CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Law enforcement in the United Kingdom - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"8e7095ea-4086-492d-8f09-1e2743726e67","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Law_enforcement_in_the_United_Kingdom","wgTitle":"Law enforcement in the United Kingdom","wgCurRevisionId":1259370429,"wgRevisionId":1259370429,"wgArticleId":347149,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Webarchive template wayback links","All articles with bare URLs for citations","Articles with bare URLs for citations from March 2022","Articles with PDF format bare URLs for citations","CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list","CS1 maint: others","Articles with short description","Short description is different from Wikidata","Use dmy dates from September 2024","Use British English from March 2019", "All articles with unsourced statements","Articles with unsourced statements from September 2013","Articles containing Irish-language text","Wikipedia articles in need of updating from October 2024","All Wikipedia articles in need of updating","Articles with unsourced statements from January 2024","Commons category link is defined as the pagename","Law enforcement in the United Kingdom"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Law_enforcement_in_the_United_Kingdom","wgRelevantArticleId":347149,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"}, "wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":200000,"wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgCentralAuthMobileDomain":false,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q1527859","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","mediawiki.page.gallery.styles":"ready", "skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.tablesorter.styles":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.tablesorter","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions", "wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.quicksurveys.init","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cjquery.tablesorter.styles%7Cmediawiki.page.gallery.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.4"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Very_friendly_MPS_officers_in_London.jpg/1200px-Very_friendly_MPS_officers_in_London.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1688"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Very_friendly_MPS_officers_in_London.jpg/800px-Very_friendly_MPS_officers_in_London.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1125"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Very_friendly_MPS_officers_in_London.jpg/640px-Very_friendly_MPS_officers_in_London.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="900"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Law enforcement in the United Kingdom - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_the_United_Kingdom"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Law_enforcement_in_the_United_Kingdom&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_the_United_Kingdom"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Law_enforcement_in_the_United_Kingdom rootpage-Law_enforcement_in_the_United_Kingdom skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Main menu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main page</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia"><span>Contents</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events"><span>Current events</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Random article</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works"><span>About Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia"><span>Contact us</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia"><span>Learn to edit</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors"><span>Community portal</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recent changes</span></a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia"><span>Upload file</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Law+enforcement+in+the+United+Kingdom" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Law+enforcement+in+the+United+Kingdom" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en"><span>Donate</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Law+enforcement+in+the+United+Kingdom" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Law+enforcement+in+the+United+Kingdom" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Powers_of_officers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Powers_of_officers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Powers of officers</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Powers_of_officers-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Powers of officers subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Powers_of_officers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Territorial_police_constables" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Territorial_police_constables"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Territorial police constables</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Territorial_police_constables-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_constables" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_constables"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Other constables</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_constables-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Parks_Constables" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Parks_Constables"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.1</span> <span>Parks Constables</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Parks_Constables-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Police_staff" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Police_staff"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Police staff</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Police_staff-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Accredited_persons" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Accredited_persons"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Accredited persons</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Accredited_persons-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Members_of_the_armed_forces" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Members_of_the_armed_forces"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Members of the armed forces</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Members_of_the_armed_forces-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_persons" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_persons"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>Other persons</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_persons-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Sworn_persons" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sworn_persons"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6.1</span> <span>Sworn persons</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sworn_persons-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Non-sworn_persons" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Non-sworn_persons"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6.2</span> <span>Non-sworn persons</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Non-sworn_persons-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Jurisdictions_and_territories" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Jurisdictions_and_territories"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Jurisdictions and territories</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Jurisdictions_and_territories-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Jurisdictions and territories subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Jurisdictions_and_territories-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Current_United_Kingdom_Territorial_Police_Forces" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Current_United_Kingdom_Territorial_Police_Forces"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Current United Kingdom Territorial Police Forces</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Current_United_Kingdom_Territorial_Police_Forces-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Proposed_mergers_for_England_and_Wales" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Proposed_mergers_for_England_and_Wales"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Proposed mergers for England and Wales</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Proposed_mergers_for_England_and_Wales-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Wales" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Wales"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Wales</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Wales-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Scotland" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Scotland"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Scotland</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Scotland-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Northern_Ireland" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Northern_Ireland"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Northern Ireland</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Northern_Ireland-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cross-jurisdiction_powers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cross-jurisdiction_powers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6</span> <span>Cross-jurisdiction powers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cross-jurisdiction_powers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Arrest_with_warrant" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Arrest_with_warrant"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6.1</span> <span>Arrest with warrant</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Arrest_with_warrant-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Arrest_without_warrant:_offences_committed_in_home_jurisdiction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Arrest_without_warrant:_offences_committed_in_home_jurisdiction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6.2</span> <span>Arrest without warrant: offences committed in home jurisdiction</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Arrest_without_warrant:_offences_committed_in_home_jurisdiction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Arrest_without_warrant:_offences_committed_in_other_jurisdictions_(known_as_reciprocal_powers_of_arrest)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Arrest_without_warrant:_offences_committed_in_other_jurisdictions_(known_as_reciprocal_powers_of_arrest)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6.3</span> <span>Arrest without warrant: offences committed in other jurisdictions (known as reciprocal powers of arrest)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Arrest_without_warrant:_offences_committed_in_other_jurisdictions_(known_as_reciprocal_powers_of_arrest)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Arrest_without_warrant_by_a_constable_in_his_home_jurisdiction_for_an_offence_committed_in_another_jurisdiction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Arrest_without_warrant_by_a_constable_in_his_home_jurisdiction_for_an_offence_committed_in_another_jurisdiction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6.4</span> <span>Arrest without warrant by a constable in his home jurisdiction for an offence committed in another jurisdiction</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Arrest_without_warrant_by_a_constable_in_his_home_jurisdiction_for_an_offence_committed_in_another_jurisdiction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_situations_(including_Mutual_Aid)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_situations_(including_Mutual_Aid)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6.5</span> <span>Other situations (including Mutual Aid)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_situations_(including_Mutual_Aid)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Accountability" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Accountability"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Accountability</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Accountability-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Accountability subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Accountability-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-His_Majesty's_Inspectorates_of_Constabulary" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#His_Majesty's_Inspectorates_of_Constabulary"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>His Majesty's Inspectorates of Constabulary</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-His_Majesty's_Inspectorates_of_Constabulary-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Operations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Operations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Operations</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Operations-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Operations subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Operations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ranks" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ranks"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Ranks</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ranks-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Uniform_and_equipment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Uniform_and_equipment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Uniform and equipment</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Uniform_and_equipment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Firearms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Firearms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2.1</span> <span>Firearms</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Firearms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vehicles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vehicles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2.2</span> <span>Vehicles</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vehicles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Initial_training" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Initial_training"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Initial training</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Initial_training-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-England_and_Wales" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#England_and_Wales"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3.1</span> <span>England and Wales</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-England_and_Wales-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Initial_Learning_for_the_Special_Constabulary" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Initial_Learning_for_the_Special_Constabulary"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3.1.1</span> <span>Initial Learning for the Special Constabulary</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Initial_Learning_for_the_Special_Constabulary-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-PCSO_National_Learning_Programme" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#PCSO_National_Learning_Programme"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3.1.2</span> <span>PCSO National Learning Programme</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-PCSO_National_Learning_Programme-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Scotland_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Scotland_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3.2</span> <span>Scotland</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Scotland_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Organisation_of_police_forces" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Organisation_of_police_forces"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>Organisation of police forces</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Organisation_of_police_forces-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Fixated_Threat_Assessment_Centre" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fixated_Threat_Assessment_Centre"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4.1</span> <span>Fixated Threat Assessment Centre</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fixated_Threat_Assessment_Centre-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Border_Force" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Border_Force"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4.2</span> <span>Border Force</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Border_Force-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Overseas_police_forces_in_the_UK" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Overseas_police_forces_in_the_UK"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4.3</span> <span>Overseas police forces in the UK</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Overseas_police_forces_in_the_UK-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Overseas_secondments" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Overseas_secondments"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4.4</span> <span>Overseas secondments</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Overseas_secondments-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Greater_London" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Greater_London"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4.4.1</span> <span>Greater London</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Greater_London-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Funding" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Funding"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.5</span> <span>Funding</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Funding-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Issues" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Issues"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Issues</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Issues-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Issues subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Issues-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Deaths_after_contact_with_the_police" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Deaths_after_contact_with_the_police"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Deaths after contact with the police</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Deaths_after_contact_with_the_police-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Controversial_shootings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Controversial_shootings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1.1</span> <span>Controversial shootings</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Controversial_shootings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Deaths_in_police_custody" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Deaths_in_police_custody"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1.2</span> <span>Deaths in police custody</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Deaths_in_police_custody-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Corruption" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Corruption"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Corruption</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Corruption-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Civil_unrest_and_misconduct" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Civil_unrest_and_misconduct"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Civil unrest and misconduct</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Civil_unrest_and_misconduct-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Racism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Racism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4</span> <span>Racism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Racism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Privacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Privacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.5</span> <span>Privacy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Privacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Freedom_of_speech" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Freedom_of_speech"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.6</span> <span>Freedom of speech</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Freedom_of_speech-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Photography_of_police" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Photography_of_police"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.7</span> <span>Photography of police</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Photography_of_police-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Policing_of_public_protests" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Policing_of_public_protests"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.8</span> <span>Policing of public protests</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Policing_of_public_protests-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Police_undercover_conduct" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Police_undercover_conduct"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.9</span> <span>Police undercover conduct</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Police_undercover_conduct-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Capacity_to_solve_crimes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Capacity_to_solve_crimes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.10</span> <span>Capacity to solve crimes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Capacity_to_solve_crimes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Police_sex_abuse_allegations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Police_sex_abuse_allegations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.11</span> <span>Police sex abuse allegations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Police_sex_abuse_allegations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Brexit" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Brexit"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.12</span> <span>Brexit</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Brexit-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Allegations_of_'two-tier_policing'" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Allegations_of_'two-tier_policing'"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.13</span> <span>Allegations of 'two-tier policing'</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Allegations_of_'two-tier_policing'-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Overseas_British_Territories_and_Crown_Dependencies_Police_Forces" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Overseas_British_Territories_and_Crown_Dependencies_Police_Forces"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Overseas British Territories and Crown Dependencies Police Forces</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Overseas_British_Territories_and_Crown_Dependencies_Police_Forces-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Overseas British Territories and Crown Dependencies Police Forces subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Overseas_British_Territories_and_Crown_Dependencies_Police_Forces-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-List_of_British_Overseas_Territories_Police_Forces" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#List_of_British_Overseas_Territories_Police_Forces"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>List of British Overseas Territories Police Forces</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-List_of_British_Overseas_Territories_Police_Forces-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-List_of_forces_for_the_Crown_Dependencies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#List_of_forces_for_the_Crown_Dependencies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1.1</span> <span>List of forces for the Crown Dependencies</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-List_of_forces_for_the_Crown_Dependencies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Map" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Map"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Map</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Map-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-See_also-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle See also subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Topics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Topics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Topics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Topics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bodies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bodies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>Bodies</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bodies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Databases" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Databases"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.3</span> <span>Databases</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Databases-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_articles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_articles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.4</span> <span>Other articles</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_articles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Law enforcement in the United Kingdom</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 9 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-9" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">9 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="recommended article"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Storbritanniens_politi" title="Storbritanniens politi – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Storbritanniens politi" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polizei_(Vereinigtes_K%C3%B6nigreich)" title="Polizei (Vereinigtes Königreich) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Polizei (Vereinigtes Königreich)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polizia_Erresuma_Batuan" title="Polizia Erresuma Batuan – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Polizia Erresuma Batuan" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Police_au_Royaume-Uni" title="Police au Royaume-Uni – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Police au Royaume-Uni" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A4%E3%82%AE%E3%83%AA%E3%82%B9%E3%81%AE%E8%AD%A6%E5%AF%9F" title="イギリスの警察 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="イギリスの警察" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Storbritannias_politi" title="Storbritannias politi – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Storbritannias politi" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Policja_w_Wielkiej_Brytanii" title="Policja w Wielkiej Brytanii – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Policja w Wielkiej Brytanii" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BE%D1%85%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B5_%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8B_%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B8" title="Правоохранительные органы Великобритании – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Правоохранительные органы Великобритании" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polisen_i_Storbritannien" title="Polisen i Storbritannien – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Polisen i Storbritannien" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1527859#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Law_enforcement_in_the_United_Kingdom" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_the_United_Kingdom"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Law_enforcement_in_the_United_Kingdom&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Law_enforcement_in_the_United_Kingdom&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_the_United_Kingdom"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Law_enforcement_in_the_United_Kingdom&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Law_enforcement_in_the_United_Kingdom&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Law_enforcement_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Law_enforcement_in_the_United_Kingdom" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Special pages</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Law_enforcement_in_the_United_Kingdom&oldid=1259370429" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Law_enforcement_in_the_United_Kingdom&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Law_enforcement_in_the_United_Kingdom&id=1259370429&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FLaw_enforcement_in_the_United_Kingdom"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FLaw_enforcement_in_the_United_Kingdom"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Law_enforcement_in_the_United_Kingdom&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Law_enforcement_in_the_United_Kingdom&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Police_of_the_United_Kingdom" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikiquote mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_the_United_Kingdom" hreflang="en"><span>Wikiquote</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1527859" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Very_friendly_MPS_officers_in_London.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Very_friendly_MPS_officers_in_London.jpg/220px-Very_friendly_MPS_officers_in_London.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="309" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Very_friendly_MPS_officers_in_London.jpg/330px-Very_friendly_MPS_officers_in_London.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Very_friendly_MPS_officers_in_London.jpg/440px-Very_friendly_MPS_officers_in_London.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1382" data-file-height="1944" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Police" title="Metropolitan Police">Metropolitan Police</a> officers.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Looking_after_security_on_the_UK_railway_network._-_panoramio.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Looking_after_security_on_the_UK_railway_network._-_panoramio.jpg/220px-Looking_after_security_on_the_UK_railway_network._-_panoramio.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Looking_after_security_on_the_UK_railway_network._-_panoramio.jpg/330px-Looking_after_security_on_the_UK_railway_network._-_panoramio.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Looking_after_security_on_the_UK_railway_network._-_panoramio.jpg/440px-Looking_after_security_on_the_UK_railway_network._-_panoramio.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1164" data-file-height="781" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/British_Transport_Police" title="British Transport Police">British Transport Police</a> are responsible for policing the railway network of Great Britain, as well as certain rapid transit and tram systems.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Norfolk_Police_-_Ian_S.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Norfolk_Police_-_Ian_S.jpg/220px-Norfolk_Police_-_Ian_S.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Norfolk_Police_-_Ian_S.jpg/330px-Norfolk_Police_-_Ian_S.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Norfolk_Police_-_Ian_S.jpg/440px-Norfolk_Police_-_Ian_S.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>An example of a UK <a href="/wiki/Police_car" title="Police car">police vehicle</a>, this one a <a href="/wiki/Norfolk_Constabulary" title="Norfolk Constabulary">Norfolk Constabulary</a> <a href="/wiki/Vauxhall_Astra" title="Vauxhall Astra">Vauxhall Astra</a>, featuring standardised blue and yellow <a href="/wiki/Battenburg_markings" title="Battenburg markings">battenburg markings</a> used by all UK police forces.</figcaption></figure> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1246091330">.mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.2em;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border-collapse:collapse;display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:table!important;float:right!important;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em!important}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-subgroup{width:100%;margin:0;border-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-none{float:none;clear:both;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-outer-title{padding:0 0.4em 0.2em;font-size:125%;line-height:1.2em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-image{padding:0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-caption,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle-with-top-image,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-caption{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle{padding:0.4em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.2em 0.8em;font-size:145%;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-image{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-heading{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content{padding:0 0.5em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content-with-subgroup{padding:0.1em 0.4em 0.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-below{padding:0.3em 0.8em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile hlist"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Law enforcement<br /> in the United Kingdom</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above" style="background:#ddddff;border-top:#aaa 1px solid;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Law of the United Kingdom">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Courts_of_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Courts of the United Kingdom">Courts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_prisons_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="List of prisons in the United Kingdom">Prisons</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="border-top:#aaa 1px solid;"> Topics</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_law_enforcement_agencies_in_the_United_Kingdom,_Crown_Dependencies_and_British_Overseas_Territories" title="List of law enforcement agencies in the United Kingdom, Crown Dependencies and British Overseas Territories">Agencies</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_police_forces_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="List of police forces of the United Kingdom">police forces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_defunct_law_enforcement_agencies_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="List of defunct law enforcement agencies in the United Kingdom">defunct</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Police_use_of_firearms_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Police use of firearms in the United Kingdom">Firearms use</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_law_enforcement_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="History of law enforcement in the United Kingdom">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Police_ranks_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Police ranks of the United Kingdom">Ranks</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="border-top:#aaa 1px solid;"> Equipment</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Police_aviation_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Police aviation in the United Kingdom">Aviation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_police_firearms_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="List of police firearms in the United Kingdom">Firearms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Police_uniforms_and_equipment_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Police uniforms and equipment in the United Kingdom">Uniform and equipment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Police_vehicles_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Police vehicles in the United Kingdom">Vehicles</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="border-top:#aaa 1px solid;"> Types of agency</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Territorial_police_force#United_Kingdom" title="Territorial police force">Territorial police forces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_police_force#United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Special police force">Special police forces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_law_enforcement_agencies_in_the_United_Kingdom,_Crown_Dependencies_and_British_Overseas_Territories#Ports_police" title="List of law enforcement agencies in the United Kingdom, Crown Dependencies and British Overseas Territories">Port police</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_law_enforcement_agencies_in_the_United_Kingdom,_Crown_Dependencies_and_British_Overseas_Territories#Parks_police" title="List of law enforcement agencies in the United Kingdom, Crown Dependencies and British Overseas Territories">Park police</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_law_enforcement_agencies_in_the_United_Kingdom,_Crown_Dependencies_and_British_Overseas_Territories#Service_police" title="List of law enforcement agencies in the United Kingdom, Crown Dependencies and British Overseas Territories">Service police</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_law_enforcement_agencies_in_the_United_Kingdom,_Crown_Dependencies_and_British_Overseas_Territories#Bodies_with_limited_executive_powers" title="List of law enforcement agencies in the United Kingdom, Crown Dependencies and British Overseas Territories">Non-police</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_law_enforcement_agencies_in_the_United_Kingdom,_Crown_Dependencies_and_British_Overseas_Territories#Other" title="List of law enforcement agencies in the United Kingdom, Crown Dependencies and British Overseas Territories">Other</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="border-top:#aaa 1px solid;"> Types of agent</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Community_safety_accreditation_scheme" title="Community safety accreditation scheme">Accredited person</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bailiff#United_Kingdom" title="Bailiff">Bailiff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Certified_enforcement_agent" class="mw-redirect" title="Certified enforcement agent">Certified enforcement agent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_enforcement_officer" title="Civil enforcement officer">Civil enforcement officer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civilian_enforcement_officer" title="Civilian enforcement officer">Civilian enforcement officer</a> (<a href="/wiki/Magistrates%27_bailiff" class="mw-redirect" title="Magistrates' bailiff">magistrates' bailiffs</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland_Security_Guard_Service#Civilian_security_officer" title="Northern Ireland Security Guard Service">Civilian security officer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_Constabulary" title="Special Constabulary">Special Constabulary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constable#United_Kingdom_and_the_Commonwealth" title="Constable">Constable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chief_constable" title="Chief constable">Chief constable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Court_security_officer_(England_and_Wales)" title="Court security officer (England and Wales)">Court security officer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/County_court_bailiff" class="mw-redirect" title="County court bailiff">County court bailiff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Custody_officer" title="Custody officer">Custody officer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Customs_officer#United_Kingdom" title="Customs officer">Customs officer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_Court_enforcement_officer" title="High Court enforcement officer">High Court enforcement officer</a> (High Court sheriff)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traffic_police" title="Traffic police">Traffic officer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_officer#United_Kingdom" title="Immigration officer">Immigration officer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Crime_Agency" title="National Crime Agency">National Crime Agency (officer)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Highways_traffic_officer" title="National Highways traffic officer">National Highways traffic officer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Police_community_support_officer" title="Police community support officer">Police community support officer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Police_custody_and_security_officer" title="Police custody and security officer">Police custody and security officer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prison_officer" title="Prison officer">Prison officer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tipstaff#United_Kingdom" title="Tipstaff">Tipstaff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traffic_warden" class="mw-redirect" title="Traffic warden">Traffic warden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_bailiff" title="Water bailiff">Water bailiff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_inspector#United_Kingdom" title="Wildlife inspector">Wildlife inspector</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:#aaa 1px solid;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Concepts</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chief_police_officer" title="Chief police officer">Chief police officer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Police_and_crime_commissioner" title="Police and crime commissioner">Police and crime commissioner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emergency_control_centre" title="Emergency control centre">Emergency control centre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Home_Office" title="Home Office">Home Office</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neighbourhood_policing_team" title="Neighbourhood policing team">Neighbourhood policing teams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Police_area" title="Police area">Police area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Police_authority" title="Police authority">Police authority</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Initial_Police_Learning_and_Development_Programme" title="Initial Police Learning and Development Programme">Initial Police Learning and Development Programme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Police_cadets_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Police cadets in the United Kingdom">Police cadets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Police_Federation_of_England_and_Wales" title="Police Federation of England and Wales">Police Federation of England and Wales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Police_Federation_for_Northern_Ireland" title="Police Federation for Northern Ireland">Police Federation for Northern Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Police_Federation" title="Scottish Police Federation">Scottish Police