge of the core ranks. Yimin's post was taken by a loyal official, Renyu. Not long afterward, Renyu was killed by the Yemu <a href="/wiki/Qiang_(historical_people)" title="Qiang (historical people)">Qiang</a>, who departed for Chinese territory. In 944 Yixing may have attacked the <a href="/wiki/Liao_dynasty" title="Liao dynasty">Liao dynasty</a> on behalf of the <a href="/wiki/Later_Jin_(Five_Dynasties)" title="Later Jin (Five Dynasties)">Later Jin</a>. The sources are not clear on the event. In 948 Yixing requested permission to cross the border and attack the Yemu Qiang but was refused. Instead Yixing attacked a neighboring circuit under encouragement from the rebel <a href="/wiki/Li_Shouzhen" title="Li Shouzhen">Li Shouzhen</a>, but retreated upon encountering an imperial force. In 952 the Yeji people north of <a href="/wiki/Q%C3%ACng_Prefecture" title="Qìng Prefecture">Qingzhou</a> rebelled, causing the Tanguts significant difficulty. Honorary titles were given out by the <a href="/wiki/Later_Han_(Five_Dynasties)" title="Later Han (Five Dynasties)">Later Han</a> to appease local commanders, including Yixing. In 960 Dingnan came under attack by <a href="/wiki/Northern_Han" title="Northern Han">Northern Han</a> and successfully repelled invading forces. In 962 Yixing offered horses as tribute to the Song dynasty. Yixing died in 967 and was succeeded by his son, Kerui.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETwitchett1994165-167_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETwitchett1994165-167-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Kerui died in 978 and was succeeded by Jiyun. Jiyun ruled for only a year before dying in 980. His son was still an infant, so Jiyun's brother, Jipeng, assumed leadership. Jipeng did not go through the traditional channel of acquiring consent from the elders, which caused dissent among the Tangut elites. The Tangut prefect of Suizhou challenged Jipeng's succession. In 982 Jipeng fled to the Song court and surrendered control of Dingnan Jiedushi. His brother or cousin, <a href="/wiki/Li_Jiqian" title="Li Jiqian">Jiqian</a>, did not agree to this and refused to submit to Song administration. Jiqian led a group of bandit holdouts and resisted Song control. In 984, the Song attacked his camp and captured his mother and wife, but he narrowly escaped. He rebounded from this defeat by capturing <a href="/wiki/Yin_Prefecture" title="Yin Prefecture">Yinzhou</a> the next year.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETwitchett1994170_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETwitchett1994170-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Along with Yinzhou, Jiqian captured large amounts of supply, allowing him to increase his following. In 986, Jiqian submitted to the Khitans and in 989, Jiqian married into Khitan nobility.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMote2003173_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMote2003173-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Jiqian also made symbolic obeisance to the Song, but the Song remained unconvinced of his intentions. Jipeng was sent by the Song to destroy Jiqian, but he was defeated in battle on 6 May 994, and fled back to <a href="/wiki/Xi%C3%A0_Prefecture" title="Xià Prefecture">Xiazhou</a>. Jiqian sent tribute on 9 September as well as his younger brother on 1 October to the Song court. <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Taizong_of_Song" title="Emperor Taizong of Song">Emperor Taizong of Song</a> was receptive of these gestures, but Jiqian returned to raiding Song territory the next year. In April 996, Taizong sent troops to suppress Jiqian, who raided Lingzhou in May and again in November 997. For a brief period after 998, Jiqian accepted Song suzerainty, until the fall of 1001 when he began raiding again. Jiqian died on 6 January 1004 from an arrow wound. His son and successor, <a href="/wiki/Li_Deming" title="Li Deming">Deming</a>, proved to be more amicable towards the Song than his predecessor.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELorge2015243-244_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELorge2015243-244-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Jingzong_(1038–1048)"><span id="Jingzong_.281038.E2.80.931048.29"></span>Jingzong (1038–1048)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Western_Xia&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Jingzong (1038–1048)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Xixia_Painting_from_Hongfo_Pagoda_(28069106568).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Xixia_Painting_from_Hongfo_Pagoda_%2828069106568%29.jpg/220px-Xixia_Painting_from_Hongfo_Pagoda_%2828069106568%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="312" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Xixia_Painting_from_Hongfo_Pagoda_%2828069106568%29.jpg/330px-Xixia_Painting_from_Hongfo_Pagoda_%2828069106568%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Xixia_Painting_from_Hongfo_Pagoda_%2828069106568%29.jpg/440px-Xixia_Painting_from_Hongfo_Pagoda_%2828069106568%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3449" data-file-height="4889" /></a><figcaption>Western Xia painting on silk depicting the Daoist deity <a href="/wiki/Xuanwu_(god)" title="Xuanwu (god)">Emperor Xuanwu</a>, discovered in the <a href="/wiki/Hongfo_Pagoda" title="Hongfo Pagoda">Hongfo Pagoda</a> in 1990</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Li_Deming" title="Li Deming">Deming</a> sent tribute missions to both the <a href="/wiki/Liao_dynasty" title="Liao dynasty">Liao dynasty</a> and the Song dynasty. At the same time he expanded Tangut territory to the west. In 1028, he sent his son <a href="/wiki/Li_Yuanhao" class="mw-redirect" title="Li Yuanhao">Yuanhao</a> to conquer the <a href="/wiki/Ganzhou_Uyghur_Kingdom" title="Ganzhou Uyghur Kingdom">Ganzhou Uyghur Kingdom</a>. Two years later the <a href="/wiki/Guiyi_Circuit" title="Guiyi Circuit">Guiyi Circuit</a> surrendered to the Tanguts. Yuanhao invaded the Qinghai region as well but was repelled by the newly risen Tibetan kingdom of <a href="/wiki/Tsongkha" title="Tsongkha">Tsongkha</a>. In 1032, Yuanhao annexed the Tibetan confederation of <a href="/wiki/Xiliangfu" title="Xiliangfu">Xiliangfu</a>, and soon after his father died, leaving him ruler of the Tangut state.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcGrath2008154_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcGrath2008154-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Upon his father's death, Yuanhao adopted the <a href="/wiki/Tangut_script" title="Tangut script">Tangut</a> surname of Weiming (Tangut: Nweimi) for his clan. He levied all able bodied men between 15 and 60 years of age, providing him with a 150,000 strong army. By 1036, he had annexed both the Ganzhou Uyghur Kingdom and the Guiyi Circuit to his west. In the same year, the <a href="/wiki/Tangut_script" title="Tangut script">Tangut script</a> was disseminated for use in the Tangut government and translations of Chinese and Tibetan works began at once. The script's creation is attributed to <a href="/wiki/Yeli_Renrong" title="Yeli Renrong">Yeli Renrong</a> and work on it likely began during the reign of Deming.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETwitchett1994182_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETwitchett1994182-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1038, Yuanhao declared himself emperor (<i>wu zu</i> or Blue Son of Heaven), posthumously <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Jingzong_of_Western_Xia" title="Emperor Jingzong of Western Xia">Emperor Jingzong of Western Xia</a>, of the Great Xia with his capital at Xingqing in modern Yinchuan. Jingzong expanded the bureaucratic apparatus mirroring Chinese institutional practices. A Secretariat (Zhongshu sheng), Bureau of Military Affairs (Shumi yuan), Finance Office (San si), Censorate (Yushi tai), and 16 bureaus (shiliu si) under the supervision of a chancellor (shangshu ling) were created. Jingzong enacted a head shaving decree that ordered all his countrymen to shave the top of their heads so that if within three days, someone had not followed his order, they were allowed to be killed.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETwitchett1994186_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETwitchett1994186-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In response, the Song dynasty offered to bestow ranks on the Tanguts, which Jingzong rejected. The Song then cut off border trade and put a bounty on his head.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith201573_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith201573-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETwitchett1994181_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETwitchett1994181-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Xia's chief military leader, Weiming Shanyu, also fled to seek asylum with the Song, however he was executed at <a href="/wiki/Otog_Banner" title="Otog Banner">Youzhou</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETwitchett1994186_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETwitchett1994186-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> What ensued was a <a href="/wiki/Song-Xia_War_(1040%E2%80%931044)" class="mw-redirect" title="Song-Xia War (1040–1044)">prolonged war</a> with the Song dynasty which resulted in several victories at great cost to the Xia economy. </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Beyond establishing a Chinese-style central government for the militarized kingdom (which included sixteen bureaus), he also designated eighteen military control commissions spread among five military zones: (1) 70,000 soldiers to deal with the Liao, (2) 50,000 assigned to deal with Huan, Qing, Zhenrong, and Yuan prefectures, (3) 50,000 opposite Fuyan circuit and Lin and Fu[1] prefectures, (4) 30,000 to deal with the Xifan and Huige to the west, and (5) 50,000 in the eastern skirtlands of Helan Mountains, 50,000 at Ling, and 70,000 spread between Xing prefecture and Xingqing fu, or superior prefecture. Altogether Yuanhao had as many as 370,000 men under arms. These were mounted forces, which had been stretched thin by hard warfare and probably excessive use of non-warrior horsemen impressed to fill the army. He maintained a six-unit bodyguard of 5,000 and his elite cavalry force, Iron Cavalry (<i>tieqi</i>) of 3,000. It was a fearful concentration of military might overlaying a relatively shallow economic base.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcGrath2008156_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcGrath2008156-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Michael C. McGrath</cite></div></blockquote> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Painting_on_wood_of_a_warrior_from_a_late_Western_Xia_tomb_in_Wuwei_Gansu.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Painting_on_wood_of_a_warrior_from_a_late_Western_Xia_tomb_in_Wuwei_Gansu.jpg/220px-Painting_on_wood_of_a_warrior_from_a_late_Western_Xia_tomb_in_Wuwei_Gansu.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="433" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Painting_on_wood_of_a_warrior_from_a_late_Western_Xia_tomb_in_Wuwei_Gansu.jpg/330px-Painting_on_wood_of_a_warrior_from_a_late_Western_Xia_tomb_in_Wuwei_Gansu.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Painting_on_wood_of_a_warrior_from_a_late_Western_Xia_tomb_in_Wuwei_Gansu.jpg/440px-Painting_on_wood_of_a_warrior_from_a_late_Western_Xia_tomb_in_Wuwei_Gansu.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="1180" /></a><figcaption>Painting of a warrior from a late Western Xia tomb in Gansu</figcaption></figure> <p>In the winter of 1039–1040, Jingzong laid siege to Yanzhou (now <a href="/wiki/Yan%27an" title="Yan'an">Yan'an</a>) with over 100,000 troops. The prefect of Yanzhou, Fan Yong, gave contradictory orders to his military deputy, Liu Ping, making him move his forces (9,000) in random directions until they were defeated by Xia forces (50,000) at Sanchuan Pass. Liu Ping was taken captive.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith201576_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith201576-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite the defenders' mediocre performance, Jingzong was forced to lift the siege and retreat to a ring of forts overlooking Yanzhou, when heavy winter snows set in.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith201577_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith201577-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A Song army of 30,000 returned later that winter under the command of Ren Fu. They were ambushed at Haoshuichuan and annihilated.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith201578_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith201578-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite such victories, Jingzong failed to make any headway against Song fortifications, garrisoned by 200,000 troops on rotation from the capital,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith201586_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith201586-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and remained unable to seize any territory.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith201579_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith201579-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1042, Jingzong advanced south and surrounded the fort of Dingchuan.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETwitchett2009314_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETwitchett2009314-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The defending commander Ge Huaimin lost his nerve and decided to run, abandoning his troops to be slaughtered.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith201580_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith201580-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Again, Jingzong failed to gain significant territory. Half his soldiers had died from attrition and after two years, Xia could no longer support his military endeavors. Tangut forces began suffering small defeats, being turned back by Song forces at <a href="/wiki/Pingliang" title="Pingliang">Weizhou</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shenmu" title="Shenmu">Linzhou</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith201591_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith201591-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>By 1043, there were several hundred thousand trained local archer and crossbow militiamen in Shaanxi, and their archery skills were now generally effective. Crucial to defense (or offense) was the use of local non-Chinese allies to screen Song from the monetary costs and social costs of full-scale war. By mid-1042, the accumulated efforts of men like Fan Zhongyan and others to entice the <i>fan</i> to settle in the in-between areas were paying off. The fan generally and the Qiang specifically were siding with the Song much more than with the Xia at this point. By now, also, there were enough forts and walled cities to limit Yuanhao’s maneuverability and to improve mutual support against him.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcGrath2008168_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcGrath2008168-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Michael C. McGrath</cite></div></blockquote> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Liao_dynasty" title="Liao dynasty">Liao dynasty</a> took advantage of the Song's dire predicaments by increasing annual tribute payments by 100,000 units of silk and silver (each).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith201591_43-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith201591-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Song appealed to the Liao for help, and as a result, <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Xingzong_of_Liao" title="Emperor Xingzong of Liao">Emperor Xingzong of Liao</a> invaded Western Xia with a force of 100,000 in 1044.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETwitchett1994122_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETwitchett1994122-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Liao forces enjoyed an initial victory but failed to take the Xia capital and were brutally mauled by Jingzong's defenders.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMote2003185_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMote2003185-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Song spies, there was a succession of carts bearing Liao dead across the desert.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith2015126_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith2015126-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Having exhausted his resources, Jingzong made peace with the Song, who recognized him as the ruler of Xia lands and agreed to pay an annual tribute of 250,000 units of silk, silver, and tea.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith2015126_47-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith2015126-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Toward the end of the war, Jingzong took the intended bride of his son, Lady Moyi, as his concubine. Jingzong's designated heir, Ninglingge, was the son of the Yeli empress, whose uncle Yeli Wangrong was concerned about the development. Ninglingge was thus arranged to marry the daughter of Wangrong, who planned to kill the emperor on the eve of the wedding. The plot leaked and Wangrong as well as four other Yeli conspirators were executed. The Yeli empress was demoted and Lady Moyi was installed in her place. Another concubine, Lady Mocang, bore the emperor a male child in 1047, named Liangzuo, who was raised by his uncle, Mocang Epang. The disinherited heir apparent stabbed Jingzong in the nose and fled to Mocang Epang's residence where he was arrested and executed. Jingzong died the next day on 19 January 1048 at the age of 44.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETwitchett1994190_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETwitchett1994190-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Yizong_(1048–1068)"><span id="Yizong_.281048.E2.80.931068.29"></span>Yizong (1048–1068)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Western_Xia&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Yizong (1048–1068)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Xixia_Museum_caltrop.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Xixia_Museum_caltrop.jpg/220px-Xixia_Museum_caltrop.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="211" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Xixia_Museum_caltrop.jpg/330px-Xixia_Museum_caltrop.