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<h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Venceslaus Ulricus Hammershaimb</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 21 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-21" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">21 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venceslaus_Ulricus_Hammershaimb" title="Venceslaus Ulricus Hammershaimb – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Venceslaus Ulricus Hammershaimb" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venceslaus_Ulricus_Hammershaimb" title="Venceslaus Ulricus Hammershaimb – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Venceslaus Ulricus Hammershaimb" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venceslaus_Ulricus_Hammershaimb" title="Venceslaus Ulricus Hammershaimb – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Venceslaus Ulricus Hammershaimb" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venceslaus_Ulricus_Hammershaimb" title="Venceslaus Ulricus Hammershaimb – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Venceslaus Ulricus Hammershaimb" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venceslaus_Ulricus_Hammershaimb" title="Venceslaus Ulricus Hammershaimb – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Venceslaus Ulricus Hammershaimb" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/V._U._Hammershaimb" title="V. U. Hammershaimb – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="V. U. Hammershaimb" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venceslaus_Ulricus_Hammershaimb" title="Venceslaus Ulricus Hammershaimb – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Venceslaus Ulricus Hammershaimb" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venceslaus_Ulricus_Hammershaimb" title="Venceslaus Ulricus Hammershaimb – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Venceslaus Ulricus Hammershaimb" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venceslaus_Ulricus_Hammershaimb" title="Venceslaus Ulricus Hammershaimb – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Venceslaus Ulricus Hammershaimb" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venceslaus_Ulricus_Hammershaimb" title="Venceslaus Ulricus Hammershaimb – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Venceslaus Ulricus Hammershaimb" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venceslaus_Ulricus_Hammershaimb" title="Venceslaus Ulricus Hammershaimb – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Venceslaus Ulricus Hammershaimb" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/V.U._Hammershaimb" title="V.U. Hammershaimb – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="V.U. Hammershaimb" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venceslaus_Ulricus_Hammershaimb" title="Venceslaus Ulricus Hammershaimb – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Venceslaus Ulricus Hammershaimb" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venceslaus_Ulricus_Hammershaimb" title="Venceslaus Ulricus Hammershaimb – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Venceslaus Ulricus Hammershaimb" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venceslaus_Ulricus_Hammershaimb" title="Venceslaus Ulricus Hammershaimb – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Venceslaus Ulricus Hammershaimb" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nedersaksies</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/V.U._Hammershaimb" title="V.U. Hammershaimb – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="V.U. Hammershaimb" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venceslaus_Ulricus_Hammershaimb" title="Venceslaus Ulricus Hammershaimb – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Venceslaus Ulricus Hammershaimb" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venceslaus_Ulricus_Hammershaimb" title="Venceslaus Ulricus Hammershaimb – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Venceslaus Ulricus Hammershaimb" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B1,_%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%83%D1%81_%D0%A3%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%81" title="Хаммерсхаимб, Венсеслаус Ульрикус – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Хаммерсхаимб, Венсеслаус Ульрикус" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venceslaus_Ulricus_Hammershaimb" title="Venceslaus Ulricus Hammershaimb – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Venceslaus Ulricus Hammershaimb" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venceslaus_Ulricus_Hammershaimb" title="Venceslaus Ulricus Hammershaimb – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Venceslaus Ulricus Hammershaimb" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q212216#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Venceslaus_Ulricus_Hammershaimb" title="View the 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U. Hammershaimb">the corresponding article</a> in German</b>.  <i><small>(March 2024)</small></i> <small>Click [show] for important translation instructions.</small></div><div class="hidden-content mw-collapsible-content" style=""> <ul><li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li>Machine translation, like <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://deepl.com">DeepL</a> or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/">Google Translate</a>, is a useful starting point for translations, but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate, rather than simply copy-pasting machine-translated text into the English Wikipedia.</li> <li>Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low-quality. If possible, verify the text with references provided in the foreign-language article.</li> <li>You <b>must</b> provide <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Copying_within_Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia:Copying within Wikipedia">copyright attribution</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Help:Edit_summary" title="Help:Edit summary">edit summary</a> accompanying your translation by providing an <a href="/wiki/Help:Interlanguage_links" title="Help:Interlanguage links">interlanguage link</a> to the source of your translation. A model attribution edit summary is <code>Content in this edit is translated from the existing German Wikipedia article at [[:de:V. U. Hammershaimb]]; see its history for attribution.