Federation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Police_Information_Point" class="mw-redirect" title="Police Information Point">Police Information Point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Police_Oath" class="mw-redirect" title="Police Oath">Police Oath</a></li> <li>Police powers in: <a href="/wiki/Powers_of_the_police_in_England_and_Wales" title="Powers of the police in England and Wales">England and Wales</a> - <a href="/wiki/Powers_of_the_police_in_Scotland" title="Powers of the police in Scotland">Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Police_Support_Volunteer" class="mw-redirect" title="Police Support Volunteer">Police Support Volunteer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scotland_Yard" title="Scotland Yard">Scotland Yard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Police_101" title="Police 101">Police 101 number</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Policing_by_consent" class="mw-redirect" title="Policing by consent">Policing by consent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warrant_card" title="Warrant card">Warrant card</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:#aaa 1px solid;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Acts</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Highway_Act_1835" title="Highway Act 1835">Highway Act 1835</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Police_Act_1964" title="Police Act 1964">Police Act 1964</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Police_(Scotland)_Act_1967" title="Police (Scotland) Act 1967">Police (Scotland) Act 1967</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Functions_of_Traffic_Wardens_Order_1970&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The Functions of Traffic Wardens Order 1970 (page does not exist)">The Functions of Traffic Wardens Order 1970</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_Act_1971" title="Immigration Act 1971">Immigration Act 1971</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Misuse_of_Drugs_Act_1971" title="Misuse of Drugs Act 1971">Misuse of Drugs Act 1971</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salmon_and_Freshwater_Fisheries_Act_1975" title="Salmon and Freshwater Fisheries Act 1975">Salmon & Freshwater Fisheries Act 1975</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Police_and_Criminal_Evidence_Act_1984" title="Police and Criminal Evidence Act 1984">Police and Criminal Evidence Act 1984</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Road_Traffic_Regulation_Act_1984" title="Road Traffic Regulation Act 1984">Road Traffic Regulation Act 1984</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Removal_and_Disposal_of_Vehicles_Regulations_1986&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Removal and Disposal of Vehicles Regulations 1986 (page does not exist)">Removal and Disposal of Vehicles Regulations 1986</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Road_Traffic_Act_1988" title="Road Traffic Act 1988">Road Traffic Act 1988</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Road_Traffic_Offenders_Act_1988&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Road Traffic Offenders Act 1988 (page does not exist)">Road Traffic Offenders Act 1988</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Protection_of_Children_Act_1989&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Protection of Children Act 1989 (page does not exist)">Protection of Children Act 1989</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_Protection_Act_1990" title="Environmental Protection Act 1990">Environmental Protection Act 1990</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criminal_Justice_and_Public_Order_Act_1994" title="Criminal Justice and Public Order Act 1994">Criminal Justice and Public Order Act 1994</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Police_Act_1996" title="Police Act 1996">Police Act 1996</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confiscation_of_Alcohol_(Young_Persons)_Act_1997" title="Confiscation of Alcohol (Young Persons) Act 1997">Confiscation of Alcohol (Young Persons) Act 1997</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terrorism_Act_2000" title="Terrorism Act 2000">Terrorism Act 2000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criminal_Justice_and_Police_Act_2001" title="Criminal Justice and Police Act 2001">Criminal Justice and Police Act 2001</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Police_Reform_Act_2002" title="Police Reform Act 2002">Police Reform Act 2002</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-social_Behaviour_Act_2003" title="Anti-social Behaviour Act 2003">Anti-social Behaviour Act 2003</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_and_Courts_Act_2013" title="Crime and Courts Act 2013">Crime and Courts Act 2013</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Licensing_Act_2003" title="Licensing Act 2003">Licensing Act 2003</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Railways_and_Transport_Safety_Act_2003" title="Railways and Transport Safety Act 2003">Railways and Transport Safety Act 2003</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clean_Neighbourhoods_and_Environment_Act_2005" title="Clean Neighbourhoods and Environment Act 2005">Clean Neighbourhoods and Environment Act 2005</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serious_Organised_Crime_and_Police_Act_2005" title="Serious Organised Crime and Police Act 2005">Serious Organised Crime and Police Act 2005</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Police_Reform_and_Social_Responsibility_Act_2011" title="Police Reform and Social Responsibility Act 2011">Police Reform and Social Responsibility Act 2011</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Social_Behaviour,_Crime_and_Policing_Act_2014" title="Anti-Social Behaviour, Crime and Policing Act 2014">Anti-Social Behaviour, Crime and Policing Act 2014</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Policing_and_Crime_Act_2017" title="Policing and Crime Act 2017">Policing and Crime Act 2017</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:#aaa 1px solid;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Statutory instruments</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Police_and_Criminal_Evidence_(Northern_Ireland)_Order_1989" title="Police and Criminal Evidence (Northern Ireland) Order 1989">Police and Criminal Evidence (Northern Ireland) Order 1989</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="background:#ddddff;border-top:#aaa 1px solid; border-bottom: #aaa 1px solid;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Crime in the United Kingdom">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terrorism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Terrorism in the United Kingdom">Terrorism</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Law_enforcement_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Template:Law enforcement in the United Kingdom"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Law_enforcement_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Template talk:Law enforcement in the United Kingdom"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Law_enforcement_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Law enforcement in the United Kingdom"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Law enforcement in the United Kingdom</b> is organised separately in each of the legal systems of the United Kingdom: <a href="/wiki/England_and_Wales" title="England and Wales">England and Wales</a>, <a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland">Scotland</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland" title="Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>nb 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most <a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement" title="Law enforcement">law enforcement</a> duties are carried out by those who hold the office of <a href="/wiki/Police" title="Police">police constable</a> of a <a href="/wiki/Territorial_police_force" title="Territorial police force">territorial police force</a>. </p><p>As of 2021, there were 39 territorial police forces in England, 4 in Wales, <a href="/wiki/Police_Scotland" title="Police Scotland">a single police force in Scotland</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Police_Service_of_Northern_Ireland" title="Police Service of Northern Ireland">a single police force in Northern Ireland</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These territorial police forces are responsible for most law enforcement and crime reduction in their respective <a href="/wiki/Police_area" title="Police area">police areas</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>nb 2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In terms of national government the territorial police forces of England and Wales are overseen by the <a href="/wiki/Home_Office" title="Home Office">Home Office</a>, although they are operationally independent from government. The <a href="/wiki/British_Transport_Police" title="British Transport Police">British Transport Police</a> (BTP), the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Defence_Police" title="Ministry of Defence Police">Ministry of Defence Police</a> (MDP), and the <a href="/wiki/Civil_Nuclear_Constabulary" title="Civil Nuclear Constabulary">Civil Nuclear Constabulary</a> (CNC) provide <a href="/wiki/Special_police" title="Special police">specialist policing</a> services in England, Scotland and Wales. The <a href="/wiki/National_Crime_Agency" title="National Crime Agency">National Crime Agency</a> (NCA) is primarily tasked with tackling <a href="/wiki/Organized_crime" title="Organized crime">organised crime</a> and has been compared to the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Bureau_of_Investigation" title="Federal Bureau of Investigation">Federal Bureau of Investigation</a> (FBI) in the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Police constables are granted certain powers to enable them to execute their duties. Their primary duties are the protection of life and property, preservation of the peace, and prevention and detection of criminal offences.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the British model of policing, police officers exercise their police powers with the implicit consent of the public. "<a href="/wiki/Policing_by_consent" class="mw-redirect" title="Policing by consent">Policing by consent</a>" is the phrase used to describe this. It expresses that the legitimacy of policing in the eyes of the public is based upon a general consensus of support that follows from transparency about their powers, their integrity in exercising those powers and their <a href="/wiki/Police_accountability" title="Police accountability">accountability</a> for doing so.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Most police constables in England, Scotland and Wales do not carry <a href="/wiki/Firearm" title="Firearm">firearms</a>. As of 2022, there were 142,526 police officers in England and Wales, 6,192 of which were firearms authorised.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Law_enforcement_in_the_United_Kingdom&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_law_enforcement_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="History of law enforcement in the United Kingdom">History of law enforcement in the United Kingdom</a></div> <p>In the 18th century, law enforcement and policing were organised by local communities based on watchmen and constables; the government was not directly involved in policing. The <a href="/wiki/City_of_Glasgow_Police" title="City of Glasgow Police">City of Glasgow Police</a>, the first professional police, was established following an Act of Parliament in 1800.<sup id="cite_ref-UKPWatchmen_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UKPWatchmen-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first centrally organised police force in the world was created in Ireland, then a part of the United Kingdom, following the Peace Preservation Act in 1814 for which <a href="/wiki/Sir_Robert_Peel" class="mw-redirect" title="Sir Robert Peel">Sir Robert Peel</a> was largely responsible.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>London had a population of nearly one and a half million people in the early 19th century but was policed by only 450 constables and 4,500 night watchmen.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The concept of professional policing was taken up by <a href="/wiki/Robert_Peel" title="Robert Peel">Sir Robert Peel</a> when he became Home Secretary in 1822. Peel's <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Police_Act_1829" title="Metropolitan Police Act 1829">Metropolitan Police Act 1829</a> established a full-time, professional and centrally-organised police force for the greater London area known as the <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Police" title="Metropolitan Police">Metropolitan Police</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In March 1839, Sir Edwin Chadwick presented <i>The Royal Commission on Constabulary Forces</i> to Parliament. This report was to evaluate how the burgeoning police force would work with "poor law" as well as to make the case to establish a national force based on the Metropolitan Police. Much of his argument was based around the necessity for protection of the developing capitalism that was growing in England at the time. Chadwick also addressed the concern that building out a powerful police state could lead to a reduction in civil and personal liberties, but argued that the fear of crime made English citizens slaves, and so were less free without aggressive policing.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Legislation in the 1830s introduced policing in boroughs and many counties and, in the 1850s, policing was established nationally. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Peelian_principles" title="Peelian principles">Peelian principles</a> describe the philosophy that Sir Robert Peel developed to define an ethical police force. The principles traditionally ascribed to Peel state that:<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Whether the police are effective is not measured on the number of arrests, but on the lack of crime.</li> <li>Above all else, an effective authority figure knows trust and accountability are paramount. Hence, Peel's most often quoted principle that "The police are the public and the public are the police."</li></ul> <p><a href="/wiki/Peelian_Principles#The_nine_principles_of_policing" class="mw-redirect" title="Peelian Principles">Nine principles of policing</a> were set out in the 'General Instructions' issued to every new police officer in the Metropolitan Police from 1829. The Home Office has suggested this list was more likely to have been authored by Charles Rowan and Richard Mayne, the first and joint Commissioners of the Metropolitan Police.<sup id="cite_ref-UKP_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UKP-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-CIVITAS_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CIVITAS-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The police historian Charles Reith explained in his <i>New Study of Police History</i> (1956) that these principles constituted a philosophy of policing "unique in history and throughout the world because it derived not from fear but almost exclusively from public co-operation with the police, induced by them designedly by behaviour which secures and maintains for them the approval, respect and affection of the public".<sup id="cite_ref-UKP_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UKP-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This approach to policing became known as "<a href="/wiki/Policing_by_consent" class="mw-redirect" title="Policing by consent">policing by consent</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-CIVITAS_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CIVITAS-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Other historians, such as Robert Storch, David Philips and Roger Swift, argue that Peel's Metropolitan Police were built on his experience of the Royal Irish Constabulary.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Storch's view is that the English police force is not different to those of other nations and in fact follows a rather typical development as a colonial peacekeeping force. There is extensive documentation of <a href="/wiki/Police_brutality" title="Police brutality">police brutality</a> in the 19th century, including excessive force, racial profiling, and several charges of murder. The controversies that plagued the early years of the police force were much the same as the current complaints against modern policing.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The first women police officers were employed during the First World War. Hull and Southampton were two of the first to towns to employ women police, although Grantham was the first to have a warranted policewoman.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Since the 1940s, police forces in the United Kingdom have been merged and modernised. </p><p>Corruption at the Metropolitan Police's <a href="/wiki/Flying_Squad" title="Flying Squad">Flying Squad</a> led to a conviction and resignations in 1977 after the <a href="/wiki/Operation_Countryman" title="Operation Countryman">Operation Countryman</a> investigations. A <a href="/wiki/Police_Complaints_Board" title="Police Complaints Board">Police Complaints Board</a> was set up to handle allegations of malpractice in response. </p><p>Changes took place to tighten police procedures in the 1980s, in response to the <a href="/wiki/Scarman_Report" title="Scarman Report">Scarman Report</a>, to ensure that evidence and interviews were robust, in the introduction of the <a href="/wiki/Police_and_Criminal_Evidence_Act_1984" title="Police and Criminal Evidence Act 1984">Police and Criminal Evidence Act 1984</a>. In 1989, the <a href="/wiki/West_Midlands_Serious_Crime_Squad" title="West Midlands Serious Crime Squad">West Midlands Serious Crime Squad</a> was disbanded as a series of around 100 criminal cases failed or were subsequently overturned in the West Midlands, after new forensic techniques showed police officers had been tampering with statement evidence to secure convictions, including those of the <a href="/wiki/Birmingham_Six" title="Birmingham Six">Birmingham Six</a>. </p><p>The Police Complaints Board was replaced by the <a href="/wiki/Police_Complaints_Authority_(United_Kingdom)" title="Police Complaints Authority (United Kingdom)">Police Complaints Authority</a> in 1985, which itself was superseded by the <a href="/wiki/Independent_Police_Complaints_Commission" title="Independent Police Complaints Commission">Independent Police Complaints Commission</a> (IPCC) in 2004. On 8 January 2018, the IPCC was replaced by the <a href="/wiki/Independent_Office_for_Police_Conduct" title="Independent Office for Police Conduct">Independent Office for Police Conduct</a> (IOPC).<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Powers_of_officers">Powers of officers</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Law_enforcement_in_the_United_Kingdom&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Powers of officers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Territorial_police_constables">Territorial police constables</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Law_enforcement_in_the_United_Kingdom&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Territorial police constables"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Powers_of_the_police_in_the_United_Kingdom_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Powers of the police in the United Kingdom (disambiguation)">Powers of the police in the United Kingdom (disambiguation)</a></div> <p>Most police officers are members of <a href="/wiki/Territorial_police_forces" class="mw-redirect" title="Territorial police forces">territorial police forces</a>. A person must make a declaration before taking up office as a constable and having any powers; although this is sometimes still known as the <a href="/wiki/Police_oath" title="Police oath">police oath</a>, and the process sometimes referred to as "swearing in", it now takes the form of an "attestation" (in <a href="/wiki/England_and_Wales" title="England and Wales">England and Wales</a> and <a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland" title="Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a>) or a "declaration" (in <a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland">Scotland</a>). The process is carried out in the presence of a magistrate, and is usually followed by the issue of a <a href="/wiki/Warrant_card" title="Warrant card">warrant card</a>. This grants the officer all the powers and privileges, duties and responsibilities of a constable in one of the three distinct legal systems - either England and Wales, Scotland or Northern Ireland, and the territorial waters of that country. The limited circumstances where their powers extend across the border are described in the section above. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MOD_Police_CBRN_Officer_on_range.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/MOD_Police_CBRN_Officer_on_range.jpg/220px-MOD_Police_CBRN_Officer_on_range.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="158" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/MOD_Police_CBRN_Officer_on_range.jpg/330px-MOD_Police_CBRN_Officer_on_range.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/MOD_Police_CBRN_Officer_on_range.jpg/440px-MOD_Police_CBRN_Officer_on_range.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="575" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Defence_Police" title="Ministry of Defence Police">Ministry of Defence Police</a> (MDP) officer wearing <a href="/wiki/Hazmat_suit" title="Hazmat suit">chemical protective equipment</a> and armed with a HK7 personal defence weapon taking part in training</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_constables">Other constables</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Law_enforcement_in_the_United_Kingdom&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Other constables"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ministry_of_Defence_Police_launch.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Ministry_of_Defence_Police_launch.jpg/220px-Ministry_of_Defence_Police_launch.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Ministry_of_Defence_Police_launch.jpg/330px-Ministry_of_Defence_Police_launch.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Ministry_of_Defence_Police_launch.jpg/440px-Ministry_of_Defence_Police_launch.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption>Ministry of Defence Police (MDP) boat in <a href="/wiki/Portsmouth_Harbour" title="Portsmouth Harbour">Portsmouth Harbour</a></figcaption></figure> <p>There are many constables who are not members of territorial police forces. The most notable are members of the three forces referred to as <a href="/wiki/Special_police_forces" class="mw-redirect" title="Special police forces">special police forces</a>: the <a href="/wiki/British_Transport_Police" title="British Transport Police">British Transport Police</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Defence_Police" title="Ministry of Defence Police">Ministry of Defence Police</a> and <a href="/wiki/Civil_Nuclear_Constabulary" title="Civil Nuclear Constabulary">Civil Nuclear Constabulary</a>. Such officers have the "powers and privileges of a constable" in matters relating to their work.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> BTP and MDP officers have additional jurisdiction where requested by a constable of another force, in which case they take on that constable's jurisdiction.<sup id="cite_ref-statutelaw.gov.uk_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-statutelaw.gov.uk-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Upon request from the <a href="/wiki/Chief_police_officer" title="Chief police officer">chief police officer</a> of a police force, members of one of the above three forces can be given the full powers of constables in the police area of the requesting force.<sup id="cite_ref-statutelaw.gov.uk_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-statutelaw.gov.uk-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was used to supplement police numbers in the areas surrounding the <a href="/wiki/2005_G8_summit" class="mw-redirect" title="2005 G8 summit">2005 G8 summit</a> at Gleneagles. </p><p>Many acts allow companies or councils to employ constables for a specific purpose. There are ten companies whose employees are sworn in as constables under section 79 of the <a href="/wiki/Harbours,_Docks,_and_Piers_Clauses_Act_1847" class="mw-redirect" title="Harbours, Docks, and Piers Clauses Act 1847">Harbours, Docks, and Piers Clauses Act 1847</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a result, they have the full powers of a constable on land owned by the harbour, dock, or port and at any place within one mile of any owned land. There are also forces created by specific legislation, such as the <a href="/wiki/Port_of_Tilbury_Police" title="Port of Tilbury Police">Port of Tilbury Police</a> (<a href="/wiki/Port_of_London_Act_1968" class="mw-redirect" title="Port of London Act 1968">Port of London Act 1968</a>), <a href="/wiki/Mersey_Tunnels_Police" title="Mersey Tunnels Police">Mersey Tunnels Police</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=County_of_Merseyside_Act_1989&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="County of Merseyside Act 1989 (page does not exist)">County of Merseyside Act 1989</a>) and the <a href="/wiki/Epping_Forest_Keepers" title="Epping Forest Keepers">Epping Forest Keepers</a> (<a href="/wiki/Epping_Forest_Act_1878" title="Epping Forest Act 1878">Epping Forest Act 1878</a>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Parks_Constables">Parks Constables</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Law_enforcement_in_the_United_Kingdom&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Parks Constables"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Parks_Police_X-Trail_video_and_defibrillator_equipped.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Parks_Police_X-Trail_video_and_defibrillator_equipped.jpg/220px-Parks_Police_X-Trail_video_and_defibrillator_equipped.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="95" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Parks_Police_X-Trail_video_and_defibrillator_equipped.jpg/330px-Parks_Police_X-Trail_video_and_defibrillator_equipped.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Parks_Police_X-Trail_video_and_defibrillator_equipped.jpg/440px-Parks_Police_X-Trail_video_and_defibrillator_equipped.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4587" data-file-height="1983" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Royal_Borough_of_Kensington_and_Chelsea_Parks_Police" title="Royal Borough of Kensington and Chelsea Parks Police">Royal Borough of Kensington and Chelsea Parks Police</a> vehicle</figcaption></figure> <p>Under Article 18 of the Ministry of Housing and Local Government Provisional Order Confirmation (Greater London Parks and Open Spaces) Act 1967, <a href="/wiki/London_Borough_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="London Borough Council">London Borough Councils</a> are allowed to swear in council officers as constables for "securing the observance of the provisions of all enactments relating to open spaces under their control or management and of bye-laws and regulations made thereunder". Local Authority Parks Constables have all the powers of a constable in relation byelaws regulations and all enactments relating to open spaces, Article 19 of the Act was repealed by section 26(1) of the Police and Criminal Evidence Act 1984 (Local Acts) and the power of arrest for Parks Constables is now contained in Section 24 of P.A.C.E 1984, further amendments to Article 19 covering coming to the aid and assistance of such a constable or officer were repealed by SOCPA 2005, as this provision is already covered in P.A.C.E 1984 (Legal Counsel 2007,2012). No enforcement agency with a power of arrest or detention can operate outside of the provisions of P.A.C.E 1984; therefore all local powers of arrest and detention were brought into line under section 26(1) P.A.C.E 1984. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Police_staff">Police staff</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Law_enforcement_in_the_United_Kingdom&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Police staff"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Police forces employ staff who perform many functions to assist officers and support the smooth running of their police force. They do not hold the office of constable. In England & Wales, the <a href="/wiki/Chief_police_officer" title="Chief police officer">chief police officer</a> of a territorial police force may designate any person who is employed by the police authority maintaining that force, and is under the direction and control of that chief police officer, as one of the following: </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:UKBA_and_Police.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/UKBA_and_Police.jpg/220px-UKBA_and_Police.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/UKBA_and_Police.jpg/330px-UKBA_and_Police.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/UKBA_and_Police.jpg/440px-UKBA_and_Police.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>Police Community Support Officer and <a href="/wiki/UK_Border_Force" class="mw-redirect" title="UK Border Force">UK Border Force</a> Agent</figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Police_community_support_officer" title="Police community support officer">Police community support officer</a> (PCSO)</li> <li>Policing support officer.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>PCSOs were created by the <a href="/wiki/Police_Reform_Act_2002" title="Police Reform Act 2002">Police Reform Act 2002</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with a range of standard powers, as well as additional powers that can be conferred at the discretion of their chief police officer. Unlike a police constable, a PCSO only has powers when on duty and in uniform, and within the area policed by their respective force. </p><p>The policing support officer role was originally as three separate roles in <a href="/wiki/Police_Reform_Act_2002" title="Police Reform Act 2002">Police Reform Act 2002</a>, each with a specific list of discretionary powers that may be awarded by a chief constable: </p> <ul><li>Investigating officer,</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Custody_assistant" title="Custody assistant">Detention officer</a></li> <li>Escort officer.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Policing_and_Crime_Act_2017" title="Policing and Crime Act 2017">Policing and Crime Act 2017</a> reformed this and streamlined it to the two roles above, and gave full discretionary powers to Chief Constables, such that they may assign any powers, other than <a href="/wiki/Police_community_support_officer#Expansion_of_powers" title="Police community support officer">powers reserved for constables only</a>, to any police staff or volunteer. </p><p>Until 1991, parking enforcement was primarily conducted by police-employed <a href="/wiki/Traffic_warden" class="mw-redirect" title="Traffic warden">traffic wardens</a>. Since the passage of the Road Traffic Act 1991, <a href="/wiki/Decriminalised_parking_enforcement" title="Decriminalised parking enforcement">decriminalised parking enforcement</a> has enabled local authorities to take on this role and now very few forces still employ police traffic wardens. These include the Metropolitan Police Service; however, they have combined the role with PCSOs as <i>traffic community support officers</i>. </p><p>In Scotland, <a href="/wiki/Police_custody_and_security_officer" title="Police custody and security officer">police custody and security officers</a> have powers similar to those of detention officers and escort officers in England and Wales.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Similar powers are available in Northern Ireland.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><br /> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Accredited_persons">Accredited persons</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Law_enforcement_in_the_United_Kingdom&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Accredited persons"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Chief_police_officer" title="Chief police officer">Chief police officers</a> of territorial police forces<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (and the British Transport Police<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) can also give limited powers<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to people not employed by the police authority, under <a href="/wiki/Community_Safety_Accreditation_Scheme" class="mw-redirect" title="Community Safety Accreditation Scheme">Community Safety Accreditation Schemes</a>. A notable example are officers of the <a href="/wiki/Driver_and_Vehicle_Standards_Agency" title="Driver and Vehicle Standards Agency">Driver and Vehicle Standards Agency</a>, who have been given powers to stop vehicles.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This practice has been criticised by the <a href="/wiki/Police_Federation_of_England_and_Wales" title="Police Federation of England and Wales">Police Federation</a> who described it as "half-baked".<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Members_of_the_armed_forces">Members of the armed forces</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Law_enforcement_in_the_United_Kingdom&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Members of the armed forces"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland" title="Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a> only, members of <a href="/wiki/British_Armed_Forces" title="British Armed Forces">British Armed Forces</a> have powers to stop people<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or vehicles,<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> arrest and detain people for three hours<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and enter buildings to keep the peace<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or search for people who have been kidnapped.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Additionally, <a href="/wiki/Officer_(armed_forces)#United_Kingdom" title="Officer (armed forces)">commissioned officers</a> may close roads.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> If necessary, they may use force when exercising these powers as long as it is reasonable.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Under the Customs Management Act 1979, members of the armed forces may detain people if they believe they have committed an offence under the Customs & Excise acts, and may seize goods if they believe they are liable to forfeiture under the same acts.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Military_police_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Military police of the United Kingdom">Service police/military police</a> personnel are not constables under UK law and they do not have any police powers over the general public; however, they have the full range of policing powers that constables possess when dealing with service personnel or <a href="/wiki/Civilian_subject_to_service_discipline" title="Civilian subject to service discipline">civilians subject to service discipline</a>, drawing their powers from the Armed Forces Act 2006. The service police do assist territorial police forces in towns in the UK with nearby military barracks where there are likely to be significant numbers of service personnel off duty. In British Overseas Territories, they are sometimes sworn in as constables to assist and/or act as the police force (e.g. the <a href="/wiki/British_Indian_Ocean_Territory_Police" title="British Indian Ocean Territory Police">British Indian Ocean Territory Police</a> which is made up of tri-service police personnel and are known as "Royal Overseas Police Officers"<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) and anywhere that British Forces are stationed or deployed. Generally, when carrying out this assistance, service policemen/women are unarmed, but have a range of <a href="/wiki/Police_uniforms_and_equipment_in_the_United_Kingdom#Equipment" title="Police uniforms and equipment in the United Kingdom">PPE</a> including batons, handcuffs and stab vests. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:HMC_Vigilant.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/HMC_Vigilant.jpg/220px-HMC_Vigilant.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/HMC_Vigilant.jpg/330px-HMC_Vigilant.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/HMC_Vigilant.jpg/440px-HMC_Vigilant.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4536" data-file-height="3240" /></a><figcaption>A Border Force cutter, primarily enforcing customs and immigration laws in UK waters</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_persons">Other persons</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Law_enforcement_in_the_United_Kingdom&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Other persons"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Sworn_persons">Sworn persons</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Law_enforcement_in_the_United_Kingdom&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Sworn persons"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prison_officer" title="Prison officer">Prison officers</a> of <a href="/wiki/His_Majesty%27s_Prison_Service" title="His Majesty's Prison Service">His Majesty's Prison Service</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Prison_Service" title="Scottish Prison Service">Scottish Prison Service</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland_Prison_Service" title="Northern Ireland Prison Service">Northern Ireland Prison Service</a> have the powers, authority, protection, and privileges of a constable when acting as such.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Employees of the <a href="/wiki/National_Crime_Agency" title="National Crime Agency">National Crime Agency</a> can be granted<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the powers of a constable, immigration officer or customs officer.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Border_Force" title="Border Force">Border Force</a> and <a href="/wiki/Immigration_Enforcement" title="Immigration Enforcement">Immigration Enforcement</a> officers hold powers as <a href="/wiki/Immigration_Officer" class="mw-redirect" title="Immigration Officer">immigration officers</a> and/or <a href="/wiki/Customs_officer" title="Customs officer">customs officers</a>, with certain powers of arrest, detention and search.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/HM_Revenue_and_Customs" title="HM Revenue and Customs">HM Revenue and Customs</a> staff can hold the powers of a customs officer, with widespread powers in relation to customs offences.</li> <li>In England and Wales, <a href="/wiki/Environment_Agency" title="Environment Agency">Environment Agency</a> <a href="/wiki/Water_bailiff" title="Water bailiff">fisheries enforcement officers</a> have the powers, authority, protection, and privileges of a constable and powers in relation to enforcement of fishing regulations.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Scottish <a href="/wiki/Water_bailiff#Scotland" title="Water bailiff">water bailiffs</a> have similar powers.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Court_officer" class="mw-redirect" title="Court officer">Court officers</a>, commonly referred to as "bailiffs" — <a href="/wiki/Bailiff" title="Bailiff">bailiff</a> in Scotland and <a href="/wiki/Enforcement_agent" class="mw-redirect" title="Enforcement agent">enforcement agents</a> in England and Wales — can enforce court orders and, in some cases, have powers of arrest.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Non-sworn_persons">Non-sworn persons</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Law_enforcement_in_the_United_Kingdom&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Non-sworn persons"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Traffic_Officer_-_geograph.org.uk_-_5093048.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Traffic_Officer_-_geograph.org.uk_-_5093048.jpg/220px-Traffic_Officer_-_geograph.org.uk_-_5093048.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="137" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Traffic_Officer_-_geograph.org.uk_-_5093048.jpg/330px-Traffic_Officer_-_geograph.org.uk_-_5093048.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Traffic_Officer_-_geograph.org.uk_-_5093048.jpg/440px-Traffic_Officer_-_geograph.org.uk_-_5093048.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4153" data-file-height="2587" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/National_Highways_traffic_officer" title="National Highways traffic officer">National Highways Traffic Officer</a> vehicle </figcaption></figure> <ul><li>In England, <a href="/wiki/National_Highways_traffic_officer" title="National Highways traffic officer">Traffic Officers</a> are employed by <a href="/wiki/National_Highways" title="National Highways">National Highways</a> to maintain traffic flow on <a href="/wiki/Trunk_road" title="Trunk road">trunk roads</a>. Traffic Officer have powers to direct traffic and place <a href="/wiki/Road_signs" class="mw-redirect" title="Road signs">road signs</a>, close lanes of an active motorway, and stop vehicles if they believe them to be unroadworthy for the road and condition they are driving in.</li> <li>Some employees of <a href="/wiki/Local_authority" class="mw-redirect" title="Local authority">local authorities</a> have powers of entry relating to inspection of businesses under the <a href="/wiki/Sunday_Trading_Act_1994" title="Sunday Trading Act 1994">Sunday Trading Act 1994</a><sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and powers to give <a href="/wiki/Fixed_Penalty_Notice" class="mw-redirect" title="Fixed Penalty Notice">Fixed Penalty Notices</a> for offences such as littering, graffiti or one of the wide-ranging offences in the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.statutelaw.gov.uk/legResults.aspx?LegType=All+Legislation&title=Clean+Neighbourhoods+and+Environment+Act+2005.&searchEnacted=0&extentMatchOnly=0&confersPower=0&blanketAmendment=0&TYPE=QS&NavFrom=0&activeTextDocId=1417210&PageNumber=1&SortAlpha=0">Clean Neighbourhoods and Environment Act 2005</a>. Such powers may be granted under local bylaws or acts of parliament. The Community Safety Accreditation Scheme also led to the proliferation of accredited neighbourhood warden schemes (and supporting enforcement functions) employed by several <a href="/wiki/Local_government" title="Local government">local authorities</a> (and sometimes social housing providers) across England and Wales, such as <a href="/wiki/Nottingham_City_Council" title="Nottingham City Council">Nottingham City Council</a>'s Community Protection Officers.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_England" title="Natural England">Natural England</a> and <a href="/wiki/Animal_and_Plant_Health_Agency" title="Animal and Plant Health Agency">Animal and Plant Health Agency</a> <a href="/wiki/Wildlife_inspector#United_Kingdom" title="Wildlife inspector">wildlife inspectors</a> have certain powers of entry and inspection to investigate wildlife offences and licenses relating to wildlife.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inshore_Fisheries_and_Conservation_Authority" title="Inshore Fisheries and Conservation Authority">Inshore Fisheries and Conservation Authority</a> officers have powers to enforce bylaws and parts of the Marine and Coastal Access Act 2009.