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Xixia_Museum_caltrop.jpg/440px-Xixia_Museum_caltrop.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2657" data-file-height="2553" /></a><figcaption>Western Xia explosive caltrop</figcaption></figure> <p>After <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Jingzong_of_Western_Xia" title="Emperor Jingzong of Western Xia">Emperor Jingzong of Western Xia</a> died in 1048, a council of elders selected his cousin as the new ruler. Mocang Epang objected on grounds of primogeniture and put forth his nephew, the son of Jingzong and Lady Mocang, as candidate. No dissent was forthcoming, so the two-year-old Liangzuo became emperor, posthumously known as <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Yizong_of_Western_Xia" title="Emperor Yizong of Western Xia">Emperor Yizong of Western Xia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETwitchett1994191_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETwitchett1994191-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1056 the empress dowager died. In 1061 Yizong eliminated Mocang Epang and married Lady Liang, formerly the wife of Epang's son. Yizong appointed Lady Liang's brother, Liang Yimai, as palace minister. This would start two generations of Liang dominance in Xia. During Yizong's reign, he attempted to enact more Chinese forms of governance by replacing Tangut rites with Chinese court ritual and dress, which was opposed by the Liang faction that favored Tangut forms. At the same time, Song and Xia emissaries regularly exchanged insults.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETwitchett1994192_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETwitchett1994192-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The emperor supported sinification through the import of Chinese books, revived the use of his Chinese surname Li and other Chinese protocols, and pursued accommodation with the Song dynasty in border disputes and opening of trade. However, these diplomatic overtures were squandered by arrogant Song representatives who insulted the Xia envoy. The Liang clan was reportedly of Han Chinese ancestry, albeit assimilated into Tangut culture, but their faction would later lead the opposition to the pro-Chinese policy.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMote2003187–188_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMote2003187–188-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Han Chinese empresses of the Liang clan, Paul Forage notes, were more aggressive in their stance against the Song dynasty than the emperors they were representing.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEForage1991_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEForage1991-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1064, Yizong raided the Song dynasty. In the fall of 1066, he mounted two more raids and in September, an attack on <a href="/wiki/Q%C3%ACng_Prefecture" title="Qìng Prefecture">Qingzhou</a> was launched. The <a href="/wiki/Tanguts" class="mw-redirect" title="Tanguts">Tangut</a> forces destroyed several fortified settlements. Song forces were surrounded for three days before cavalry reinforcements arrived. Yizong was wounded by a crossbow and forced to retreat. Tangut forces attempted another raid later on but failed, and a night attack by Song forces scattered the Tangut army. Yizong regrouped at <a href="/wiki/Qingtang" class="mw-redirect" title="Qingtang">Qingtang</a> and launched another attack on Qingzhou in December but withdrew after threats by <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Yingzong_of_Song" title="Emperor Yingzong of Song">Emperor Yingzong of Song</a> to escalate the conflict.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETwitchett2009343-344_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETwitchett2009343-344-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The next year, the Song commander Chong E attacked and captured <a href="/wiki/Sui_Prefecture_(Shaanxi)" title="Sui Prefecture (Shaanxi)">Suizhou</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETwitchett2009469_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETwitchett2009469-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Yizong died in January 1068, presumably from his wounds, at the age of 20.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETwitchett1994192_50-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETwitchett1994192-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Huizong_(1068–1086)"><span id="Huizong_.281068.E2.80.931086.29"></span>Huizong (1068–1086)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Western_Xia&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Huizong (1068–1086)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Five_Tangut_seals.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Five_Tangut_seals.jpg/220px-Five_Tangut_seals.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="107" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Five_Tangut_seals.jpg/330px-Five_Tangut_seals.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Five_Tangut_seals.jpg/440px-Five_Tangut_seals.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2588" data-file-height="1259" /></a><figcaption>Bronze Xia seals bearing the Tangut seal script characters <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1065318431"><span class="Tangut" style="display:inline-block; text-orientation: upright; -webkit-text-orientation: upright;" title="Tangut text">𗥦𗖅</span> (ɣu sjwi) "commander"</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Or_12380_3865_Tangut_seal_impression.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Or_12380_3865_Tangut_seal_impression.jpg/220px-Or_12380_3865_Tangut_seal_impression.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="231" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Or_12380_3865_Tangut_seal_impression.jpg/330px-Or_12380_3865_Tangut_seal_impression.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Or_12380_3865_Tangut_seal_impression.jpg/440px-Or_12380_3865_Tangut_seal_impression.jpg 2x" data-file-width="485" data-file-height="509" /></a><figcaption>Impression of the "commander" seal</figcaption></figure> <p>The seven-year-old Bingchang, posthumously <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Huizong_of_Western_Xia" title="Emperor Huizong of Western Xia">Emperor Huizong of Western Xia</a>, succeeded his father, <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Yizong_of_Western_Xia" title="Emperor Yizong of Western Xia">Emperor Yizong of Western Xia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETwitchett1994192_50-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETwitchett1994192-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Huizong's reign began with an inconclusive war with the Song dynasty in 1070–1071 over <a href="/wiki/Sui_Prefecture_(Shaanxi)" title="Sui Prefecture (Shaanxi)">Suizhou</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETwitchett200946-470_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETwitchett200946-470-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1072 Huizong's sister was married to Linbuzhi (Rinpoche), the son of the <a href="/wiki/Tsongkha" title="Tsongkha">Tsongkha</a> ruler, Dongzhan. These events occurred under the regency of the Empress Dowager Liang and her brother, Liang Yimai. Huizong was married to one of Yimai's daughters to ensure the continued control of the Liang over the imperial Weiming clan. In 1080 Huizong rebelled against his mother's dominance by discarding with Tangut ritual in favor of Chinese ceremonies. A year later a plot by Huizong and his concubine, Li Qing, to turn over the Xia's southern territory to the Song was uncovered. Li Qing was executed and Huizong was imprisoned. The emperor's loyalists immediately rallied their forces to oppose Liang rule while Yimai tried to in vain to summon them with the imperial silver <a href="/wiki/Paiza" title="Paiza">paiza</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETwitchett1994193_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETwitchett1994193-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Seeing the infighting breaking out in the Xia, the Song decided to go on the offensive.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMote2003187–188_51-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMote2003187–188-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1081, the Song dynasty launched a five-pronged attack on the Xia. After initial victories, Song forces failed to take the capital of Xia, <a href="/wiki/Xingqing" class="mw-redirect" title="Xingqing">Xingqing</a>, and remained on the defensive for the next three years. Xia counterattacks also experienced initial success before failing to take <a href="/wiki/Lanzhou" title="Lanzhou">Lanzhou</a> multiple times. In 1085, the war ended with the death of <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Shenzong_of_Song" title="Emperor Shenzong of Song">Emperor Shenzong of Song</a>. </p><p>In the summer of 1081, the five Song armies invaded Western Xia. Chong E defeated a Xia army, killing 8,000.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEForage19919_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEForage19919-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In October, Li Xian took Lanzhou.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEForage19919_57-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEForage19919-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENie2015374_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENie2015374-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 15 October, Liu Changzuo's 50,000-strong army met a Xia force of 30,000 led by the Empress Regent Liang's brother. Liu's commanders advised him to take a defensive position, but he refused, and led a contingent of shield warriors with two ranks of crossbowmen and cavalry behind, with himself leading at the front with two shields. The battle lasted for several hours before the Xia forces retreated, suffering 2,700 casualties.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEForage199110_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEForage199110-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Afterwards, Liu captured a large supply of <a href="/wiki/Millet" title="Millet">millet</a> at the town of Mingsha, and headed towards <a href="/wiki/Lingwu" title="Lingwu">Lingzhou</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEForage199110_59-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEForage199110-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Liu's vanguard attacked the town's gate before the defenders had a chance to close it, dealing several hundred casualties, and seizing more than 1,000 cattle before retreating. Liu wanted Gao Zunyu to help him take Lingzhou, but Gao refused. Then Liu suggested they take the Xia capital instead, to which Gao also refused, and instead took it as a slight that he could not take Lingzhou. Gao relayed his version of events to the Song court, then had Liu removed from command, merging the two forces.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEForage199115_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEForage199115-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By November, the Xia had abandoned the middle of the <a href="/wiki/Ordos_plateau" class="mw-redirect" title="Ordos plateau">Ordos plateau</a>, losing <a href="/wiki/Xi%C3%A0_Prefecture" title="Xià Prefecture">Xiazhou</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEForage19919_57-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEForage19919-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 20 November, Wang Zhongzheng took <a href="/wiki/You_Prefecture_(Inner_Mongolia)" title="You Prefecture (Inner Mongolia)">Youzhou</a> and slaughtered its inhabitants.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEForage19919_57-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEForage19919-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At this point Wang became concerned that he would run out of supplies and quarreled with Chong E over provisions. He also forbade his troops from cooking their meals because he feared it would alert Xia raiders of their position. His troops became ill from their uncooked food, started to starve, and came under attack by enemy cavalry anyway. Wang was ordered to withdraw while Chong E covered his retreat. Wang lost 20,000 men.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEForage199116_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEForage199116-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 8 December, Gao Zunyu decided to attack Lingzhou, only to realize he had forgotten to bring any siege equipment, and there were not enough trees around for their construction. Gao took out his frustration on Liu Changzuo, who he tried to have executed. Liu's troops were on the verge of mutiny before Fan Chuncui, a Circuit judge, convinced Gao to reconcile with Liu. On 21 December, Xia forces breached the dikes along the Yellow River and flooded the camps of the two besieging Song armies, forcing them to retreat. Xia harassment turned the retreat into a rout.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEForage199116_61-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEForage199116-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENie2015376_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENie2015376-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By the end of 1081, only Chong E remained in active command.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEForage199116_61-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEForage199116-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In September 1082, the Xia counterattacked with a 300,000 strong army, laying siege to Yongle, a fortress town west of <a href="/wiki/Mizhi_County" title="Mizhi County">Mizhi</a>. The Xia sent out cavalry to prevent Song relief attempts. The defending commander, Xu Xi, deployed his troops outside the town gates but refused to attack the enemy troops while they forded the river. Then he refused to let his troops in when the Tangut Iron Hawk cavalry attacked, decimating the defending army. With the capture of Yongle, the Song lost 17,300 troops.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEForage199117_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEForage199117-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In March 1083, Xia forces attacked Lanzhou. The defending commander, Wang Wenyu, led a small contingent out at night and made a surprise attack on the Xia encampment, forcing them to retreat. The Tanguts made two more attempts to take Lanzhou in April and May but failed on both accounts. Their simultaneous attack on <a href="/wiki/Shenmu" title="Shenmu">Linzhou</a> also failed.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEForage199118_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEForage199118-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After multiple defeats, the Xia offered peace demands to the Song, which they refused.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEForage199118_64-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEForage199118-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In January 1084, Xia forces made a last attempt to take Lanzhou. The siege lasted for 10 days before the Tangut army ran out of supplies and was forced to retreat.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEForage199118_64-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEForage199118-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The war ended in 1085 with the death of Emperor Shenzong in April. In exchange for 100 Chinese prisoners, the Song returned four of the six captured towns. Hostilities between the Song and Xia would flare up again five years later, and conflict would continue sporadically until the Song lost <a href="/wiki/Kaifeng" title="Kaifeng">Kaifeng</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Jingkang_incident" title="Jingkang incident">Jingkang incident</a> of 1127.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEForage199118_64-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEForage199118-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Huizong was returned to his throne in 1083. Liang Yimai died in 1085 and his son, Liang Qipu, succeeded his position as chief minister. The Empress Dowager Liang also died later that year. In 1086 Huizong passed away at the age of 26.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETwitchett1994194_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETwitchett1994194-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Chongzong_(1086–1139)"><span id="Chongzong_.281086.E2.80.931139.29"></span>Chongzong (1086–1139)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Western_Xia&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Chongzong (1086–1139)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tangut_burn_horses_pass.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Tangut_burn_horses_pass.jpg/220px-Tangut_burn_horses_pass.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="126" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Tangut_burn_horses_pass.jpg/330px-Tangut_burn_horses_pass.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Tangut_burn_horses_pass.jpg/440px-Tangut_burn_horses_pass.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2156" data-file-height="1237" /></a><figcaption>Western Xia <a href="/wiki/Paiza" title="Paiza">paiza</a> with four <a href="/wiki/Tangut_script" title="Tangut script">Tangut characters</a> reading <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1065318431"><span class="Tangut" style="display:inline-block; text-orientation: upright; -webkit-text-orientation: upright;" title="Tangut text">𗿢𗯼𘆝𗪊</span> "By imperial command, a pass to burn the horses" (i.e. to ride with great urgency)</figcaption></figure> <p>The three-year-old Qianshun succeeded his father, <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Huizong_of_Western_Xia" title="Emperor Huizong of Western Xia">Emperor Huizong of Western Xia</a>, as emperor, posthumously <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Chongzong_of_Western_Xia" title="Emperor Chongzong of Western Xia">Emperor Chongzong of Western Xia</a>. His mother, the new Empress Dowager Liang, the younger sister of Liang Qipu, ruled as regent. The Song dynasty continued to campaign against the Xia in 1091 and 1093. In 1094, Rende Baozhuang and Weiming Awu slew Liang Qipu and exterminated his clan. In 1096 the Song stopped paying tribute to the Xia and the next year, launched an "advance and fortify" campaign centered on guarding key locations along river valleys and mountains to erode the Xia position. From 1097 to 1099, the Song army constructed 40 fortifications across the <a href="/wiki/Ordos_plateau" class="mw-redirect" title="Ordos plateau">Ordos plateau</a>. In 1098, the Empress Regent Liang sent a 100,000 strong army to recapture Pingxia. The Tangut army was completely defeated in their attempt to dislodge the Song from their high ground position, and their generals Weiming Amai and Meiledubu were both captured.