</code></li> <li>You may also add the template <code>{{Translated|de|V. U. 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March 25, 1819 – April 8, 1909)<sup id="cite_ref-geni_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-geni-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was a Faroese <a href="/wiki/Church_of_Denmark" title="Church of Denmark">Lutheran minister</a> who established the modern <a href="/wiki/Orthography" title="Orthography">orthography</a> of <a href="/wiki/Faroese_language" title="Faroese language">Faroese</a> – the language of the <a href="/wiki/Faroe_Islands" title="Faroe Islands">Faroe Islands</a> – based on the <a href="/wiki/Icelandic_language" title="Icelandic language">Icelandic language</a>, which like Faroese, derives from <a href="/wiki/Old_Norse" title="Old Norse">Old Norse</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Venceslaus_Ulricus_Hammershaimb&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Hammershaimb was born in <a href="/wiki/Sandav%C3%A1gur" title="Sandavágur">Sandavágur</a> on the island of <a href="/wiki/V%C3%A1gar" title="Vágar">Vágar</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Regions_of_the_Faroe_Islands" title="Regions of the Faroe Islands">Faroe Islands</a>. He was a Lutheran <a href="/wiki/Parish_priest" class="mw-redirect" title="Parish priest">parish priest</a> in <a href="/wiki/Kv%C3%ADv%C3%ADk" title="Kvívík">Kvívík</a> and a <a href="/wiki/Rural_dean" title="Rural dean">rural dean</a> in <a href="/wiki/Nes,_Eysturoy" title="Nes, Eysturoy">Nes</a> on the Faroese island of <a href="/wiki/Eysturoy" title="Eysturoy">Eysturoy</a> before settling in <a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a> in 1878. In addition to his contributions to the written standard of Faroese, he was also a known <a href="/wiki/Folklorist" class="mw-redirect" title="Folklorist">folklorist</a>. During the years 1847–1848, and again in 1853, he returned to the Faroe Islands to study the dialects and to collect the native ballads and folklore, which he published in 1851–1855 under the title of <i>Færöiske Kvæder</i>. In 1854, he published a grammar of Faroese.<sup id="cite_ref-Nordic1463_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nordic1463-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Faroese_language">Faroese language</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Venceslaus_Ulricus_Hammershaimb&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Faroese language"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>At one point, the language spoken in the Faroe Islands was <a href="/wiki/Old_West_Norse" class="mw-redirect" title="Old West Norse">Old West Norse</a>, which <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Faroe_Islands#Pre-14th_century" title="History of the Faroe Islands">Norwegian settlers</a> had brought with them.<sup id="cite_ref-langs_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-langs-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Between the 9th and the 15th centuries, a distinct Faroese language evolved, although it was still intelligible to speakers of Old West Norse. It would have been closely related to the <a href="/wiki/Norn_language" title="Norn language">Norn language</a> of <a href="/wiki/Orkney" title="Orkney">Orkney</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shetland" title="Shetland">Shetland</a>. However, for some 300 years until the 19th century, under the dual kingdom of <a href="/wiki/Denmark%E2%80%93Norway" title="Denmark–Norway">Denmark–Norway</a>, <a href="/wiki/Danish_language" title="Danish language">Danish</a> was the language of religion, education, and administration in the Faroe Islands.<sup id="cite_ref-langs_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-langs-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Hammershaimb created his spelling system for Faroese in 1846.<sup id="cite_ref-omni_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-omni-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was etymological, with the vowels based on written Icelandic, rather than phonetically descriptive (as in, for example, <a href="/wiki/Welsh_language" title="Welsh language">Welsh</a>). For instance, the letter <a href="/wiki/Eth" title="Eth">eth</a> (Ð ð) has no <a href="/wiki/Phoneme" title="Phoneme">phonemes</a> attached to it.<sup id="cite_ref-langs_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-langs-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In this, Hammershaimb had accepted the advice of the Icelandic independence leader <a href="/wiki/J%C3%B3n_Sigur%C3%B0sson" title="Jón Sigurðsson">Jón Sigurðsson</a>, who had seen the manuscript for his <span title="Danish-language text"><i lang="da">Bemerkninger med Hensyn til den Færøiske Udtale</i></span> ("Notes with Respect to Faroese Pronunciation"); Hammershaimb considered that, despite its artificiality, this was the only approach that would overcome the problems of differing dialects in the islands.<sup id="cite_ref-Nordic1463_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nordic1463-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Nordic1415_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nordic1415-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hammershaimb's orthography met with some opposition for its complexity. In 1889, <a href="/wiki/Jakob_Jakobsen" title="Jakob Jakobsen">Jakob Jakobsen</a> proposed modifying Hammershaimb's system to bring it closer to the spoken language, but a committee charged with considering the proposal in 1895 advocated only minor revisions, and the bulk of Hammershaimb's orthography remained in force.<sup id="cite_ref-Nordic1415_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nordic1415-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1886–1891, Hammershaimb published his principal work, <span title="Danish-language text"><i lang="da">Færøsk Anthologi</i></span>; it incorporated an account of the islands and their inhabitants, a variety of prose and verse in the Faroese language, and a grammar, and – in the second volume – a lexicon by Jakobsen. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Literature_in_Faroese">Literature in Faroese</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Venceslaus_Ulricus_Hammershaimb&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Literature in Faroese"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A new national written literature in Faroese became possible only after the language's orthography was normalized. Its development was promoted by nationalist agitation, which hastened the restoration of the <a href="/wiki/L%C3%B8gting" title="Løgting">Faroese Parliament</a> in 1852 and the end of the Danish royal trade monopoly in 1856. During the late 19th century, modern Faroese literature began to appear and the first Faroese newspaper, <span title="Faroese-language text"><i lang="fo"><a href="/wiki/F%C3%B8ringat%C3%AD%C3%B0indi" title="Føringatíðindi">Føringatíðindi</a></i></span>, appeared in 1890.<sup id="cite_ref-omni_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-omni-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Faroese literature came into its own after the turn of the 20th century. After <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, Faroese became the official language of the Faroe Islands.<sup id="cite_ref-langs_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-langs-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Works">Works</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Venceslaus_Ulricus_Hammershaimb&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Works"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span title="Danish-language text"><i lang="da">Færøiske Sagn</i></span> and <span title="Danish-language text"><i lang="da">Bemerkninger med Hensyn til den Færøiske Udtale</i></span>. <i>Annaler for nordisk Oldkyndighed og Historie</i> 1846, pp. 358–365.</li> <li><i>Færöiske Kvæder</i>. 2 vols. Det Nordiske Literatur-Samsfund. Nordiske Oldskrifter 12, 20. Copenhagen: Berlings, 1851, 1855</li> <li><span title="Danish-language text"><i lang="da">Færøisk Sproglære</i></span>. <i>Annaler for nordisk Oldkyndighed og Historie</i> 1854</li> <li><span title="Danish-language text"><i lang="da">Færøsk Anthologi</i></span>. 2 vols. Volume 1 <i>Tekst samt historisk og grammatisk Indledning</i>. Volume 2 <i>Ordsamling og Register</i>, ed. <a href="/wiki/Jakob_Jakobsen" title="Jakob Jakobsen">Jakob Jakobsen</a>. Samfund til Udgivelse af gammel nordisk Litteratur 15. Copenhagen: Møller, 1886, 1891.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Venceslaus_Ulricus_Hammershaimb&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-geni-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-geni_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-geni_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.geni.com/people/Venceslaus-Ulricus-Hammershaimb/6000000020151593463">Venceslaus Ulricus Hammershaimb</a> at Geni.com</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nordic1463-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Nordic1463_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nordic1463_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Oskar Bandle <i>et al.</i>, <i>The Nordic Languages: An International Handbook of the History of the North Germanic Languages</i>, volume 2, Handbücher zur Sprach- und Kommunikationswissenschaft 22.2, Berlin/New York: Mouton de Gruyter, 2005, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-11-017149-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-11-017149-5">978-3-11-017149-5</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6b7WwBC5tRAC&q=Grammar+of+the+Faroese+Language&pg=PA1463">p. 1463</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-langs-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-langs_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-langs_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-langs_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-langs_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.101languages.net/faroese/history.html">Faroese 101: History</a> at 101Languages.net</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-omni-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-omni_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-omni_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.omniglot.com/writing/faroese.htm">Faroese (Føroyskt)</a> at Omniglot: Writing Systems & Languages of the World</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nordic1415-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Nordic1415_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nordic1415_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Bandle <i>et al.</i>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6b7WwBC5tRAC&q=who+had+proposed+a+Faroese+orthography+modelled+on+Icelandic+and+Old+Norse&pg=PA1463">p. 1415</a>.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Other_sources">Other sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Venceslaus_Ulricus_Hammershaimb&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Other sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Lockwood, W. B. <i>An introduction to modern Faroese</i>. Copenhagen: Munksgaard, 1964</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Venceslaus_Ulricus_Hammershaimb&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/V._U._Hammershaimb" class="extiw" title="commons:V. U. Hammershaimb"><span style="font-style:italic; font-weight:bold;">V. U. Hammershaimb</span></a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/faerskanthologi01denmgoog#page/n4/mode/2up">Færøsk Anthologi I</a></i> by V.U. Hammershaimb (Volume 1), online at archive.org</li> <li><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/bub_gb_OzEPAAAAIAAJ#page/n3/mode/2up">Færøsk Anthologi II</a></i> by V.U. Hammershaimb (Volume 2 ed. Jakob Jakobsen), online at archive.org</li> <li><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mewNAAAAYAAJ&q=F%C3%A6r%C3%B6iske">Færöiske Kvæder</a></i>, ed. V.U. Hammershaimb, online at GoogleBooks <span class="languageicon">(in Danish)</span></li> <li><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jvgVAAAAYAAJ&q=Hammershaimb,+F%C3%A6r%C3%B8sk+Anthologi">Færøsk Anthologi</a></i> by V.U. 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