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Employees of <a href="/wiki/Local_Authority_Fire_Service" class="mw-redirect" title="Local Authority Fire Service">fire and rescue services</a> have <a href="/wiki/Powers_of_the_fire_service_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Powers of the fire service in the United Kingdom">extensive powers in the event of an emergency</a>, and more limited powers in other circumstances, such as fire investigations.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Defence_Guard_Service" title="Ministry of Defence Guard Service">Ministry of Defence Guard Service</a> (MGS) are an unarmed, civilian, security force that protects Ministry of Defence (MOD) sites and persons. They provide access control, patrols and static guarding.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Military_Provost_Guard_Service" title="Military Provost Guard Service">Military Provost Guard Service</a> (MPGS) are part of the <a href="/wiki/Adjutant_General%27s_Corps" title="Adjutant General's Corps">Adjutant General's Corps</a> Provost Branch, of the British Army, responsible for maintaining physical and armed security at British Armed Forces locations throughout Great Britain.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regimental_police" title="Regimental police">Regimental police</a> of the <a href="/wiki/British_Army" title="British Army">British Army</a> (properly called Regimental Provost Staff) are non-commissioned officers (NCOs) of a regiment or corps that are responsible for regimental discipline and service law enforcement. They belong to the regiment or corps, in which they enforce discipline, rather than the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Military_Police" title="Royal Military Police">Royal Military Police</a> or its equivalent. They are not to be confused with service/military police.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civilian_Security_Officer" class="mw-redirect" title="Civilian Security Officer">Civilian Security Officers</a> (CSO) of the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland_Security_Guard_Service" title="Northern Ireland Security Guard Service">Northern Ireland Security Guard Service</a> whilst on duty hold similar powers to those of a <a href="/wiki/Police_Constable#United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Police Constable">Police Constable</a>, as allowed by the Emergency Laws (Miscellaneous Provisions) Act 1947. A CSO has the powers of arrest under the Police and Criminal Evidence (Northern Ireland) Order 1989 (PACE).<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Military_Provost_Staff" title="Military Provost Staff">Military Provost Staff</a> (MPS) are the British Army's prison service and specialists in custody and detention. They operate the Military Corrective Training Centre (MCTC) (Colchester, Essex), and the seven regional service custody facilities around the country.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>In the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a>, every person has limited powers of <a href="/wiki/Arrest" title="Arrest">arrest</a> if they see a crime being committed: at <a href="/wiki/Scots_law#Common_law" title="Scots law">common law</a> in Scotland, and in England and Wales if the crime is <a href="/wiki/Indictable" class="mw-redirect" title="Indictable">indictable</a><sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> – these are called "every person powers", commonly referred to as a "<a href="/wiki/Citizen%27s_arrest" title="Citizen's arrest">citizen's arrest</a>". In England and Wales, the vast majority of <a href="/wiki/Police_Oath#United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Police Oath">attested</a> <a href="/wiki/Constables" class="mw-redirect" title="Constables">constables</a> enjoy full powers of arrest and search as granted by the <a href="/wiki/Police_and_Criminal_Evidence_Act_1984" title="Police and Criminal Evidence Act 1984">Police and Criminal Evidence Act 1984</a>. For the purposes of this legislation, "constables" is defined to mean all police officers, irrespective of <a href="/wiki/Police_ranks_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Police ranks of the United Kingdom">rank</a>. Although police officers have wide-ranging powers, they are still subject to the same laws as members of the public (aside from specific exemptions such as the carrying of firearms and certain road traffic legislation). There are additional legal restrictions placed on police officers such as the prohibitions on industrial action and on taking part in active politics. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Jurisdictions_and_territories">Jurisdictions and territories</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Law_enforcement_in_the_United_Kingdom&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Jurisdictions and territories"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Every geographic place in the United Kingdom is defined in law as part of certain <a href="/wiki/Police_area" title="Police area">police area</a>. In England and Wales this is currently defined in section1 of the Police Act 1996. A police area defines the geographic area for which a territorial police force is responsible for policing. This is different to legal jurisdiction (see below). Special police forces (such as the BTP) do not have police areas and ultimately the Chief Constable of a territorial police force is responsible for maintaining law and order throughout his/her police area even if, for example, BTP have a presence at railways stations within the police area. Scotland and Northern Ireland have national police forces (see below). </p><p>In England, Police forces are funded by a combination of sources including <a href="/wiki/Government_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Government of the United Kingdom">central government</a> and through the "<a href="/w/index.php?title=Police_precept&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Police precept (page does not exist)">police precept</a>" tax levied as part of <a href="/wiki/Council_Tax" title="Council Tax">Council Tax</a> which is charged by local governments.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The local police force precept can be increased via <a href="/wiki/Referendum" title="Referendum">referendum</a>. Since 2013, police forces in England (and Wales) have been overseen by a <a href="/wiki/Direct_election" title="Direct election">directly elected</a> <a href="/wiki/Police_and_crime_commissioner" title="Police and crime commissioner">Police and crime commissioner</a> (PCC) who holds the force to account for the public. PCCs do not have operational control of the police force, with operational management of the police force the responsibility of the <a href="/wiki/Chief_constable" title="Chief constable">chief constable</a> in most English police forces, although the equivalent position is referred to as commissioner in the London Metropolitan Police and the City of London Police. Administration of police matters is not generally affected by the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Wales_Act_2006" title="Government of Wales Act 2006">Government of Wales Act 2006</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Current_United_Kingdom_Territorial_Police_Forces">Current United Kingdom Territorial Police Forces</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Law_enforcement_in_the_United_Kingdom&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Current United Kingdom Territorial Police Forces"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <caption>Territorial Police Forces of England </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Police force </th> <th>Established </th> <th>Police area<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th>Police and Crime Commissioner (as of July 2023) </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Avon_and_Somerset_Police" title="Avon and Somerset Police">Avon and Somerset Police</a> </td> <td>1974 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bristol" title="Bristol">Bristol</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_Gloucestershire" title="South Gloucestershire">South Gloucestershire</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Somerset" title="Somerset">Somerset</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_(UK)" title="Conservative Party (UK)">Conservative</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Bedfordshire_Police" title="Bedfordshire Police">Bedfordshire Police</a> </td> <td>1966 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bedford" title="Bedford">Bedford</a>, <a href="/wiki/Central_Bedfordshire" title="Central Bedfordshire">Central Bedfordshire</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Luton" title="Luton">Luton</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_(UK)" title="Conservative Party (UK)">Conservative</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Cambridgeshire_Constabulary" title="Cambridgeshire Constabulary">Cambridgeshire Constabulary</a> </td> <td>1965 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Cambridgeshire" title="Cambridgeshire">Cambridgeshire</a> and <a href="/wiki/Peterborough" title="Peterborough">Peterborough</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_(UK)" title="Conservative Party (UK)">Conservative</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/City_of_London_Police" title="City of London Police">City of London Police</a> </td> <td>1839 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/City_of_London" title="City of London">City of London</a> </td> <td>No PCC, police responsible to the <a href="/wiki/City_of_London_Corporation" title="City of London Corporation">City of London Corporation</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Cleveland_Police" title="Cleveland Police">Cleveland Police</a> </td> <td>1974 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Hartlepool" title="Hartlepool">Hartlepool</a>, <a href="/wiki/Middlesbrough" title="Middlesbrough">Middlesbrough</a>, <a href="/wiki/Redcar_and_Cleveland" title="Redcar and Cleveland">Redcar and Cleveland</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Stockton-on-Tees" title="Stockton-on-Tees">Stockton-on-Tees</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_(UK)" title="Conservative Party (UK)">Conservative</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Cumbria_Constabulary" title="Cumbria Constabulary">Cumbria Constabulary</a> </td> <td>1974 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Cumberland" title="Cumberland">Cumberland</a> and <a href="/wiki/Westmorland_and_Furness" title="Westmorland and Furness">Westmorland and Furness</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_(UK)" title="Conservative Party (UK)">Conservative</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Derbyshire_Constabulary" title="Derbyshire Constabulary">Derbyshire Constabulary</a> </td> <td>1967 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Derby" title="Derby">Derby</a> and <a href="/wiki/Derbyshire" title="Derbyshire">Derbyshire</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_(UK)" title="Conservative Party (UK)">Conservative</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Devon_and_Cornwall_Police" title="Devon and Cornwall Police">Devon and Cornwall Police</a> </td> <td>1967 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Cornwall" title="Cornwall">Cornwall</a>, <a href="/wiki/Devon" title="Devon">Devon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Isles_of_Scilly" title="Isles of Scilly">Isles of Scilly</a>, <a href="/wiki/Plymouth" title="Plymouth">Plymouth</a> and <a href="/wiki/Torbay" title="Torbay">Torbay</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_(UK)" title="Conservative Party (UK)">Conservative</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Dorset_Police" title="Dorset Police">Dorset Police</a> </td> <td>1974 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bournemouth,_Christchurch_and_Poole" title="Bournemouth, Christchurch and Poole">Bournemouth, Christchurch and Poole</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dorset" title="Dorset">Dorset</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_(UK)" title="Conservative Party (UK)">Conservative</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Durham_Constabulary" title="Durham Constabulary">Durham Constabulary</a> </td> <td>1839 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/County_Durham" title="County Durham">County Durham</a> and <a href="/wiki/Darlington" title="Darlington">Darlington</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Labour_Party_(UK)" title="Labour Party (UK)">Labour</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Essex_Police" title="Essex Police">Essex Police</a> </td> <td>1840 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Essex" title="Essex">Essex</a>, <a href="/wiki/Southend-on-Sea" title="Southend-on-Sea">Southend-on-Sea</a> and <a href="/wiki/Thurrock" title="Thurrock">Thurrock</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_(UK)" title="Conservative Party (UK)">Conservative</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Gloucestershire_Constabulary" title="Gloucestershire Constabulary">Gloucestershire Constabulary</a> </td> <td>1839 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Gloucestershire" title="Gloucestershire">Gloucestershire</a> (excluding <a href="/wiki/South_Gloucestershire" title="South Gloucestershire">South Gloucestershire</a>) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_(UK)" title="Conservative Party (UK)">Conservative</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Greater_Manchester_Police" title="Greater Manchester Police">Greater Manchester Police</a> </td> <td>1974 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bolton" title="Bolton">Bolton</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rochdale" title="Rochdale">Rochdale</a>, <a href="/wiki/Manchester" title="Manchester">Manchester</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stockport" title="Stockport">Stockport</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tameside" title="Tameside">Tameside</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oldham" title="Oldham">Oldham</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wigan" title="Wigan">Wigan</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Trafford" title="Trafford">Trafford</a> </td> <td>No PCC, police responsible to <a href="/wiki/Mayor_of_Greater_Manchester" title="Mayor of Greater Manchester">Mayor of Greater Manchester</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Hampshire_and_Isle_of_Wight_Constabulary" title="Hampshire and Isle of Wight Constabulary">Hampshire and Isle of Wight Constabulary</a> </td> <td>1839 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Portsmouth" title="Portsmouth">Portsmouth</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hampshire" title="Hampshire">Hampshire</a>, <a href="/wiki/Isle_of_Wight" title="Isle of Wight">Isle of Wight</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hampshire" title="Hampshire">Southampton</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_(UK)" title="Conservative Party (UK)">Conservative</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Hertfordshire_Constabulary" title="Hertfordshire Constabulary">Hertfordshire Constabulary</a> </td> <td>1841 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Hertfordshire" title="Hertfordshire">Hertfordshire</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_(UK)" title="Conservative Party (UK)">Conservative</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Humberside_Police" title="Humberside Police">Humberside Police</a> </td> <td>1974 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/North_East_Lincolnshire" title="North East Lincolnshire">North East Lincolnshire</a>, <a href="/wiki/North_Lincolnshire" title="North Lincolnshire">North Lincolnshire</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingston_upon_Hull" title="Kingston upon Hull">Kingston upon Hull</a> and <a href="/wiki/East_Riding_of_Yorkshire" title="East Riding of Yorkshire">East Riding of Yorkshire</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_(UK)" title="Conservative Party (UK)">Conservative</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Kent_Police" title="Kent Police">Kent Police</a> </td> <td>1857 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kent" title="Kent">Kent</a> and <a href="/wiki/Medway" title="Medway">Medway</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_(UK)" title="Conservative Party (UK)">Conservative</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Lancashire_Constabulary" title="Lancashire Constabulary">Lancashire Constabulary</a> </td> <td>1839 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Blackburn_with_Darwen" title="Blackburn with Darwen">Blackburn with Darwen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Blackpool" title="Blackpool">Blackpool</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Lancashire" title="Lancashire">Lancashire</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_(UK)" title="Conservative Party (UK)">Conservative</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Leicestershire_Police" title="Leicestershire Police">Leicestershire Police</a> </td> <td>1839 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Rutland" title="Rutland">Rutland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Leicester" title="Leicester">Leicester</a> and <a href="/wiki/Leicestershire" title="Leicestershire">Leicestershire</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_(UK)" title="Conservative Party (UK)">Conservative</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Lincolnshire_Police" title="Lincolnshire Police">Lincolnshire Police</a> </td> <td>1856 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Lincolnshire" title="Lincolnshire">Lincolnshire</a> (excluding <a href="/wiki/North_East_Lincolnshire" title="North East Lincolnshire">North East Lincolnshire</a> and <a href="/wiki/North_Lincolnshire" title="North Lincolnshire">North Lincolnshire</a>) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_(UK)" title="Conservative Party (UK)">Conservative</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Merseyside_Police" title="Merseyside Police">Merseyside Police</a> </td> <td>1974 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Liverpool" title="Liverpool">Liverpool</a>, <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Borough_of_St_Helens" title="Metropolitan Borough of St Helens">St Helens</a>, <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Borough_of_Wirral" title="Metropolitan Borough of Wirral">Wirral</a>, <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Borough_of_Knowsley" title="Metropolitan Borough of Knowsley">Knowsley</a>, <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Borough_of_Sefton" title="Metropolitan Borough of Sefton">Sefton</a> and <a href="/wiki/Halton_Borough_Council" title="Halton Borough Council">Halton</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Labour_Party_(UK)" title="Labour Party (UK)">Labour</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Police" title="Metropolitan Police">Metropolitan Police</a> </td> <td>1829 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a> (excluding <a href="/wiki/City_of_London" title="City of London">City of London</a>) </td> <td>No PCC, police responsible to <a href="/wiki/Mayor_of_London" title="Mayor of London">Mayor of London</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Norfolk_Constabulary" title="Norfolk Constabulary">Norfolk Constabulary</a> </td> <td>1839 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Norfolk" title="Norfolk">Norfolk</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_(UK)" title="Conservative Party (UK)">Conservative</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Northamptonshire_Police" title="Northamptonshire Police">Northamptonshire Police</a> </td> <td>1966 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/North_Northamptonshire" title="North Northamptonshire">North Northamptonshire</a> and <a href="/wiki/West_Northamptonshire" title="West Northamptonshire">West Northamptonshire</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_(UK)" title="Conservative Party (UK)">Conservative</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Northumbria_Police" title="Northumbria Police">Northumbria Police</a> </td> <td>1974 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/City_of_Sunderland" title="City of Sunderland">City of Sunderland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Borough_of_Gateshead" title="Metropolitan Borough of Gateshead">Gateshead</a>, <a href="/wiki/Newcastle_upon_Tyne" title="Newcastle upon Tyne">Newcastle upon Tyne</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_Tyneside" title="South Tyneside">South Tyneside</a>, <a href="/wiki/Northumberland" title="Northumberland">Northumberland</a> and <a href="/wiki/North_Tyneside" title="North Tyneside">North Tyneside</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Labour_Party_(UK)" title="Labour Party (UK)">Labour</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/North_Yorkshire_Police" title="North Yorkshire Police">North Yorkshire Police</a> </td> <td>1974 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/North_Yorkshire" title="North Yorkshire">North Yorkshire</a> (excluding <a href="/wiki/Middlesbrough" title="Middlesbrough">Middlesbrough</a> and <a href="/wiki/Redcar_and_Cleveland" title="Redcar and Cleveland">Redcar and Cleveland</a>) and <a href="/wiki/York" title="York">York</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_(UK)" title="Conservative Party (UK)">Conservative</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Nottinghamshire_Police" title="Nottinghamshire Police">Nottinghamshire Police</a> </td> <td>1968 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Nottingham" title="Nottingham">Nottingham</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nottinghamshire" title="Nottinghamshire">Nottinghamshire</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_(UK)" title="Conservative Party (UK)">Conservative</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/South_Yorkshire_Police" title="South Yorkshire Police">South Yorkshire Police</a> </td> <td>1974 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Borough_of_Barnsley" title="Metropolitan Borough of Barnsley">Barnsley</a>, <a href="/wiki/Doncaster" title="Doncaster">Doncaster</a>, <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Borough_of_Rotherham" title="Metropolitan Borough of Rotherham">Rotherham</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sheffield" title="Sheffield">Sheffield</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Labour_Party_(UK)" title="Labour Party (UK)">Labour</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Staffordshire_Police" title="Staffordshire Police">Staffordshire Police</a> </td> <td>1968 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Staffordshire" title="Staffordshire">Staffordshire</a> and <a href="/wiki/Stoke-on-Trent" title="Stoke-on-Trent">Stoke-on-Trent</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_(UK)" title="Conservative Party (UK)">Conservative</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Suffolk_Constabulary" title="Suffolk Constabulary">Suffolk Constabulary</a> </td> <td>1967 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Suffolk" title="Suffolk">Suffolk</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_(UK)" title="Conservative Party (UK)">Conservative</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Surrey_Police" title="Surrey Police">Surrey Police</a> </td> <td>1851 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Surrey" title="Surrey">Surrey</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_(UK)" title="Conservative Party (UK)">Conservative</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Sussex_Police" title="Sussex Police">Sussex Police</a> </td> <td>1968 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Brighton_and_Hove" title="Brighton and Hove">Brighton and Hove</a>, <a href="/wiki/East_Sussex" title="East Sussex">East Sussex</a> and <a href="/wiki/West_Sussex" title="West Sussex">West Sussex</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_(UK)" title="Conservative Party (UK)">Conservative</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Thames_Valley_Police" title="Thames Valley Police">Thames Valley Police</a> </td> <td>1968 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Berkshire" title="Berkshire">Berkshire</a>, <a href="/wiki/Buckinghamshire" title="Buckinghamshire">Buckinghamshire</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oxfordshire" title="Oxfordshire">Oxfordshire</a>, <a href="/wiki/Milton_Keynes" title="Milton Keynes">Milton Keynes</a> and <a href="/wiki/West_Berkshire" title="West Berkshire">West Berkshire</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_(UK)" title="Conservative Party (UK)">Conservative</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Warwickshire_Police" title="Warwickshire Police">Warwickshire Police</a> </td> <td>1840 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Warwickshire" title="Warwickshire">Warwickshire</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_(UK)" title="Conservative Party (UK)">Conservative</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/West_Mercia_Police" title="West Mercia Police">West Mercia Police</a> </td> <td>1967 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Worcestershire" title="Worcestershire">Worcestershire</a>, <a href="/wiki/Herefordshire" title="Herefordshire">Herefordshire</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shropshire" title="Shropshire">Shropshire</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Telford_and_Wrekin" title="Telford and Wrekin">Telford and Wrekin</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_(UK)" title="Conservative Party (UK)">Conservative</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/West_Midlands_Police" title="West Midlands Police">West Midlands Police</a> </td> <td>1974 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Birmingham" title="Birmingham">Birmingham</a>, <a href="/wiki/Solihull" title="Solihull">Solihull</a>, <a href="/wiki/Coventry" title="Coventry">Coventry</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wolverhampton" title="Wolverhampton">Wolverhampton</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dudley" title="Dudley">Dudley</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sandwell" title="Sandwell">Sandwell</a> and <a href="/wiki/Walsall" title="Walsall">Walsall</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Labour_Party_(UK)" title="Labour Party (UK)">Labour</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/West_Yorkshire_Police" title="West Yorkshire Police">West Yorkshire Police</a> </td> <td>1974 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Calderdale" title="Calderdale">Calderdale</a>, <a href="/wiki/City_of_Bradford" title="City of Bradford">City of Bradford</a>, <a href="/wiki/City_of_Wakefield" title="City of Wakefield">City of Wakefield</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kirklees" title="Kirklees">Kirklees</a> and <a href="/wiki/Leeds" title="Leeds">Leeds</a> </td> <td>No PCC, police responsible to <a href="/wiki/Mayor_of_West_Yorkshire" title="Mayor of West Yorkshire">Mayor of West Yorkshire</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Wiltshire_Police" title="Wiltshire Police">Wiltshire Police</a> </td> <td>1839 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Borough_of_Swindon" title="Borough of Swindon">Swindon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wiltshire" title="Wiltshire">Wiltshire</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_(UK)" title="Conservative Party (UK)">Conservative</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Proposed_mergers_for_England_and_Wales">Proposed mergers for England and Wales</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Law_enforcement_in_the_United_Kingdom&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Proposed mergers for England and Wales"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1981 <a href="/wiki/James_Anderton" title="James Anderton">James Anderton</a>, Chief Constable of <a href="/wiki/Greater_Manchester_Police" title="Greater Manchester Police">Greater Manchester Police</a>, called for the number of forces to be reduced to nine in England (one for each <a href="/wiki/Regions_of_England" title="Regions of England">Region</a>) and one for Wales.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A 2004 proposal by the <a href="/wiki/Police_Superintendents%27_Association" title="Police Superintendents' Association">Police Superintendents' Association</a> for the creation of a single national police force, similar to <a href="/wiki/Garda_S%C3%ADoch%C3%A1na" title="Garda Síochána">Garda Síochána</a> was objected to by the <a href="/wiki/Association_of_Chief_Police_Officers" title="Association of Chief Police Officers">Association of Chief Police Officers</a>. The government did not accept the proposal at the time.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>From 2005 to 2006, the government considered merging several territorial police forces in England and Wales. The review only concerned policing in outside of Scotland, Northern Ireland and Greater London. Likewise, the major non-territorial forces (<a href="/wiki/British_Transport_Police" title="British Transport Police">British Transport Police</a>, <a href="/wiki/Civil_Nuclear_Constabulary" title="Civil Nuclear Constabulary">Civil Nuclear Constabulary</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Defence_Police" title="Ministry of Defence Police">Ministry of Defence Police</a>) are responsible to other government departments, and would not have been affected either. The primary argument for merging forces is that forces with 4,000 or more officers would perform better and could save costs.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The view was supported by <a href="/wiki/HM_Inspectorate_of_Constabulary" class="mw-redirect" title="HM Inspectorate of Constabulary">HM Inspectorate of Constabulary</a>, who said in September 2005 that the existing structure was "no longer working".<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Merger proposals were announced by the Home Secretary in early 2006. They proposed reducing the number of police forces to less than 25, with Wales and several <a href="/wiki/Regions_of_England" title="Regions of England">Regions of England</a> having one force each.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The consultation period on this second batch of mergers started on 11 April 2006, and would have finished on 11 August, with a target of April 2008 for the mergers coming into effect.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 20 June 2006 the then Home Secretary, <a href="/wiki/John_Reid,_Baron_Reid_of_Cardowan" title="John Reid, Baron Reid of Cardowan">John Reid</a>, announced that the contested mergers would be delayed for further discussion.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The only merger agreed to was with <a href="/wiki/Lancashire_Constabulary" title="Lancashire Constabulary">Lancashire Constabulary</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cumbria_Constabulary" title="Cumbria Constabulary">Cumbria Constabulary</a>. On 12 July 2006, the Home Office confirmed that all the mergers were to be abandoned, with the entire proposal taken back for consultation.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Wales">Wales</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Law_enforcement_in_the_United_Kingdom&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Wales"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dyfed%E2%80%93Powys_Police" class="mw-redirect" title="Dyfed–Powys Police">Dyfed–Powys Police</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gwent_Police" title="Gwent Police">Gwent Police</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Wales_Police" title="North Wales Police">North Wales Police</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Wales_Police" title="South Wales Police">South Wales Police</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Scotland">Scotland</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Law_enforcement_in_the_United_Kingdom&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Scotland"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Police_Scotland" title="Police Scotland">Police Scotland</a></div> <p>In 2013, the 8 territorial police forces in Scotland were merged into a single Scottish police force, named "The Police Service of Scotland", or colloquially <a href="/wiki/Police_Scotland" title="Police Scotland">Police Scotland</a>. Merging these forces had been first mooted in 2010, and was supported by the <a href="/wiki/Scottish_National_Party" title="Scottish National Party">Scottish National Party</a>, <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Labour_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Scottish Labour Party">Scottish Labour Party</a> and <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Conservative_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Scottish Conservative Party">Scottish Conservative Party</a> ahead of the <a href="/wiki/2011_Scottish_Parliament_election" title="2011 Scottish Parliament election">2011 Scottish Parliament election</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After a consultation process,<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Government" title="Scottish Government">Scottish Government</a> confirmed on 8 September 2011 that a single police service would be created in Scotland.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Scottish Government stated that "reform will safeguard frontline policing in communities by creating designated local senior officers for every council area with a statutory duty to work with councils to shape local services. Establishing a single service aims to ensure more equal access to national and specialist services and expertise such as major investigation teams and firearms teams, whenever and wherever they are needed."<sup id="cite_ref-scotland1_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-scotland1-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Police and Fire Reform (Scotland) Bill was published in January 2012<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and was approved on 27 June 2012 after scrutiny in the <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Parliament" title="Scottish Parliament">Scottish Parliament</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-scotland1_79-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-scotland1-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Bill received <a href="/wiki/Royal_assent" title="Royal assent">royal assent</a> as the <a href="/wiki/Police_and_Fire_Reform_(Scotland)_Act_2012" title="Police and Fire Reform (Scotland) Act 2012">Police and Fire Reform (Scotland) Act 2012</a>. This created a force of approximately 17,000 police officers, the second largest in the United Kingdom after the <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Police" title="Metropolitan Police">Metropolitan Police</a> in London.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In March 2015, following the transfer of police oversight powers to the Scottish Government,<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the Justice Secretary announced proposals to further unify policing in Scotland by merging the <a href="/wiki/British_Transport_Police" title="British Transport Police">British Transport Police</a>'s operations north of the border with Police Scotland.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Northern_Ireland">Northern Ireland</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Law_enforcement_in_the_United_Kingdom&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Northern Ireland"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Police_Service_of_Northern_Ireland" title="Police Service of Northern Ireland">Police Service of Northern Ireland</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cross-jurisdiction_powers">Cross-jurisdiction powers</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Law_enforcement_in_the_United_Kingdom&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Cross-jurisdiction powers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Territorial police constables have certain powers of arrest in another one of the <a href="/wiki/Legal_jurisdictions_of_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Legal jurisdictions of the United Kingdom">UK's three legal jurisdictions</a> than they were attested in. There are four main provisions for them to do so – arrest with a warrant, arrest without a warrant for an offence committed in their home jurisdiction whilst in another jurisdiction, arrest without a warrant for an offence committed in another jurisdiction whilst in that jurisdiction, and mutual aid. A fifth power of cross jurisdictional arrest was introduced by section 116 of the <a href="/wiki/Policing_and_Crime_Act_2017" title="Policing and Crime Act 2017">Policing and Crime Act 2017</a> which fills a loop hole in arrest powers in certain situations. This power came into force in March 2018.<sup id="cite_ref-auto1_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto1-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This new power allows a constable from one jurisdiction to arrest without warrant a person suspected of an offence in another jurisdiction whilst in their home jurisdiction. This power is in relation to more serious offences as listed in the act. The Act sets out how long the person can be detained in custody by the 'arresting force' in one jurisdiction until constables from the 'investigating force' in another jurisdiction can travel to re-arrest the person and deal accordingly.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Below is a summary of these five powers with a practical example due to the complicated nature of this area of law. Note: this section applies to territorial police constables only, and not to others – except the British Transport Police, who also have <a href="/wiki/British_Transport_Police#Cross-border_powers" title="British Transport Police">certain cross-border powers</a> in addition to their natural powers. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Arrest_with_warrant">Arrest with warrant</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Law_enforcement_in_the_United_Kingdom&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Arrest with warrant"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Certain warrants can be executed by constables even though they are outside their jurisdiction: <a href="/wiki/Arrest_warrant" title="Arrest warrant">arrest warrants</a> and <a href="/wiki/Warrant_of_committal" title="Warrant of committal">warrants of committal</a> (all); and a warrant to arrest a witness (England, Wales or Northern Ireland); a warrant for committal, a warrant to imprison (or to apprehend and imprison), and a warrant to arrest a witness (Scotland).<sup id="cite_ref-S136_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-S136-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A warrant issued in one legal jurisdiction may be executed in either of the other two jurisdictions by a constable from either the jurisdiction where it was issued, or the jurisdiction where it is executed.<sup id="cite_ref-S136_87-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-S136-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When executing a warrant issued in Scotland, the constable executing it shall have the same powers and duties, and the person arrested the same rights, as they would have had if execution had been in Scotland by a constable of a police force in Scotland. When executing a warrant issued in England & Wales or Northern Ireland, a constable may use reasonable force and has specified search powers provided by section 139 of the Criminal Justice and Public Order Act 1994.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Arrest_without_warrant:_offences_committed_in_home_jurisdiction">Arrest without warrant: offences committed in home jurisdiction</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Law_enforcement_in_the_United_Kingdom&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Arrest without warrant: offences committed in home jurisdiction"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In very simple terms, this power allows constables of one jurisdiction to travel to another jurisdiction and arrest a person they suspect of committing an offence in their home jurisdiction. For example, constables from <a href="/wiki/Cumbria_Police" class="mw-redirect" title="Cumbria Police">Cumbria Police</a> investigating an offence of assault that occurred in their police area could travel over the border into Scotland and arrest the suspect without warrant found in <a href="/wiki/Gretna,_Dumfries_and_Galloway" title="Gretna, Dumfries and Galloway">Gretna</a>. </p><p>If a constable suspects that a person has committed or attempted to commit an offence in their legal jurisdiction, and that person is now in another jurisdiction, the constable may arrest them in that other jurisdiction.<sup id="cite_ref-S137_89-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-S137-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A constable from England & Wales is subject to the same necessity tests for arrest (as under section 24 of the Police and Criminal Evidence Act 1984<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) as they would be in England & Wales, a constable from Scotland may arrest if it would have been lawful to do so in Scotland and a constable from Northern Ireland is subject to the same necessity tests for arrest (as under Article 26 of the Police and Criminal Evidence (Northern Ireland) Order 1989.<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) as they would be in Northern Ireland.<sup id="cite_ref-S137_89-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-S137-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A person arrested under the above powers:<sup id="cite_ref-S137_89-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-S137-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>in Scotland, shall be taken to the nearest convenient designated police station or to a designated police station in a police area in which the offence is being investigated (England & Wales or Northern Ireland),</li> <li>in England or Wales, shall be taken to the nearest convenient police station (Scotland) or to a police station within a sheriffdom in which the offence is being investigated (Scotland), to the nearest convenient designated police station (Northern Ireland) or to a designated police station in which the offence is being investigated (Northern Ireland), or</li> <li>in Northern Ireland, shall be taken either to the nearest convenient designated police station (England & Wales) or to a designated police station in a police area in which the offence is being investigated (England & Wales) or to the nearest convenient police station (Scotland) or to a police station within a sheriffdom in which the offence is being investigated (Scotland).</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Arrest_without_warrant:_offences_committed_in_other_jurisdictions_(known_as_reciprocal_powers_of_arrest)"><span id="Arrest_without_warrant:_offences_committed_in_other_jurisdictions_.28known_as_reciprocal_powers_of_arrest.29"></span>Arrest without warrant: offences committed in other jurisdictions (known as reciprocal powers of arrest)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Law_enforcement_in_the_United_Kingdom&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Arrest without warrant: offences committed in other jurisdictions (known as reciprocal powers of arrest)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In simple terms, this power gives a constable of one jurisdiction whilst in another jurisdiction the same power of arrest as a constable of the jurisdiction they are visiting. As a practical example, if constables from <a href="/wiki/Police_Scotland" title="Police Scotland">Police Scotland</a> are over the border in Cumbria on enquiries and come across a burglary in progress they can arrest the suspect on suspicion of burglary using the same arrest powers as a constable of England or Wales. </p><p>A constable from one legal jurisdiction has, in the other jurisdictions, the same powers of arrest as a constable of that jurisdiction would have.