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETwitchett2009548-551_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETwitchett2009548-551-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Empress Dowager Liang died in 1099, apparently poisoned by assassins from the <a href="/wiki/Liao_dynasty" title="Liao dynasty">Liao dynasty</a>. At the same time, the Tanguts were also involved in a war with the <a href="/wiki/Zubu" title="Zubu">Zubu</a> to their north.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETwitchett1994194_65-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETwitchett1994194-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1103, the Song annexed Tsongkha and spent the following year weeding out native resistance. The expansion of Song territory threatened the Xia's southern border, resulting in Tangut incursions in 1104 and 1105. Eventually the Xia launched an all out attack on <a href="/wiki/Lanzhou" title="Lanzhou">Lanzhou</a> and <a href="/wiki/Qingtang" class="mw-redirect" title="Qingtang">Qingtang</a>. However, after the Advance and Fortify campaign of 1097–1099, Xia forces were no longer able to defeat Song positions. Failing to take major cities, the Tangut forces went on a rampage, killing tens of thousands of local civilians. The next year, Chongzong made peace with the Song, but was unable to clearly demarcate their borders, leading to another war in 1113.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETwitchett2009619-620_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETwitchett2009619-620-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1113, the Xia started building fortifications in disputed territory with the Song, and took the Qingtang region. Incensed at this provocation, <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Huizong_of_Song" title="Emperor Huizong of Song">Emperor Huizong of Song</a> dispatched Tong Guan to evict the Tanguts. In 1115, 150,000 troops under the command of Liu Fa penetrated deep into Xia territory and slaughtered the Tangut garrison at Gugulong. Meanwhile, Wang Hou and Liu Chongwu attacked the newly built Tangut fortress of Zangdihe. The siege ended in failure and the death of half the invasion force. Wang bribed Tong to keep the number of casualties a secret from the emperor. The next year, Liu Fa and Liu Chongwu took a walled Tangut city called Rendequan. Another 100,000 troops were sent against Zangdihe and succeeded in taking the fortress. The Xia made a successful counterattack in the winter of 1116–1117. Despite piling casualties on the Song side, Tong was adamant about eradicating the Xia once and for all. He gave orders for Liu Fa to lead 200,000 into the heart of the Xia empire, aiming straight at the capital region. It quickly became apparent that this was a suicide mission. The Song army was met outside the city by an even larger Tangut army led by the Xia prince, Chage. The Tangut army surrounded the Song forces, killing half of them, with the remaining falling back during the night. The Tanguts pursued the Song and defeated them again the next day. Liu was beheaded. A ceasefire was called in 1119 and Huizong issued an apology to Xia.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETwitchett2009620-621_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETwitchett2009620-621-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238443738">.mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .id{position:absolute;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .locmap .l0{font-size:0;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv{line-height:110%;position:absolute;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv>div{display:inline;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:left}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:#fff!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:white!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}</style><div class="locmap noviewer noresize thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:302px;border-color:lightgrey"><div style="position:relative;width:300px;border:1px solid lightgray"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_Asia_physical_(continental).png" class="mw-file-description" title="Western Xia is located in Continental Asia"><img alt="Western Xia is located in Continental Asia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Map_Asia_physical_%28continental%29.png/300px-Map_Asia_physical_%28continental%29.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Map_Asia_physical_%28continental%29.png/450px-Map_Asia_physical_%28continental%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Map_Asia_physical_%28continental%29.png/600px-Map_Asia_physical_%28continental%29.png 2x" data-file-width="3196" data-file-height="1840" /></a></span><div id="annotation_210x66" style="position:absolute; left:210px; top:66px; line-height:110%;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:inherit;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Long_Rectangle_(plain).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Long_Rectangle_%28plain%29.png/30px-Long_Rectangle_%28plain%29.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Long_Rectangle_%28plain%29.png/45px-Long_Rectangle_%28plain%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Long_Rectangle_%28plain%29.png/60px-Long_Rectangle_%28plain%29.png 2x" data-file-width="1400" data-file-height="500" /></a></span></span></div><div id="annotation_270x05" style="position:absolute; left:270px; top:05px; font-size:10px; font-weight:bold; font-size:10; line-height:12px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/1100_CE" class="mw-redirect" title="1100 CE"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF">1100</span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_105x60" style="position:absolute; 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left:120px; top:35px; font-size:7px; font-weight:bold; font-size:7; line-height:9px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Kimek%E2%80%93Kipchak_confederation" title="Kimek–Kipchak confederation"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF"><i>Kimeks</i></span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_200x50" style="position:absolute; left:200px; top:50px; font-size:7px; font-weight:bold; font-size:7; line-height:9px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Liao_dynasty" title="Liao dynasty"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF">KHITAN EMPIRE</span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_170x65" style="position:absolute; left:170px; top:65px; font-size:7px; font-weight:bold; font-size:7; line-height:9px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Qocho" title="Qocho"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF">QOCHO</span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_110x95" style="position:absolute; 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left:205px; top:164px; font-size:6px; font-weight:bold; font-size:6; line-height:8px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Melayu_Kingdom" title="Melayu Kingdom"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF">MALAYU</span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_155x111" style="position:absolute; left:155px; top:111px; font-size:6px; font-weight:bold; font-size:6; line-height:8px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Pala_Empire" title="Pala Empire"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF">PALA<br />EMPIRE</span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_67x86" style="position:absolute; left:67px; top:86px; font-size:7px; font-weight:bold; font-size:7; line-height:9px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Seljuk_Empire" title="Seljuk Empire"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF">SELJUK<br />EMPIRE</span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_235x95" style="position:absolute; left:235px; top:95px; font-size:7px; font-weight:bold; font-size:7; line-height:9px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Song_dynasty" title="Song dynasty"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF">SONG<br />DYNASTY</span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_6x73" style="position:absolute; left:6px; top:73px; font-size:5px; font-weight:bold; font-size:5; line-height:7px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Rum" title="Sultanate of Rum"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF">SULTANATE<br />OF RUM</span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_280x74" style="position:absolute; left:280px; top:74px; font-size:6px; font-weight:bold; font-size:6; line-height:8px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Goryeo" title="Goryeo"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF">GO-<br />RYEO</span></a></span></div></div><div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_Asia_physical_(continental).png" title="File:Map Asia physical (continental).png">class=notpageimage| </a></div>The Western Xia and main contemporary Asian polities circa 1100.</div></div></div> <p>In 1122, the <a href="/wiki/Jin_dynasty_(1115%E2%80%931234)" title="Jin dynasty (1115–1234)">Jürchen Jin dynasty</a> took the Southern Capital of the <a href="/wiki/Liao_dynasty" title="Liao dynasty">Liao dynasty</a>, and the remaining <a href="/wiki/Khitan_people" title="Khitan people">Khitans</a> fled in two groups to the west. One group led by Xiao Gan fled to Xia where they set up a short lived Xi dynasty that lasted only five months before Gan died at the hands of his own troops. The other group, led by <a href="/wiki/Yel%C3%BC_Dashi" title="Yelü Dashi">Yelü Dashi</a>, joined <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Tianzuo_of_Liao" title="Emperor Tianzuo of Liao">Emperor Tianzuo of Liao</a> at the Xia border. In the early summer of 1123, Dashi was captured by the Jin and forced to lead them to Tianzuo's camp, where the entire imperial family except for Tianzuo and one son were captured. Tianzuo sought refuge with Chongzong, who while initially receptive, changed his mind after warnings from the Jurchens and declared himself a vassal of Jin in 1124.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETwitchett1994149-151_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETwitchett1994149-151-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Domestically the reign of Chongzong saw a formal consolidation of the relationship between the imperial court and the great clans, whose positions were assured in legal documents. After his mother's death in 1099, Chongzong stripped the Rende clan of its military power. Rende Baozhuang was demoted. Chongzong's brother, Chage, was given command of the Tangut army, which he led to many victories against the Song. A state school was established with 300 students supported by government stipends. A "civilian" faction arose under the leadership of the imperial Prince Weiming Renzhong, who often denounced Chage for corruption and abuse of power. Chongzong shuffled appointments to play the two factions against each other. In 1105, Chongzong married a Liao princess, who along with her son, apparently died of heartbreak in 1125 when the Khitan emperor was captured by the Jurchens. In 1138, the penultimate year of his reign, Chongzong took the daughter of Ren Dejing as his empress.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETwitchett1994197-198_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETwitchett1994197-198-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Chongzong died at the age of 56 in the summer of 1139.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETwitchett1994199_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETwitchett1994199-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Renzong_(1139–1193)"><span id="Renzong_.281139.E2.80.931193.29"></span>Renzong (1139–1193)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Western_Xia&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Renzong (1139–1193)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tian_Sheng_Yuan_Bao_(%E5%A4%A9%E7%9B%9B%E5%85%83%E5%AF%B6)_-_1149-1169_Commonest_of_dynasty._(FD1683,_S1078,_HG866.1)_-_Scott_Semans_06.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Tian_Sheng_Yuan_Bao_%28%E5%A4%A9%E7%9B%9B%E5%85%83%E5%AF%B6%29_-_1149-1169_Commonest_of_dynasty._%28FD1683%2C_S1078%2C_HG866.1%29_-_Scott_Semans_06.jpg/220px-Tian_Sheng_Yuan_Bao_%28%E5%A4%A9%E7%9B%9B%E5%85%83%E5%AF%B6%29_-_1149-1169_Commonest_of_dynasty._%28FD1683%2C_S1078%2C_HG866.1%29_-_Scott_Semans_06.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="240" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Tian_Sheng_Yuan_Bao_%28%E5%A4%A9%E7%9B%9B%E5%85%83%E5%AF%B6%29_-_1149-1169_Commonest_of_dynasty._%28FD1683%2C_S1078%2C_HG866.1%29_-_Scott_Semans_06.jpg/330px-Tian_Sheng_Yuan_Bao_%28%E5%A4%A9%E7%9B%9B%E5%85%83%E5%AF%B6%29_-_1149-1169_Commonest_of_dynasty._%28FD1683%2C_S1078%2C_HG866.1%29_-_Scott_Semans_06.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Tian_Sheng_Yuan_Bao_%28%E5%A4%A9%E7%9B%9B%E5%85%83%E5%AF%B6%29_-_1149-1169_Commonest_of_dynasty._%28FD1683%2C_S1078%2C_HG866.1%29_-_Scott_Semans_06.jpg/440px-Tian_Sheng_Yuan_Bao_%28%E5%A4%A9%E7%9B%9B%E5%85%83%E5%AF%B6%29_-_1149-1169_Commonest_of_dynasty._%28FD1683%2C_S1078%2C_HG866.1%29_-_Scott_Semans_06.jpg 2x" data-file-width="521" data-file-height="569" /></a><figcaption>Western Xia coin c. 1149-1169</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:PrayingTangutMan.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/PrayingTangutMan.jpg/220px-PrayingTangutMan.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="263" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/PrayingTangutMan.jpg/330px-PrayingTangutMan.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/PrayingTangutMan.jpg/440px-PrayingTangutMan.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1290" data-file-height="1544" /></a><figcaption>Praying Tangut man</figcaption></figure> <p>The 16-year-old Renxiao succeeded his father, <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Chongzong_of_Western_Xia" title="Emperor Chongzong of Western Xia">Emperor Chongzong of Western Xia</a>, as emperor, posthumously <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Renzong_of_Western_Xia" title="Emperor Renzong of Western Xia">Emperor Renzong of Western Xia</a>. His mother was the Chinese concubine, Lady Cao.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETwitchett1994199_71-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETwitchett1994199-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1140 a group of Khitan exiles led by Xiao Heda rebelled. The Xia forces under Ren Dejing crushed them. Renzong wanted to reward Ren with a palace appointment but his councilor, Weiming Renzhong, convinced him to keep him as a field commander.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETwitchett1994199_71-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETwitchett1994199-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1142-3 famine and earthquake caused unrest in Xiazhou. Renzong responded with tax remissions and relief measures.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETwitchett1994199_71-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETwitchett1994199-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1144 Renzong decreed the establishment of schools throughout the country and a secondary school opened for imperial scions aged seven to fifteen. A Superior School of Chinese Learning was opened the following year and <a href="/wiki/Confucian_temple" class="mw-redirect" title="Confucian temple">Confucian temples</a> were built throughout the land. In 1147 <a href="/wiki/Imperial_examination" title="Imperial examination">imperial examinations</a> were instituted, although Tangut records do discuss using them for selection of officials. The Tangut law code only discusses inheritance of office and rank. In 1148 an Inner Academy was established and staffed with renowned scholars.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETwitchett1994200_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETwitchett1994200-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Renzong also greatly patronized <a href="/wiki/Buddhist" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddhist">Buddhist</a> learning. The majority of the Tangut <a href="/wiki/Tripitaka" class="mw-redirect" title="Tripitaka">Tripitaka</a> was completed during his reign. In 1189, the 50th anniversary of Renzong's accession, 100,000 copies of the "Sutra on the visualization of the Maitreya Bodhisattva's ascent and rebirth in Tushita Heaven" (Guan Mile pusa shang sheng Toushuai tian jing) was printed and distributed in both Chinese and Tangut, and 50,000 copies of other sutras were also printed.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETwitchett1994204-205_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETwitchett1994204-205-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After the deaths of Renzhong and Chage in 1156, Ren Dejing rose through the ranks and became very powerful. In 1160 he obtained the noble title of Chu, the first Chinese to do so in the Tangut state. Ren tried to have the schools shut down and called them useless Chinese institutions wasting resources on parasitic scholars. It is unknown how the emperor responded but the schools were not closed. In 1161 the emperor opened a <a href="/wiki/Hanlin_Academy" title="Hanlin Academy">Hanlin Academy</a> to compile the Xia historical records.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETwitchett1994200-201_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETwitchett1994200-201-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1161-2 the Tanguts briefly occupied territory of both the <a href="/wiki/Jurchen_Jin_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Jurchen Jin dynasty">Jurchen Jin dynasty</a> and Song dynasty during the <a href="/wiki/Jin%E2%80%93Song_Wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Jin–Song Wars">Jin–Song Wars</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETwitchett1994201_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETwitchett1994201-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>From 1165 to 1170, Ren Dejing tried to establish his own semi-autonomous realm, and in the process meddled in the affairs of the Zhuanglang tribes, who lived in the border region of the <a href="/wiki/Tao_River" title="Tao River">Tao River</a> valley. He also tried to enlist the help of the <a href="/wiki/Jurchens" class="mw-redirect" title="Jurchens">Jurchens</a>, but they refused his overtures. Ren started construction of fortifications along the Jin border. In 1170 Ren pressured Renzong to grant him the eastern half of the realm as well as for <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Shizong_of_Jin" title="Emperor Shizong of Jin">Emperor Shizong of Jin</a> to grant him investiture. In the summer of that year, Renzong's men secretly rounded up Ren Dejing and his adherents, executing them.