<sup id="cite_ref-S140_92-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-S140-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A constable from England or Wales has:<sup id="cite_ref-S140_92-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-S140-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>in Scotland, the same power of arrest as a constable from Scotland</li> <li>in Northern Ireland, the same power of arrest as a constable from Northern Ireland would have under Article 26 of the Police and Criminal Evidence (Northern Ireland) Order 1989 (necessity test).<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>A constable from Scotland has:<sup id="cite_ref-S140_92-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-S140-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>in England and Wales, the same power of arrest as a constable from England or Wales would have under section 24 of the Police and Criminal Evidence Act 1984 (necessity test).<sup id="cite_ref-section_24_94-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-section_24-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>in Northern Ireland, the same power of arrest as a constable from Northern Ireland would have under Article 26 of the Police and Criminal Evidence (Northern Ireland) Order 1989 (necessity test).<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>A constable from Northern Ireland has:<sup id="cite_ref-S140_92-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-S140-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>in Scotland, the same power of arrest as a constable from Scotland</li> <li>in England and Wales, the same power of arrest as a constable from England or Wales would have under section 24 of the Police and Criminal Evidence Act 1984 (necessity test).<sup id="cite_ref-section_24_94-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-section_24-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:British_Transport_Police_riot_gear.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/British_Transport_Police_riot_gear.jpg/170px-British_Transport_Police_riot_gear.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/British_Transport_Police_riot_gear.jpg/255px-British_Transport_Police_riot_gear.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/British_Transport_Police_riot_gear.jpg/340px-British_Transport_Police_riot_gear.jpg 2x" data-file-width="768" data-file-height="1024" /></a><figcaption>A British Transport Police public order officer on 'mutual aid', supporting the Metropolitan Police.</figcaption></figure> <p>When a constable arrests a person in England & Wales, the constable is subject to the requirements of section 28 (informing of arrest),<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> section 30 (taking to a designated police station)<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and section 32 (search on arrest).<sup id="cite_ref-S140_92-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-S140-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When a constable arrests a person in Scotland, the arrested person shall have the same rights and the constable the same powers and duties as they would have were the constable a constable of a police force in Scotland.<sup id="cite_ref-S140_92-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-S140-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When a constable arrests a person in Northern Ireland, the constable is subject to the requirements of Article 30 (informing of arrest),<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Article 32 (taking to a designated police station)<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Article 34 (search on arrest).<sup id="cite_ref-S140_92-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-S140-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Arrest_without_warrant_by_a_constable_in_his_home_jurisdiction_for_an_offence_committed_in_another_jurisdiction">Arrest without warrant by a constable in his home jurisdiction for an offence committed in another jurisdiction</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Law_enforcement_in_the_United_Kingdom&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Arrest without warrant by a constable in his home jurisdiction for an offence committed in another jurisdiction"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>This power allows a constable of one jurisdiction to arrest without warrant a person suspected of an offence in another jurisdiction whilst in their home jurisdiction. The Policing and Crime Act 2017 sets out which offences this power of arrest will apply to in each jurisdiction (generally serious offences), and how long the person arrested can be kept in custody, with relevant authorities, by the "arresting force" to allow sufficient time for officers from the "investigating force" in another jurisdiction to travel and re-arrest the detained person for the purposes of their investigation.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_86-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This relatively new power came into force in March 2018.<sup id="cite_ref-auto1_85-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto1-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Until the introduction of this power, there was an issue whereby a constable in his home jurisdiction could not arrest a person suspected of an offence in another jurisdiction without a warrant.<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Other_situations_(including_Mutual_Aid)"><span id="Other_situations_.28including_Mutual_Aid.29"></span>Other situations (including Mutual Aid)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Law_enforcement_in_the_United_Kingdom&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Other situations (including Mutual Aid)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Police forces often support each other with large-scale operations, such as those that require specialist skills or expertise and those that require policing levels that the host-forces cannot provide. Referred to as mutual aid, constables loaned from one force to another have the powers and privileges of a constable of the host force.<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Constables from the <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Police" title="Metropolitan Police">Metropolitan Police</a> who are on protection duties in Scotland or Northern Ireland have all the powers and privileges of a constable of the host police force.<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A constable who is taking a person to or from a <a href="/wiki/Prison" title="Prison">prison</a> retains all the powers, authority, protection and privileges of his office regardless of his location.<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Regardless of where they are in the United Kingdom, a constable may arrest under section 41<sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and may stop and search under section 43<sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> of the <a href="/wiki/Terrorism_Act_2000" title="Terrorism Act 2000">Terrorism Act 2000</a> on suspicion of terrorism (defined by section 40<sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Accountability">Accountability</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Law_enforcement_in_the_United_Kingdom&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Accountability"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>From 22 November 2012, police authorities outside London were replaced by directly elected <a href="/wiki/Police_and_Crime_Commissioner" class="mw-redirect" title="Police and Crime Commissioner">Police and Crime Commissioners</a> or Police, Fire and Crime Commissioners. In London, the <a href="/wiki/City_of_London_Police" title="City of London Police">City of London Police</a> continued to be overseen by <a href="/wiki/City_of_London_Corporation" title="City of London Corporation">City of London Corporation</a>, whilst the <a href="/wiki/Mayor_of_London" title="Mayor of London">Mayor of London</a> has responsibility for the governance of the <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Police" title="Metropolitan Police">Metropolitan Police</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The mayors of <a href="/wiki/Mayor_of_Greater_Manchester" title="Mayor of Greater Manchester">Greater Manchester</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mayor_of_West_Yorkshire" title="Mayor of West Yorkshire">West Yorkshire</a> also have responsibility for governance. </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland" title="Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Police_Service_of_Northern_Ireland" title="Police Service of Northern Ireland">Police Service of Northern Ireland</a> is supervised by the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland_Policing_Board" title="Northern Ireland Policing Board">Northern Ireland Policing Board</a>. </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland">Scotland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Police_Scotland" title="Police Scotland">Police Scotland</a> is overseen by the <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Police_Authority" title="Scottish Police Authority">Scottish Police Authority</a>. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/British_Transport_Police" title="British Transport Police">British Transport Police</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Civil_Nuclear_Constabulary" title="Civil Nuclear Constabulary">Civil Nuclear Constabulary</a> had their own police authority established in 2004. These forces operate across the United Kingdom and their responsibility is to the specific activities they were established to police. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="His_Majesty's_Inspectorates_of_Constabulary"><span id="His_Majesty.27s_Inspectorates_of_Constabulary"></span>His Majesty's Inspectorates of Constabulary</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Law_enforcement_in_the_United_Kingdom&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: His Majesty's Inspectorates of Constabulary"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The official bodies responsible for the examination and assessment of police forces to ensure their requirements are met as intended are: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/His_Majesty%27s_Inspectorate_of_Constabulary_and_Fire_%26_Rescue_Services" title="His Majesty's Inspectorate of Constabulary and Fire & Rescue Services">His Majesty's Inspectorate of Constabulary and Fire & Rescue Services</a> (HMICFRS): this organisation is responsible to the <a href="/wiki/Home_Office" title="Home Office">Home Office</a> for police forces in England and Wales. It also inspects, by invitation, various UK <a href="/wiki/Special_police_force" class="mw-redirect" title="Special police force">special police forces</a> and elements of the Service (Military) Police. Since 2004, HMICFRS has also had responsibility for examining <a href="/wiki/HM_Revenue_and_Customs" title="HM Revenue and Customs">HM Revenue and Customs</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Serious_Organised_Crime_Agency" title="Serious Organised Crime Agency">Serious Organised Crime Agency</a>. Inspection services have been provided on a non-statutory basis for the <a href="/wiki/Police_Service_of_Northern_Ireland" title="Police Service of Northern Ireland">Police Service of Northern Ireland</a>. Since July 2017, it has also become responsible for inspecting Fire & Rescue Services in England.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/His_Majesty%27s_Inspectorate_of_Constabulary_in_Scotland" title="His Majesty's Inspectorate of Constabulary in Scotland">His Majesty's Inspectorate of Constabulary in Scotland</a> (commonly known as HMICS): this organisation is responsible to the <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Government" title="Scottish Government">Scottish Government</a> and examines the <a href="/wiki/Police_Service_of_Scotland" class="mw-redirect" title="Police Service of Scotland">Police Service of Scotland</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Police_Authority" title="Scottish Police Authority">Scottish Police Authority</a>.</li></ul> <p>As of June 2022, in addition to the London <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Police" title="Metropolitan Police">Metropolitan Police</a>, six police forces are in <a href="/wiki/Special_measures" title="Special measures">special measures</a> because they are failing. They are Cleveland, Greater Manchester police, Gloucestershire. Staffordshire and Wiltshire forces. London mayor <a href="/wiki/Sadiq_Khan" title="Sadiq Khan">Sadiq Khan</a> said "(...) after 12 years of massive cuts. We've lost 21,000 experienced officers around the country, many of them in London. Because of City Hall funding we've managed to replace many of them, but clearly, with newer, inexperienced officers."<sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Operations">Operations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Law_enforcement_in_the_United_Kingdom&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Operations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:London_Marathon_2014_-_Police.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/London_Marathon_2014_-_Police.jpg/218px-London_Marathon_2014_-_Police.jpg" decoding="async" width="218" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/London_Marathon_2014_-_Police.jpg/327px-London_Marathon_2014_-_Police.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/London_Marathon_2014_-_Police.jpg/436px-London_Marathon_2014_-_Police.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption>Female officers in the UK typically wear a bowler cap, as opposed to a peaked cap or <a href="/wiki/Custodian_helmet" title="Custodian helmet">custodian helmet</a>.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ranks">Ranks</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Law_enforcement_in_the_United_Kingdom&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Ranks"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Police_ranks_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Police ranks of the United Kingdom">Police ranks of the United Kingdom</a></div> <p>Throughout the United Kingdom, the rank structure of police forces is identical up to the rank of <a href="/wiki/Chief_superintendent" title="Chief superintendent">chief superintendent</a>. At higher ranks, structures are distinct within <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a> where the <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Police_Service" class="mw-redirect" title="Metropolitan Police Service">Metropolitan Police Service</a> and the <a href="/wiki/City_of_London_Police" title="City of London Police">City of London Police</a> have a series of <a href="/wiki/Borough_Commander" class="mw-redirect" title="Borough Commander">commander</a> and <a href="/wiki/Police_commissioner" title="Police commissioner">commissioner</a> ranks as their top ranks whereas other UK police forces have <a href="/wiki/Assistant_Chief_Constable" class="mw-redirect" title="Assistant Chief Constable">assistants</a>, <a href="/wiki/Deputy_Chief_Constable" class="mw-redirect" title="Deputy Chief Constable">deputies</a> and a <a href="/wiki/Chief_constable" title="Chief constable">chief constable</a> as their top ranks. All <a href="/wiki/Police_commissioner" title="Police commissioner">commissioners</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chief_constable" title="Chief constable">chief constables</a> are equal in rank. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Police_community_support_officer" title="Police community support officer">Police community support officers</a> (PCSOs) were introduced following the passing of the <a href="/wiki/Police_Reform_Act_2002" title="Police Reform Act 2002">Police Reform Act 2002</a>, although some have criticised these as for being a cheap alternative to fully trained police officers.<sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Uniform_and_equipment">Uniform and equipment</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Law_enforcement_in_the_United_Kingdom&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Uniform and equipment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Police_uniforms_and_equipment_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Police uniforms and equipment in the United Kingdom">Police uniforms and equipment in the United Kingdom</a>, <a href="/wiki/Police_use_of_firearms_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Police use of firearms in the United Kingdom">Police use of firearms in the United Kingdom</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Police_vehicles_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Police vehicles in the United Kingdom">Police vehicles in the United Kingdom</a></div> <p>Uniforms, the issuing of <a href="/wiki/Firearm" title="Firearm">firearms</a>, type of patrol cars, and other equipment, varies by force. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Custodian_helmet" title="Custodian helmet">custodian helmet</a> which is synonymous with the "bobby on the beat" image is frequently worn by male officers in England and Wales (and formerly in Scotland), while the equivalent for female officers is the "bowler" hat. The flat <a href="/wiki/Peaked_cap" title="Peaked cap">peaked cap</a> is worn by officers on mobile patrol and higher-ranking officers.<sup id="cite_ref-HFAQ_112-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HFAQ-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mobile_Police_Station,_Belfast_-_geograph.org.uk_-_4407288.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Mobile_Police_Station%2C_Belfast_-_geograph.org.uk_-_4407288.jpg/220px-Mobile_Police_Station%2C_Belfast_-_geograph.org.uk_-_4407288.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="158" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Mobile_Police_Station%2C_Belfast_-_geograph.org.uk_-_4407288.jpg/330px-Mobile_Police_Station%2C_Belfast_-_geograph.org.uk_-_4407288.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Mobile_Police_Station%2C_Belfast_-_geograph.org.uk_-_4407288.jpg/440px-Mobile_Police_Station%2C_Belfast_-_geograph.org.uk_-_4407288.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="460" /></a><figcaption>A mobile police station in <a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland" title="Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Unlike police in most other developed countries, the vast majority of British police officers do not carry firearms on standard patrol; they carry an <a href="/wiki/ASP_baton" class="mw-redirect" title="ASP baton">ASP baton</a> and <a href="/wiki/CS_gas" title="CS gas">CS gas</a> or <a href="/wiki/PAVA_spray" title="PAVA spray">PAVA spray</a>. Officers are becoming increasingly trained in the use of and equipped with the <a href="/wiki/TASER_X2_Defender" title="TASER X2 Defender">TASER X2</a> as another tactical option.<sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Firearms">Firearms</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Law_enforcement_in_the_United_Kingdom&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Firearms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Police_use_of_firearms_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Police use of firearms in the United Kingdom">Police use of firearms in the United Kingdom</a></div> <p>Every territorial force has a specialist <a href="/wiki/Firearms_Unit" class="mw-redirect" title="Firearms Unit">Firearms Unit</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-waldren_114-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-waldren-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which maintains <a href="/wiki/Armed_response_vehicle" title="Armed response vehicle">armed response vehicles</a> to respond to firearms-related emergency calls. The <a href="/wiki/Police_Service_of_Northern_Ireland" title="Police Service of Northern Ireland">Police Service of Northern Ireland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Belfast_International_Airport_Constabulary" title="Belfast International Airport Constabulary">Belfast International Airport Constabulary</a>, <a href="/wiki/Belfast_Harbour_Police" title="Belfast Harbour Police">Belfast Harbour Police</a>, <a href="/wiki/Civil_Nuclear_Constabulary" title="Civil Nuclear Constabulary">Civil Nuclear Constabulary</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Defence_Police" title="Ministry of Defence Police">Ministry of Defence Police</a> are routinely armed. </p><p>London's <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Police_Service" class="mw-redirect" title="Metropolitan Police Service">Metropolitan Police</a> firearms unit is the <a href="/wiki/Specialist_Firearms_Command" title="Specialist Firearms Command">Specialist Firearms Command</a> (SCO19), but every force in the United Kingdom maintains its own armed unit. Metropolitan and City of London Police operate with three officers per armed response vehicle, composed of a driver, a navigator, and an observer who gathers information about the incident and liaises with other units. Other police forces carry two <a href="/wiki/Authorised_firearms_officer" title="Authorised firearms officer">authorised firearms officers</a> instead of three. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Armed_police_officer_-London,_England-29April2011.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Armed_police_officer_-London%2C_England-29April2011.jpg/220px-Armed_police_officer_-London%2C_England-29April2011.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="331" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Armed_police_officer_-London%2C_England-29April2011.jpg/330px-Armed_police_officer_-London%2C_England-29April2011.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Armed_police_officer_-London%2C_England-29April2011.jpg/440px-Armed_police_officer_-London%2C_England-29April2011.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1416" data-file-height="2128" /></a><figcaption>Armed Police in London</figcaption></figure> <p>Armed police carry various weapons, ranging from semi-automatic carbines to sniper rifles, baton guns (which fire <a href="/wiki/Plastic_bullet" title="Plastic bullet">baton rounds</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Shotgun" title="Shotgun">shotguns</a>. All officers also carry a sidearm. Since 2009, <a href="/wiki/Tasers" class="mw-redirect" title="Tasers">Tasers</a> have been issued to armed officers as an alternative to deadly force.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2013)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Vehicles">Vehicles</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Law_enforcement_in_the_United_Kingdom&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Vehicles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The majority of officers on mobile patrol will do so in a marked police vehicle, namely an Incident Response Vehicle (IRV). Officers typically hold a 'response' permit, allowing them to utilise blue lights and sirens to make an emergency response. Some officers may not have undergone the additional training, and as such are only permitted to use emergency equipment when positioned at a scene or to pull over a vehicle. Officers who have undergone additional training to reach 'initial pursuit phase' standard are allowed to pursue vehicles, should they fail to stop. Vans are used as IRVs and, more specifically, to transport arrested suspects in a cage, who are unsuitable to be taken to custody in a car. </p><p>Some forces utilise Area Cars in addition to IRVs. Like IRVs, they respond to 999 calls and are manned by officers from response teams. However, officers are trained as 'advanced' drivers – allowing them to drive high-performance vehicles and pursue fleeing vehicles in the tactical phase of a pursuit. Some drivers may also be trained in skills like <a href="/wiki/PIT_maneuver" title="PIT maneuver">Tactical Pursuit and Containment</a> (TPAC). </p><p>In addition, forces' specialist units utilise a wide variety of vehicles to help perform their role effectively. Roads Policing Units (RPU) utilise performance vehicles to primarily enforce traffic laws and pursue fleeing suspects. Armed Response Vehicles (ARV) are used to transport armed officers and carry weaponry. Tactical/operational support units use larger vans, equipped with windscreen cages and/or reinforced glass, to transport officers into public order situations. </p><p> Forces also utilise unmarked vehicles for a wide-variety of roles. Covert surveillance vehicles are typically not fitted with any emergency equipment, as it is not necessary. Some forces utilise unmarked response vehicles to aid in proactive work. Similarly, some roads policing vehicles and ARVs are unmarked to help officers identity offences and use pre-emptive tactics to stop a suspect fleeing. Additionally, some forces have dedicated road crime units who use high-performance vehicles to primarily focus on organised criminals using the road committing offences.</p><ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Kent_police_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Kent Police BMW X5"><img alt="Kent Police BMW X5" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Kent_police_01.jpg/120px-Kent_police_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Kent_police_01.jpg/180px-Kent_police_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Kent_police_01.jpg/240px-Kent_police_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Kent_Police" title="Kent Police">Kent Police</a> <a href="/wiki/BMW_X5" title="BMW X5">BMW X5</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Police_Scotland_Mercedes_Benz_Sprinter_riot_van.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Police Scotland Mercedes Sprinter"><img alt="Police Scotland Mercedes Sprinter" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Police_Scotland_Mercedes_Benz_Sprinter_riot_van.jpg/120px-Police_Scotland_Mercedes_Benz_Sprinter_riot_van.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="69" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Police_Scotland_Mercedes_Benz_Sprinter_riot_van.jpg/180px-Police_Scotland_Mercedes_Benz_Sprinter_riot_van.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Police_Scotland_Mercedes_Benz_Sprinter_riot_van.jpg/240px-Police_Scotland_Mercedes_Benz_Sprinter_riot_van.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3531" data-file-height="2034" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Police_Scotland" title="Police Scotland">Police Scotland</a> <a href="/wiki/Mercedes-Benz_Sprinter" title="Mercedes-Benz Sprinter">Mercedes Sprinter</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Peugeot_308_of_the_West_Yorkshire_Police,_Leeds_Central_Police_Station_(16th_March_2018)_002.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="West Yorkshire Police Peugeot 308"><img alt="West Yorkshire Police Peugeot 308" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Peugeot_308_of_the_West_Yorkshire_Police%2C_Leeds_Central_Police_Station_%2816th_March_2018%29_002.jpg/120px-Peugeot_308_of_the_West_Yorkshire_Police%2C_Leeds_Central_Police_Station_%2816th_March_2018%29_002.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Peugeot_308_of_the_West_Yorkshire_Police%2C_Leeds_Central_Police_Station_%2816th_March_2018%29_002.jpg/180px-Peugeot_308_of_the_West_Yorkshire_Police%2C_Leeds_Central_Police_Station_%2816th_March_2018%29_002.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Peugeot_308_of_the_West_Yorkshire_Police%2C_Leeds_Central_Police_Station_%2816th_March_2018%29_002.jpg/240px-Peugeot_308_of_the_West_Yorkshire_Police%2C_Leeds_Central_Police_Station_%2816th_March_2018%29_002.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5152" data-file-height="3864" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/West_Yorkshire_Police" title="West Yorkshire Police">West Yorkshire Police</a> <a href="/wiki/Peugeot_308" title="Peugeot 308">Peugeot 308</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:2021_Vauxhall_Vivaro_3100_Edition_Police_Van.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="British Transport Police Vauxhall Vivaro"><img alt="British Transport Police Vauxhall Vivaro" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/2021_Vauxhall_Vivaro_3100_Edition_Police_Van.jpg/120px-2021_Vauxhall_Vivaro_3100_Edition_Police_Van.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="64" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/2021_Vauxhall_Vivaro_3100_Edition_Police_Van.jpg/180px-2021_Vauxhall_Vivaro_3100_Edition_Police_Van.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/2021_Vauxhall_Vivaro_3100_Edition_Police_Van.jpg/240px-2021_Vauxhall_Vivaro_3100_Edition_Police_Van.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2734" data-file-height="1465" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/British_Transport_Police" title="British Transport Police">British Transport Police</a> <a href="/wiki/Vauxhall_Vivaro_3" class="mw-redirect" title="Vauxhall Vivaro 3">Vauxhall Vivaro</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commerce_House_-_Monnow_Street,_Monmouth_-_Gwent_Police_-_Police_car_(18474857004).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Gwent Police Ford Transit Connect"><img alt="Gwent Police Ford Transit Connect" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Commerce_House_-_Monnow_Street%2C_Monmouth_-_Gwent_Police_-_Police_car_%2818474857004%29.jpg/120px-Commerce_House_-_Monnow_Street%2C_Monmouth_-_Gwent_Police_-_Police_car_%2818474857004%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Commerce_House_-_Monnow_Street%2C_Monmouth_-_Gwent_Police_-_Police_car_%2818474857004%29.jpg/180px-Commerce_House_-_Monnow_Street%2C_Monmouth_-_Gwent_Police_-_Police_car_%2818474857004%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Commerce_House_-_Monnow_Street%2C_Monmouth_-_Gwent_Police_-_Police_car_%2818474857004%29.jpg/240px-Commerce_House_-_Monnow_Street%2C_Monmouth_-_Gwent_Police_-_Police_car_%2818474857004%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4288" data-file-height="3216" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Gwent_Police" title="Gwent Police">Gwent Police</a> <a href="/wiki/Ford_Transit_Connect" title="Ford Transit Connect">Ford Transit Connect</a></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Initial_training">Initial training</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Law_enforcement_in_the_United_Kingdom&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Initial training"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="England_and_Wales">England and Wales</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Law_enforcement_in_the_United_Kingdom&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: England and Wales"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/College_of_Policing" title="College of Policing">College of Policing</a> defines six curricula for new police constables, <a href="/wiki/Special_constable" title="Special constable">special constables</a> and police community support officers:<sup id="cite_ref-:0_115-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Police Constable Degree Apprenticeship (PCDA), Degree Holder Entry Programme (DHEP) or a pre-join Policing degree course for police constables<sup id="cite_ref-116" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Initial Learning for the Special Constabulary (IL4SC) for special constables</li> <li>PCSO National Learning Programme for police community support officers</li></ul> <p>A number of alternative programmes exist to join police forces, including <a href="/wiki/Police_Now" title="Police Now">Police Now</a> and Fast Track programmes to the rank of Inspector and Superintendent for those with substantial management experience in other sectors. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Initial_Learning_for_the_Special_Constabulary">Initial Learning for the Special Constabulary</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Law_enforcement_in_the_United_Kingdom&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Initial Learning for the Special Constabulary"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Derived from the IPLDP and although not linked to a formal qualification as such; IL4SC requires the learning outcomes and National Occupational Standards (NOSs) are met in order to become compliant. This curriculum will bring an officer to the 'point of safe and lawful accompanied patrol'.<sup id="cite_ref-117" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This course equates to roughly 3.5 weeks of direct learning. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="PCSO_National_Learning_Programme">PCSO National Learning Programme</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Law_enforcement_in_the_United_Kingdom&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: PCSO National Learning Programme"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Successfully completion of the PCSO NLP over a period of six months to a year will result in a non-mandatory Certificate in Policing and this equates to 10 weeks of direct learning and consists of six mandatory units. Four of these units also feature within the IPLDP and being a QCF qualification, this can allow for officers wishing to become police officers for 'Recognition of Prior Learning' (RPL) and the transfer of such units to the IPLDP scheme.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_115-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Scotland_2">Scotland</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Law_enforcement_in_the_United_Kingdom&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Scotland"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>All initial probationer training in Scotland is undertaken at the <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Police_College" title="Scottish Police College">Scottish Police College</a> (or SPC) at <a href="/wiki/Tulliallan_Castle" title="Tulliallan Castle">Tulliallan Castle</a>. Recruits initially spend 12 weeks at the SPC before being posted to their divisions and over the next two years return to the SPC a number of times to complete examinations and fitness tests.<sup id="cite_ref-118" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Training is composed of four distinct modules undertaken at various locations with some parts being delivered locally and some centrally at the SPC.<sup id="cite_ref-119" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Training for Special Constables is delivered locally at seven locations throughout Scotland over a series of evenings and/or weekends. The training is split into two parts, with the first phase being delivered in a classroom environment before being sworn in as a Special Constable and the second phase is delivered after being sworn in. Upon successful completion of both parts of the training programme Special Constables are awarded a certificate of achievement and would be eligible to complete an abbreviated course at the Scottish Police College should they later wish to join the <a href="/wiki/Police_Service_of_Scotland" class="mw-redirect" title="Police Service of Scotland">Police Service of Scotland</a> as a regular officer.<sup id="cite_ref-120" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Organisation_of_police_forces">Organisation of police forces</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Law_enforcement_in_the_United_Kingdom&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Organisation of police forces"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As all police forces are autonomous organisations there is much variation in organisation and nomenclature; however, outlined below are the main strands of policing that makes up police forces: </p> <ul><li>All police forces have teams of officers who are responsible for general beat duties and response to emergency and non-emergency calls from the public. These officers are generally the most visible and will invariably be the first interface a member of the public has with police. In general terms these officers will normally patrol by vehicle (though also on foot or bicycle in urban areas). They will generally patrol a sub-division or whole division of a police force area or in the case of the Metropolitan Police Service, a borough. Nearly all police officers begin their careers in this area of policing, with some moving on to more specialist roles. The Metropolitan Police Service calls this area of policing 'Response Teams', whilst other forces use terms such as 'patrol', 'section' and other variations.</li> <li>Most local areas or wards in the country have at least one police officer who is involved in trying to build links with the local community and resolve long-term problems. In London, the Metropolitan Police Service addresses this area of policing with Safer Neighbourhood Teams. This entails each political ward in London having a Police Sergeant, two police constables and a few PCSOs who are ring fenced to address problems and build community links in their respective wards. Other police forces have similar systems but can be named 'Area officers', 'Neighbourhood officers', 'Beat Constables' and a number of other variations.</li> <li>Criminal Investigation Departments (CID) can be found in all police forces. Generally these officers deal with investigations of a more complex, serious nature; however, this again can differ from force to force. Most officers within this area are detectives. Depending on the force in question this area of policing can be further divided into a myriad of other specialist areas such as fraud. Smaller forces tend to have detectives who deal with a wide range of varied investigations whereas detectives in larger forces can have a very specialist remit.</li> <li>All police forces have specialist departments that deal with certain aspects of policing. Larger forces such as Greater Manchester Police, Strathclyde Police and West Midlands Police have many and varied departments and units such as traffic, firearms, marine, horse, tactical support all named differently depending on the force. Smaller forces such Dyfed Powys Police and Warwickshire Police will have fewer specialists and will rely on cross training, such as firearms officers also being traffic trained officers. The Metropolitan Police, the largest force in the country, has a large number of specialist departments, some of which are unique to the Metropolitan Police due to policing the capital and its national responsibilities. For example, the <a href="/wiki/Diplomatic_Protection_Group" class="mw-redirect" title="Diplomatic Protection Group">Diplomatic Protection Group</a> and <a href="/wiki/Counter_Terrorism_Command" title="Counter Terrorism Command">Counter Terrorism Command</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Fixated_Threat_Assessment_Centre">Fixated Threat Assessment Centre</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Law_enforcement_in_the_United_Kingdom&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Fixated Threat Assessment Centre"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Fixated_Threat_Assessment_Centre" title="Fixated Threat Assessment Centre">Fixated Threat Assessment Centre</a></div> <p>In the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Fixated_Threat_Assessment_Centre" title="Fixated Threat Assessment Centre">Fixated Threat Assessment Centre</a> is a joint police/mental health unit set up in October 2006 by the <a href="/wiki/Home_Office" title="Home Office">Home Office</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Department_of_Health_(United_Kingdom)" class="mw-redirect" title="Department of Health (United Kingdom)">Department of Health</a> and <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Police_Service" class="mw-redirect" title="Metropolitan Police Service">Metropolitan Police Service</a> to identify and address those individuals considered to pose a threat to VIPs or the Royal Family. <sup id="cite_ref-121" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They may then be referred to local health services for further assessment and potential <a href="/wiki/Involuntary_commitment" title="Involuntary commitment">involuntary commitment</a>. In some cases, they may be detained by police under the <a href="/wiki/Mental_Health_Act_1983#Civil_sections" title="Mental Health Act 1983">section 136 powers</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Mental_Health_Act_1983" title="Mental Health Act 1983">Mental Health Act 1983</a> prior to referral. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Border_Force">Border Force</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Law_enforcement_in_the_United_Kingdom&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Border Force"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/UK_Border_Force" class="mw-redirect" title="UK Border Force">UK Border Force</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Searcher_-_Border_Force_ship_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Searcher_-_Border_Force_ship_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Searcher_-_Border_Force_ship_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="123" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Searcher_-_Border_Force_ship_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-Searcher_-_Border_Force_ship_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Searcher_-_Border_Force_ship_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-Searcher_-_Border_Force_ship_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2180" data-file-height="1223" /></a><figcaption>A Border Force patrol vessel</figcaption></figure> <p>As part of the wide-ranging review of the Home Office, the then Home Secretary, <a href="/wiki/John_Reid,_Baron_Reid_of_Cardowan" title="John Reid, Baron Reid of Cardowan">John Reid</a>, announced in July 2006 that all British immigration officers would be uniformed. On 1 April 2007 the <a href="/wiki/Border_and_Immigration_Agency" title="Border and Immigration Agency">Border and Immigration Agency</a> (BIA) was created and commenced operation. However, there were no police officers in the Agency, a matter that attracted considerable criticism when the Agency was established: agency officers have limited powers of arrest. Further powers for designated officers within the Agency, including powers of detention pending the arrival of a police officer, were introduced by the UK Borders Act 2007.<sup id="cite_ref-122" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Government effectively admitted the shortcomings of the Agency by making a number of fundamental changes within a year of its commencement. On 1 April 2008 the BIA became the <a href="/wiki/UK_Border_Agency" title="UK Border Agency">UK Border Agency</a> following a merger with <a href="/wiki/UKvisas" class="mw-redirect" title="UKvisas">UKvisas</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Port_of_entry" title="Port of entry">port of entry</a> functions of <a href="/wiki/HM_Revenue_and_Customs" title="HM Revenue and Customs">HM Revenue and Customs</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Home_Secretary" title="Home Secretary">Home Secretary</a>, Jacqui Smith, announced that the UK Border Agency (UKBA) <i>"...will bring together the work of the Border and Immigration Agency, UK Visas and parts of <a href="/wiki/HM_Revenue_and_Customs" title="HM Revenue and Customs">HM Revenue and Customs</a> at the border, </i> [and] <i>will work closely with the police and other law enforcement agencies to improve border controls and security."</i><sup id="cite_ref-123" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Within months of this, the <a href="/wiki/Home_Secretary" title="Home Secretary">Home Secretary</a> revealed (in a 16-page response to a report by <a href="/wiki/Alex_Carlile,_Baron_Carlile_of_Berriew" title="Alex Carlile, Baron Carlile of Berriew">Lord Carlile</a>, the independent reviewer of <a href="/wiki/Terrorism_Act_2006" title="Terrorism Act 2006">UK terrorism legislation</a>) that the Home Office would issue a <a href="/wiki/Green_Paper" class="mw-redirect" title="Green Paper">Green Paper</a> proposing to take forward proposals by the Association of Chief Police Officers (England & Wales) for the establishment of a new 3,000-strong national border police force to work alongside the Agency.<sup id="cite_ref-124" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-125" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Following a major enquiry into the <a href="/wiki/UK_Border_Agency" title="UK Border Agency">UK Border Agency</a> that exposed significant flaws in the operation of border controls, the Home Secretary, <a href="/wiki/Theresa_May" title="Theresa May">Theresa May</a>, announced in 2012 that the <a href="/wiki/Border_Force" title="Border Force">Border Force</a>, which is responsible for manning all points of entry into the United Kingdom, would be split from the control of the UKBA and become a separate organisation with direct accountability to ministers and a "law-enforcement ethos".<sup id="cite_ref-126" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Brian_Moore_(police_officer)" title="Brian Moore (police officer)">Brian Moore</a>, the former <a href="/wiki/Chief_Constable" class="mw-redirect" title="Chief Constable">Chief Constable</a> of <a href="/wiki/Wiltshire_Police" title="Wiltshire Police">Wiltshire Police</a>, was appointed as the first head of the new UKBF.<sup id="cite_ref-127" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Overseas_police_forces_in_the_UK">Overseas police forces in the UK</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Law_enforcement_in_the_United_Kingdom&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Overseas police forces in the UK"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are certain instances where police forces of other nations operate in a limited degree in the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a>: </p> <ul><li>The '<a href="/wiki/Direction_centrale_de_la_police_aux_fronti%C3%A8res" class="mw-redirect" title="Direction centrale de la police aux frontières">Police aux Frontières</a>' or PAF (French Border Police), a division of the <i><a href="/wiki/French_National_Police" class="mw-redirect" title="French National Police">Police Nationale</a></i>, is permitted to operate in regard to <a href="/wiki/Eurostar" title="Eurostar">Eurostar</a> rail services through the <a href="/wiki/Channel_Tunnel" title="Channel Tunnel">Channel Tunnel</a>. This includes on Eurostar trains to London, within the international terminal at <a href="/wiki/St_Pancras_railway_station" title="St Pancras railway station">St Pancras station</a>, at <a href="/wiki/Ebbsfleet_International_railway_station" title="Ebbsfleet International railway station">Ebbsfleet International</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ashford_International_railway_station" title="Ashford International railway station">Ashford International</a> railway stations, and at the <a href="/wiki/Eurotunnel_Folkestone_Terminal" title="Eurotunnel Folkestone Terminal">Cheriton Parc Le Shuttle</a> terminal (alongside <a href="/wiki/Directorate-General_of_Customs_and_Indirect_Taxes" title="Directorate-General of Customs and Indirect Taxes">French Customs</a> officials). The PAF also operates at Dover Ferry terminals. This arrangement is reciprocated to the <a href="/wiki/British_Transport_Police" title="British Transport Police">British Transport Police</a>, <a href="/wiki/UK_Border_Agency" title="UK Border Agency">UK Border Agency</a>, and UK Customs Officers on Paris-bound trains and within the terminal at <a href="/wiki/Gare_du_Nord" title="Gare du Nord">Paris Gare du Nord</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eurotunnel_Calais_Terminal" title="Eurotunnel Calais Terminal">Coquelles (Le Shuttle)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gare_de_Lille-Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="Gare de Lille-Europe">Gare de Lille-Europe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brussels-South_railway_station" title="Brussels-South railway station">Bruxelles-Midi/Brussel-Zuid</a> and the Calais, Dunkerque, and Boulogne ferry terminals.<sup id="cite_ref-128" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The French police officers, who carry firearms while on duty in France, are not permitted to carry their firearms in the London Terminal; the firearms must be left on the train.</li> <li><span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga"><a href="/wiki/Garda_S%C3%ADoch%C3%A1na" title="Garda Síochána">Garda Síochána</a></i></span> (Irish Police), under an agreement between the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland" title="Republic of Ireland">Republic of Ireland</a> and the United Kingdom, has the right, alongside the <a href="/wiki/Radiological_Protection_Institute_of_Ireland" title="Radiological Protection Institute of Ireland">Radiological Protection Institute of Ireland</a>, to carry out inspections of the <a href="/wiki/Sellafield" title="Sellafield">Sellafield nuclear facility</a> in <a href="/wiki/Cumbria" title="Cumbria">Cumbria</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-129" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In 2006 a small number of officers from the <a href="/wiki/Policja" class="mw-redirect" title="Policja">Policja</a> (Polish Police) were seconded to the <a href="/wiki/North_Wales_Police" title="North Wales Police">North Wales Police</a> to assist with the supervision of foreign (largely eastern European) truck traffic largely on <a href="/wiki/European_route_E22" title="European route E22">European route E22</a> (the <a href="/wiki/A55_road" title="A55 road">A55 road</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-130" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Chief Constable of North Wales has publicly stated (November 2006) that he is considering directly recruiting a small number of officers from Poland to assist with policing the substantial population of Polish people that have migrated to his area since Poland's accession to the EU in 2004.<sup id="cite_ref-131" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_Police" class="mw-redirect" title="Military Police">Military Police</a> of forces present in the UK within the terms of the <a href="/wiki/Visiting_Forces_Act_1952" title="Visiting Forces Act 1952">Visiting Forces Act 1952</a> are permitted to travel to/from relevant premises in uniform and their (usually distinctive) vehicles will occasionally be seen. Their powers (including the carrying of firearms) are generally limited by that and other legislation to those necessary for the performance of duties related to their own forces and to those possessed by the general public.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Overseas_secondments">Overseas secondments</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Law_enforcement_in_the_United_Kingdom&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Overseas secondments"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>UK police officers have often served overseas as part of secondments to <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Police" title="United Nations Police">United Nations Police</a> (UNPOL), <a href="/wiki/Organization_for_Security_and_Co-operation_in_Europe" title="Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe">Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe</a> (OSCE), and <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a> Police (EUPOL). These are typically training and mentoring posts, but sometimes involve carrying out executive policing duties.<sup id="cite_ref-auto2_132-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto2-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Greater_London">Greater London</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Law_enforcement_in_the_United_Kingdom&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Greater London"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:London_MMB_%C2%BB1Z3_Bridge_Street.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/London_MMB_%C2%BB1Z3_Bridge_Street.jpg/220px-London_MMB_%C2%BB1Z3_Bridge_Street.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/London_MMB_%C2%BB1Z3_Bridge_Street.jpg/330px-London_MMB_%C2%BB1Z3_Bridge_Street.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/London_MMB_%C2%BB1Z3_Bridge_Street.jpg/440px-London_MMB_%C2%BB1Z3_Bridge_Street.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3978" data-file-height="2886" /></a><figcaption>British police officers</figcaption></figure> <p>One of the most common merger proposals is to merge the <a href="/wiki/City_of_London_Police" title="City of London Police">City of London Police</a> and London operations of the <a href="/wiki/British_Transport_Police" title="British Transport Police">British Transport Police</a> into the <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Police" title="Metropolitan Police">Metropolitan Police</a>. </p><p>The 2005–06 merger proposals had not included Greater London. This was due to two separate reviews of policing in the capital. The first was a review by the Department of Transport into the future role and function of the British Transport Police. The second was a review by the Attorney-General into national measures for combating fraud (the City of London Police is one of the major organisations for combating economic crime).<sup id="cite_ref-133" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Both the <a href="/wiki/Commissioner_of_Police_of_the_Metropolis" title="Commissioner of Police of the Metropolis">Metropolitan Police Commissioner</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sir_Ian_Blair" class="mw-redirect" title="Sir Ian Blair">Sir Ian Blair</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Mayor_of_London" title="Mayor of London">Mayor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ken_Livingstone" title="Ken Livingstone">Ken Livingstone</a>, stated that they would like to see a single police force in London, with the <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Police" title="Metropolitan Police">Metropolitan Police</a> also absorbing the functions of the <a href="/wiki/British_Transport_Police" title="British Transport Police">British Transport Police</a> in London.<sup id="cite_ref-134" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the proposal to merge both the BTP and City forces with the Met drew significant criticism from several areas: the House of Commons Transport Select Committee severely criticised the idea of the Metropolitan Police taking over policing of the rail network in a report published on 16 May 2006,<sup id="cite_ref-135" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while the <a href="/wiki/City_of_London_Corporation" title="City of London Corporation">City of London Corporation</a> and several major financial institutions in the <a href="/wiki/City_of_London" title="City of London">City</a> made public their opposition to the City Police merging with the Met.<sup id="cite_ref-136" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-136"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>134<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In a statement on 20 July 2006, the Transport Secretary announced that there would be no structural or operational changes to the British Transport Police, effectively ruling out any merger<sup id="cite_ref-137" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-137"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>135<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The interim report by the Attorney General's fraud review recognised the role taken by the City Police as the lead force in London and the South-East for tackling fraud, and made a recommendation that, should a national lead force be required, the City Police, with its expertise, would be an ideal candidate to take this role.<sup id="cite_ref-138" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-138"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>136<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This view was confirmed on the publication of the final report, which recommended that the City of London Police's Fraud Squad should be the national lead force in combatting fraud, to "act as a centre of excellence, disseminate best practice, give advice on complex inquiries in other regions, and assist with or direct the most complex of such investigations".<sup id="cite_ref-139" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-139"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>137<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Separate from the proposals raised by the Mayor of London and Metropolitan Police Commissioner was a plan by the government to reform policing in the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Parks_of_London" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Parks of London">Royal Parks</a>. Since 1872 this had been the responsibility of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Parks_Constabulary" title="Royal Parks Constabulary">Royal Parks Constabulary</a>. A report by former Metropolitan Police Assistant Commissioner Anthony Speed provided three options to reform the RPC, and it was decided that it should be merged with the Metropolitan Police.<sup id="cite_ref-140" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-140"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>138<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Met took over responsibility for policing the Royal Parks on 1 April 2004 with the formation of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Parks_Operational_Command_Unit" title="Royal Parks Operational Command Unit">Royal Parks Operational Command Unit</a>. The full merger and abolition of the Royal Parks Constabulary took place in May 2006.<sup id="cite_ref-141" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-141"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>139<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In May 2016, following <a href="/wiki/2016_London_mayoral_election" title="2016 London mayoral election">his election</a>, the Mayor of London <a href="/wiki/Sadiq_Khan" title="Sadiq Khan">Sadiq Khan</a> ordered a review, led by <a href="/wiki/Toby_Harris,_Baron_Harris_of_Haringey" title="Toby Harris, Baron Harris of Haringey">Lord Harris</a>, of London's preparedness in the face of potential terror attacks. Amongst the recommendations, which were published in October 2016, was a revisiting of the idea of merging the Metropolitan Police, City of London Police and British Transport Police. In commenting, both the City Police and BTP cautioned against the proposal.<sup id="cite_ref-142" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-142"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>140<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Funding">Funding</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Law_enforcement_in_the_United_Kingdom&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: Funding"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:New_Scotland_Yard_%C2%A6_Embankment_Chic_%3F_(33219232590).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/New_Scotland_Yard_%C2%A6_Embankment_Chic_%3F_%2833219232590%29.jpg/220px-New_Scotland_Yard_%C2%A6_Embankment_Chic_%3F_%2833219232590%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/New_Scotland_Yard_%C2%A6_Embankment_Chic_%3F_%2833219232590%29.jpg/330px-New_Scotland_Yard_%C2%A6_Embankment_Chic_%3F_%2833219232590%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/New_Scotland_Yard_%C2%A6_Embankment_Chic_%3F_%2833219232590%29.jpg/440px-New_Scotland_Yard_%C2%A6_Embankment_Chic_%3F_%2833219232590%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1344" data-file-height="1008" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/New_Scotland_Yard_(building)" title="New Scotland Yard (building)">New Scotland Yard</a> is the headquarters of the <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Police_Service" class="mw-redirect" title="Metropolitan Police Service">Metropolitan Police Service</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The police are funded both by central government and by local government.<sup id="cite_ref-parliament16_143-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-parliament16-143"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>141<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Central government funding is calculated based by a formula, based on several population and socio-economic factors which are used to determine the expected cost of policing the area.<sup id="cite_ref-parliament16_143-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-parliament16-143"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>141<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>For the 2017/18 fiscal year, the budget for local Police and Crime Commissioners to spend on police is £11 billion, with an extra £1.5 billion allocated to counter-terrorism and other special programmes.<sup id="cite_ref-144" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-144"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>142<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The combined funding will reduce from £12.3 billion in 2017/18 to £11.6 billion in 2020/21. <a href="/wiki/His_Majesty%27s_Inspectorate_of_Constabulary" class="mw-redirect" title="His Majesty's Inspectorate of Constabulary">His Majesty's Inspectorate of Constabulary</a> (HMIC) estimates that officer numbers will fall by around 2%. </p><p>According to the <a href="/wiki/National_Audit_Office_(United_Kingdom)" title="National Audit Office (United Kingdom)">National Audit Office</a>, funding was decreased between 2011 and 2016 by 22% in real terms<sup id="cite_ref-parliament16_143-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-parliament16-143"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>141<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and police officer numbers fell by 20,000 from 2010 to 2017.<sup id="cite_ref-guardianrising_145-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-guardianrising-145"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>143<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Funding levels stayed the same in real terms between 2015 and 2018, with a decrease in central government funding made up for by an increase in local government funding.<sup id="cite_ref-146" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-146"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>144<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Increased spending in some areas such as counter-terrorism has been offset by decreased spending in other departments.<sup id="cite_ref-bbc2/3/2017_147-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bbc2/3/2017-147"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>145<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2018 further funding cuts will force further cuts in the numbers of police officers.<sup id="cite_ref-148" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-148"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>146<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 80% of UK people believe Britain is less safe due to cuts to police funding.<sup id="cite_ref-149" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-149"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>147<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2017, a report from the Inspectorate found that most police forces were providing a good service, though it noted that some aspects such as investigations and neighbourhood policing were being compromised by "rationing" and cutbacks.<sup id="cite_ref-bbc2/3/2017_147-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bbc2/3/2017-147"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>145<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A report from the Inspectorate in March 2018 had similar findings; it reported improvement in neighbourhood policing and highlighted issues with response policing.<sup id="cite_ref-150" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-150"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>148<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-151" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-151"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>149<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Several current and former chief constables were raising concerns about whether the police can meet foreseeable challenges with current levels of funding.<sup id="cite_ref-bbc2/3/2017_147-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bbc2/3/2017-147"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>145<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-152" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-152"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>150<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-153" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-153"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>151<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Issues">Issues</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Law_enforcement_in_the_United_Kingdom&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: Issues"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:What_are_children%27s_opinions_of_their_local_police%3F.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="An infographic showing children's opinions of their local police in England and Wales in 2012/13. It shows that 55% of 10-to-15-year-olds had a positive opinion; 41% neutral and 4% negative. Percentage with a positive view of the police declines with age, with older boys being the least likely to have a positive opinion of the police." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/What_are_children%27s_opinions_of_their_local_police%3F.png/220px-What_are_children%27s_opinions_of_their_local_police%3F.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="597" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/What_are_children%27s_opinions_of_their_local_police%3F.png/330px-What_are_children%27s_opinions_of_their_local_police%3F.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/What_are_children%27s_opinions_of_their_local_police%3F.png/440px-What_are_children%27s_opinions_of_their_local_police%3F.png 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="1898" /></a><figcaption>Children's opinions of their local police in England and Wales in 2012/13.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Deaths_after_contact_with_the_police">Deaths after contact with the police</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Law_enforcement_in_the_United_Kingdom&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: Deaths after contact with the police"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The police service is sometimes criticised for incidents that result in deaths due to police firearms usage or in police custody, as well as the lack of competence and impartiality in investigations <i>(in England and Wales <b>only</b>)</i> by the <a href="/wiki/Independent_Police_Complaints_Commission" title="Independent Police Complaints Commission">Independent Police Complaints Commission</a> after these events.<sup id="cite_ref-Ecomomist_154-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ecomomist-154"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>152<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i><a href="/wiki/The_Economist" title="The Economist">The Economist</a></i> stated in 2009: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p><a href="/wiki/Bad_apples" title="Bad apples">Bad apples</a> <abbr style="text-decoration:none;border-bottom:1px dotted black;margin-bottom:1px;" title="quote text omitted">...</abbr> are seldom brought to justice: no policeman has ever been convicted of murder or manslaughter for a death following police contact, though there have been more than 400 such deaths in the past ten years alone. The IPCC is at best overworked and at worst does not deserve the "I" in its name.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><i>The Economist</i><sup id="cite_ref-Ecomomist_154-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ecomomist-154"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>152<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Numbers of deaths in or following police custody<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="The date of the event predicted near this tag has passed. (October 2024)">needs update</span></a></i>]</sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Year</th> <th>Nos. of<br />deaths</th> <th>Notes </th></tr> <tr> <td>2011/12</td> <td>15</td> <td>There were two fatal police shootings and 39 people died from apparent suicide following contact with the police.<sup id="cite_ref-155" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-155"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>153<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2012/13</td> <td>15</td> <td>Nearly half of those who died had known mental health issue and four of those who died had been restrained by police officers. There were 64 deaths by apparent suicide within 48 hours of release from police custody.<sup id="cite_ref-156" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-156"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>154<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2013/14</td> <td>11</td> <td>The number of people recorded as having apparently committed suicide within 48 hours of release from police custody was 68, a ten-year high.<sup id="cite_ref-157" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-157"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>155<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2014/15</td> <td>17</td> <td>There was one fatal police shooting and there were 69 apparent suicides following custody.<sup id="cite_ref-158" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-158"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>156<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Controversial_shootings">Controversial shootings</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Law_enforcement_in_the_United_Kingdom&action=edit&section=45" title="Edit section: Controversial shootings"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Police_use_of_firearms_in_the_United_Kingdom#Controversial_shootings" title="Police use of firearms in the United Kingdom">Police use of firearms in the United Kingdom § Controversial shootings</a></div> <p>The policy under which police officers in England and Wales use firearms has resulted in controversy. Notorious examples include the <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Waldorf_shooting" class="mw-redirect" title="Stephen Waldorf shooting">Stephen Waldorf shooting</a> in 1983, the deliberate fatal shootings of <a href="/wiki/Death_of_James_Ashley" class="mw-redirect" title="Death of James Ashley">James Ashley</a> in 1998, <a href="/wiki/Death_of_Harry_Stanley" class="mw-redirect" title="Death of Harry Stanley">Harry Stanley</a> in 1999, and <a href="/wiki/Jean_Charles_de_Menezes" class="mw-redirect" title="Jean Charles de Menezes">Jean Charles de Menezes</a> in 2005, and the accidental non-fatal shooting of <a href="/wiki/2_June_2006_London_terror_raid" class="mw-redirect" title="2 June 2006 London terror raid">Abdul Kahar</a> in 2006. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Deaths_in_police_custody">Deaths in police custody</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Law_enforcement_in_the_United_Kingdom&action=edit&section=46" title="Edit section: Deaths in police custody"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/UK_deaths_in_custody" title="UK deaths in custody">UK deaths in custody</a></div> <p>From 1990 to July 2012, 950 deaths occurred in police custody.<sup id="cite_ref-159" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-159"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>157<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1997/98, 69 people died in police custody or following contact with the police across England and Wales; 26 resulted from deliberate self-harm.<sup id="cite_ref-160" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-160"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>158<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There are two defined categories of death in custody issued by the Home Office:<sup id="cite_ref-161" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-161"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>159<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Category A: This category also encompasses deaths of those under arrest who are held in temporary police accommodation or have been taken to hospital following arrest. It also includes those who die, following arrest, whilst in a police vehicle. </p> <ul><li>they have been taken to a police station after being arrested for an offence, or</li> <li>they are arrested at a police station after attending voluntarily at the station or accompanying a constable to it, and is detained there or is detained elsewhere in the charge of a constable, except that a person who is at a court after being charged is not in police detention for those purposes.</li></ul> <p>Category B: Where the deceased was otherwise in the hands of the police or death resulted from the actions of a police officer in the purported execution of his duty. </p> <ul><li>when suspects are being interviewed by the police but have not been detained;</li> <li>when persons are actively attempting to evade arrest;</li> <li>when persons are stopped and searched or questioned by the police; and</li> <li>when persons are in police vehicles (other than whilst in police detention).</li></ul> <p>Hundreds of people kill themselves within 48 hours of being released from police custody.<sup id="cite_ref-162" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-162"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>160<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Corruption">Corruption</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Law_enforcement_in_the_United_Kingdom&action=edit&section=47" title="Edit section: Corruption"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Police_corruption#United_Kingdom" title="Police corruption">Police corruption § United_Kingdom</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Civil_unrest_and_misconduct">Civil unrest and misconduct</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Law_enforcement_in_the_United_Kingdom&action=edit&section=48" title="Edit section: Civil unrest and misconduct"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/UK_miners%27_strike_(1984-1985)" class="mw-redirect" title="UK miners' strike (1984-1985)">coal miners' strike</a> (1984–1985) saw thousands of police from various forces deployed to maintain public order and to prevent intimidation of those continuing to work during a national strike by miners, frequently resulting in violent confrontation.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Channel_4" title="Channel 4">Channel 4</a> <a href="/wiki/Dispatches_(TV_series)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dispatches (TV series)">Dispatches</a> 2006 documentary <i>Undercover Copper</i> showed police officers watching pornography while on duty, raising questions of standards within UK police forces.<sup id="cite_ref-163" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-163"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>161<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Racism">Racism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Law_enforcement_in_the_United_Kingdom&action=edit&section=49" title="Edit section: Racism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Macpherson Report coined the phrase "<a href="/wiki/Institutionalised_racism" class="mw-redirect" title="Institutionalised racism">institutionalised racism</a>" to describe policies and procedures that adversely affect persons from ethnic minority groups after the <a href="/wiki/Death_of_Stephen_Lawrence" class="mw-redirect" title="Death of Stephen Lawrence">death of Stephen Lawrence</a>. </p><p>In 2003, ten police officers from <a href="/wiki/Greater_Manchester_Police" title="Greater Manchester Police">Greater Manchester Police</a>, <a href="/wiki/North_Wales_Police" title="North Wales Police">North Wales Police</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cheshire_Constabulary" title="Cheshire Constabulary">Cheshire Constabulary</a> were forced to resign after a <a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a> documentary, <i>The Secret Policeman</i>, shown on 21 October, alleged racism among recruits at <a href="/wiki/Bruche_Police_National_Training_Centre" title="Bruche Police National Training Centre">Bruche Police National Training Centre</a> at <a href="/wiki/Warrington" title="Warrington">Warrington</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-164" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-164"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>162<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_165-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-165"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>163<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In March 2005 it was reported that minor disciplinary action would be taken against twelve other officers in connection with the programme, but that they would not lose their jobs.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_165-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-165"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>163<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In November 2003, allegations were made that some police officers were members of the <a href="/wiki/British_National_Party" title="British National Party">British National Party</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In June 2015, the <a href="/wiki/Commissioner_of_Police_of_the_Metropolis" title="Commissioner of Police of the Metropolis">Metropolitan Police Commissioner</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sir_Bernard_Hogan-Howe" class="mw-redirect" title="Sir Bernard Hogan-Howe">Sir Bernard Hogan-Howe</a>, said there was "some justification" in claims that the Metropolitan Police Service is "institutionally racist": </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>I have always said if other people think we are institutionally racist then we are. It is no good me saying we are not and then saying you must believe me, it's nonsense, if they believe that. I think it is a label but in some sense there is a truth there for some people <abbr style="text-decoration:none;border-bottom:1px dotted black;margin-bottom:1px;" title="quote text omitted">...</abbr> You're very much more likely to be stopped and searched if you're a young black man. I can't explain that fully. I can give you reasons but I can't fully explain it. So there is some justification <abbr style="text-decoration:none;border-bottom:1px dotted black;margin-bottom:1px;" title="quote text omitted">...</abbr> I think in some ways society is institutionally racist. We see lack of representation in many fields, of which the police are one.<sup id="cite_ref-166" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-166"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>164<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-167" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-167"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>165<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Privacy">Privacy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Law_enforcement_in_the_United_Kingdom&action=edit&section=50" title="Edit section: Privacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>At the beginning of 2005 it was announced that the <a href="/wiki/Police_Information_Technology_Organisation" title="Police Information Technology Organisation">Police Information Technology Organisation</a> (PITO) had signed an eight-year £122 m contract to introduce <a href="/wiki/Biometric" class="mw-redirect" title="Biometric">biometric</a> identification technology.<sup id="cite_ref-168" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-168"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>166<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> PITO are also planning to use <a href="/wiki/Closed-circuit_television" title="Closed-circuit television">CCTV</a> <a href="/wiki/Facial_recognition_system" title="Facial recognition system">facial recognition systems</a> to identify known suspects; a future link to the proposed <a href="/wiki/National_Identity_Register" class="mw-redirect" title="National Identity Register">National Identity Register</a> has been suggested by some.<sup id="cite_ref-169" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-169"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>167<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Freedom_of_speech">Freedom of speech</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Law_enforcement_in_the_United_Kingdom&action=edit&section=51" title="Edit section: Freedom of speech"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The police have sometimes been accused of infringing on <a href="/wiki/Free_speech" class="mw-redirect" title="Free speech">free speech</a>. In December 2005, author Lynette Burrows was interviewed by police after expressing her opinion on <a href="/wiki/BBC_Radio_5_Live" title="BBC Radio 5 Live">BBC Radio 5 Live</a> that <a href="/wiki/Homosexual" class="mw-redirect" title="Homosexual">homosexuals</a> should not be allowed to adopt children.<sup id="cite_ref-170" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-170"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>168<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The following month, Sir <a href="/wiki/Iqbal_Sacranie" title="Iqbal Sacranie">Iqbal Sacranie</a> was investigated by police for stating the <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islamic</a> view that homosexuality is a sin.<sup id="cite_ref-171" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-171"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>169<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Photography_of_police">Photography of police</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Law_enforcement_in_the_United_Kingdom&action=edit&section=52" title="Edit section: Photography of police"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Counter-Terrorism_Act_2008#Photographs_of_police_officers_in_public_places" title="Counter-Terrorism Act 2008">Counter-Terrorism Act 2008 § Photographs of police officers in public places</a></div> <p>Section 76 of the Counter-Terrorism Act 2008 came into force on 15 February 2009<sup id="cite_ref-172" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-172"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>170<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> making it an offence to elicit, attempt to elicit, or publish information "...of a kind likely to be useful to a person committing or preparing an act of terrorism" about:<sup id="cite_ref-S76_173-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-S76-173"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>171<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a member of <a href="/wiki/His_Majesty%27s_Armed_Forces" class="mw-redirect" title="His Majesty's Armed Forces">His Majesty's Armed Forces</a>; a <a href="/wiki/Constable" title="Constable">constable</a>, the <a href="/wiki/MI5" title="MI5">Security Service</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Secret_Intelligence_Service" class="mw-redirect" title="Secret Intelligence Service">Secret Intelligence Service</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Government_Communications_Headquarters" class="mw-redirect" title="Government Communications Headquarters">Government Communications Headquarters</a>. Any person found guilty faces 10 years imprisonment and an unlimited fine.<sup id="cite_ref-S76_173-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-S76-173"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>171<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is a defence for a person charged with this offence to prove that they had a reasonable excuse for their action.<sup id="cite_ref-S76_173-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-S76-173"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>171<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is not otherwise illegal to photograph or film a police officer in a public place per se.<sup id="cite_ref-174" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-174"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>172<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-175" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-175"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>173<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Any film or photography recorded whilst a constable is dealing with an incident may be seized as it becomes evidence under section 19 of <a href="/wiki/Police_and_Criminal_Evidence_Act_1984" title="Police and Criminal Evidence Act 1984">PACE 1984</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Policing_of_public_protests">Policing of public protests</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Law_enforcement_in_the_United_Kingdom&action=edit&section=53" title="Edit section: Policing of public protests"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Public order policing presents challenges to the approach of <a href="/wiki/Policing_by_consent" class="mw-redirect" title="Policing by consent">policing by consent</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-176" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-176"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>174<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-177" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-177"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>175<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In April 2009, a total of 145 complaints were made following clashes between police and protesters at the <a href="/wiki/2009_G-20_London_summit_protests" class="mw-redirect" title="2009 G-20 London summit protests">G20 summit</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-178" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-178"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>176<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Incidents including the death of 47-year-old <a href="/wiki/Death_of_Ian_Tomlinson" title="Death of Ian Tomlinson">Ian Tomlinson</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-179" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-179"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>177<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> minutes after an alleged assault by a police officer,<sup id="cite_ref-180" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-180"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>178<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and a separate alleged assault on a woman by a police officer,<sup id="cite_ref-181" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-181"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>179<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> has led to criticism of police tactics during protests.