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETwitchett1994201-202_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETwitchett1994201-202-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Wo Daochong succeeded Ren Dejing as chief minister. A Confucian scholar, he translated the <i><a href="/wiki/Analects" title="Analects">Analects</a></i> and provided commentary to it in the Tangut language. Upon his death, Renzong honored him by having his portrait displayed in all the Confucian temples and schools.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETwitchett1994204_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETwitchett1994204-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Jurchens closed down border markets in <a href="/wiki/Lanzhou" title="Lanzhou">Lanzhou</a> and <a href="/wiki/Zhidan_County" title="Zhidan County">Baoan</a> in 1172 and would not reopen them until 1197. They accused the Tanguts of trading worthless gems and jades for their silk. Tangut border raids increased during this period until the Jurchens reopened one market in 1181. In 1191 some Tangut herdsmen strayed into Jurchen territory and was chased away by a Jin patrol. They them ambushed and killed the pursuing patrol officer. Renzong refused to extradite the herdsmen and assured the Jurchens that they would be punished.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETwitchett1994205_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETwitchett1994205-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Renzong died in 1193 at the age of 70.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETwitchett1994205_78-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETwitchett1994205-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Huanzong_(1193–1206)"><span id="Huanzong_.281193.E2.80.931206.29"></span>Huanzong (1193–1206)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Western_Xia&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Huanzong (1193–1206)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hermitage_Museum_XX-2531_Tangut_Emperor_and_a_Boy.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Hermitage_Museum_XX-2531_Tangut_Emperor_and_a_Boy.jpg/220px-Hermitage_Museum_XX-2531_Tangut_Emperor_and_a_Boy.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="418" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Hermitage_Museum_XX-2531_Tangut_Emperor_and_a_Boy.jpg/330px-Hermitage_Museum_XX-2531_Tangut_Emperor_and_a_Boy.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Hermitage_Museum_XX-2531_Tangut_Emperor_and_a_Boy.jpg/440px-Hermitage_Museum_XX-2531_Tangut_Emperor_and_a_Boy.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1010" data-file-height="1920" /></a><figcaption>The Tangut Emperor and a boy, 13th century</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Mongol_conquest_of_Western_Xia" title="Mongol conquest of Western Xia">Mongol conquest of Western Xia</a></div> <p>The 17-year-old Chunyou succeeded his father, <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Renzong_of_Western_Xia" title="Emperor Renzong of Western Xia">Emperor Renzong of Western Xia</a>, as emperor, posthumously <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Huanzong_of_Western_Xia" title="Emperor Huanzong of Western Xia">Emperor Huanzong of Western Xia</a>. Little besides the rise of <a href="/wiki/Tem%C3%BCjin" class="mw-redirect" title="Temüjin">Temüjin</a> and his conflict with Western Xia is known about Huanzong's reign. In 1203, <a href="/wiki/Toghrul" title="Toghrul">Toghrul</a> was defeated by Temüjin. Toghrul's son, Nilqa Senggum, fled through <a href="/wiki/Tanguts" class="mw-redirect" title="Tanguts">Tangut</a> territory and although the Tanguts refused to provide him with refuge, and he raided their territory, Temüjin used this as pretext to raid Western Xia. The resulting attack in 1205 caused one local Tangut noble to defect to the Mongols, the plundering of several fortified settlements, and loss of livestock.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETwitchett1994205-7_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETwitchett1994205-7-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-tim_may_1211_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tim_may_1211-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1206, Temüjin was formally proclaimed <a href="/wiki/Genghis_Khan" title="Genghis Khan">Genghis Khan</a>, ruler of all Mongols, marking the official start of the <a href="/wiki/Mongol_Empire" title="Mongol Empire">Mongol Empire</a>. In the same year, Huanzong was deposed in a coup by his cousin Anquan, who installed himself as <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Xiangzong_of_Western_Xia" title="Emperor Xiangzong of Western Xia">Emperor Xiangzong of Western Xia</a>. Huanzong died much later in captivity.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETwitchett1994207_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETwitchett1994207-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Xiangzong_(1206–1211)"><span id="Xiangzong_.281206.E2.80.931211.29"></span>Xiangzong (1206–1211)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Western_Xia&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Xiangzong (1206–1211)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1207, Genghis led another raid into Western Xia, invading the <a href="/wiki/Ordos_Loop" class="mw-redirect" title="Ordos Loop">Ordos Loop</a> and sacking <a href="/w/index.php?title=Wulahai&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wulahai (page does not exist)">Wulahai</a>, the main garrison along the <a href="/wiki/Yellow_River" title="Yellow River">Yellow River</a>, before withdrawing in the spring of 1208.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Tanguts tried to form a united front with the <a href="/wiki/Jurchen_Jin_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Jurchen Jin dynasty">Jurchen Jin dynasty</a> against the Mongols, but the usurper monarch, <a href="/wiki/Wanyan_Yongji" title="Wanyan Yongji">Wanyan Yongji</a>, refused to cooperate and declared that it was to their advantage that enemies attack one another.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETwitchett1994207_82-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETwitchett1994207-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the autumn of 1209, Genghis received the submission of the <a href="/wiki/Uyghurs" title="Uyghurs">Uyghurs</a> to the west and invaded Western Xia. After defeating an army led by Gao Lianghui outside Wulahai, Genghis captured the city and pushed up along the Yellow River, capturing several garrisons and defeating another imperial army. The Mongols besieged the capital, <a href="/wiki/Yinchuan" title="Yinchuan">Zhongxing</a>, which held a well-fortified garrison of 150,000,<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and attempted to flood the city by diverting the Yellow River. The dike they built broke and flooded the Mongol camp, forcing them to withdraw.<sup id="cite_ref-tim_may_1211_80-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tim_may_1211-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1210, Xiangzong agreed to submit to Mongol rule, and demonstrated his loyalty by giving a daughter, Chaka, in marriage to Genghis and paying a tribute of camels, falcons, and textiles.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMan2004133_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMan2004133-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After their defeat in 1210, Western Xia attacked the Jin dynasty in response to their refusal to aid them against the Mongols.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The following year, the Mongols joined Western Xia and began a 23-year-long <a href="/wiki/Mongol_conquest_of_the_Jin_dynasty" title="Mongol conquest of the Jin dynasty">campaign against Jin</a>. In the same year Xiangzong's nephew Zunxu seized power in a coup and became <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Shenzong_of_Western_Xia" title="Emperor Shenzong of Western Xia">Emperor Shenzong of Western Xia</a>. Xiangzong died a month later.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETwitchett1994208_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETwitchett1994208-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Shenzong_(1211–1223)"><span id="Shenzong_.281211.E2.80.931223.29"></span>Shenzong (1211–1223)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Western_Xia&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Shenzong (1211–1223)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Emperor_Shenzong_of_Western_Xia" title="Emperor Shenzong of Western Xia">Emperor Shenzong of Western Xia</a> was the first person in the imperial family to pass the palace examinations and receive a <a href="/wiki/Jinshi" title="Jinshi">jinshi</a> degree.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETwitchett1994208_87-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETwitchett1994208-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Shenzong appeased the Mongols by attacking the <a href="/wiki/Jurchens" class="mw-redirect" title="Jurchens">Jurchens</a> and in 1214, supported a rebellion against the Jurchens. In 1216, Western Xia provided auxiliary troops to the Mongols for an attack on Jin territory. The Tanguts also invited the Song dynasty to join them in attacking the Jin, but nothing came of this except an aborted joint action in 1220. The antagonistic policy towards the Jurchen Jin was unpopular at court, as was cooperating with the Mongols. A certain Asha Gambu emerged as an outspoken proponent of anti-Mongol policy. In the winter of 1217–1218, the Mongols called on Western Xia to provide them troops for campaigns further west, but they refused to comply. No immediate retaliation occurred since Genghis left for the west in 1219 and left <a href="/wiki/Muqali" title="Muqali">Muqali</a> in charge of North China. In 1223, Muqali died. At the same time, Shenzong abdicated to his son, Dewang, posthumously <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Xianzong_of_Western_Xia" title="Emperor Xianzong of Western Xia">Emperor Xianzong of Western Xia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETwitchett1994210_88-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETwitchett1994210-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Xianzong_(1223–1226)"><span id="Xianzong_.281223.E2.80.931226.29"></span>Xianzong (1223–1226)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Western_Xia&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Xianzong (1223–1226)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Xixia_Chainmail_Armor_(41985701161).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Xixia_Chainmail_Armor_%2841985701161%29.jpg/220px-Xixia_Chainmail_Armor_%2841985701161%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Xixia_Chainmail_Armor_%2841985701161%29.jpg/330px-Xixia_Chainmail_Armor_%2841985701161%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Xixia_Chainmail_Armor_%2841985701161%29.jpg/440px-Xixia_Chainmail_Armor_%2841985701161%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="6000" /></a><figcaption>Western Xia mail armour</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Emperor_Xianzong_of_Western_Xia" title="Emperor Xianzong of Western Xia">Emperor Xianzong of Western Xia</a> began peace talks with the <a href="/wiki/Jurchen_Jin" class="mw-redirect" title="Jurchen Jin">Jurchen Jin</a> in 1224 and the peace agreement was finalized in the fall of 1225. The Tanguts continued to defy the Mongols by refusing to send a hostage prince to the Mongol court.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETwitchett1994210_88-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETwitchett1994210-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After defeating <a href="/wiki/Khwarazm" title="Khwarazm">Khwarazm</a> in 1221, Genghis prepared his armies to punish Western Xia. In 1225, Genghis attacked with a force of approximately 180,000.<sup id="cite_ref-china_at_war_89-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-china_at_war-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to the <i><a href="/wiki/Secret_History_of_the_Mongols" title="Secret History of the Mongols">Secret History of the Mongols</a></i>, Genghis was injured in 1225 during a horse hunt when his horse bolted from under him. Genghis then tried to offer Western Xia the chance to willingly submit, but Asha Gambhu mocked the Mongols and challenged them to battle. Genghis pledged to avenge this insult.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETwitchett1994211_90-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETwitchett1994211-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Genghis ordered his generals to systematically destroy cities and garrisons as they went.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMote2003255–256_91-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMote2003255–256-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Genghis divided his army and sent general <a href="/wiki/Subutai" title="Subutai">Subutai</a> to take care of the westernmost cities, while the main force under Genghis moved east into the heart of the Western Xia and took <a href="/wiki/Suzhou_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Suzhou District">Suzhou</a> and <a href="/wiki/Zhangye" title="Zhangye">Ganzhou</a>, which was spared destruction upon its capture due to it being the hometown of Genghis's commander Chagaan.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMan2004212–213_92-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMan2004212–213-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After taking <a href="/wiki/Khara-Khoto" title="Khara-Khoto">Khara-Khoto</a> in early 1226, the Mongols began a steady advance southward. Asha, commander of the Western Xia troops, could not afford to meet the Mongols as it would involve an exhausting westward march from the capital through 500 kilometers of desert, so the Mongols steadily advanced from city to city.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMan2004212_93-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMan2004212-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In August 1226, Mongol troops approached <a href="/wiki/Wuwei,_Gansu" title="Wuwei, Gansu">Liangzhou</a>, the second-largest city in Western Xia, which surrendered without resistance.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMan2004213_94-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMan2004213-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In autumn 1226, Genghis crossed the <a href="/wiki/Helan_Mountains" title="Helan Mountains">Helan Mountains</a>, and in November laid siege to <a href="/wiki/Lingwu" title="Lingwu">Lingwu</a>, a mere 30 kilometers from the capital.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMan2004214de_Hartog2004134_95-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMan2004214de_Hartog2004134-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At this point, Xianzong died, leaving his relative, Xian, posthumously <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Mozhu_of_Western_Xia" class="mw-redirect" title="Emperor Mozhu of Western Xia">Emperor Mozhu of Western Xia</a>, to deal with the Mongol invasion.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMan2004214_96-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMan2004214-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mo_(1226–1227)"><span id="Mo_.281226.E2.80.931227.29"></span>Mo (1226–1227)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Western_Xia&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Mo (1226–1227)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Emperor_Mo_of_Western_Xia" title="Emperor Mo of Western Xia">Emperor Mo of Western Xia</a> led a 300,000 strong army against the Mongols and was defeated. The Mongols sacked Lingzhou.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMan2004214_96-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMan2004214-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Tucker_97-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tucker-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Genghis reached the Western Xia capital in 1227, laid siege to the city, and launched several offensives against the Jin to prevent them from sending reinforcements to Western Xia, with one force reaching as a far as <a href="/wiki/Kaifeng" title="Kaifeng">Kaifeng</a>, the Jin capital.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEde_Hartog2004135_98-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_Hartog2004135-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The siege lasted for six months before Genghis offered terms of surrender.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMan2004219_99-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMan2004219-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the peace negotiations, Genghis continued his military operations around the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Liupan_mountains&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Liupan mountains (page does not exist)">Liupan mountains</a> near <a href="/wiki/Guyuan" title="Guyuan">Guyuan</a>, rejected a peace offer from the Jin, and prepared to invade them near their border with the Song.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMan2004de_Hartog2004137219–220_100-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMan2004de_Hartog2004137219–220-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In August 1227, Genghis died of uncertain causes, and, in order not to jeopardize the ongoing campaign, his death was kept a secret.<sup id="cite_ref-Lange_71_101-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lange_71-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMan2004238_102-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMan2004238-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In September 1227, Emperor Mo surrendered to the Mongols and was promptly executed.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEde_Hartog2004137_103-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_Hartog2004137-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-age_of_achievement_104-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-age_of_achievement-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Mongols then pillaged the capital, slaughtered the city's population, plundered the imperial tombs to the west, and completed the annihilation of the Western Xia state.<sup id="cite_ref-Ebrey_105-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ebrey-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEde_Hartog2004137Mote2003256_106-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_Hartog2004137Mote2003256-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Destruction">Destruction</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Western_Xia&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Destruction"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The destruction of Western Xia during the second campaign was nearly total. According to <a href="/wiki/John_Man_(author)" title="John Man (author)">John Man</a>, Western Xia is little known to anyone other than experts in the field due to Genghis Khan's policy calling for their complete eradication. He states that "There is a case to be made that this was the first ever recorded example of attempted <a href="/wiki/Genocide" title="Genocide">genocide</a>. It was certainly very successful <i><a href="/wiki/Ethnocide" title="Ethnocide">ethnocide</a></i>."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMan2004116–117_108-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMan2004116–117-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, some members of the Western Xia royal clan emigrated to western <a href="/wiki/Sichuan" title="Sichuan">Sichuan</a>, northern <a href="/wiki/Tibet" title="Tibet">Tibet</a>, and even possibly <a href="/wiki/Northeast_India" title="Northeast India">Northeast India</a>, in some instances becoming local rulers.<sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A small Western Xia state was established in Tibet along the upper reaches of the <a href="/wiki/Yalong_River" title="Yalong River">Yalong River</a> while other Western Xia populations settled in what are now the modern provinces of <a href="/wiki/Henan" title="Henan">Henan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hebei" title="Hebei">Hebei</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMote2003256_110-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMote2003256-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In China, remnants of the Western Xia persisted into the middle of the <a href="/wiki/Ming_dynasty" title="Ming dynasty">Ming dynasty</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMote2003256–257_111-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMote2003256–257-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Military">Military</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Western_Xia&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Military"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Xixia_Imperial_Artifact_(41075050225).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Xixia_Imperial_Artifact_%2841075050225%29.jpg/220px-Xixia_Imperial_Artifact_%2841075050225%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Xixia_Imperial_Artifact_%2841075050225%29.jpg/330px-Xixia_Imperial_Artifact_%2841075050225%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Xixia_Imperial_Artifact_%2841075050225%29.jpg/440px-Xixia_Imperial_Artifact_%2841075050225%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="4000" /></a><figcaption>Mace, Western Xia</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%E6%AD%A6%E5%A8%81%E9%93%9C%E7%81%AB%E9%93%B3.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/%E6%AD%A6%E5%A8%81%E9%93%9C%E7%81%AB%E9%93%B3.png/220px-%E6%AD%A6%E5%A8%81%E9%93%9C%E7%81%AB%E9%93%B3.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="158" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/%E6%AD%A6%E5%A8%81%E9%93%9C%E7%81%AB%E9%93%B3.png/330px-%E6%AD%A6%E5%A8%81%E9%93%9C%E7%81%AB%E9%93%B3.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/%E6%AD%A6%E5%A8%81%E9%93%9C%E7%81%AB%E9%93%B3.png/440px-%E6%AD%A6%E5%A8%81%E9%93%9C%E7%81%AB%E9%93%B3.png 2x" data-file-width="1080" data-file-height="774" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Wuwei_Bronze_Cannon" title="Wuwei Bronze Cannon">Wuwei Bronze Cannon</a>, early 13th century</figcaption></figure> <p>The Western Xia had two elite military units, the Iron Hawks (tie yaozi), a 3,000 strong heavy cavalry unit, and Trekker infantry (bubazi), mountain infantry.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEForage199111_112-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEForage199111-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The brother of <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Chongzong_of_Western_Xia" title="Emperor Chongzong of Western Xia">Emperor Chongzong of Western Xia</a>, Chage, mentioned that Trekker infantry had difficulty fighting Mighty-Arm bows, a type of Song dynasty crossbow: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Since ancient times we have fought using both infantry and cavalry. Although we have the Iron Hawks that can charge on the plains and the Trekker infantry that can fight in the hills, if we happen to encounter some new tactic our cavalry will have difficulty deploying. If we encounter [Mighty- Arm bows], then our infantry will be scattered. The problem is our troops can only fight according to convention and are unable to adapt to changes during battle.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEForage199110_59-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEForage199110-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Chage</cite></div></blockquote> <p>A remarkable Xia weapon was discovered in 1980, namely the <a href="/wiki/Wuwei_Bronze_Cannon" title="Wuwei Bronze Cannon">Wuwei Bronze Cannon</a>. Dating to the early 13th century, it was a primitive yet large (weighing 108 kg) bronze cannon shooting iron balls.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAndrade201653–54_113-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAndrade201653–54-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture">Culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Western_Xia&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Xixia_Museum_stele_fragment_C.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Xixia_Museum_stele_fragment_C.jpg/220px-Xixia_Museum_stele_fragment_C.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="174" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Xixia_Museum_stele_fragment_C.jpg/330px-Xixia_Museum_stele_fragment_C.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Xixia_Museum_stele_fragment_C.jpg/440px-Xixia_Museum_stele_fragment_C.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4353" data-file-height="3433" /></a><figcaption>Fragment of a <a href="/wiki/Stele" title="Stele">stele</a> with Tangut script</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hongfo_Pagoda_woodblock_B.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Hongfo_Pagoda_woodblock_B.jpg/220px-Hongfo_Pagoda_woodblock_B.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="93" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Hongfo_Pagoda_woodblock_B.jpg/330px-Hongfo_Pagoda_woodblock_B.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Hongfo_Pagoda_woodblock_B.jpg/440px-Hongfo_Pagoda_woodblock_B.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3518" data-file-height="1491" /></a><figcaption>Tangut printing block</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Language">Language</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Western_Xia&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Language"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The kingdom developed a Tangut script to write its own Tangut language, a now extinct <a href="/wiki/Tibeto-Burman_languages" title="Tibeto-Burman languages">Tibeto-Burman language</a><sup id="cite_ref-Stein_1972,_pp._70–71_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stein_1972,_pp._70–71-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> probably related to the <a href="/wiki/Horpa_language" title="Horpa language">Horpa taxon</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-115" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Tibetans, Uyghurs, Han, and Tanguts served as officials in Western Xia.<sup id="cite_ref-116" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is unclear how distinct the different ethnic groups were in the Xia state as intermarriage was never prohibited. Tangut, Chinese and Tibetan were all official languages.<sup id="cite_ref-cam_117-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cam-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>A system of writing its language, based on Chinese and Khitan, was created in 1036, and many Chinese books were translated and then printed in this script. Gifts and exchanges of books were arranged with the Sung court from time to time; Buddhist <i>sutras</i> were donated no fewer than six times and some of them were translated and printed. After the Mongol conquest of Tangut and China, a Tangut edition of the Tripitaka in the Hsi-hsia script, in more than 3620 <i>chüan</i>, was printed in Hangchow and completed in 1302, and about a hundred copies were distributed to monasteries in the former Tangut region. Many fragments of books in Tangut and Chinese were discovered at the beginning of this century, including two editions of the Diamond sutra printed in 1016 and 1189, and two bilingual glossaries, the <i>Hsi-Hsia Tzu Shu Yun Thung</i> (+ 1132), and the <i>Fan Han Ho Shih Chang Chung Chu</i> (+ 1190). Apparently many books in their native tongue were also printed under the Tangut rulers.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETsien1985169_118-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETsien1985169-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Tsien Tsuen-hsuin</cite></div></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dress">Dress</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Western_Xia&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Dress"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Fashion_in_Western_Xia" title="Fashion in Western Xia">Fashion in Western Xia</a></div><p>In 1034 Li Yuanhao (Emperor Jingzong) introduced and decreed a new custom for Western Xia subjects to shave their heads, leaving a fringe covering the forehead and temples, ostensibly to distinguish them from neighbouring countries. Clothing was regulated for different classes of official and commoners. Dress seemed to be influenced by Tibetan and Uighur clothing.<sup id="cite_ref-119" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religion">Religion</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Western_Xia&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Religion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The government-sponsored state religion was a blend of Tibetan Tantric Buddhism and Chinese Mahayana Buddhism with a Sino-Nepalese artistic style. The scholar-official class engaged in the study of Confucian classics, Taoist texts, and Buddhist sermons, while the Emperor portrayed himself as a Buddhist king and patron of Lamas.<sup id="cite_ref-cam_117-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cam-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Early in the kingdom's history, <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Buddhism" title="Chinese Buddhism">Chinese Buddhism</a> was the most widespread form of Buddhism practiced. However, around the mid-twelfth century <a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhism" title="Tibetan Buddhism">Tibetan Buddhism</a> gained prominence as rulers invited Tibetan monks to hold the distinctive office of state preceptor.<sup id="cite_ref-120" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The practice of <a href="/wiki/Tantric_Buddhism" class="mw-redirect" title="Tantric Buddhism">Tantric Buddhism</a> in Western Xia led to the spread of some sexually related customs. Before they could marry men of their own ethnicity when they reached 30 years old, Uighur women in Shaanxi in the 12th century had children after having relations with multiple ethnic Han men, with her desirability as a wife enhancing if she had been with a large number of men.<sup id="cite_ref-Biran2005_121-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Biran2005-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Dunnell1983_122-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dunnell1983-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-123" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Economy">Economy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Western_Xia&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Economy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The economy of the empire mainly consisted of agriculture, pastoralism, and trade (especially with Central Asia).<sup id="cite_ref-124" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-125" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Rulers">Rulers</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Western_Xia&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Rulers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Western_Xia_rulers_family_tree" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Xia rulers family tree">Western Xia emperors family tree</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:CEM-36-Regno-della-China-2355.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/CEM-36-Regno-della-China-2355.jpg/220px-CEM-36-Regno-della-China-2355.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/CEM-36-Regno-della-China-2355.jpg/330px-CEM-36-Regno-della-China-2355.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/CEM-36-Regno-della-China-2355.jpg/440px-CEM-36-Regno-della-China-2355.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2421" data-file-height="1904" /></a><figcaption>450 years after the destruction of the Tangut empire, the "Kingdom of Tenduc or Tangut" was still shown on some European maps as China's northwestern neighbor</figcaption></figure> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Temple_name" title="Temple name">Temple Name</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Posthumous_Name" class="mw-redirect" title="Posthumous Name">Posthumous Name</a></th> <th>Personal Name</th> <th>Reign Dates </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Emperor_Jingzong_of_Western_Xia" title="Emperor Jingzong of Western Xia">Jǐngzōng</a> <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">景宗</span></span> </td> <td>Emperor Wǔliè <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">武烈皇帝</span></span> </td> <td>Lǐ Yuánhào <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">李元昊</span></span> </td> <td>1038–1048 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Emperor_Yizong_of_Western_Xia" title="Emperor Yizong of Western Xia">Yìzōng</a> <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">毅宗</span></span> </td> <td>Emperor Zhāoyīng <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">昭英皇帝</span></span> </td> <td>Lǐ Liàngzuò <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">李諒祚</span></span> </td> <td>1048–1067 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Emperor_Huizong_of_Western_Xia" title="Emperor Huizong of Western Xia">Huìzōng</a> <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">惠宗</span></span> </td> <td>Emperor Kāngjìng <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">康靖皇帝</span></span> </td> <td>Lǐ Bǐngcháng <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">李秉常</span></span><sup id="cite_ref-Ireland1883_126-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ireland1883-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-127" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>1067–1086 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Emperor_Chongzong_of_Western_Xia" title="Emperor Chongzong of Western Xia">Chóngzōng</a> <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">崇宗</span></span> </td> <td>Emperor Shèngwén <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">聖文皇帝</span></span> </td> <td>Lǐ Qiánshùn <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">李乾順</span></span><sup id="cite_ref-Golzio1984_128-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Golzio1984-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-TwitchettFranke1994_129-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TwitchettFranke1994-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>1086–1139 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Emperor_Renzong_of_Western_Xia" title="Emperor Renzong of Western Xia">Rénzōng</a> <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">仁宗</span></span> </td> <td>Emperor Shèngdé <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">聖德皇帝</span></span> </td> <td>Lǐ Rénxiào <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">李仁孝</span></span><sup id="cite_ref-TwitchettFranke1994_1_130-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TwitchettFranke1994_1-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>1139–1193 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Emperor_Huanzong_of_Western_Xia" title="Emperor Huanzong of Western Xia">Huánzōng</a> <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">桓宗</span></span> </td> <td>Emperor Zhāojiǎn <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">昭簡皇帝</span></span> </td> <td>Lǐ Chúnyòu <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">李純佑</span></span> </td> <td>1193–1206 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Emperor_Xiangzong_of_Western_Xia" title="Emperor Xiangzong of Western Xia">Xiāngzōng</a> <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">襄宗</span></span> </td> <td>Emperor Jìngmù <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">敬慕皇帝</span></span> </td> <td>Lǐ Ānquán <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">李安全</span></span> </td> <td>1206–1211 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Emperor_Shenzong_of_Western_Xia" title="Emperor Shenzong of Western Xia">Shénzōng</a> <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">神宗</span></span> </td> <td>Emperor Yīngwén <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">英文皇帝</span></span> </td> <td>Lǐ Zūnxū <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">李遵頊</span></span> </td> <td>1211–1223 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Emperor_Xianzong_of_Western_Xia" title="Emperor Xianzong of Western Xia">Xiànzōng</a> <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">獻宗</span></span> </td> <td><i>None</i> </td> <td>Lǐ Déwàng <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">李德旺</span></span><sup id="cite_ref-Peers2015_131-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Peers2015-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Society2002_132-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Society2002-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Kwanten1979_133-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kwanten1979-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>1223–1226 </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>None</i> </td> <td><i>None</i> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Emperor_Mo_of_Western_Xia" title="Emperor Mo of Western Xia">Lǐ Xiàn</a> <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">李晛</span></span> </td> <td>1226–1227 </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Each Western Xia emperor established one or more <a href="/wiki/Chinese_era_name" title="Chinese era name">era name</a> in Chinese and Tangut, although not all the Tangut versions of era names are known. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Emperor</th> <th>Era Name</th> <th>Dates </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Emperor_Jingzong_of_Western_Xia" title="Emperor Jingzong of Western Xia">Jǐngzōng</a> </td> <td>Tiānshòu Lǐfǎ Yánzuò 天授禮法延祚 </td> <td>1038–1048 </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="4"><a href="/wiki/Emperor_Yizong_of_Western_Xia" title="Emperor Yizong of Western Xia">Yìzōng</a> </td> <td>Yánsì Níngguó 延嗣寧國 </td> <td>1049 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Tiānyòu Chuíshèng 天祐垂聖 </td> <td>1050–1052 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Fúshèng Chéngdào 福聖承道 (Tangut <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1065318431"><span class="Tangut" style="display:inline-block; text-orientation: upright; -webkit-text-orientation: upright;" title="Tangut text">𗼃𗼕</span> or <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1065318431"><span class="Tangut" style="display:inline-block; text-orientation: upright; -webkit-text-orientation: upright;" title="Tangut text">𗣼𗧯</span>) </td> <td>1053–1056 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Duǒdū 奲都 </td> <td>1057–1062 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Gǒnghuà 拱化 </td> <td>1063–1067 </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="4"><a href="/wiki/Emperor_Huizong_of_Western_Xia" title="Emperor Huizong of Western Xia">Huìzōng</a> </td> <td>Qiándào 乾道 </td> <td>1068–1069 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Tiāncì Lǐshèng Guóqìng 天賜禮盛國慶 (Tangut <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1065318431"><span class="Tangut" style="display:inline-block; text-orientation: upright; -webkit-text-orientation: upright;" title="Tangut text">𘀗𗙀𗅲𗯿𗂧𗴴</span>) </td> <td>1070–1074 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Dà'ān 大安 (Tangut <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1065318431"><span class="Tangut" style="display:inline-block; text-orientation: upright; -webkit-text-orientation: upright;" title="Tangut text">𘜶𗵐</span>) </td> <td>1075–1085 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Tiān'ān Lǐdìng 天安禮定 (Tangut <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1065318431"><span class="Tangut" style="display:inline-block; text-orientation: upright; -webkit-text-orientation: upright;" title="Tangut text">𘓺𗪚𗅲𗧯</span>) </td> <td>1086 </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="8"><a href="/wiki/Emperor_Chongzong_of_Western_Xia" title="Emperor Chongzong of Western Xia">Chóngzōng</a> </td> <td>Tiānyí Zhìpíng 天儀治平 (Tangut <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1065318431"><span class="Tangut" style="display:inline-block; text-orientation: upright; -webkit-text-orientation: upright;" title="Tangut text">𘓺𗫸𗁣𘇚</span>) </td> <td>1086–1089 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Tiānyòu Mín'ān 天祐民安 (Tangut <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1065318431"><span class="Tangut" style="display:inline-block; text-orientation: upright; -webkit-text-orientation: upright;" title="Tangut text">𘓺𗼕𘂀𗴴</span>) </td> <td>1090–1097 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Yǒng'ān 永安 (Tangut <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1065318431"><span class="Tangut" style="display:inline-block; text-orientation: upright; -webkit-text-orientation: upright;" title="Tangut text">𗦷𗪚</span>) </td> <td>1098–1100 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Zhēnguān 貞觀 (Tangut <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1065318431"><span class="Tangut" style="display:inline-block; text-orientation: upright; -webkit-text-orientation: upright;" title="Tangut text">𗣼𘝯</span>) </td> <td>1101–1113 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Yōngníng 雍寧 (Tangut <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1065318431"><span class="Tangut" style="display:inline-block; text-orientation: upright; -webkit-text-orientation: upright;" title="Tangut text">𗖠𗪚</span>) </td> <td>1114–1118 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Yuándé 元德 (Tangut <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1065318431"><span class="Tangut" style="display:inline-block; text-orientation: upright; -webkit-text-orientation: upright;" title="Tangut text">𗣼𗪟</span>) </td> <td>1119–1127 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Zhèngdé 正德 (Tangut <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1065318431"><span class="Tangut" style="display:inline-block; text-orientation: upright; -webkit-text-orientation: upright;" title="Tangut text">𗣼𘇚</span>) </td> <td>1127–1134 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Dàdé 大德 (Tangut <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1065318431"><span class="Tangut" style="display:inline-block; text-orientation: upright; -webkit-text-orientation: upright;" title="Tangut text">𘜶𗣼</span>) </td> <td>1135–1139 </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="4"><a href="/wiki/Emperor_Renzong_of_Western_Xia" title="Emperor Renzong of Western Xia">Rénzōng</a> </td> <td>Daqing 大慶 (Tangut <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1065318431"><span class="Tangut" style="display:inline-block; text-orientation: upright; -webkit-text-orientation: upright;" title="Tangut text">𘜶𘅝</span>) </td> <td>1140–1143 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Rénqìng 人慶 (Tangut <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1065318431"><span class="Tangut" style="display:inline-block; text-orientation: upright; -webkit-text-orientation: upright;" title="Tangut text">𗸦𘅝</span>) </td> <td>1144–1148 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Tiānshèng 天盛 (Tangut <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1065318431"><span class="Tangut" style="display:inline-block; text-orientation: upright; -webkit-text-orientation: upright;" title="Tangut text">𘓺𘃸</span>) </td> <td>1149–1169 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Qiányòu 乾祐 (Tangut <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1065318431"><span class="Tangut" style="display:inline-block; text-orientation: upright; -webkit-text-orientation: upright;" title="Tangut text">𘀗𘑨</span>) </td> <td>1170–1193 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Emperor_Huanzong_of_Western_Xia" title="Emperor Huanzong of Western Xia">Huánzōng</a> </td> <td>Tiānqìng 天慶 (Tangut <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1065318431"><span class="Tangut" style="display:inline-block; text-orientation: upright; -webkit-text-orientation: upright;" title="Tangut text">𘓺𘅝</span>) </td> <td>1194–1206 </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Emperor_Xiangzong_of_Western_Xia" title="Emperor Xiangzong of Western Xia">Xiāngzōng</a> </td> <td>Yìngtiān 應天 </td> <td>1206–1209 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Huángjiàn 皇建 (Tangut <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1065318431"><span class="Tangut" style="display:inline-block; text-orientation: upright; -webkit-text-orientation: upright;" title="Tangut text">𘓺𘚪</span>) </td> <td>1210–1211 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Emperor_Shenzong_of_Western_Xia" title="Emperor Shenzong of Western Xia">Shénzōng</a> </td> <td>Guāngdìng 光定 (Tangut <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1065318431"><span class="Tangut" style="display:inline-block; text-orientation: upright; -webkit-text-orientation: upright;" title="Tangut text">𗪚𗏴</span>) </td> <td>1211–1223 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Emperor_Xianzong_of_Western_Xia" title="Emperor Xianzong of Western Xia">Xiànzōng</a> </td> <td>Qiándìng 乾定 </td> <td>1223–1226 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Emperor_Mo_of_Western_Xia" title="Emperor Mo of Western Xia">Lǐ Xiàn</a> </td> <td>Bǎoqìng 寶慶 </td> <td>1226–1227 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Administrative_divisions">Administrative divisions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Western_Xia&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Administrative divisions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output 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class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Western_Xia" title="Special:EditPage/Western Xia">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">March 2024</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Region</th> <th>Prefecture</th> <th>Modern location </th></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="9">Hexi </td> <td>Xingzhou (Xingqing, Ducheng)</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Yinchuan" title="Yinchuan">Yinchuan</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Dingzhou</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pingluo_County" title="Pingluo County">Pingluo County</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Huaizhou</td> <td>East of Yinchuan </td></tr> <tr> <td>Yongzhou</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Yongning_County" title="Yongning County">Yongning County</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Liangzhou (Xiliangfu)</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Wuwei,_Gansu" title="Wuwei, Gansu">Wuwei</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Ganzhou (Xuanhuafu)</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Zhangye" title="Zhangye">Zhangye</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Suzhou</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Jiuquan" title="Jiuquan">Jiuquan</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Guazhou</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Guazhou_County" title="Guazhou County">Guazhou County</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Shazhou</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Dunhuang" title="Dunhuang">Dunhuang</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="9">Henan </td> <td>Lingzhou</td> <td>Northwest of <a href="/wiki/Wuzhong,_Ningxia" title="Wuzhong, Ningxia">Wuzhong</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Hongzhou</td> <td>Southwest of <a href="/wiki/Jingbian_County" title="Jingbian County">Jingbian</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Youzhou</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Otog_Front_Banner" title="Otog Front Banner">Otog Front Banner</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Yinzhou</td> <td>East of <a href="/wiki/Hengshan_District,_Yulin" title="Hengshan District, Yulin">Hengshan</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Xiazhou</td> <td>North of Jingbian </td></tr> <tr> <td>Shizhou</td> <td>Hengshan </td></tr> <tr> <td>Yanzhou</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Dingbian_County" title="Dingbian County">Dingbian County</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Nanweizhou</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tongxin_County" title="Tongxin County">Tongxin County</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Huizhou</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Jingyuan_County,_Gansu" title="Jingyuan County, Gansu">Jingyuan</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="4">Other </td> <td>Xiningzhou</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Xining" title="Xining">Xining</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Lezhou</td> <td>South of <a href="/wiki/Ledu,_Haidong" title="Ledu, Haidong">Ledu</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Kuozhou</td> <td>Southwest of <a href="/wiki/Hualong_Hui_Autonomous_County" title="Hualong Hui Autonomous County">Hualong</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Jishizhou</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Xunhua_Salar_Autonomous_County" title="Xunhua Salar Autonomous County">Xunhua Salar Autonomous County</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gallery">Gallery</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Western_Xia&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Gallery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:SDIM3894MKGStrohbuddha.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A clay head of the Buddha, Western Xia dynasty, 12th century"><img alt="A clay head of the Buddha, Western Xia dynasty, 12th century" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/SDIM3894MKGStrohbuddha.jpg/180px-SDIM3894MKGStrohbuddha.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/SDIM3894MKGStrohbuddha.jpg/270px-SDIM3894MKGStrohbuddha.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/SDIM3894MKGStrohbuddha.jpg/360px-SDIM3894MKGStrohbuddha.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2640" data-file-height="1760" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A clay head of the <a href="/wiki/Buddha" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddha">Buddha</a>, Western Xia dynasty, 12th century</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Grey_Kalavinka.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A winged kalavinka made of grey pottery, Western Xia dynasty"><img alt="A winged kalavinka made of grey pottery, Western Xia dynasty" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Grey_Kalavinka.jpg/105px-Grey_Kalavinka.jpg" decoding="async" width="105" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Grey_Kalavinka.jpg/158px-Grey_Kalavinka.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Grey_Kalavinka.jpg/210px-Grey_Kalavinka.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2023" data-file-height="2309" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A winged <i><a href="/wiki/Kalavinka" class="mw-redirect" title="Kalavinka">kalavinka</a></i> made of grey pottery, Western Xia dynasty</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Yulin_Cave_3_w_wall_Manjusri_(Western_Xia).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A painting of the Buddhist manjusri, from the Yulin Caves of Gansu, China, from the Tangut-led Western Xia dynasty"><img alt="A painting of the Buddhist manjusri, from the Yulin Caves of Gansu, China, from the Tangut-led Western Xia dynasty" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Yulin_Cave_3_w_wall_Manjusri_%28Western_Xia%29.jpg/80px-Yulin_Cave_3_w_wall_Manjusri_%28Western_Xia%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Yulin_Cave_3_w_wall_Manjusri_%28Western_Xia%29.jpg/120px-Yulin_Cave_3_w_wall_Manjusri_%28Western_Xia%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Yulin_Cave_3_w_wall_Manjusri_%28Western_Xia%29.jpg/160px-Yulin_Cave_3_w_wall_Manjusri_%28Western_Xia%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1461" data-file-height="2185" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A painting of the Buddhist <i><a href="/wiki/Manjusri" class="mw-redirect" title="Manjusri">manjusri</a></i>, from the <a href="/wiki/Yulin_Caves" title="Yulin Caves">Yulin Caves</a> of <a href="/wiki/Gansu" title="Gansu">Gansu</a>, China, from the Tangut-led Western Xia dynasty</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Dunhuang_mogao_mural_cave_409.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Concubines of the Tangut ruler"><img alt="Concubines of the Tangut ruler" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Dunhuang_mogao_mural_cave_409.jpg/101px-Dunhuang_mogao_mural_cave_409.jpg" decoding="async" width="101" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Dunhuang_mogao_mural_cave_409.jpg/151px-Dunhuang_mogao_mural_cave_409.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Dunhuang_mogao_mural_cave_409.jpg/202px-Dunhuang_mogao_mural_cave_409.jpg 2x" data-file-width="475" data-file-height="565" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Concubines of the Tangut ruler</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Xixia_Museum_wooden_figure_of_cavalry_soldier.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Wooden figure of a Tangut soldier"><img alt="Wooden figure of a Tangut soldier" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Xixia_Museum_wooden_figure_of_cavalry_soldier.jpg/47px-Xixia_Museum_wooden_figure_of_cavalry_soldier.jpg" decoding="async" width="47" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Xixia_Museum_wooden_figure_of_cavalry_soldier.jpg/70px-Xixia_Museum_wooden_figure_of_cavalry_soldier.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Xixia_Museum_wooden_figure_of_cavalry_soldier.jpg/94px-Xixia_Museum_wooden_figure_of_cavalry_soldier.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1217" data-file-height="3113" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Wooden figure of a Tangut soldier</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%E8%A5%BF%E5%A4%8F%E5%A5%B3%E4%BE%9B%E9%A4%8A%E4%BA%BA%E5%83%8F.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Tangut women"><img alt="Tangut women" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/%E8%A5%BF%E5%A4%8F%E5%A5%B3%E4%BE%9B%E9%A4%8A%E4%BA%BA%E5%83%8F.png/128px-%E8%A5%BF%E5%A4%8F%E5%A5%B3%E4%BE%9B%E9%A4%8A%E4%BA%BA%E5%83%8F.png" decoding="async" width="128" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/%E8%A5%BF%E5%A4%8F%E5%A5%B3%E4%BE%9B%E9%A4%8A%E4%BA%BA%E5%83%8F.png/191px-%E8%A5%BF%E5%A4%8F%E5%A5%B3%E4%BE%9B%E9%A4%8A%E4%BA%BA%E5%83%8F.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/%E8%A5%BF%E5%A4%8F%E5%A5%B3%E4%BE%9B%E9%A4%8A%E4%BA%BA%E5%83%8F.png/255px-%E8%A5%BF%E5%A4%8F%E5%A5%B3%E4%BE%9B%E9%A4%8A%E4%BA%BA%E5%83%8F.png 2x" data-file-width="319" data-file-height="300" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Tangut women</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Tangut_servants.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Tangut bride"><img alt="Tangut bride" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Tangut_servants.jpg/83px-Tangut_servants.jpg" decoding="async" width="83" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Tangut_servants.jpg/124px-Tangut_servants.