<sup id="cite_ref-182" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-182"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>180<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In response, Metropolitan Police Commissioner Sir Paul Stephenson asked Her Majesty's Chief Inspector of Constabulary (HMIC) to review policing tactics,<sup id="cite_ref-183" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-183"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>181<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> including the practice of <a href="/wiki/Kettling" title="Kettling">kettling</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-184" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-184"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>182<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These events sparked a debate in the UK about the relationship between the police, media and public, and the independence of the <a href="/wiki/Independent_Police_Complaints_Commission" title="Independent Police Complaints Commission">Independent Police Complaints Commission</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Lyall_185-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lyall-185"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>183<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In response to the concerns, the Chief Inspector of Constabulary, <a href="/wiki/Denis_O%27Connor_(police_officer)" title="Denis O'Connor (police officer)">Denis O'Connor</a>, published <a href="/wiki/Death_of_Ian_Tomlinson#Metropolitan_police_response" title="Death of Ian Tomlinson">a 150-page report</a> in November 2009 that aimed to restore Britain's consent-based model of policing.<sup id="cite_ref-LewisLavilleNov25_186-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LewisLavilleNov25-186"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>184<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Police_undercover_conduct">Police undercover conduct</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Law_enforcement_in_the_United_Kingdom&action=edit&section=54" title="Edit section: Police undercover conduct"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During 2010 and 2011, it emerged that, while engaged in <a href="/wiki/Covert_policing_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Covert policing in the United Kingdom">covert infiltration of protest groups</a>, <a href="/wiki/Undercover" class="mw-redirect" title="Undercover">undercover</a> police officers had <a href="/wiki/UK_undercover_policing_relationships_scandal" title="UK undercover policing relationships scandal">entered into intimate relationships with a number of people</a> on false pretences and under assumed aliases, in some cases sharing a home, making plans for weddings, or fathering children, only to vanish after some years when their role was complete. In 2015 a public inquiry under a senior judge was announced. In November 2015 the Metropolitan Police published an unreserved apology in which it exonerated and apologised to those women who had been deceived and stated the methodology had constituted abuse and a "gross violation" with severely harmful effects, as part of a settlement of their cases. In 2016 new cases continued to come to light. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Capacity_to_solve_crimes">Capacity to solve crimes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Law_enforcement_in_the_United_Kingdom&action=edit&section=55" title="Edit section: Capacity to solve crimes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Recorded crime rose by almost a third in the three years to 2018, but charges or summons dropped by 26%, and arrests also fell. Neighbourhood policing capacity has fallen on average by at least a fifth since 2010. Neighbourhood policing is important in dealing with terrorism and gang crime, especially in communities where the police are distrusted. <a href="/wiki/Yvette_Cooper" title="Yvette Cooper">Yvette Cooper</a> said the police were "performing a remarkable public service in increasingly difficult circumstances", though they were "badly overstretched" and responding with difficulty to increasing challenges like online fraud and online child abuse. Only a very small proportion of online fraud cases are investigated and the police are "woefully under-resourced" for the number of online child sexual abuse investigations they must undertake. Che Donald of the Police Federation of England and Wales said the government should acknowledge the "true cost of policing" or officers would be unable to keep the public safe.<sup id="cite_ref-187" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-187"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>185<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Police_sex_abuse_allegations">Police sex abuse allegations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Law_enforcement_in_the_United_Kingdom&action=edit&section=56" title="Edit section: Police sex abuse allegations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 2016, allegations of serious <a href="/wiki/Sexual_abuse" title="Sexual abuse">sexual abuse</a> were made against hundreds of police officers in England and Wales. Several forces in England and Wales received 436 allegations of abuse of power for sexual gain against 436 police officers, including 20 <a href="/wiki/Police_community_support_officer" title="Police community support officer">police community support officers</a> and eight staff in the two years to March 2016.<sup id="cite_ref-hundreds_188-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hundreds-188"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>186<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-189" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-189"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>187<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Mike_Cunningham_(police_officer)" title="Mike Cunningham (police officer)">Mike Cunningham</a>, inspector of constabulary and former chief constable of <a href="/wiki/Staffordshire_Police" title="Staffordshire Police">Staffordshire police</a> said: "It's the most serious form of corruption. It is an exploitation of power where the guardian becomes an abuser. What can be worse than a guardian abusing the trust and confidence of an abused person? There can be no greater violation of public trust".<sup id="cite_ref-hundreds_188-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hundreds-188"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>186<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Brexit">Brexit</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Law_enforcement_in_the_United_Kingdom&action=edit&section=57" title="Edit section: Brexit"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Prior to <a href="/wiki/Brexit" title="Brexit">Brexit</a> there were concerns that the UK may lose access to important cross border databases of criminals, which would make it harder for the police to keep the public safe. Police leaders warned of "a significant loss of operational capacity" if the UK were to leave the EU without an agreement on policing.<sup id="cite_ref-guardian-2018_190-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-guardian-2018-190"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>188<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Association of Police and Crime Commissioners sent a letter to Home Secretary Sajid Javid stressing the need for co-operation with European policing and justice organisations after March 2019. The letter stated that 32 measures were used daily including the European Arrest Warrant, the <a href="/wiki/Schengen_Information_System" title="Schengen Information System">Schengen Information System</a> (SIS) – a database giving alerts about individuals – and the <a href="/wiki/European_Criminal_Records_Information_System" title="European Criminal Records Information System">European Criminal Records Information System</a>. The letter stressed the importance and mutual benefit of continued cooperation between the UK and Europe to face mutual threats<sup id="cite_ref-guardian-2018_190-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-guardian-2018-190"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>188<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-191" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-191"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>189<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The loss of access to SIS has led to police officers being unable to see alerts on criminals from EU countries, and vice versa. UK police agencies have replaced these with Interpol, but this comes with additional administrative overhead and reduced powers, and they are unable to know if they are missing any entries that are in SIS but not Interpol systems.<sup id="cite_ref-192" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-192"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>190<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-shellaker_193-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-shellaker-193"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>191<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The loss of access to <a href="/wiki/European_Investigation_Order" title="European Investigation Order">European Investigation Orders</a> has been especially damaging.<sup id="cite_ref-shellaker_193-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-shellaker-193"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>191<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the UK has retained access to DNA, fingerprint, vehicle and flight data.<sup id="cite_ref-194" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-194"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>192<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Allegations_of_'two-tier_policing'"><span id="Allegations_of_.27two-tier_policing.27"></span>Allegations of 'two-tier policing'</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Law_enforcement_in_the_United_Kingdom&action=edit&section=58" title="Edit section: Allegations of 'two-tier policing'"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During the <a href="/wiki/2024_United_Kingdom_riots" title="2024 United Kingdom riots">2024 United Kingdom riots</a>, MP and <a href="/wiki/Reform_UK" title="Reform UK">Reform UK</a> leader <a href="/wiki/Nigel_Farage" title="Nigel Farage">Nigel Farage</a> accused the police services of two-tier policing after suggesting the riots have been dealt with more harshly than other recent protests. This allegation was later refuted by Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Keir_Starmer" title="Keir Starmer">Keir Starmer</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-195" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-195"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>193<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-196" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-196"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>194<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_(UK)" title="Conservative Party (UK)">Conservative</a> former Home Secretary <a href="/wiki/Priti_Patel" title="Priti Patel">Priti Patel</a> called Farage's comments deeply misleading and "simply not relevant right now". She told <a href="/wiki/Times_Radio" title="Times Radio">Times Radio</a>: "There's a clear difference between effectively blocking streets or roads being closed to burning down libraries, hotels, food banks and attacking places of worship. What we have seen is thuggery, violence, racism."<sup id="cite_ref-197" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-197"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>195<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When asked by a <a href="/wiki/Sky_News" title="Sky News">Sky News</a> journalist whether the <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Police" title="Metropolitan Police">Metropolitan Police</a> would "end two-tier policing", Metropolitan Police Commissioner <a href="/wiki/Sir_Mark_Rowley" class="mw-redirect" title="Sir Mark Rowley">Sir Mark Rowley</a> responded by grabbing the journalist’s microphone and throwing it to the ground.<sup id="cite_ref-198" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-198"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>196<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-199" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-199"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>197<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A <a href="/wiki/YouGov" title="YouGov">YouGov</a> poll of 2070 people conducted over 7-8 August 2024 found partisan differences in beliefs in police bias, with voters of Reform UK and the Conservative Party more likely to believe that the police were more lenient towards Muslims, black people, the far left and climate activists. Labour and Liberal Democrat voters were more likely to disagree with this, and more likely to believe the police were more strict with black people.<sup id="cite_ref-200" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-200"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>198<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Mike Neville, a retired <a href="/wiki/Scotland_Yard" title="Scotland Yard">Scotland Yard</a> detective chief inspector described the 2024 <a href="/wiki/Notting_Hill_Carnival" title="Notting Hill Carnival">Notting Hill Carnival</a>, a celebration of <a href="/wiki/Afro-Caribbean_people" title="Afro-Caribbean people">Afro-Caribbean</a> culture, as the "ultimate example of two-tier policing", and that if the same disorderly behaviour was replicated at football matches or elsewhere it would be banned. Scotland Yard rejected accusations of two-tier policing at the event. Commander Charmain Brenyah told the <a href="/wiki/Daily_Telegraph" class="mw-redirect" title="Daily Telegraph">Telegraph</a> that officers "make arrests whenever necessary".<sup id="cite_ref-201" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-201"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>199<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After an <a href="/wiki/2024_Manchester_Airport_police_incident" title="2024 Manchester Airport police incident">incident at Manchester Airport in July 2024</a> in which a police offer was suspended from duty and four men were arrested, Farage accused <a href="/wiki/Greater_Manchester_Police" title="Greater Manchester Police">Greater Manchester Police</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Crown_Prosecution_Service" title="Crown Prosecution Service">Crown Prosecution Service</a> of two-tier policing for not announcing charges by October. The <a href="/wiki/Home_Office" title="Home Office">Home Office</a> refuted these claims, saying it is "right the CPS and the IOPC were able to carry out their investigations independently".<sup id="cite_ref-202" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-202"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>200<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Overseas_British_Territories_and_Crown_Dependencies_Police_Forces">Overseas British Territories and Crown Dependencies Police Forces</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Law_enforcement_in_the_United_Kingdom&action=edit&section=59" title="Edit section: Overseas British Territories and Crown Dependencies Police Forces"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Crown_Dependencies" title="Crown Dependencies">Crown Dependencies</a> and <a href="/wiki/British_Overseas_Territories" title="British Overseas Territories">British Overseas Territories</a> have their own police forces, the majority of which use the British model. Because they are not part of the United Kingdom, they are not answerable to the British Government; instead they are organised by and are responsible to their own governments (an exception to this is the <a href="/wiki/Sovereign_Base_Areas_Police" title="Sovereign Base Areas Police">Sovereign Base Areas Police</a>; as the SBAs' existence is solely for the benefit of the British armed forces and do not have full overseas territory status, the SBA Police are responsible to the Ministry of Defence). Because they are based on the British model of policing, these police forces conform to the standards set out by the British government, which includes voluntarily submitting themselves to inspection by the HMIC.<sup id="cite_ref-203" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-203"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>201<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Their vehicles share similarities with the vehicles owned by forces based in the UK, such as the use of <a href="/wiki/Battenburg_markings" title="Battenburg markings">Battenburg markings</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="List_of_British_Overseas_Territories_Police_Forces">List of British Overseas Territories Police Forces</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Law_enforcement_in_the_United_Kingdom&action=edit&section=60" title="Edit section: List of British Overseas Territories Police Forces"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The fourteen British Overseas Territories are:<sup id="cite_ref-collections.europarchive.org_204-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-collections.europarchive.org-204"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>202<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <tbody><tr> <th class="unsortable">Flag </th> <th class="unsortable">Arms </th> <th>Name </th> <th>Location </th> <th class="unsortable">Force One </th> <th>Force Two </th> <th>Notes </th> <th class="unsortable">Capital </th></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-center mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/80px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/120px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/160px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td> <td><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_(2022,_lesser_arms).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Coat_of_arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%282022%2C_lesser_arms%29.svg/46px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%282022%2C_lesser_arms%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="46" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Coat_of_arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%282022%2C_lesser_arms%29.svg/68px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%282022%2C_lesser_arms%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Coat_of_arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%282022%2C_lesser_arms%29.svg/91px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%282022%2C_lesser_arms%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1552" data-file-height="1366" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Akrotiri_and_Dhekelia" title="Akrotiri and Dhekelia">Akrotiri and Dhekelia</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Cyprus" title="Geography of Cyprus">Cyprus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Sea" title="Mediterranean Sea">Mediterranean Sea</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sovereign_Base_Areas_Police" title="Sovereign Base Areas Police">Sovereign Base Areas Police</a> (SBA Police) </td> <td> </td> <td>Civilian. Separate from - but administered by MOD </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Episkopi_Cantonment" title="Episkopi Cantonment">Episkopi Cantonment</a> </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-center mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Anguilla.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Anguilla.svg/80px-Flag_of_Anguilla.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Anguilla.svg/120px-Flag_of_Anguilla.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Anguilla.svg/160px-Flag_of_Anguilla.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td> <td><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_Anguilla.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Coat_of_arms_of_Anguilla.svg/32px-Coat_of_arms_of_Anguilla.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Coat_of_arms_of_Anguilla.svg/48px-Coat_of_arms_of_Anguilla.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Coat_of_arms_of_Anguilla.svg/64px-Coat_of_arms_of_Anguilla.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="250" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Anguilla" title="Anguilla">Anguilla</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Caribbean" title="Caribbean">Caribbean</a>, North <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Ocean" title="Atlantic Ocean">Atlantic Ocean</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Royal_Anguilla_Police_Force" title="Royal Anguilla Police Force">Royal Anguilla Police Force</a> (RAPF) </td> <td> </td> <td>Civilian. Website: <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.gov.ai/police/indexR.html">http://www.gov.ai/police/indexR.html</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/The_Valley,_Anguilla" title="The Valley, Anguilla">The Valley</a> </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-center mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Bermuda.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Flag_of_Bermuda.svg/80px-Flag_of_Bermuda.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Flag_of_Bermuda.svg/120px-Flag_of_Bermuda.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Flag_of_Bermuda.svg/160px-Flag_of_Bermuda.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td> <td><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_Bermuda.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Coat_of_arms_of_Bermuda.svg/27px-Coat_of_arms_of_Bermuda.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Coat_of_arms_of_Bermuda.svg/40px-Coat_of_arms_of_Bermuda.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Coat_of_arms_of_Bermuda.svg/54px-Coat_of_arms_of_Bermuda.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="624" data-file-height="925" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bermuda" title="Bermuda">Bermuda</a> </td> <td>North Atlantic Ocean between the <a href="/wiki/Azores" title="Azores">Azores</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Caribbean" title="Caribbean">Caribbean</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cape_Sable_Island" title="Cape Sable Island">Cape Sable Island</a> and <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bermuda_Police_Service" title="Bermuda Police Service">Bermuda Police Service</a> (BPS) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Airport_Security_Police_(Bermuda)" title="Airport Security Police (Bermuda)">Airport Security Police (Bermuda)</a> </td> <td>BPS Includes Bermuda Reserve Police </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Hamilton,_Bermuda" title="Hamilton, Bermuda">Hamilton</a> </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-center mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_British_Antarctic_Territory.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Flag_of_the_British_Antarctic_Territory.svg/80px-Flag_of_the_British_Antarctic_Territory.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Flag_of_the_British_Antarctic_Territory.svg/120px-Flag_of_the_British_Antarctic_Territory.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Flag_of_the_British_Antarctic_Territory.svg/160px-Flag_of_the_British_Antarctic_Territory.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td> <td><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_the_British_Antarctic_Territory.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Coat_of_arms_of_the_British_Antarctic_Territory.svg/39px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_British_Antarctic_Territory.svg.png" decoding="async" width="39" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Coat_of_arms_of_the_British_Antarctic_Territory.svg/59px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_British_Antarctic_Territory.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Coat_of_arms_of_the_British_Antarctic_Territory.svg/79px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_British_Antarctic_Territory.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="717" data-file-height="730" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/British_Antarctic_Territory" title="British Antarctic Territory">British Antarctic Territory</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Antarctica" title="Antarctica">Antarctica</a> </td> <td>No official police force, for the territory </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Rothera_Research_Station" title="Rothera Research Station">Rothera</a> (main base) </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-center mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_Commissioner_of_the_British_Indian_Ocean_Territory.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Flag_of_the_Commissioner_of_the_British_Indian_Ocean_Territory.svg/80px-Flag_of_the_Commissioner_of_the_British_Indian_Ocean_Territory.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Flag_of_the_Commissioner_of_the_British_Indian_Ocean_Territory.svg/120px-Flag_of_the_Commissioner_of_the_British_Indian_Ocean_Territory.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Flag_of_the_Commissioner_of_the_British_Indian_Ocean_Territory.svg/160px-Flag_of_the_Commissioner_of_the_British_Indian_Ocean_Territory.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="300" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td> <td><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_the_British_Indian_Ocean_Territory.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Coat_of_arms_of_the_British_Indian_Ocean_Territory.svg/40px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_British_Indian_Ocean_Territory.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Coat_of_arms_of_the_British_Indian_Ocean_Territory.svg/60px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_British_Indian_Ocean_Territory.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Coat_of_arms_of_the_British_Indian_Ocean_Territory.svg/80px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_British_Indian_Ocean_Territory.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="519" data-file-height="516" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/British_Indian_Ocean_Territory" title="British Indian Ocean Territory">British Indian Ocean Territory</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Indian_Ocean" title="Indian Ocean">Indian Ocean</a> </td> <td>Ten Royal Overseas Police Officers (military) </td> <td> </td> <td>Drawn from the three British Armed Forces' service police organisations (<a href="/wiki/Royal_Navy_Police" title="Royal Navy Police">Royal Navy Police</a> including Royal Marines Police, <a href="/wiki/Royal_Military_Police" title="Royal Military Police">Royal Military Police</a> and <a href="/wiki/Royal_Air_Force_Police" title="Royal Air Force Police">Royal Air Force Police</a>) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Diego_Garcia" title="Diego Garcia">Diego Garcia</a> (base) </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-center mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_British_Virgin_Islands.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Flag_of_the_British_Virgin_Islands.svg/80px-Flag_of_the_British_Virgin_Islands.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Flag_of_the_British_Virgin_Islands.svg/120px-Flag_of_the_British_Virgin_Islands.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Flag_of_the_British_Virgin_Islands.svg/160px-Flag_of_the_British_Virgin_Islands.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td> <td><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_the_British_Virgin_Islands.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Coat_of_arms_of_the_British_Virgin_Islands.svg/37px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_British_Virgin_Islands.svg.png" decoding="async" width="37" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Coat_of_arms_of_the_British_Virgin_Islands.svg/55px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_British_Virgin_Islands.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Coat_of_arms_of_the_British_Virgin_Islands.svg/73px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_British_Virgin_Islands.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="391" data-file-height="427" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/British_Virgin_Islands" title="British Virgin Islands">British Virgin Islands</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Caribbean" title="Caribbean">Caribbean</a>, North Atlantic Ocean </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Royal_Virgin_Islands_Police_Force" title="Royal Virgin Islands Police Force">Royal Virgin Islands Police Force</a> (RVIPF) </td> <td> </td> <td>Includes <a href="/wiki/Special_constable" title="Special constable">special constables</a> and auxiliary constables </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Road_Town" title="Road Town">Road Town</a> </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_Cayman_Islands.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Flag_of_the_Cayman_Islands.svg/80px-Flag_of_the_Cayman_Islands.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Flag_of_the_Cayman_Islands.svg/120px-Flag_of_the_Cayman_Islands.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Flag_of_the_Cayman_Islands.svg/160px-Flag_of_the_Cayman_Islands.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> </td> <td><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_the_Cayman_Islands.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Cayman_Islands.svg/33px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_Cayman_Islands.svg.png" decoding="async" width="33" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Cayman_Islands.svg/49px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_Cayman_Islands.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Cayman_Islands.svg/65px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_Cayman_Islands.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="314" data-file-height="383" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Cayman_Islands" title="Cayman Islands">Cayman Islands</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Caribbean" title="Caribbean">Caribbean</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Royal_Cayman_Islands_Police_Service" title="Royal Cayman Islands Police Service">Royal Cayman Islands Police Service</a> </td> <td> </td> <td>Includes a <a href="/wiki/Special_constable" title="Special constable">Special Constabulary</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/George_Town,_Cayman_Islands" title="George Town, Cayman Islands">George Town</a> </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-center mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_Falkland_Islands.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Flag_of_the_Falkland_Islands.svg/80px-Flag_of_the_Falkland_Islands.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Flag_of_the_Falkland_Islands.svg/120px-Flag_of_the_Falkland_Islands.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Flag_of_the_Falkland_Islands.svg/160px-Flag_of_the_Falkland_Islands.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td> <td><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_the_Falkland_Islands.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Falkland_Islands.svg/30px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_Falkland_Islands.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Falkland_Islands.svg/46px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_Falkland_Islands.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Falkland_Islands.svg/61px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_Falkland_Islands.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="773" data-file-height="1010" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Falkland_Islands" title="Falkland Islands">Falkland Islands</a> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="South Atlantic Ocean A !">South Atlantic Ocean</span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Royal_Falkland_Islands_Police" title="Royal Falkland Islands Police">Royal Falkland Islands Police</a> </td> <td>Joint Service Police & Security Unit (JSPSU) of British Forces Falkland Islands </td> <td>JSPSU are sworn in as Royal Falkland Islands Police reserve constables and thus have civil as well as military policing powers on the islands </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Stanley,_Falkland_Islands" title="Stanley, Falkland Islands">Stanley</a> </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-center mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Gibraltar.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Flag_of_Gibraltar.svg/80px-Flag_of_Gibraltar.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Flag_of_Gibraltar.svg/120px-Flag_of_Gibraltar.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Flag_of_Gibraltar.svg/160px-Flag_of_Gibraltar.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td> <td><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_Gibraltar1.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Coat_of_arms_of_Gibraltar1.svg/35px-Coat_of_arms_of_Gibraltar1.svg.png" decoding="async" width="35" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Coat_of_arms_of_Gibraltar1.svg/53px-Coat_of_arms_of_Gibraltar1.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Coat_of_arms_of_Gibraltar1.svg/70px-Coat_of_arms_of_Gibraltar1.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="630" data-file-height="716" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Gibraltar" title="Gibraltar">Gibraltar</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Iberian_Peninsula" title="Iberian Peninsula">Iberian Peninsula</a>, <a href="/wiki/Continental_Europe" title="Continental Europe">Continental Europe</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Royal_Gibraltar_Police" title="Royal Gibraltar Police">Royal Gibraltar Police</a> (RGP) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Gibraltar_Defence_Police" title="Gibraltar Defence Police">Gibraltar Defence Police</a> (GDP) </td> <td>Plus <a href="/wiki/His_Majesty%27s_Customs_(Gibraltar)" title="His Majesty's Customs (Gibraltar)">His Majesty's Customs (Gibraltar)</a> and <a href="/wiki/Border_and_Coastguard_Agency_(Gibraltar)" class="mw-redirect" title="Border and Coastguard Agency (Gibraltar)">Border and Coastguard Agency (Gibraltar)</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Gibraltar" title="Gibraltar">Gibraltar</a> </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-center mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Montserrat.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Flag_of_Montserrat.svg/80px-Flag_of_Montserrat.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Flag_of_Montserrat.svg/120px-Flag_of_Montserrat.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Flag_of_Montserrat.svg/160px-Flag_of_Montserrat.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td> <td><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_Montserrat.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Coat_of_arms_of_Montserrat.svg/31px-Coat_of_arms_of_Montserrat.svg.png" decoding="async" width="31" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Coat_of_arms_of_Montserrat.svg/47px-Coat_of_arms_of_Montserrat.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Coat_of_arms_of_Montserrat.svg/62px-Coat_of_arms_of_Montserrat.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="674" data-file-height="865" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Montserrat" title="Montserrat">Montserrat</a> </td> <td>Caribbean, North Atlantic Ocean </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Royal_Montserrat_Police_Service" title="Royal Montserrat Police Service">Royal Montserrat Police Service</a> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Plymouth,_Montserrat" title="Plymouth, Montserrat">Plymouth</a> (abandoned due to <a href="/wiki/Soufri%C3%A8re_Hills" title="Soufrière Hills">volcano</a>—de facto capital is <a href="/wiki/Brades" title="Brades">Brades</a>) </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-center mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_Pitcairn_Islands.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_the_Pitcairn_Islands.svg/80px-Flag_of_the_Pitcairn_Islands.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_the_Pitcairn_Islands.svg/120px-Flag_of_the_Pitcairn_Islands.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_the_Pitcairn_Islands.svg/160px-Flag_of_the_Pitcairn_Islands.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td> <td><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_the_Pitcairn_Islands.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Pitcairn_Islands.svg/34px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_Pitcairn_Islands.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Pitcairn_Islands.svg/51px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_Pitcairn_Islands.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Pitcairn_Islands.svg/68px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_Pitcairn_Islands.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="468" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pitcairn_Islands" title="Pitcairn Islands">Pitcairn, Henderson, Ducie and Oeno Islands</a> </td> <td>Pacific Ocean </td> <td>Pitcairn Islands Police (two constables, one local & one UK) </td> <td> </td> <td>See <a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_the_Pitcairn_Islands" title="Law enforcement in the Pitcairn Islands">Law enforcement in the Pitcairn Islands</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Adamstown,_Pitcairn_Islands" title="Adamstown, Pitcairn Islands">Adamstown</a> </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td style="border-bottom:0px;border-top:0px"><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-center mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/80px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/120px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/160px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td> <td style="border-bottom:0px;border-top:0px"> </td> <td style="border-bottom:0px;border-top:0px"><span data-sort-value="Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha A !"><a href="/wiki/Saint_Helena,_Ascension_and_Tristan_da_Cunha" title="Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha">Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha</a>,<br />including:</span> </td> <td style="border-bottom:0px;border-top:0px"><span data-sort-value="South Atlantic Ocean B !">South Atlantic Ocean</span> </td> <td style="border-bottom:0px;border-top:0px"> </td> <td style="border-bottom:0px;border-top:0px"> </td> <td style="border-bottom:0px;border-top:0px"> </td> <td style="border-bottom:0px;border-top:0px"><a href="/wiki/Jamestown,_Saint_Helena" title="Jamestown, Saint Helena">Jamestown</a> </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td style="border-bottom:0px;border-top:0px"><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-center mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Saint_Helena.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Flag_of_Saint_Helena.svg/80px-Flag_of_Saint_Helena.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Flag_of_Saint_Helena.svg/120px-Flag_of_Saint_Helena.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Flag_of_Saint_Helena.svg/160px-Flag_of_Saint_Helena.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td> <td style="border-bottom:0px;border-top:0px"><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_Saint_Helena.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Coat_of_arms_of_Saint_Helena.svg/29px-Coat_of_arms_of_Saint_Helena.svg.png" decoding="async" width="29" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Coat_of_arms_of_Saint_Helena.svg/44px-Coat_of_arms_of_Saint_Helena.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Coat_of_arms_of_Saint_Helena.svg/58px-Coat_of_arms_of_Saint_Helena.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="724" data-file-height="994" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td> <td style="border-bottom:0px;border-top:0px"><span data-sort-value="Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha B !"><a href="/wiki/Saint_Helena" title="Saint Helena">Saint Helena</a></span> </td> <td style="border-bottom:0px;border-top:0px"><span data-sort-value="South Atlantic Ocean C !"></span> </td> <td style="border-bottom:0px;border-top:0px"> </td> <td style="border-bottom:0px;border-top:0px"><span data-sort-value="0000419.9 !"></span> </td> <td style="border-bottom:0px;border-top:0px"><span data-sort-value="05529.9 !"></span> <small>|</small> </td> <td style="border-bottom:0px;border-top:0px"> </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td style="border-bottom:0px;border-top:0px"><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-center mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Ascension_Island.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Flag_of_Ascension_Island.svg/80px-Flag_of_Ascension_Island.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Flag_of_Ascension_Island.svg/120px-Flag_of_Ascension_Island.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Flag_of_Ascension_Island.svg/160px-Flag_of_Ascension_Island.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td> <td style="border-bottom:0px;border-top:0px"><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_Arms_of_Ascension_Island.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Coat_of_Arms_of_Ascension_Island.svg/43px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Ascension_Island.svg.png" decoding="async" width="43" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Coat_of_Arms_of_Ascension_Island.svg/65px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Ascension_Island.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Coat_of_Arms_of_Ascension_Island.svg/87px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Ascension_Island.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="516" data-file-height="476" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td> <td style="border-bottom:0px;border-top:0px"><span data-sort-value="Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha B !"><a href="/wiki/Ascension_Island" title="Ascension Island">Ascension Island</a></span> </td> <td style="border-bottom:0px;border-top:0px"><span data-sort-value="South Atlantic Ocean C !"></span> </td> <td style="border-bottom:0px;border-top:0px"> </td> <td style="border-bottom:0px;border-top:0px"><span data-sort-value="0000419.9 !"></span> </td> <td style="border-bottom:0px;border-top:0px"><span data-sort-value="05529.9 !"></span> </td> <td style="border-bottom:0px;border-top:0px"> </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td style="border-bottom:0px;border-top:0px"><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-center mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Tristan_da_Cunha.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Flag_of_Tristan_da_Cunha.svg/80px-Flag_of_Tristan_da_Cunha.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Flag_of_Tristan_da_Cunha.svg/120px-Flag_of_Tristan_da_Cunha.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Flag_of_Tristan_da_Cunha.svg/160px-Flag_of_Tristan_da_Cunha.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td> <td style="border-bottom:0px;border-top:0px"><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_Tristan_da_Cunha.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Coat_of_arms_of_Tristan_da_Cunha.svg/36px-Coat_of_arms_of_Tristan_da_Cunha.svg.png" decoding="async" width="36" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Coat_of_arms_of_Tristan_da_Cunha.svg/54px-Coat_of_arms_of_Tristan_da_Cunha.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Coat_of_arms_of_Tristan_da_Cunha.svg/72px-Coat_of_arms_of_Tristan_da_Cunha.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="448" data-file-height="500" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td> <td style="border-bottom:0px;border-top:0px"><span data-sort-value="Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha B !"><a href="/wiki/Tristan_da_Cunha" title="Tristan da Cunha">Tristan da Cunha</a></span> </td> <td style="border-bottom:0px;border-top:0px"><span data-sort-value="South Atlantic Ocean C !"></span> </td> <td style="border-bottom:0px;border-top:0px"><a href="/wiki/Saint_Helena_Police_Service" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Helena Police Service">Saint Helena Police Service</a> </td> <td style="border-bottom:0px;border-top:0px"><span data-sort-value="0000419.9 !"></span> </td> <td style="border-bottom:0px;border-top:0px"><span data-sort-value="05529.9 !"></span> </td> <td style="border-bottom:0px;border-top:0px"> </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-center mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_South_Georgia_and_the_South_Sandwich_Islands.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Flag_of_South_Georgia_and_the_South_Sandwich_Islands.svg/80px-Flag_of_South_Georgia_and_the_South_Sandwich_Islands.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Flag_of_South_Georgia_and_the_South_Sandwich_Islands.svg/120px-Flag_of_South_Georgia_and_the_South_Sandwich_Islands.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Flag_of_South_Georgia_and_the_South_Sandwich_Islands.svg/160px-Flag_of_South_Georgia_and_the_South_Sandwich_Islands.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="375" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td> <td><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_South_Georgia_and_the_South_Sandwich_Islands.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Coat_of_arms_of_South_Georgia_and_the_South_Sandwich_Islands.svg/24px-Coat_of_arms_of_South_Georgia_and_the_South_Sandwich_Islands.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Coat_of_arms_of_South_Georgia_and_the_South_Sandwich_Islands.svg/37px-Coat_of_arms_of_South_Georgia_and_the_South_Sandwich_Islands.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Coat_of_arms_of_South_Georgia_and_the_South_Sandwich_Islands.svg/49px-Coat_of_arms_of_South_Georgia_and_the_South_Sandwich_Islands.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="837" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/South_Georgia_and_the_South_Sandwich_Islands" title="South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands">South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands</a> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="South Atlantic Ocean D !">South Atlantic Ocean</span> </td> <td>No [permanent] force </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/King_Edward_Point" title="King Edward Point">King Edward Point</a> </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-center mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_Turks_and_Caicos_Islands.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Flag_of_the_Turks_and_Caicos_Islands.svg/80px-Flag_of_the_Turks_and_Caicos_Islands.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Flag_of_the_Turks_and_Caicos_Islands.svg/120px-Flag_of_the_Turks_and_Caicos_Islands.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Flag_of_the_Turks_and_Caicos_Islands.svg/160px-Flag_of_the_Turks_and_Caicos_Islands.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Turks_and_Caicos_Islands" title="Turks and Caicos Islands">Turks and Caicos Islands</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Lucayan_Archipelago" title="Lucayan Archipelago">Lucayan Archipelago</a>, North Atlantic Ocean </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Royal_Turks_and_Caicos_Islands_Police_Force" title="Royal Turks and Caicos Islands Police Force">Royal Turks and Caicos Islands Police Force</a> </td> <td> </td> <td>Formed in 1799 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Cockburn_Town" title="Cockburn Town">Cockburn Town</a> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="List_of_forces_for_the_Crown_Dependencies">List of forces for the Crown Dependencies</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Law_enforcement_in_the_United_Kingdom&action=edit&section=61" title="Edit section: List of forces for the Crown Dependencies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Name </th> <th>Flag </th> <th>Arms </th> <th>Location </th> <th>Title of Monarch </th> <th>Forces </th> <th>Notes </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Capital_city" title="Capital city">Capital</a> </th></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td rowspan="3" valign="middle"><a href="/wiki/Bailiwick_of_Guernsey" title="Bailiwick of Guernsey">Bailiwick of Guernsey</a> </td> <td><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-center mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Guernsey.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_Guernsey.svg/60px-Flag_of_Guernsey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_Guernsey.svg/90px-Flag_of_Guernsey.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_Guernsey.svg/120px-Flag_of_Guernsey.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Guernsey" title="Guernsey">Guernsey</a> </td> <td><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_Guernsey.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Coat_of_arms_of_Guernsey.svg/27px-Coat_of_arms_of_Guernsey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Coat_of_arms_of_Guernsey.svg/41px-Coat_of_arms_of_Guernsey.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Coat_of_arms_of_Guernsey.svg/54px-Coat_of_arms_of_Guernsey.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="264" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td> <td rowspan="4" valign="middle"><a href="/wiki/English_Channel" title="English Channel">English Channel</a> </td> <td rowspan="4" valign="middle"><a href="/wiki/Duke_of_Normandy#Modern_usage" title="Duke of Normandy">Duke of Normandy</a> </td> <td rowspan="3" valign="middle"><a href="/wiki/States_of_Guernsey_Police_Service" class="mw-redirect" title="States of Guernsey Police Service">States of Guernsey Police Service</a> </td> <td rowspan="3" valign="middle">Includes three distinct types of <a href="/wiki/Special_constable" title="Special constable">special constables</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Saint_Peter_Port" title="Saint Peter Port">Saint Peter Port</a><br />(capital of the whole Bailiwick<br />and of Guernsey also) </td></tr> <tr> <td><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-center mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Alderney.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Alderney.svg/80px-Flag_of_Alderney.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Alderney.svg/120px-Flag_of_Alderney.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Alderney.svg/160px-Flag_of_Alderney.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Alderney" title="Alderney">Alderney</a> </td> <td><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Blason_Aurigny.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Blason_Aurigny.svg/36px-Blason_Aurigny.svg.png" decoding="async" width="36" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Blason_Aurigny.svg/54px-Blason_Aurigny.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Blason_Aurigny.svg/73px-Blason_Aurigny.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="660" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Saint_Anne,_Alderney" title="Saint Anne, Alderney">Saint Anne</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-center mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Sark.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Flag_of_Sark.svg/67px-Flag_of_Sark.svg.png" decoding="async" width="67" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Flag_of_Sark.svg/100px-Flag_of_Sark.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Flag_of_Sark.svg/134px-Flag_of_Sark.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="360" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Sark" title="Sark">Sark</a> </td> <td><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_Sark.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Coat_of_arms_of_Sark.svg/36px-Coat_of_arms_of_Sark.svg.png" decoding="async" width="36" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Coat_of_arms_of_Sark.svg/55px-Coat_of_arms_of_Sark.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Coat_of_arms_of_Sark.svg/73px-Coat_of_arms_of_Sark.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="392" data-file-height="431" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td> <td>The Seigneurie (<i>de facto</i>;<br />Sark does not have a capital city) </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td><a href="/wiki/Jersey" title="Jersey">Bailiwick of Jersey</a> </td> <td><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-center mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Jersey.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Flag_of_Jersey.svg/67px-Flag_of_Jersey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="67" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Flag_of_Jersey.svg/100px-Flag_of_Jersey.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Flag_of_Jersey.svg/134px-Flag_of_Jersey.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td> <td><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_Arms_of_Jersey.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Coat_of_Arms_of_Jersey.svg/32px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Jersey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Coat_of_Arms_of_Jersey.svg/48px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Jersey.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Coat_of_Arms_of_Jersey.svg/65px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Jersey.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="219" data-file-height="271" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/States_of_Jersey_Police" title="States of Jersey Police">States of Jersey Police</a> <a href="/wiki/Honorary_Police" title="Honorary Police">Honorary Police</a> (Jersey) </td> <td>The Honorary Police are unpaid, elected officials of each parish </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Saint_Helier" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Helier">Saint Helier</a> </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td><a href="/wiki/Isle_of_Man" title="Isle of Man">Isle of Man</a> </td> <td><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-center mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_Isle_of_Mann.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Flag_of_the_Isle_of_Mann.svg/80px-Flag_of_the_Isle_of_Mann.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Flag_of_the_Isle_of_Mann.svg/120px-Flag_of_the_Isle_of_Mann.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Flag_of_the_Isle_of_Mann.svg/160px-Flag_of_the_Isle_of_Mann.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="300" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td> <td><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_the_Isle_of_Man.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Isle_of_Man.svg/49px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_Isle_of_Man.svg.png" decoding="async" width="49" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Isle_of_Man.svg/73px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_Isle_of_Man.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Isle_of_Man.svg/97px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_Isle_of_Man.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="999" data-file-height="822" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Irish_Sea" title="Irish Sea">Irish Sea</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Lord_of_Mann" title="Lord of Mann">Lord of Mann</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Isle_of_Man_Constabulary" title="Isle of Man Constabulary">Isle of Man Constabulary</a> <p><a href="/wiki/Isle_of_Man_Airport_Police" title="Isle of Man Airport Police">Isle of Man Airport Police</a> </p> </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Douglas,_Isle_of_Man" title="Douglas, Isle of Man">Douglas</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Map">Map</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Law_enforcement_in_the_United_Kingdom&action=edit&section=62" title="Edit section: Map"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:British_Overseas.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/British_Overseas.png/750px-British_Overseas.png" decoding="async" width="750" height="620" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/British_Overseas.png/1125px-British_Overseas.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/British_Overseas.png/1500px-British_Overseas.png 2x" data-file-width="2768" data-file-height="2288" /></a><figcaption> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#FF5050; color:black;"> </span> British Overseas Territories</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#66FF66; color:black;"> </span> United Kingdom</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#3399FF; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Crown_Dependencies" title="Crown Dependencies">Crown Dependencies</a></div></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Law_enforcement_in_the_United_Kingdom&action=edit&section=63" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/48px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/64px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:United_Kingdom" title="Portal:United Kingdom">United Kingdom portal</a></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Topics">Topics</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Law_enforcement_in_the_United_Kingdom&action=edit&section=64" title="Edit section: Topics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Police_uniforms_and_equipment_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Police uniforms and equipment in the United Kingdom">Police uniforms and equipment in the United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Police_ranks_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Police ranks of the United Kingdom">Police ranks of the United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Police_aviation_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Police aviation in the United Kingdom">Police aviation in the United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Police_vehicles_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Police vehicles in the United Kingdom">Police vehicles in the United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Police_use_of_firearms_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Police use of firearms in the United Kingdom">Police use of firearms in the United Kingdom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_police_firearms_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="List of police firearms in the United Kingdom">List of police firearms in the United Kingdom</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_law_enforcement_agencies_in_the_United_Kingdom,_Crown_Dependencies_and_British_Overseas_Territories" title="List of law enforcement agencies in the United Kingdom, Crown Dependencies and British Overseas Territories">List of law enforcement agencies in the United Kingdom, Crown Dependencies and British Overseas Territories</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bodies">Bodies</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Law_enforcement_in_the_United_Kingdom&action=edit&section=65" title="Edit section: Bodies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Policing_Improvement_Agency" title="National Policing Improvement Agency">National Policing Improvement Agency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Europol" title="Europol">Europol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forensic_Science_Service" title="Forensic Science Service">Forensic Science Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interpol" title="Interpol">Interpol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGC_Forensics" class="mw-redirect" title="LGC Forensics">LGC Forensics</a> - Laboratory of the Government Chemist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Black_Police_Association_(UK)" class="mw-redirect" title="National Black Police Association (UK)">National Black Police Association</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Databases">Databases</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Law_enforcement_in_the_United_Kingdom&action=edit&section=66" title="Edit section: Databases"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Police_National_Computer" title="Police National Computer">Police National Computer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Violent_and_Sex_Offender_Register" title="Violent and Sex Offender Register">Violent and Sex Offender Register</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UK_National_DNA_Database" class="mw-redirect" title="UK National DNA Database">UK National DNA Database</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Service_Police_Crime_Bureau" class="mw-redirect" title="Service Police Crime Bureau">Service Police Crime Bureau</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_articles">Other articles</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Law_enforcement_in_the_United_Kingdom&action=edit&section=67" title="Edit section: Other articles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_British_police_officers_killed_in_the_line_of_duty" title="List of British police officers killed in the line of duty">List of British police officers killed in the line of duty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_killings_by_law_enforcement_officers_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="List of killings by law enforcement officers in the United Kingdom">List of killings by law enforcement officers in the United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_Kingdom_uniformed_services" title="List of United Kingdom uniformed services">List of United Kingdom uniformed services</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panda_car" title="Panda car">Panda car</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Police_Intelligence" class="mw-redirect" title="Police Intelligence">Police Intelligence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scotland_Yard" title="Scotland Yard">Scotland Yard</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Law_enforcement_in_the_United_Kingdom&action=edit&section=68" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Administration of police matters is not generally affected by the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Wales_Act_2006" title="Government of Wales Act 2006">Government of Wales Act 2006</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">In England and Wales, these areas rarely follow local government or county boundaries.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Law_enforcement_in_the_United_Kingdom&action=edit&section=69" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Law_enforcement_in_the_United_Kingdom" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Law enforcement in the United Kingdom">Law enforcement in the United Kingdom</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFBrown" class="citation web cs1">Brown, Jennifer. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://commonslibrary.parliament.uk/research-briefings/cbp-8582/">"Policing in the UK"</a>. <i>House of Commons Library</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=House+of+Commons+Library&rft.atitle=Policing+in+the+UK&rft.aulast=Brown&rft.aufirst=Jennifer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcommonslibrary.parliament.uk%2Fresearch-briefings%2Fcbp-8582%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALaw+enforcement+in+the+United+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/law-and-order/10361009/The-National-Crime-Agency-Does-Britain-need-an-FBI.html">"The National Crime Agency: Does Britain need an FBI?"</a>. <i>www.telegraph.co.uk</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230720200816/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/law-and-order/10361009/The-National-Crime-Agency-Does-Britain-need-an-FBI.html">Archived</a> from the original on 20 July 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 July</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.telegraph.co.uk&rft.atitle=The+National+Crime+Agency%3A+Does+Britain+need+an+FBI%3F&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fuknews%2Flaw-and-order%2F10361009%2FThe-National-Crime-Agency-Does-Britain-need-an-FBI.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALaw+enforcement+in+the+United+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/home-news/national-crime-agency-britain-s-fbi-could-take-over-terror-fight-from-police-a6792521.html">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Britain's FBI' could take over terror fight from police"</a>. <i>The Independent</i>. 1 January 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 July</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Independent&rft.atitle=%27Britain%27s+FBI%27+could+take+over+terror+fight+from+police&rft.date=2016-01-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fuk%2Fhome-news%2Fnational-crime-agency-britain-s-fbi-could-take-over-terror-fight-from-police-a6792521.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALaw+enforcement+in+the+United+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nypolfed.org.uk/assets/uploads/PDFs/discipline1.pdf">"Code of Conduct for Police Officers"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. North Yorkshire Police Federation. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150102081453/http://www.nypolfed.org.uk/assets/uploads/PDFs/discipline1.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 2 January 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 December</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Code+of+Conduct+for+Police+Officers&rft.pub=North+Yorkshire+Police+Federation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nypolfed.org.uk%2Fassets%2Fuploads%2FPDFs%2Fdiscipline1.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALaw+enforcement+in+the+United+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/policing-by-consent">"Policing by consent"</a>. UK Government Home Office. 10 December 2012. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180315001903/https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/policing-by-consent">Archived</a> from the original on 15 March 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 December</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Policing+by+consent&rft.pub=UK+Government+Home+Office&rft.date=2012-12-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gov.uk%2Fgovernment%2Fpublications%2Fpolicing-by-consent&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALaw+enforcement+in+the+United+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/204775/Surveillance_Camera_Code_of_Practice_WEB.pdf">"Surveillance Camera Code of Practice"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. UK Government Home Office. June 2013. p. 5. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171225034022/https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/204775/Surveillance_Camera_Code_of_Practice_WEB.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 25 December 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 December</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Surveillance+Camera+Code+of+Practice&rft.pages=5&rft.pub=UK+Government+Home+Office&rft.date=2013-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gov.uk%2Fgovernment%2Fuploads%2Fsystem%2Fuploads%2Fattachment_data%2Ffile%2F204775%2FSurveillance_Camera_Code_of_Practice_WEB.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALaw+enforcement+in+the+United+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gov.uk/government/statistics/police-use-of-firearms-statistics-england-and-wales-april-2021-to-march-2022/police-use-of-firearms-statistics-england-and-wales-april-2021-to-march-2022">"Police use of firearms statistics, England and Wales: April 2021 to March 2022"</a>. <i>GOV.UK</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 July</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=GOV.UK&rft.atitle=Police+use+of+firearms+statistics%2C+England+and+Wales%3A+April+2021+to+March+2022&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gov.uk%2Fgovernment%2Fstatistics%2Fpolice-use-of-firearms-statistics-england-and-wales-april-2021-to-march-2022%2Fpolice-use-of-firearms-statistics-england-and-wales-april-2021-to-march-2022&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALaw+enforcement+in+the+United+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-UKPWatchmen-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-UKPWatchmen_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.parliament.uk/about/living-heritage/transformingsociety/laworder/policeprisons/overview/watchmenconstables/">"Watchmen and constables"</a>. UK Parliament. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180221235708/http://www.parliament.uk/about/living-heritage/transformingsociety/laworder/policeprisons/overview/watchmenconstables/">Archived</a> from the original on 21 February 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 December</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Watchmen+and+constables&rft.pub=UK+Parliament&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.parliament.uk%2Fabout%2Fliving-heritage%2Ftransformingsociety%2Flaworder%2Fpoliceprisons%2Foverview%2Fwatchmenconstables%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALaw+enforcement+in+the+United+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120304024646/http://www.bbc.co.uk/northernireland/ashorthistory/archive/intro173.shtml">"A Short History of Ireland"</a>. <a href="/wiki/BBC_Northern_Ireland" title="BBC Northern Ireland">BBC Northern Ireland</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/northernireland/ashorthistory/archive/intro173.shtml">the original</a> on 4 March 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+Short+History+of+Ireland&rft.pub=BBC+Northern+Ireland&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnorthernireland%2Fashorthistory%2Farchive%2Fintro173.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALaw+enforcement+in+the+United+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/education/candp/prevention/g08/g08cs2.htm">"Sir Robert Peel and the new Metropolitan Police"</a>. The National Archives. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170925150159/http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/education/candp/prevention/g08/g08cs2.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 25 September 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 December</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sir+Robert+Peel+and+the+new+Metropolitan+Police&rft.pub=The+National+Archives&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nationalarchives.gov.uk%2Feducation%2Fcandp%2Fprevention%2Fg08%2Fg08cs2.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALaw+enforcement+in+the+United+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.parliament.uk/about/living-heritage/transformingsociety/laworder/policeprisons/overview/metropolitanpolice/">"Metropolitan Police"</a>. UK Parliament. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180225171007/http://www.parliament.uk/about/living-heritage/transformingsociety/laworder/policeprisons/overview/metropolitanpolice/">Archived</a> from the original on 25 February 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 December</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Metropolitan+Police&rft.pub=UK+Parliament&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.parliament.uk%2Fabout%2Fliving-heritage%2Ftransformingsociety%2Flaworder%2Fpoliceprisons%2Foverview%2Fmetropolitanpolice%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALaw+enforcement+in+the+United+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://oll.libertyfund.org/title/chadwick-poor-law-commissioners-report-of-1834?html=true">"Poor Law Commissioners' Report of 1834 | Online Library of Liberty"</a>. <i>oll.libertyfund.org</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231216071313/https://oll.libertyfund.org/title/chadwick-poor-law-commissioners-report-of-1834?html=true">Archived</a> from the original on 16 December 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 December</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=oll.libertyfund.org&rft.atitle=Poor+Law+Commissioners%E2%80%99+Report+of+1834+%7C+Online+Library+of+Liberty&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Foll.libertyfund.org%2Ftitle%2Fchadwick-poor-law-commissioners-report-of-1834%3Fhtml%3Dtrue&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALaw+enforcement+in+the+United+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThe_Committee_Office,_House_of_Commons" class="citation web cs1">The Committee Office, House of Commons. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm201012/cmselect/cmhaff/1456/1456vw07.htm">"House of Commons - HC 1456 Home Affairs Committee: Written evidence submitted by the National Black Police Association (NBPA)"</a>. <i>publications.parliament.uk</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200614212627/https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm201012/cmselect/cmhaff/1456/1456vw07.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 14 June 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 June</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=publications.parliament.uk&rft.atitle=House+of+Commons+-+HC+1456+Home+Affairs+Committee%3A+Written+evidence+submitted+by+the+National+Black+Police+Association+%28NBPA%29&rft.au=The+Committee+Office%2C+House+of+Commons&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpublications.parliament.uk%2Fpa%2Fcm201012%2Fcmselect%2Fcmhaff%2F1456%2F1456vw07.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALaw+enforcement+in+the+United+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLentz,_Susan_A.Chaires,_Robert_H.2007" class="citation journal cs1">Lentz, Susan A.; Chaires, Robert H. (2007). "The Invention of Peel's Principles: A Study of Policing "Textbook" History". <i>Journal of Criminal Justice</i>. <b>35</b> (1): 69–79. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jcrimjus.2006.11.016">10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2006.11.016</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Criminal+Justice&rft.atitle=The+Invention+of+Peel%27s+Principles%3A+A+Study+of+Policing+%22Textbook%22+History&rft.volume=35&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=69-79&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.jcrimjus.2006.11.016&rft.au=Lentz%2C+Susan+A.&rft.au=Chaires%2C+Robert+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALaw+enforcement+in+the+United+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-UKP-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-UKP_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-UKP_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/policing-by-consent">"Policing by consent"</a>. UK Government. 10 December 2012. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180315001903/https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/policing-by-consent">Archived</a> from the original on 15 March 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 December</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Policing+by+consent&rft.pub=UK+Government&rft.date=2012-12-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gov.uk%2Fgovernment%2Fpublications%2Fpolicing-by-consent&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALaw+enforcement+in+the+United+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CIVITAS-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CIVITAS_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CIVITAS_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.civitas.org.uk/research/crime/facts-comments/principles-of-good-policing/">"Principles of Good Policing"</a>. The Institute for the Study of Civil Society. December 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180711021030/http://www.civitas.org.uk/research/crime/facts-comments/principles-of-good-policing/">Archived</a> from the original on 11 July 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 October</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Principles+of+Good+Policing&rft.pub=The+Institute+for+the+Study+of+Civil+Society&rft.date=2015-12&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.civitas.org.uk%2Fresearch%2Fcrime%2Ffacts-comments%2Fprinciples-of-good-policing%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALaw+enforcement+in+the+United+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReith1956" class="citation book cs1">Reith, Charles (1956). <i>A New Study of Police History</i>. London: Oliver & Boyd. p. 140.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+New+Study+of+Police+History&rft.pages=140&rft.pub=London%3A+Oliver+%26+Boyd&rft.date=1956&rft.aulast=Reith&rft.aufirst=Charles&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALaw+enforcement+in+the+United+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSwift1988" class="citation journal cs1">Swift, Roger (1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/24413852">"Urban Policing in Early Victorian England, 1835-86: a reappraisal"</a>. <i>History</i>. <b>73</b> (238): 211–237. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0018-2648">0018-2648</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=History&rft.atitle=Urban+Policing+in+Early+Victorian+England%2C+1835-86%3A+a+reappraisal&rft.volume=73&rft.issue=238&rft.pages=211-237&rft.date=1988&rft.issn=0018-2648&rft.aulast=Swift&rft.aufirst=Roger&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F24413852&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALaw+enforcement+in+the+United+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStorch1975" class="citation journal cs1">Storch, Robert D. (1975). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/44581742">"The Plague of the Blue Locusts: Police Reform and Popular Resistance in Northern England, 1840-57"</a>. <i>International Review of Social History</i>. <b>20</b> (1): 61–90. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0020-8590">0020-8590</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231216071314/https://www.jstor.org/stable/44581742">Archived</a> from the original on 16 December 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 December</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Review+of+Social+History&rft.atitle=The+Plague+of+the+Blue+Locusts%3A+Police+Reform+and+Popular+Resistance+in+Northern+England%2C+1840-57&rft.volume=20&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=61-90&rft.date=1975&rft.issn=0020-8590&rft.aulast=Storch&rft.aufirst=Robert+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F44581742&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALaw+enforcement+in+the+United+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Williams, Clifford (2016) A History of Women policing Hampshire and the Isle of Wight 1915-2016 (HCHS;Hampshire) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9568508-1-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9568508-1-2">978-0-9568508-1-2</a> and Brazier, Corinne and Rice, Steve (2017) A Fair Cop;1917-2017 celebrating 100 years of policewomen in the West Midlands <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780995706101" title="Special:BookSources/9780995706101">9780995706101</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ipcc.gov.uk/page/becoming-the-iopc">"Becoming the IOPC"</a>. <i>IPCC.gov.uk</i>. 16 December 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=IPCC.gov.uk&rft.atitle=Becoming+the+IOPC&rft.date=2017-12-16&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ipcc.gov.uk%2Fpage%2Fbecoming-the-iopc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALaw+enforcement+in+the+United+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.opsi.gov.uk/acts/acts2003/ukpga_20030020_en_3#pt3-pb3-l1g31">"Railways and Transport Safety Act 2003 (c. 20)"</a>. Opsi.gov.uk. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090417060325/http://www.opsi.gov.uk/acts/acts2003/ukpga_20030020_en_3#pt3-pb3-l1g31">Archived</a> from the original on 17 April 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 May</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Railways+and+Transport+Safety+Act+2003+%28c.+20%29&rft.pub=Opsi.gov.uk&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.opsi.gov.uk%2Facts%2Facts2003%2Fukpga_20030020_en_3%23pt3-pb3-l1g31&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALaw+enforcement+in+the+United+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.statutelaw.gov.uk/content.aspx?LegType=All+Legislation&title=Energy+Act+2004&searchEnacted=0&extentMatchOnly=0&confersPower=0&blanketAmendment=0&sortAlpha=0&TYPE=QS&PageNumber=1&NavFrom=0&parentActiveTextDocId=913408&ActiveTextDocId=913486&filesize=6709">"Energy Act 2004 (c. 20) - Statute Law Database"</a>. Statutelaw.gov.uk<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 May</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Energy+Act+2004+%28c.+20%29+-+Statute+Law+Database&rft.pub=Statutelaw.gov.uk&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.statutelaw.gov.uk%2Fcontent.aspx%3FLegType%3DAll%2BLegislation%26title%3DEnergy%2BAct%2B2004%26searchEnacted%3D0%26extentMatchOnly%3D0%26confersPower%3D0%26blanketAmendment%3D0%26sortAlpha%3D0%26TYPE%3DQS%26PageNumber%3D1%26NavFrom%3D0%26parentActiveTextDocId%3D913408%26ActiveTextDocId%3D913486%26filesize%3D6709&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALaw+enforcement+in+the+United+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.statutelaw.gov.uk/content.aspx?LegType=All+Legislation&title=ministry+police+act&searchEnacted=0&extentMatchOnly=0&confersPower=0&blanketAmendment=0&sortAlpha=0&TYPE=QS&PageNumber=1&NavFrom=0&parentActiveTextDocId=602920&ActiveTextDocId=602920&filesize=86516">"Ministry of Defence Police Act 1987 (c. 4) - Statute Law Database"</a>. Statutelaw.gov.uk. 5 March 1987<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 May</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ministry+of+Defence+Police+Act+1987+%28c.+4%29+-+Statute+Law+Database&rft.pub=Statutelaw.gov.uk&rft.date=1987-03-05&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.statutelaw.gov.uk%2Fcontent.aspx%3FLegType%3DAll%2BLegislation%26title%3Dministry%2Bpolice%2Bact%26searchEnacted%3D0%26extentMatchOnly%3D0%26confersPower%3D0%26blanketAmendment%3D0%26sortAlpha%3D0%26TYPE%3DQS%26PageNumber%3D1%26NavFrom%3D0%26parentActiveTextDocId%3D602920%26ActiveTextDocId%3D602920%26filesize%3D86516&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALaw+enforcement+in+the+United+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-statutelaw.gov.uk-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-statutelaw.gov.uk_27-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-statutelaw.gov.uk_27-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.statutelaw.gov.uk/content.aspx?LegType=All+Legislation&title=Anti-terrorism%2c+Crime+and+Security+Act+2001&searchEnacted=0&extentMatchOnly=0&confersPower=0&blanketAmendment=0&sortAlpha=0&TYPE=QS&PageNumber=1&NavFrom=0&parentActiveTextDocId=267726&ActiveTextDocId=267854&filesize=5059">"Anti-terrorism, Crime and Security Act 2001 (c.24) - Statute Law Database"</a>. Statutelaw.gov.uk<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 May</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Anti-terrorism%2C+Crime+and+Security+Act+2001+%28c.24%29+-+Statute+Law+Database&rft.pub=Statutelaw.gov.uk&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.statutelaw.gov.uk%2Fcontent.aspx%3FLegType%3DAll%2BLegislation%26title%3DAnti-terrorism%252c%2BCrime%2Band%2BSecurity%2BAct%2B2001%26searchEnacted%3D0%26extentMatchOnly%3D0%26confersPower%3D0%26blanketAmendment%3D0%26sortAlpha%3D0%26TYPE%3DQS%26PageNumber%3D1%26NavFrom%3D0%26parentActiveTextDocId%3D267726%26ActiveTextDocId%3D267854%26filesize%3D5059&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALaw+enforcement+in+the+United+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.statutelaw.gov.uk/content.aspx?LegType=All+Legislation&title=ministry+police+act&searchEnacted=0&extentMatchOnly=0&confersPower=0&blanketAmendment=0&sortAlpha=0&TYPE=QS&PageNumber=1&NavFrom=0&parentActiveTextDocId=602920&ActiveTextDocId=602925&filesize=3566">"Ministry of Defence Police Act 1987 (c. 4) - Statute Law Database"</a>. Statutelaw.gov.uk. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240903052926/https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1987/4/section/2A/2001-12-14?timeline=true">Archived</a> from the original on 3 September 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 May</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ministry+of+Defence+Police+Act+1987+%28c.+4%29+-+Statute+Law+Database&rft.pub=Statutelaw.gov.uk&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.statutelaw.gov.uk%2Fcontent.aspx%3FLegType%3DAll%2BLegislation%26title%3Dministry%2Bpolice%2Bact%26searchEnacted%3D0%26extentMatchOnly%3D0%26confersPower%3D0%26blanketAmendment%3D0%26sortAlpha%3D0%26TYPE%3DQS%26PageNumber%3D1%26NavFrom%3D0%26parentActiveTextDocId%3D602920%26ActiveTextDocId%3D602925%26filesize%3D3566&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALaw+enforcement+in+the+United+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.statutelaw.gov.uk/content.aspx?LegType=All+Legislation&title=Anti-terrorism%2c+Crime+and+Security+Act+2001&searchEnacted=0&extentMatchOnly=0&confersPower=0&blanketAmendment=0&sortAlpha=0&TYPE=QS&PageNumber=1&NavFrom=0&parentActiveTextDocId=267726&ActiveTextDocId=267853&filesize=8435">"Anti-terrorism, Crime and Security Act 2001 (c.24) - Statute Law Database"</a>. Statutelaw.gov.uk. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240903052932/https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2001/24/section/99">Archived</a> from the original on 3 September 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 May</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Anti-terrorism%2C+Crime+and+Security+Act+2001+%28c.24%29+-+Statute+Law+Database&rft.pub=Statutelaw.gov.uk&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.statutelaw.gov.uk%2Fcontent.aspx%3FLegType%3DAll%2BLegislation%26title%3DAnti-terrorism%252c%2BCrime%2Band%2BSecurity%2BAct%2B2001%26searchEnacted%3D0%26extentMatchOnly%3D0%26confersPower%3D0%26blanketAmendment%3D0%26sortAlpha%3D0%26TYPE%3DQS%26PageNumber%3D1%26NavFrom%3D0%26parentActiveTextDocId%3D267726%26ActiveTextDocId%3D267853%26filesize%3D8435&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALaw+enforcement+in+the+United+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20100513185544/http://www.dft.gov.uk/pgr/shippingports/ports/accountabilityreview?page=3">"Department for Transport - Accountability and Standards of the Port Police Forces"</a>. Dft.gov.uk. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dft.gov.uk/pgr/shippingports/ports/accountabilityreview?page=3">the original</a> on 13 May 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 May</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Department+for+Transport+-+Accountability+and+Standards+of+the+Port+Police+Forces&rft.pub=Dft.gov.uk&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dft.gov.uk%2Fpgr%2Fshippingports%2Fports%2Faccountabilityreview%3Fpage%3D3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALaw+enforcement+in+the+United+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2017/3/section/38">"Policing and Crime Act 2017 (s. 38)"</a>. legislation.gov.uk. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230923022542/https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2017/3/section/38">Archived</a> from the original on 23 September 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 May</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Policing+and+Crime+Act+2017+%28s.