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Tangut_servants.jpg/166px-Tangut_servants.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1244" data-file-height="1800" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Tangut bride</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Beijing_printing_museum.12th_century.Xixia_argile_movable_type_print.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Printed text using pottery (argile) movable type from Western Xia around the mid-12th century. Found in Xinhua Xiang (新华乡); Wuwei City, Gansu province."><img alt="Printed text using pottery (argile) movable type from Western Xia around the mid-12th century. Found in Xinhua Xiang (新华乡); Wuwei City, Gansu province." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Beijing_printing_museum.12th_century.Xixia_argile_movable_type_print.jpg/180px-Beijing_printing_museum.12th_century.Xixia_argile_movable_type_print.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="85" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Beijing_printing_museum.12th_century.Xixia_argile_movable_type_print.jpg/270px-Beijing_printing_museum.12th_century.Xixia_argile_movable_type_print.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Beijing_printing_museum.12th_century.Xixia_argile_movable_type_print.jpg/360px-Beijing_printing_museum.12th_century.Xixia_argile_movable_type_print.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4585" data-file-height="2169" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Printed text using pottery (argile) <a href="/wiki/Movable_type" title="Movable type">movable type</a> from Western Xia around the mid-12th century. Found in Xinhua Xiang (新华乡); <a href="/wiki/Wuwei,_Gansu" title="Wuwei, Gansu">Wuwei City</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gansu_province" class="mw-redirect" title="Gansu province">Gansu province</a>.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Chrysographic_Tangut_Golden_Light_Sutra.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Golden Light Sutra written in the Tangut script"><img alt="The Golden Light Sutra written in the Tangut script" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Chrysographic_Tangut_Golden_Light_Sutra.jpg/93px-Chrysographic_Tangut_Golden_Light_Sutra.jpg" decoding="async" width="93" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Chrysographic_Tangut_Golden_Light_Sutra.jpg/140px-Chrysographic_Tangut_Golden_Light_Sutra.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Chrysographic_Tangut_Golden_Light_Sutra.jpg/186px-Chrysographic_Tangut_Golden_Light_Sutra.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1401" data-file-height="1805" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The <i><a href="/wiki/Golden_Light_Sutra" title="Golden Light Sutra">Golden Light Sutra</a></i> written in the Tangut script</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Western_Xia&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid 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Tangut books">List of Tangut books</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One_Hundred_and_Eight_Stupas" title="One Hundred and Eight Stupas">One Hundred and Eight Stupas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tangut_people" title="Tangut people">Tangut people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tangutology" title="Tangutology">Tangutology</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Western_Xia&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Western_Xia&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style 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class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Turchin222-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Turchin222_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px 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href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETwitchett1994192_50-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTwitchett1994">Twitchett 1994</a>, p. 192.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMote2003187–188-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMote2003187–188_51-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMote2003187–188_51-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMote2003">Mote 2003</a>, pp. 187–188.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEForage1991-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEForage1991_52-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFForage1991">Forage 1991</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETwitchett2009343-344-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETwitchett2009343-344_53-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTwitchett2009">Twitchett 2009</a>, p. 343-344.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETwitchett2009469-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETwitchett2009469_54-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTwitchett2009">Twitchett 2009</a>, p. 469.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETwitchett200946-470-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETwitchett200946-470_55-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTwitchett2009">Twitchett 2009</a>, p. 46-470.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETwitchett1994193-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETwitchett1994193_56-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTwitchett1994">Twitchett 1994</a>, p. 193.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEForage19919-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEForage19919_57-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEForage19919_57-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEForage19919_57-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEForage19919_57-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFForage1991">Forage 1991</a>, p. 9.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENie2015374-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENie2015374_58-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNie2015">Nie 2015</a>, p. 374.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEForage199110-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEForage199110_59-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEForage199110_59-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEForage199110_59-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFForage1991">Forage 1991</a>, p. 10.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEForage199115-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEForage199115_60-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFForage1991">Forage 1991</a>, p. 15.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEForage199116-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEForage199116_61-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEForage199116_61-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEForage199116_61-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFForage1991">Forage 1991</a>, p. 16.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENie2015376-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENie2015376_62-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNie2015">Nie 2015</a>, p. 376.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEForage199117-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a 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1994</a>, p. 205-7.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-tim_may_1211-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-tim_may_1211_80-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-tim_may_1211_80-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMay2012" class="citation book cs1">May, Timothy (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZRIt9sZaTREC"><i>The Mongol Conquests in World History</i></a>. London: <a href="/wiki/Reaktion_Books" title="Reaktion Books">Reaktion Books</a>. p. 1211. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781861899712" title="Special:BookSources/9781861899712"><bdi>9781861899712</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Mongol+Conquests+in+World+History&rft.place=London&rft.pages=1211&rft.pub=Reaktion+Books&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=9781861899712&rft.aulast=May&rft.aufirst=Timothy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZRIt9sZaTREC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+Xia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">J. 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Twitchett; Herbert Franke; John King Fairbank (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=iN9Tdfdap5MC&pg=PA818"><i>The Cambridge History of China: Volume 6, Alien Regimes and Border States, 907-1368</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. pp. 181–182. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-24331-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-24331-5"><bdi>978-0-521-24331-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+History+of+China%3A+Volume+6%2C+Alien+Regimes+and+Border+States%2C+907-1368&rft.pages=181-182&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-521-24331-5&rft.au=Denis+C.+Twitchett&rft.au=Herbert+Franke&rft.au=John+King+Fairbank&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DiN9Tdfdap5MC%26pg%3DPA818&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+Xia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAtwood2004" class="citation book cs1">Atwood, Christopher Pratt (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=I9dzQgAACAAJ"><i>Encyclopedia of Mongolia and the Mongol Empire</i></a>. Facts On File. p. 590. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8160-4671-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8160-4671-3"><bdi>978-0-8160-4671-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Mongolia+and+the+Mongol+Empire&rft.pages=590&rft.pub=Facts+On+File&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-8160-4671-3&rft.aulast=Atwood&rft.aufirst=Christopher+Pratt&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DI9dzQgAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+Xia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Biran2005-121"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Biran2005_121-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMichal_Biran2005" class="citation book cs1">Michal Biran (15 September 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=B934LaVBaz8C&pg=PA164"><i>The Empire of the Qara Khitai in Eurasian History: Between China and the Islamic World</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. pp. 164–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-84226-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-84226-6"><bdi>978-0-521-84226-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Empire+of+the+Qara+Khitai+in+Eurasian+History%3A+Between+China+and+the+Islamic+World&rft.pages=164-&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2005-09-15&rft.isbn=978-0-521-84226-6&rft.au=Michal+Biran&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DB934LaVBaz8C%26pg%3DPA164&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+Xia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dunnell1983-122"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Dunnell1983_122-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDunnell1983" class="citation book cs1">Dunnell, Ruth W. (1983). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=o3AhAAAAMAAJ"><i>Tanguts and the Tangut State of Ta Hsia</i></a>. Princeton University.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tanguts+and+the+Tangut+State+of+Ta+Hsia&rft.pub=Princeton+University&rft.date=1983&rft.aulast=Dunnell&rft.aufirst=Ruth+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Do3AhAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+Xia" class="Z3988"></span>, page 228</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREF洪" class="citation book cs1">洪, 皓. <a class="external text" href="https://zh.wikisource.org/zh/%E6%9D%BE%E6%BC%A0%E7%B4%80%E8%81%9E"><i>松漠紀聞</i></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%E6%9D%BE%E6%BC%A0%E7%B4%80%E8%81%9E&rft.aulast=%E6%B4%AA&rft.aufirst=%E7%9A%93&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fzh.wikisource.org%2Fzh%2F%25E6%259D%25BE%25E6%25BC%25A0%25E7%25B4%2580%25E8%2581%259E&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+Xia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDillon1998" class="citation book cs1">Dillon, Michael, ed. (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VA5tKw11K8YC"><i>China: A Cultural and Historical Dictionary</i></a>. London: Curzon Press. p. 351. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7007-0439-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-7007-0439-6"><bdi>0-7007-0439-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=China%3A+A+Cultural+and+Historical+Dictionary&rft.place=London&rft.pages=351&rft.pub=Curzon+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=0-7007-0439-6&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVA5tKw11K8YC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+Xia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRossabi2014" class="citation book cs1">Rossabi, Morris (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=oflvAAAAQBAJ&q=xia+and+jin:+two+foreign+dynasties+rossabi"><i>A History of China</i></a>. Wiley-Blackwell. p. 195. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57718-113-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57718-113-2"><bdi>978-1-57718-113-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+China&rft.pages=195&rft.pub=Wiley-Blackwell&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-57718-113-2&rft.aulast=Rossabi&rft.aufirst=Morris&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DoflvAAAAQBAJ%26q%3Dxia%2Band%2Bjin%3A%2Btwo%2Bforeign%2Bdynasties%2Brossabi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+Xia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ireland1883-126"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Ireland1883_126-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoyal_Asiatic_Society_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland1883" class="citation book cs1">Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland (1883). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/journalroyalasi06irelgoog"><i>Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain & Ireland</i></a>. Cambridge University Press for the Royal Asiatic Society. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/journalroyalasi06irelgoog/page/n523">463</a>–.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Journal+of+the+Royal+Asiatic+Society+of+Great+Britain+%26+Ireland&rft.pages=463-&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press+for+the+Royal+Asiatic+Society&rft.date=1883&rft.au=Royal+Asiatic+Society+of+Great+Britain+and+Ireland&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fjournalroyalasi06irelgoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+Xia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hGfvhzWIabcC&pg=PA463"><i>Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland</i></a>. 1883. pp. 463–.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Journal+of+the+Royal+Asiatic+Society+of+Great+Britain+and+Ireland&rft.pages=463-&rft.date=1883&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DhGfvhzWIabcC%26pg%3DPA463&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+Xia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Golzio1984-128"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Golzio1984_128-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKarl-Heinz_Golzio1984" class="citation book cs1">Karl-Heinz Golzio (1984). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=M0hxAAAAMAAJ"><i>Kings, khans, and other rulers of early Central Asia: chronological tables</i></a>. In Kommission bei E.J. Brill. p. 68. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783923956111" title="Special:BookSources/9783923956111"><bdi>9783923956111</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kings%2C+khans%2C+and+other+rulers+of+early+Central+Asia%3A+chronological+tables&rft.pages=68&rft.pub=In+Kommission+bei+E.J.+Brill&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=9783923956111&rft.au=Karl-Heinz+Golzio&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DM0hxAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+Xia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-TwitchettFranke1994-129"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-TwitchettFranke1994_129-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDenis_C._TwitchettHerbert_FrankeJohn_King_Fairbank1994" class="citation book cs1">Denis C. Twitchett; Herbert Franke; John King Fairbank (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=iN9Tdfdap5MC&pg=PA818"><i>The Cambridge History of China: Volume 6, Alien Regimes and Border States, 907-1368</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. pp. 818–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-24331-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-24331-5"><bdi>978-0-521-24331-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+History+of+China%3A+Volume+6%2C+Alien+Regimes+and+Border+States%2C+907-1368&rft.pages=818-&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-521-24331-5&rft.au=Denis+C.+Twitchett&rft.au=Herbert+Franke&rft.au=John+King+Fairbank&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DiN9Tdfdap5MC%26pg%3DPA818&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+Xia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-TwitchettFranke1994_1-130"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-TwitchettFranke1994_1_130-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDenis_C._TwitchettHerbert_FrankeJohn_King_Fairbank1994" class="citation book cs1">Denis C. Twitchett; Herbert Franke; John King Fairbank (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=iN9Tdfdap5MC&pg=PR23"><i>The Cambridge History of China: Volume 6, Alien Regimes and Border States, 907-1368</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. pp. xxiii–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-24331-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-24331-5"><bdi>978-0-521-24331-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+History+of+China%3A+Volume+6%2C+Alien+Regimes+and+Border+States%2C+907-1368&rft.pages=xxiii-&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-521-24331-5&rft.au=Denis+C.+Twitchett&rft.au=Herbert+Franke&rft.au=John+King+Fairbank&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DiN9Tdfdap5MC%26pg%3DPR23&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+Xia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Peers2015-131"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Peers2015_131-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChris_Peers2015" class="citation book cs1">Chris Peers (31 March 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qPmxBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA149"><i>Genghis Khan and the Mongol War Machine</i></a>. Pen and Sword. pp. 149–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4738-5382-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4738-5382-9"><bdi>978-1-4738-5382-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Genghis+Khan+and+the+Mongol+War+Machine&rft.pages=149-&rft.pub=Pen+and+Sword&rft.date=2015-03-31&rft.isbn=978-1-4738-5382-9&rft.au=Chris+Peers&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqPmxBgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA149&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+Xia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Society2002-132"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Society2002_132-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMongolia_Society2002" class="citation book cs1">Mongolia Society (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XIFxAAAAMAAJ"><i>Occasional papers</i></a>. Mongolia Society. pp. 25–26.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Occasional+papers&rft.pages=25-26&rft.pub=Mongolia+Society&rft.date=2002&rft.au=Mongolia+Society&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXIFxAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+Xia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kwanten1979-133"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Kwanten1979_133-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLuc_Kwanten1979" class="citation book cs1">Luc Kwanten (1 January 1979). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/imperialnomads00luck"><i>Imperial Nomads: A History of Central Asia, 500-1500</i></a></span>. University of Pennsylvania Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/imperialnomads00luck/page/123">123</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8122-7750-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8122-7750-0"><bdi>978-0-8122-7750-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Imperial+Nomads%3A+A+History+of+Central+Asia%2C+500-1500&rft.pages=123&rft.pub=University+of+Pennsylvania+Press&rft.date=1979-01-01&rft.isbn=978-0-8122-7750-0&rft.au=Luc+Kwanten&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fimperialnomads00luck&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+Xia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Western_Xia&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAndrade2016" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Tonio_Andrade" title="Tonio Andrade">Andrade, Tonio</a> (2016), <i>The Gunpowder Age: China, Military Innovation, and the Rise of the West in World History</i>, Princeton University Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-13597-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-13597-7"><bdi>978-0-691-13597-7</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Gunpowder+Age%3A+China%2C+Military+Innovation%2C+and+the+Rise+of+the+West+in+World+History&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-0-691-13597-7&rft.aulast=Andrade&rft.aufirst=Tonio&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+Xia" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAsimov1998" class="citation cs2">Asimov, M. S. (1998), <i>History of civilizations of Central Asia Volume IV The age of achievement: A.D. 750 to the end of the fifteenth century Part One The historical, social and economic setting</i>, <a href="/wiki/UNESCO_Publishing" class="mw-redirect" title="UNESCO Publishing">UNESCO Publishing</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+civilizations+of+Central+Asia+Volume+IV+The+age+of+achievement%3A+A.D.+750+to+the+end+of+the+fifteenth+century+Part+One+The+historical%2C+social+and+economic+setting&rft.pub=UNESCO+Publishing&rft.date=1998&rft.aulast=Asimov&rft.aufirst=M.+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+Xia" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarfield1989" class="citation cs2">Barfield, Thomas (1989), <i>The Perilous Frontier: Nomadic Empires and China</i>, Basil Blackwell</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Perilous+Frontier%3A+Nomadic+Empires+and+China&rft.pub=Basil+Blackwell&rft.date=1989&rft.aulast=Barfield&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+Xia" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarrett2008" class="citation cs2">Barrett, Timothy Hugh (2008), <i>The Woman Who Discovered Printing</i>, Great Britain: <a href="/wiki/Yale_University_Press" title="Yale University Press">Yale University Press</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-12728-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-12728-7"><bdi>978-0-300-12728-7</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Woman+Who+Discovered+Printing&rft.place=Great+Britain&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-300-12728-7&rft.aulast=Barrett&rft.aufirst=Timothy+Hugh&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+Xia" class="Z3988"></span> (alk. paper)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeckwith1987" class="citation cs2">Beckwith, Christopher I (1987), <i>The Tibetan Empire in Central Asia: A History of the Struggle for Great Power among Tibetans, Turks, Arabs, and Chinese during the Early Middle Ages</i>, Princeton University Press</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Tibetan+Empire+in+Central+Asia%3A+A+History+of+the+Struggle+for+Great+Power+among+Tibetans%2C+Turks%2C+Arabs%2C+and+Chinese+during+the+Early+Middle+Ages&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=1987&rft.aulast=Beckwith&rft.aufirst=Christopher+I&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+Xia" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBregel2003" class="citation cs2">Bregel, Yuri (2003), <i>An Historical Atlas of Central Asia</i>, Brill</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Historical+Atlas+of+Central+Asia&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=Bregel&rft.aufirst=Yuri&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+Xia" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDorje1999" class="citation cs2">Dorje, Gyurme (1999), <i>Footprint Tibet Handbook with Bhutan</i>, Footprint Handbooks</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Footprint+Tibet+Handbook+with+Bhutan&rft.pub=Footprint+Handbooks&rft.date=1999&rft.aulast=Dorje&rft.aufirst=Gyurme&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+Xia" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDrompp2005" class="citation cs2">Drompp, Michael Robert (2005), <i>Tang China And The Collapse Of The Uighur Empire: A Documentary History</i>, Brill</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tang+China+And+The+Collapse+Of+The+Uighur+Empire%3A+A+Documentary+History&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Drompp&rft.aufirst=Michael+Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+Xia" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEbrey1999" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Patricia_Buckley_Ebrey" title="Patricia Buckley Ebrey">Ebrey, Patricia Buckley</a> (1999), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cambridgeillustr00ebre"><i>The Cambridge Illustrated History of China</i></a>, Cambridge, England: <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-66991-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-66991-X"><bdi>0-521-66991-X</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+Illustrated+History+of+China&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+England&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=0-521-66991-X&rft.aulast=Ebrey&rft.aufirst=Patricia+Buckley&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcambridgeillustr00ebre&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+Xia" class="Z3988"></span> (paperback).</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEbreyWalthallPalais2006" class="citation cs2">Ebrey, Patricia Buckley; Walthall, Anne; Palais, James B. (2006), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/eastasiacultural00ebre_0N"><i>East Asia: A Cultural, Social, and Political History</i></a>, Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-618-13384-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-618-13384-4"><bdi>0-618-13384-4</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=East+Asia%3A+A+Cultural%2C+Social%2C+and+Political+History&rft.place=Boston%2C+MA&rft.pub=Houghton+Mifflin&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=0-618-13384-4&rft.aulast=Ebrey&rft.aufirst=Patricia+Buckley&rft.au=Walthall%2C+Anne&rft.au=Palais%2C+James+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Feastasiacultural00ebre_0N&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+Xia" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFerenczy1984" class="citation cs2">Ferenczy, Mary (1984), <i>The Formation of Tangut Statehood as Seen by Chinese Historiographers</i>, Akadémiai Kiadó, Budapest</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Formation+of+Tangut+Statehood+as+Seen+by+Chinese+Historiographers&rft.pub=Akad%C3%A9miai+Kiad%C3%B3%2C+Budapest&rft.date=1984&rft.aulast=Ferenczy&rft.aufirst=Mary&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+Xia" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFForage1991" class="citation cs2">Forage, Paul C. (1991), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/41930788">"The Sino-Tangut War of 1081-1085"</a>, <i>Journal of Asian History</i>, <b>25</b> (1): 1–28, <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/41930788">41930788</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Asian+History&rft.atitle=The+Sino-Tangut+War+of+1081-1085&rft.volume=25&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=1-28&rft.date=1991&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F41930788%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Forage&rft.aufirst=Paul+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F41930788&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+Xia" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGolden1992" class="citation cs2">Golden, Peter B. (1992), <i>An Introduction to the History of the Turkic Peoples: Ethnogenesis and State-Formation in Medieval and Early Modern Eurasia and the Middle East</i>, OTTO HARRASSOWITZ · WIESBADEN</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Introduction+to+the+History+of+the+Turkic+Peoples%3A+Ethnogenesis+and+State-Formation+in+Medieval+and+Early+Modern+Eurasia+and+the+Middle+East&rft.pub=OTTO+HARRASSOWITZ+%C2%B7+WIESBADEN&rft.date=1992&rft.aulast=Golden&rft.aufirst=Peter+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+Xia" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGraff2002" class="citation cs2">Graff, David A. (2002), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.ca/Medieval-Chinese-Warfare-300-900-Paperback/dp/B011DB8HXQ/ref=sr_1_4?ie=UTF8&qid=1474670841&sr=8-4&keywords=medieval+chinese+warfare"><i>Medieval Chinese Warfare, 300-900</i></a>, Warfare and History, London: Routledge, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0415239559" title="Special:BookSources/0415239559"><bdi>0415239559</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Medieval+Chinese+Warfare%2C+300-900&rft.place=London&rft.series=Warfare+and+History&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=0415239559&rft.aulast=Graff&rft.aufirst=David+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.amazon.ca%2FMedieval-Chinese-Warfare-300-900-Paperback%2Fdp%2FB011DB8HXQ%2Fref%3Dsr_1_4%3Fie%3DUTF8%26qid%3D1474670841%26sr%3D8-4%26keywords%3Dmedieval%2Bchinese%2Bwarfare&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+Xia" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGraff2016" class="citation cs2">Graff, David Andrew (2016), <i>The Eurasian Way of War Military Practice in Seventh-Century China and Byzantium</i>, Routledge, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-46034-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-46034-7"><bdi>978-0-415-46034-7</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Eurasian+Way+of+War+Military+Practice+in+Seventh-Century+China+and+Byzantium&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-0-415-46034-7&rft.aulast=Graff&rft.aufirst=David+Andrew&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+Xia" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGuy2010" class="citation cs2">Guy, R. Kent (2010), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=oBs4EBWto9IC"><i>Qing Governors and Their Provinces: The Evolution of Territorial Administration in China, 1644-1796</i></a>, Seattle, WA: University of Washington Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780295990187" title="Special:BookSources/9780295990187"><bdi>9780295990187</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Qing+Governors+and+Their+Provinces%3A+The+Evolution+of+Territorial+Administration+in+China%2C+1644-1796&rft.place=Seattle%2C+WA&rft.pub=University+of+Washington+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=9780295990187&rft.aulast=Guy&rft.aufirst=R.+Kent&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DoBs4EBWto9IC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+Xia" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFde_Hartog2004" class="citation cs2">de Hartog, Leo (2004), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=a4p9C6J35XYC"><i>Genghis Khan: Conqueror of the World</i></a>, New York, NY: <a href="/wiki/I.B._Tauris" title="I.B. 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(1972), "Tibetan Civilization", <i>The Geographical Journal</i>, <b>138</b> (4), London and Stanford University Press: 501, <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1972GeogJ.138..501W">1972GeogJ.138..501W</a>, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1795516">10.2307/1795516</a>, <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1795516">1795516</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Geographical+Journal&rft.atitle=Tibetan+Civilization&rft.volume=138&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=501&rft.date=1972&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1795516%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1795516&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1972GeogJ.138..501W&rft.aulast=Stein&rft.aufirst=R.+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+Xia" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTwitchett1979" class="citation cs2">Twitchett, D. 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Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Asia Center distributed by Harvard University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780674088467" title="Special:BookSources/9780674088467"><bdi>9780674088467</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chinese+History%3A+A+New+Manual%2C+4th+edition&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+MA&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Asia+Center+distributed+by+Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=9780674088467&rft.aulast=Wilkinson&rft.aufirst=Endymion&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+Xia" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFXiong2000" class="citation cs2">Xiong, Victor Cunrui (2000), <i>Sui-Tang Chang'an: A Study in the Urban History of Late Medieval China (Michigan Monographs in Chinese Studies)</i>, U OF M CENTER FOR CHINESE STUDIES, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0892641371" title="Special:BookSources/0892641371"><bdi>0892641371</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sui-Tang+Chang%27an%3A+A+Study+in+the+Urban+History+of+Late+Medieval+China+%28Michigan+Monographs+in+Chinese+Studies%29&rft.pub=U+OF+M+CENTER+FOR+CHINESE+STUDIES&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=0892641371&rft.aulast=Xiong&rft.aufirst=Victor+Cunrui&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+Xia" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFXiong2009" class="citation cs2">Xiong, Victor Cunrui (2009), <i>Historical Dictionary of Medieval China</i>, United States of America: Scarecrow Press, Inc., <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0810860537" title="Special:BookSources/978-0810860537"><bdi>978-0810860537</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historical+Dictionary+of+Medieval+China&rft.place=United+States+of+America&rft.pub=Scarecrow+Press%2C+Inc.&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0810860537&rft.aulast=Xiong&rft.aufirst=Victor+Cunrui&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+Xia" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFXu2005" class="citation cs2">Xu, Elina-Qian (2005), <i>HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF THE PRE-DYNASTIC KHITAN</i>, Institute for Asian and African Studies 7</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=HISTORICAL+DEVELOPMENT+OF+THE+PRE-DYNASTIC+KHITAN&rft.pub=Institute+for+Asian+and+African+Studies+7&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Xu&rft.aufirst=Elina-Qian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+Xia" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFXue1992" class="citation cs2">Xue, Zongzheng (1992), <i>Turkic peoples</i>, 中国社会科学出版社</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Turkic+peoples&rft.pub=%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6%E5%87%BA%E7%89%88%E7%A4%BE&rft.date=1992&rft.aulast=Xue&rft.aufirst=Zongzheng&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+Xia" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYuan2001" class="citation cs2">Yuan, Shu (2001), <i>Bóyáng bǎn Tōngjiàn Jìshìběnmò 28 dìèrcìhuànguánshídài 柏楊版通鑑記事本末28第二次宦官時代</i>, Yuǎnliú chūbǎnshìyè gǔfèn yǒuxiàn gōngsī, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/957-32-4273-7" title="Special:BookSources/957-32-4273-7"><bdi>957-32-4273-7</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=B%C3%B3y%C3%A1ng+b%C7%8En+T%C5%8Dngji%C3%A0n+J%C3%ACsh%C3%ACb%C4%9Bnm%C3%B2+28+d%C3%AC%C3%A8rc%C3%AChu%C3%A0ngu%C3%A1nsh%C3%ADd%C3%A0i+%E6%9F%8F%E6%A5%8A%E7%89%88%E9%80%9A%E9%91%91%E8%A8%98%E4%BA%8B%E6%9C%AC%E6%9C%AB28%E7%AC%AC%E4%BA%8C%E6%AC%A1%E5%AE%A6%E5%AE%98%E6%99%82%E4%BB%A3&rft.pub=Yu%C7%8Enli%C3%BA+ch%C5%ABb%C7%8Ensh%C3%ACy%C3%A8+g%C7%94f%C3%A8n+y%C7%92uxi%C3%A0n+g%C5%8Dngs%C4%AB&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=957-32-4273-7&rft.aulast=Yuan&rft.aufirst=Shu&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+Xia" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Western_Xia&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link 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