+38%29&rft.pub=legislation.gov.uk&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.legislation.gov.uk%2Fukpga%2F2017%2F3%2Fsection%2F38&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALaw+enforcement+in+the+United+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.statutelaw.gov.uk/content.aspx?LegType=All+Legislation&searchEnacted=0&extentMatchOnly=0&confersPower=0&blanketAmendment=0&sortAlpha=0&PageNumber=0&NavFrom=0&parentActiveTextDocId=112639&ActiveTextDocId=112842&filesize=2720">"Police Reform Act 2002 (c. 30) - Statute Law Database"</a>. Statutelaw.gov.uk. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20120805143910/http://www.statutelaw.gov.uk/content.aspx?LegType=All+Legislation&searchEnacted=0&extentMatchOnly=0&confersPower=0&blanketAmendment=0&sortAlpha=0&PageNumber=0&NavFrom=0&parentActiveTextDocId=112639&ActiveTextDocId=112842&filesize=2720">Archived</a> from the original on 5 August 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 May</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Police+Reform+Act+2002+%28c.+30%29+-+Statute+Law+Database&rft.pub=Statutelaw.gov.uk&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.statutelaw.gov.uk%2Fcontent.aspx%3FLegType%3DAll%2BLegislation%26searchEnacted%3D0%26extentMatchOnly%3D0%26confersPower%3D0%26blanketAmendment%3D0%26sortAlpha%3D0%26PageNumber%3D0%26NavFrom%3D0%26parentActiveTextDocId%3D112639%26ActiveTextDocId%3D112842%26filesize%3D2720&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALaw+enforcement+in+the+United+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.statutelaw.gov.uk/content.aspx?LegType=All+Legislation&searchEnacted=0&extentMatchOnly=0&confersPower=0&blanketAmendment=0&sortAlpha=0&PageNumber=0&NavFrom=0&parentActiveTextDocId=112639&ActiveTextDocId=112693&filesize=53565">"Police Reform Act 2002 (c. 30) - Statute Law Database"</a>. Statutelaw.gov.uk. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20120805164324/http://www.statutelaw.gov.uk/content.aspx?LegType=All+Legislation&searchEnacted=0&extentMatchOnly=0&confersPower=0&blanketAmendment=0&sortAlpha=0&PageNumber=0&NavFrom=0&parentActiveTextDocId=112639&ActiveTextDocId=112693&filesize=53565">Archived</a> from the original on 5 August 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 May</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Police+Reform+Act+2002+%28c.+30%29+-+Statute+Law+Database&rft.pub=Statutelaw.gov.uk&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.statutelaw.gov.uk%2Fcontent.aspx%3FLegType%3DAll%2BLegislation%26searchEnacted%3D0%26extentMatchOnly%3D0%26confersPower%3D0%26blanketAmendment%3D0%26sortAlpha%3D0%26PageNumber%3D0%26NavFrom%3D0%26parentActiveTextDocId%3D112639%26ActiveTextDocId%3D112693%26filesize%3D53565&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALaw+enforcement+in+the+United+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oqps.gov.uk/legislation/acts/acts2003/asp_20030007_en_13#pt12-pb1-l1g76">"Criminal Justice (Scotland) Act 2003 (asp 7)"</a>. Oqps.gov.uk. 31 December 2008. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240903052929/https://www.gov.scot/publications/kings-printer-for-scotland/#pt12-pb1-l1g76">Archived</a> from the original on 3 September 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 May</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Criminal+Justice+%28Scotland%29+Act+2003+%28asp+7%29&rft.pub=Oqps.gov.uk&rft.date=2008-12-31&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oqps.gov.uk%2Flegislation%2Facts%2Facts2003%2Fasp_20030007_en_13%23pt12-pb1-l1g76&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALaw+enforcement+in+the+United+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.statutelaw.gov.uk/content.aspx?LegType=Act+(UK+Public+General)&title=Northern+Ireland&searchEnacted=0&extentMatchOnly=0&confersPower=0&blanketAmendment=0&sortAlpha=0&TYPE=QS&PageNumber=1&NavFrom=0&parentActiveTextDocId=814668&ActiveTextDocId=814749&filesize=1903">"Police (Northern Ireland) Act 2003 (c. 6) - Statute Law Database"</a>. Statutelaw.gov.uk. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20121224055029/http://www.statutelaw.gov.uk/content.aspx?LegType=Act+(UK+Public+General)&title=Northern+Ireland&searchEnacted=0&extentMatchOnly=0&confersPower=0&blanketAmendment=0&sortAlpha=0&TYPE=QS&PageNumber=1&NavFrom=0&parentActiveTextDocId=814668&ActiveTextDocId=814749&filesize=1903">Archived</a> from the original on 24 December 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 May</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Police+%28Northern+Ireland%29+Act+2003+%28c.+6%29+-+Statute+Law+Database&rft.pub=Statutelaw.gov.uk&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.statutelaw.gov.uk%2Fcontent.aspx%3FLegType%3DAct%2B%28UK%2BPublic%2BGeneral%29%26title%3DNorthern%2BIreland%26searchEnacted%3D0%26extentMatchOnly%3D0%26confersPower%3D0%26blanketAmendment%3D0%26sortAlpha%3D0%26TYPE%3DQS%26PageNumber%3D1%26NavFrom%3D0%26parentActiveTextDocId%3D814668%26ActiveTextDocId%3D814749%26filesize%3D1903&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALaw+enforcement+in+the+United+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.statutelaw.gov.uk/content.aspx?LegType=All+Legislation&searchEnacted=0&extentMatchOnly=0&confersPower=0&blanketAmendment=0&sortAlpha=0&PageNumber=0&NavFrom=0&parentActiveTextDocId=112639&ActiveTextDocId=112697&filesize=4936">"Police Reform Act 2002 (c. 30) - Statute Law Database"</a>. Statutelaw.gov.uk. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240903053016/https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2002/30/section/41/2008-11-03?timeline=true">Archived</a> from the original on 3 September 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 May</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Police+Reform+Act+2002+%28c.+30%29+-+Statute+Law+Database&rft.pub=Statutelaw.gov.uk&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.statutelaw.gov.uk%2Fcontent.aspx%3FLegType%3DAll%2BLegislation%26searchEnacted%3D0%26extentMatchOnly%3D0%26confersPower%3D0%26blanketAmendment%3D0%26sortAlpha%3D0%26PageNumber%3D0%26NavFrom%3D0%26parentActiveTextDocId%3D112639%26ActiveTextDocId%3D112697%26filesize%3D4936&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALaw+enforcement+in+the+United+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.statutelaw.gov.uk/content.aspx?LegType=All+Legislation&searchEnacted=0&extentMatchOnly=0&confersPower=0&blanketAmendment=0&sortAlpha=0&PageNumber=0&NavFrom=0&parentActiveTextDocId=112639&ActiveTextDocId=112699&filesize=6329">"Police Reform Act 2002 (c. 30) - Statute Law Database"</a>. Statutelaw.gov.uk. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240903052929/https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2002/30/section/43/2008-11-03?timeline=true">Archived</a> from the original on 3 September 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 May</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Police+Reform+Act+2002+%28c.+30%29+-+Statute+Law+Database&rft.pub=Statutelaw.gov.uk&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.statutelaw.gov.uk%2Fcontent.aspx%3FLegType%3DAll%2BLegislation%26searchEnacted%3D0%26extentMatchOnly%3D0%26confersPower%3D0%26blanketAmendment%3D0%26sortAlpha%3D0%26PageNumber%3D0%26NavFrom%3D0%26parentActiveTextDocId%3D112639%26ActiveTextDocId%3D112699%26filesize%3D6329&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALaw+enforcement+in+the+United+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.statutelaw.gov.uk/content.aspx?LegType=All+Legislation&searchEnacted=0&extentMatchOnly=0&confersPower=0&blanketAmendment=0&sortAlpha=0&PageNumber=0&NavFrom=0&parentActiveTextDocId=112639&ActiveTextDocId=112884&filesize=641">"Police Reform Act 2002 (c. 30) - Statute Law Database"</a>. Statutelaw.gov.uk. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240903052930/https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2002/30/schedule/5/2013-08-09?timeline=true">Archived</a> from the original on 3 September 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 May</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Police+Reform+Act+2002+%28c.+30%29+-+Statute+Law+Database&rft.pub=Statutelaw.gov.uk&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.statutelaw.gov.uk%2Fcontent.aspx%3FLegType%3DAll%2BLegislation%26searchEnacted%3D0%26extentMatchOnly%3D0%26confersPower%3D0%26blanketAmendment%3D0%26sortAlpha%3D0%26PageNumber%3D0%26NavFrom%3D0%26parentActiveTextDocId%3D112639%26ActiveTextDocId%3D112884%26filesize%3D641&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALaw+enforcement+in+the+United+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090108014052/http://www.vosa.gov.uk/vosacorp/newsandevents/pressreleases/2004pressreleases/29-07-04ministerlaunchesvosaspowertostop.htm">"29-07-04 Minister launches VOSA's Power to Stop"</a>. Vosa.gov.uk. 25 September 2006. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.vosa.gov.uk/vosacorp/newsandevents/pressreleases/2004pressreleases/29-07-04ministerlaunchesvosaspowertostop.htm">the original</a> on 8 January 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 May</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=29-07-04+Minister+launches+VOSA%27s+Power+to+Stop&rft.pub=Vosa.gov.uk&rft.date=2006-09-25&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.vosa.gov.uk%2Fvosacorp%2Fnewsandevents%2Fpressreleases%2F2004pressreleases%2F29-07-04ministerlaunchesvosaspowertostop.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALaw+enforcement+in+the+United+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk_politics/7584112.stm">"Politics | Civilian policing 'is half-baked'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. BBC News. 27 August 2008. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080829224455/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk_politics/7584112.stm">Archived</a> from the original on 29 August 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 May</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Politics+%26%23124%3B+Civilian+policing+%27is+half-baked%27&rft.date=2008-08-27&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F1%2Fhi%2Fuk_politics%2F7584112.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALaw+enforcement+in+the+United+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.statutelaw.gov.uk/content.aspx?LegType=Act+(UK+Public+General)&title=Northern+Ireland&searchEnacted=0&extentMatchOnly=0&confersPower=0&blanketAmendment=0&sortAlpha=0&TYPE=QS&PageNumber=1&NavFrom=0&parentActiveTextDocId=3354189&ActiveTextDocId=3354216&filesize=2356">"Justice and Security (Northern Ireland) Act 2007 (c. 6) - Statute Law Database"</a>. Statutelaw.gov.uk. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240903052930/https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2007/6/section/21">Archived</a> from the original on 3 September 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 May</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Justice+and+Security+%28Northern+Ireland%29+Act+2007+%28c.+6%29+-+Statute+Law+Database&rft.pub=Statutelaw.gov.uk&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.statutelaw.gov.uk%2Fcontent.aspx%3FLegType%3DAct%2B%28UK%2BPublic%2BGeneral%29%26title%3DNorthern%2BIreland%26searchEnacted%3D0%26extentMatchOnly%3D0%26confersPower%3D0%26blanketAmendment%3D0%26sortAlpha%3D0%26TYPE%3DQS%26PageNumber%3D1%26NavFrom%3D0%26parentActiveTextDocId%3D3354189%26ActiveTextDocId%3D3354216%26filesize%3D2356&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALaw+enforcement+in+the+United+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.statutelaw.gov.uk/content.aspx?LegType=Act+(UK+Public+General)&title=Northern+Ireland&searchEnacted=0&extentMatchOnly=0&confersPower=0&blanketAmendment=0&sortAlpha=0&TYPE=QS&PageNumber=1&NavFrom=0&parentActiveTextDocId=3354189&ActiveTextDocId=3354221&filesize=4394">"Justice and Security (Northern Ireland) Act 2007 (c. 6) - Statute Law Database"</a>. Statutelaw.gov.uk. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240903052931/https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2007/6/section/26">Archived</a> from the original on 3 September 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 May</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Justice+and+Security+%28Northern+Ireland%29+Act+2007+%28c.+6%29+-+Statute+Law+Database&rft.pub=Statutelaw.gov.uk&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.statutelaw.gov.uk%2Fcontent.aspx%3FLegType%3DAct%2B%28UK%2BPublic%2BGeneral%29%26title%3DNorthern%2BIreland%26searchEnacted%3D0%26extentMatchOnly%3D0%26confersPower%3D0%26blanketAmendment%3D0%26sortAlpha%3D0%26TYPE%3DQS%26PageNumber%3D1%26NavFrom%3D0%26parentActiveTextDocId%3D3354189%26ActiveTextDocId%3D3354221%26filesize%3D4394&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALaw+enforcement+in+the+United+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.statutelaw.gov.uk/content.aspx?LegType=Act+(UK+Public+General)&title=Northern+Ireland&searchEnacted=0&extentMatchOnly=0&confersPower=0&blanketAmendment=0&sortAlpha=0&TYPE=QS&PageNumber=1&NavFrom=0&parentActiveTextDocId=3354189&ActiveTextDocId=3354217&filesize=2009">"Justice and Security (Northern Ireland) Act 2007 (c. 6) - Statute Law Database"</a>. Statutelaw.gov.uk. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240903053431/https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2007/6/section/22">Archived</a> from the original on 3 September 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 May</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Justice+and+Security+%28Northern+Ireland%29+Act+2007+%28c.+6%29+-+Statute+Law+Database&rft.pub=Statutelaw.gov.uk&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.statutelaw.gov.uk%2Fcontent.aspx%3FLegType%3DAct%2B%28UK%2BPublic%2BGeneral%29%26title%3DNorthern%2BIreland%26searchEnacted%3D0%26extentMatchOnly%3D0%26confersPower%3D0%26blanketAmendment%3D0%26sortAlpha%3D0%26TYPE%3DQS%26PageNumber%3D1%26NavFrom%3D0%26parentActiveTextDocId%3D3354189%26ActiveTextDocId%3D3354217%26filesize%3D2009&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALaw+enforcement+in+the+United+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.statutelaw.gov.uk/content.aspx?LegType=Act+(UK+Public+General)&title=Northern+Ireland&searchEnacted=0&extentMatchOnly=0&confersPower=0&blanketAmendment=0&sortAlpha=0&TYPE=QS&PageNumber=1&NavFrom=0&parentActiveTextDocId=3354189&ActiveTextDocId=3354218&filesize=5144">"Justice and Security (Northern Ireland) Act 2007 (c. 6) - Statute Law Database"</a>. Statutelaw.gov.uk. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240903053439/https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2007/6/section/23">Archived</a> from the original on 3 September 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 May</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Justice+and+Security+%28Northern+Ireland%29+Act+2007+%28c.+6%29+-+Statute+Law+Database&rft.pub=Statutelaw.gov.uk&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.statutelaw.gov.uk%2Fcontent.aspx%3FLegType%3DAct%2B%28UK%2BPublic%2BGeneral%29%26title%3DNorthern%2BIreland%26searchEnacted%3D0%26extentMatchOnly%3D0%26confersPower%3D0%26blanketAmendment%3D0%26sortAlpha%3D0%26TYPE%3DQS%26PageNumber%3D1%26NavFrom%3D0%26parentActiveTextDocId%3D3354189%26ActiveTextDocId%3D3354218%26filesize%3D5144&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALaw+enforcement+in+the+United+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.statutelaw.gov.uk/content.aspx?LegType=Act+(UK+Public+General)&title=Northern+Ireland&searchEnacted=0&extentMatchOnly=0&confersPower=0&blanketAmendment=0&sortAlpha=0&TYPE=QS&PageNumber=1&NavFrom=0&parentActiveTextDocId=3354189&ActiveTextDocId=3354220&filesize=857">"Justice and Security (Northern Ireland) Act 2007 (c. 6) - Statute Law Database"</a>. Statutelaw.gov.uk. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240903053439/https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2007/6/section/25">Archived</a> from the original on 3 September 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 May</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Justice+and+Security+%28Northern+Ireland%29+Act+2007+%28c.+6%29+-+Statute+Law+Database&rft.pub=Statutelaw.gov.uk&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.statutelaw.gov.uk%2Fcontent.aspx%3FLegType%3DAct%2B%28UK%2BPublic%2BGeneral%29%26title%3DNorthern%2BIreland%26searchEnacted%3D0%26extentMatchOnly%3D0%26confersPower%3D0%26blanketAmendment%3D0%26sortAlpha%3D0%26TYPE%3DQS%26PageNumber%3D1%26NavFrom%3D0%26parentActiveTextDocId%3D3354189%26ActiveTextDocId%3D3354220%26filesize%3D857&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALaw+enforcement+in+the+United+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.statutelaw.gov.uk/content.aspx?LegType=Act+(UK+Public+General)&title=Northern+Ireland&searchEnacted=0&extentMatchOnly=0&confersPower=0&blanketAmendment=0&sortAlpha=0&TYPE=QS&PageNumber=1&NavFrom=0&parentActiveTextDocId=3354189&ActiveTextDocId=3354225&filesize=1764">"Justice and Security (Northern Ireland) Act 2007 (c. 6) - Statute Law Database"</a>. Statutelaw.gov.uk. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240903053442/https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2007/6/section/30">Archived</a> from the original on 3 September 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 May</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Justice+and+Security+%28Northern+Ireland%29+Act+2007+%28c.+6%29+-+Statute+Law+Database&rft.pub=Statutelaw.gov.uk&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.statutelaw.gov.uk%2Fcontent.aspx%3FLegType%3DAct%2B%28UK%2BPublic%2BGeneral%29%26title%3DNorthern%2BIreland%26searchEnacted%3D0%26extentMatchOnly%3D0%26confersPower%3D0%26blanketAmendment%3D0%26sortAlpha%3D0%26TYPE%3DQS%26PageNumber%3D1%26NavFrom%3D0%26parentActiveTextDocId%3D3354189%26ActiveTextDocId%3D3354225%26filesize%3D1764&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALaw+enforcement+in+the+United+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.statutelaw.gov.uk/content.aspx?LegType=Act+(UK+Public+General)&title=Northern+Ireland&searchEnacted=0&extentMatchOnly=0&confersPower=0&blanketAmendment=0&sortAlpha=0&TYPE=QS&PageNumber=1&NavFrom=0&parentActiveTextDocId=3354189&ActiveTextDocId=3354229&filesize=2024">"Justice and Security (Northern Ireland) Act 2007 (c. 6) - Statute Law Database"</a>. Statutelaw.gov.uk. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240903053441/https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2007/6/section/33">Archived</a> from the original on 3 September 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 May</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Justice+and+Security+%28Northern+Ireland%29+Act+2007+%28c.+6%29+-+Statute+Law+Database&rft.pub=Statutelaw.gov.uk&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.statutelaw.gov.uk%2Fcontent.aspx%3FLegType%3DAct%2B%28UK%2BPublic%2BGeneral%29%26title%3DNorthern%2BIreland%26searchEnacted%3D0%26extentMatchOnly%3D0%26confersPower%3D0%26blanketAmendment%3D0%26sortAlpha%3D0%26TYPE%3DQS%26PageNumber%3D1%26NavFrom%3D0%26parentActiveTextDocId%3D3354189%26ActiveTextDocId%3D3354229%26filesize%3D2024&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALaw+enforcement+in+the+United+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101011174219/http://www.opsi.gov.uk/RevisedStatutes/Acts/ukpga/1979/cukpga_19790002_en_21">"Customs and Excise Management Act 1979 (c. 2)"</a>. Opsi.gov.uk. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.opsi.gov.uk/RevisedStatutes/Acts/ukpga/1979/cukpga_19790002_en_21#pt14-pb1-l1g177">the original</a> on 11 October 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 May</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Customs+and+Excise+Management+Act+1979+%28c.+2%29&rft.pub=Opsi.gov.uk&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.opsi.gov.uk%2FRevisedStatutes%2FActs%2Fukpga%2F1979%2Fcukpga_19790002_en_21%23pt14-pb1-l1g177&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALaw+enforcement+in+the+United+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/517937/FOI_0863-15_BIOT_police.pdf">https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/517937/FOI_0863-15_BIOT_police.pdf</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240903053436/https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/517937/FOI_0863-15_BIOT_police.pdf">Archived</a> 3 September 2024 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Bare_URLs" title="Wikipedia:Bare URLs"><span title="A full citation of this PDF document is required to prevent link rot. (March 2022)">bare URL PDF</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.statutelaw.gov.uk/content.aspx?LegType=All+Legislation&title=Prison+Act+1952&searchEnacted=0&extentMatchOnly=0&confersPower=0&blanketAmendment=0&sortAlpha=0&TYPE=QS&PageNumber=1&NavFrom=0&parentActiveTextDocId=553765&ActiveTextDocId=553779&filesize=1063">"section 8, Prison Act 1952"</a>. Statutelaw.gov.uk. 31 October 1991. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240903053556/https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/Geo6and1Eliz2/15-16/52/section/8/2004-01-26?timeline=true">Archived</a> from the original on 3 September 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 May</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=section+8%2C+Prison+Act+1952&rft.pub=Statutelaw.gov.uk&rft.date=1991-10-31&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.statutelaw.gov.uk%2Fcontent.aspx%3FLegType%3DAll%2BLegislation%26title%3DPrison%2BAct%2B1952%26searchEnacted%3D0%26extentMatchOnly%3D0%26confersPower%3D0%26blanketAmendment%3D0%26sortAlpha%3D0%26TYPE%3DQS%26PageNumber%3D1%26NavFrom%3D0%26parentActiveTextDocId%3D553765%26ActiveTextDocId%3D553779%26filesize%3D1063&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALaw+enforcement+in+the+United+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.opsi.gov.uk/acts/acts2005/ukpga_20050015_en_4#pt1-ch2-pb1-l1g43">"Serious Organised Crime and Police Act 2005 (c. 15)"</a>. Opsi.gov.uk. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090417064853/http://www.opsi.gov.uk/acts/acts2005/ukpga_20050015_en_4#pt1-ch2-pb1-l1g43">Archived</a> from the original on 17 April 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 May</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Serious+Organised+Crime+and+Police+Act+2005+%28c.+15%29&rft.pub=Opsi.gov.uk&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.opsi.gov.uk%2Facts%2Facts2005%2Fukpga_20050015_en_4%23pt1-ch2-pb1-l1g43&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALaw+enforcement+in+the+United+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2013/22/section/10">"Crime and Courts Act 2013"</a>. 26 February 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Crime+and+Courts+Act+2013&rft.date=2021-02-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.legislation.gov.uk%2Fukpga%2F2013%2F22%2Fsection%2F10&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALaw+enforcement+in+the+United+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://environmentagency.blog.gov.uk/2018/05/24/a-day-in-the-life-of-an-ea-fisheries-enforcement-officer/">"A day in the life of an EA fisheries enforcement officer - Creating a better place"</a>. <i>environmentagency.blog.gov.uk</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210124101802/https://environmentagency.blog.gov.uk/2018/05/24/a-day-in-the-life-of-an-ea-fisheries-enforcement-officer/">Archived</a> from the original on 24 January 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 February</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=environmentagency.blog.gov.uk&rft.atitle=A+day+in+the+life+of+an+EA+fisheries+enforcement+officer+-+Creating+a+better+place&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fenvironmentagency.blog.gov.uk%2F2018%2F05%2F24%2Fa-day-in-the-life-of-an-ea-fisheries-enforcement-officer%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALaw+enforcement+in+the+United+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.statutelaw.gov.uk/content.aspx?LegType=All+Legislation&title=Sunday+Trading+Act&searchEnacted=0&extentMatchOnly=0&confersPower=0&blanketAmendment=0&sortAlpha=0&TYPE=QS&PageNumber=1&NavFrom=0&parentActiveTextDocId=1428707&ActiveTextDocId=1428739&filesize=469">"Sunday Trading Act 1994 (c. 20) - Statute Law Database"</a>. Statutelaw.gov.uk. 26 August 1994. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240903054037/https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1994/20/schedule/2/part/I/1995-02-06?timeline=true">Archived</a> from the original on 3 September 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 May</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sunday+Trading+Act+1994+%28c.+20%29+-+Statute+Law+Database&rft.pub=Statutelaw.gov.uk&rft.date=1994-08-26&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.statutelaw.gov.uk%2Fcontent.aspx%3FLegType%3DAll%2BLegislation%26title%3DSunday%2BTrading%2BAct%26searchEnacted%3D0%26extentMatchOnly%3D0%26confersPower%3D0%26blanketAmendment%3D0%26sortAlpha%3D0%26TYPE%3DQS%26PageNumber%3D1%26NavFrom%3D0%26parentActiveTextDocId%3D1428707%26ActiveTextDocId%3D1428739%26filesize%3D469&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALaw+enforcement+in+the+United+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCashmore2017" class="citation journal cs1">Cashmore, Jordan (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://docs.wixstatic.com/ugd/b93dd4_11c303282a9e4ad5b7011276555f3bd8.pdf">"Have Community Protection Officers (CPOs) Met Expectations?: Managerial opinions of Nottingham City Council's wardens as policing partners"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Internet Journal of Criminology</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170917032704/https://docs.wixstatic.com/ugd/b93dd4_11c303282a9e4ad5b7011276555f3bd8.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 17 September 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 September</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Internet+Journal+of+Criminology&rft.atitle=Have+Community+Protection+Officers+%28CPOs%29+Met+Expectations%3F%3A+Managerial+opinions+of+Nottingham+City+Council%27s+wardens+as+policing+partners.&rft.date=2017&rft.aulast=Cashmore&rft.aufirst=Jordan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdocs.wixstatic.com%2Fugd%2Fb93dd4_11c303282a9e4ad5b7011276555f3bd8.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALaw+enforcement+in+the+United+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/919059/ifca-conduct-operation-2014-2018.pdf">"IFCA Conduct and Operation"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210126223444/https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/919059/ifca-conduct-operation-2014-2018.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 26 January 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 March</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=IFCA+Conduct+and+Operation&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fassets.publishing.service.gov.uk%2Fgovernment%2Fuploads%2Fsystem%2Fuploads%2Fattachment_data%2Ffile%2F919059%2Fifca-conduct-operation-2014-2018.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALaw+enforcement+in+the+United+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060515165525/http://www.army.mod.uk/linked_files/hqni/foi/Northern_Ireland_Guard_Service_Policy.pdf/">"MOD (A) Northern Ireland Guard Service"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.army.mod.uk/linked_files/hqni/foi/Northern_Ireland_Guard_Service_Policy.pdf/">the original</a> on 15 May 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=MOD+%28A%29+Northern+Ireland+Guard+Service&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.army.mod.uk%2Flinked_files%2Fhqni%2Ffoi%2FNorthern_Ireland_Guard_Service_Policy.pdf%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALaw+enforcement+in+the+United+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bootcampmilitaryfitnessinstitute.com/military-and-outdoor-fitness-articles/an-overview-of-the-uks-military-corrective-training-centre-mctc/">"An Overview of the UK's Military Corrective Training Centre"</a>. 17 May 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240903053950/https://bootcampmilitaryfitnessinstitute.com/military-and-outdoor-fitness-articles/an-overview-of-the-uks-military-corrective-training-centre-mctc/">Archived</a> from the original on 3 September 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 June</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=An+Overview+of+the+UK%27s+Military+Corrective+Training+Centre&rft.date=2018-05-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbootcampmilitaryfitnessinstitute.com%2Fmilitary-and-outdoor-fitness-articles%2Fan-overview-of-the-uks-military-corrective-training-centre-mctc%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALaw+enforcement+in+the+United+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.statutelaw.gov.uk/content.aspx?LegType=All+Legislation&title=police+and+criminal&Year=1984&searchEnacted=0&extentMatchOnly=0&confersPower=0&blanketAmendment=0&sortAlpha=0&TYPE=QS&PageNumber=1&NavFrom=0&parentActiveTextDocId=1871554&ActiveTextDocId=1871587&filesize=15596">"Police and Criminal Evidence Act 1984 (c. 60) - Statute Law Database"</a>. Statutelaw.gov.uk. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240903054037/https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1984/60/section/24/2003-07-10?timeline=true">Archived</a> from the original on 3 September 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 May</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Police+and+Criminal+Evidence+Act+1984+%28c.+60%29+-+Statute+Law+Database&rft.pub=Statutelaw.gov.uk&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.statutelaw.gov.uk%2Fcontent.aspx%3FLegType%3DAll%2BLegislation%26title%3Dpolice%2Band%2Bcriminal%26Year%3D1984%26searchEnacted%3D0%26extentMatchOnly%3D0%26confersPower%3D0%26blanketAmendment%3D0%26sortAlpha%3D0%26TYPE%3DQS%26PageNumber%3D1%26NavFrom%3D0%26parentActiveTextDocId%3D1871554%26ActiveTextDocId%3D1871587%26filesize%3D15596&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALaw+enforcement+in+the+United+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/police-funding-for-england-and-wales-user-guide/police-funding-for-england-and-wales-user-guide">"Police funding for England and Wales: user guide"</a>. <i>GOV.UK</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230727143606/https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/police-funding-for-england-and-wales-user-guide/police-funding-for-england-and-wales-user-guide">Archived</a> from the original on 27 July 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 July</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=GOV.UK&rft.atitle=Police+funding+for+England+and+Wales%3A+user+guide&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gov.uk%2Fgovernment%2Fpublications%2Fpolice-funding-for-england-and-wales-user-guide%2Fpolice-funding-for-england-and-wales-user-guide&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALaw+enforcement+in+the+United+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1996/16/schedule/1">"Schedule 1 - Police Act 1996"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101223155745/http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1996/16/schedule/1">Archived</a> from the original on 23 December 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 August</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Schedule+1+-+Police+Act+1996&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.legislation.gov.uk%2Fukpga%2F1996%2F16%2Fschedule%2F1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALaw+enforcement+in+the+United+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Plea for 10 regional police forces</i>. The Times. 19 March 1981.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/3566448.stm">Senior police back national force</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240903053955/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/3566448.stm">Archived</a> 3 September 2024 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. BBC News. 15 August 2004.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081011025220/http://inspectorates.homeoffice.gov.uk/hmic/inspect_reports1/thematic-inspections/closinggap05.pdf">"<i>Closing the Gap</i>"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>homeoffice.gov.uk</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://inspectorates.homeoffice.gov.uk/hmic/inspect_reports1/thematic-inspections/closinggap05.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 11 October 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 December</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=homeoffice.gov.uk&rft.atitle=Closing+the+Gap&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Finspectorates.homeoffice.gov.uk%2Fhmic%2Finspect_reports1%2Fthematic-inspections%2Fclosinggap05.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALaw+enforcement+in+the+United+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/4253138.stm">Police forces 'no longer working'</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050917134754/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/4253138.stm">Archived</a> 17 September 2005 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. BBC News. 16 September 2005.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDepartment_of_the_Official_Report_(Hansard),_House_of_Commons,_Westminster2006" class="citation web cs1">Department of the Official Report (Hansard), House of Commons, Westminster (6 February 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm200506/cmhansrd/cm060206/wmstext/60206m02.htm#60206m02.html_spmin1">"Hansard, 6 February 2006, Column 39WS"</a>. Publications.parliament.uk. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061123144257/http://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm200506/cmhansrd/cm060206/wmstext/60206m02.htm#60206m02.html_spmin1">Archived</a> from the original on 23 November 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 May</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Hansard%2C+6+February+2006%2C+Column+39WS&rft.pub=Publications.parliament.uk&rft.date=2006-02-06&rft.au=Department+of+the+Official+Report+%28Hansard%29%2C+House+of+Commons%2C+Westminster&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpublications.parliament.uk%2Fpa%2Fcm200506%2Fcmhansrd%2Fcm060206%2Fwmstext%2F60206m02.htm%2360206m02.html_spmin1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALaw+enforcement+in+the+United+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk_politics/4685952.stm">Police mergers outlined by Clarke</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060208023614/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk_politics/4685952.stm">Archived</a> 8 February 2006 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. BBC News. 6 February 2006.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDepartment_of_the_Official_Report_(Hansard),_House_of_Commons,_Westminster" class="citation web cs1">Department of the Official Report (Hansard), House of Commons, Westminster. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm200506/cmhansrd/cm060320/wmstext/60320m02.htm#60320m02.html_spmin1">"Hansard, 20 March 2006, Column 6WS"</a>. Publications.parliament.uk. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070715134316/http://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm200506/cmhansrd/cm060320/wmstext/60320m02.htm#60320m02.html_spmin1">Archived</a> from the original on 15 July 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 May</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Hansard%2C+20+March+2006%2C+Column+6WS&rft.pub=Publications.parliament.uk&rft.au=Department+of+the+Official+Report+%28Hansard%29%2C+House+of+Commons%2C+Westminster&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpublications.parliament.uk%2Fpa%2Fcm200506%2Fcmhansrd%2Fcm060320%2Fwmstext%2F60320m02.htm%2360320m02.html_spmin1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALaw+enforcement+in+the+United+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.independent.co.uk/uk/crime/article352456.ece">Police forces set to be slashed to 24</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070930204407/http://news.independent.co.uk/uk/crime/article352456.ece">Archived</a> 30 September 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. The Independent. 20 March 2006.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk_politics/4825524.stm">Police forces 'to be cut to 24'</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070312053946/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk_politics/4825524.stm">Archived</a> 12 March 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. BBC News. 20 March 2006.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDepartment_of_the_Official_Report_(Hansard),_House_of_Commons,_Westminster2006" class="citation web cs1">Department of the Official Report (Hansard), House of Commons, Westminster (21 March 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm200506/cmhansrd/cm060321/wmstext/60321m01.htm#60321m01.html_sbhd4">"Hansard, 21 March 2006, Column 15WS"</a>. Publications.parliament.uk. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061021153246/http://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm200506/cmhansrd/cm060321/wmstext/60321m01.htm#60321m01.html_sbhd4">Archived</a> from the original on 21 October 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 May</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Hansard%2C+21+March+2006%2C+Column+15WS&rft.pub=Publications.parliament.uk&rft.date=2006-03-21&rft.au=Department+of+the+Official+Report+%28Hansard%29%2C+House+of+Commons%2C+Westminster&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpublications.parliament.uk%2Fpa%2Fcm200506%2Fcmhansrd%2Fcm060321%2Fwmstext%2F60321m01.htm%2360321m01.html_sbhd4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALaw+enforcement+in+the+United+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/4899726.stm">Police merger plan given go-ahead</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060412213857/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/4899726.stm">Archived</a> 12 April 2006 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. BBC News. 11 April 2006</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.homeoffice.gov.uk/about-us/news/police-force-mergers">Home Secretary delays police force mergers</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071228112632/http://www.homeoffice.gov.uk/about-us/news/police-force-mergers">Archived</a> 28 December 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Home Office, 20 June 2006</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk_politics/5172136.stm">Police mergers still on agenda</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060714181023/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk_politics/5172136.stm">Archived</a> 14 July 2006 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. BBC News 12 July 2006</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-scotland-12162004">Scottish police force merger plan outlined</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181020060549/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-scotland-12162004">Archived</a> 20 October 2018 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> - BBC News, 12/01/11</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gov.scot/Publications/2011/09/15110325/0">"Keeping Scotland Safe and Strong: A Consultation on Reforming Police and Fire and Rescue Services in Scotland"</a>. Scottish Government. 15 September 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160323080854/http://www.gov.scot/Publications/2011/09/15110325/0">Archived</a> from the original on 23 March 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 April</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Keeping+Scotland+Safe+and+Strong%3A+A+Consultation+on+Reforming+Police+and+Fire+and+Rescue+Services+in+Scotland&rft.pub=Scottish+Government&rft.date=2011-09-15&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gov.scot%2FPublications%2F2011%2F09%2F15110325%2F0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALaw+enforcement+in+the+United+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gov.scot/Publications/2011/12/15130636/0">"Keeping Scotland Safe and Strong: A Consultation on Reforming Police and Fire and Rescue Services in Scotland – Research Findings"</a>. Scottish Government. 16 December 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 April</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Keeping+Scotland+Safe+and+Strong%3A+A+Consultation+on+Reforming+Police+and+Fire+and+Rescue+Services+in+Scotland+%E2%80%93+Research+Findings&rft.pub=Scottish+Government&rft.date=2011-12-16&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gov.scot%2FPublications%2F2011%2F12%2F15130636%2F0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALaw+enforcement+in+the+United+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation pressrelease cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wayback.archive-it.org/3011/20130202143701/http://scotland.gov.uk/News/Releases/2011/09/08142643">"Single police and fire services"</a> (Press release). Scottish Government. 8 September 2011. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.scotland.gov.uk/News/Releases/2011/09/08142643">the original</a> on 2 February 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Single+police+and+fire+services&rft.pub=Scottish+Government&rft.date=2011-09-08&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scotland.gov.uk%2FNews%2FReleases%2F2011%2F09%2F08142643&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALaw+enforcement+in+the+United+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-scotland1-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-scotland1_79-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-scotland1_79-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wayback.archive-it.org/3011/20130201203949/http://www.scotland.gov.uk/News/Releases/2012/06/policeandfirereformstage327062012">"Police and fire reform passed"</a>. Scottish Government. 27 June 2012. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.scotland.gov.uk/News/Releases/2012/06/policeandfirereformstage327062012">the original</a> on 1 February 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Police+and+fire+reform+passed&rft.pub=Scottish+Government&rft.date=2012-06-27&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scotland.gov.uk%2FNews%2FReleases%2F2012%2F06%2Fpoliceandfirereformstage327062012&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALaw+enforcement+in+the+United+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140113050528/http://www.scotland.gov.uk/News/Releases/2012/01/Police-Fire17012012">"Police and Fire Reform Bill"</a>. 17 January 2012. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.scotland.gov.uk/News/Releases/2012/01/Police-Fire17012012">the original</a> on 13 January 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 August</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Police+and+Fire+Reform+Bill&rft.date=2012-01-17&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scotland.gov.uk%2FNews%2FReleases%2F2012%2F01%2FPolice-Fire17012012&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALaw+enforcement+in+the+United+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2011/sep/07/single-scottish-police-force">A single Scottish police force: paving the way to independence?</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240903054047/https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2011/sep/07/single-scottish-police-force">Archived</a> 3 September 2024 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> - The Guardian, 07/09/11</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120120012800/http://news.stv.tv/scotland/293990-bold-plans-to-merge-police-and-fire-services-unveiled/">"Police and fire service merger 'would save £1.7bn'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>stv.tv</i>. 17 January 2012. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.stv.tv/scotland/293990-bold-plans-to-merge-police-and-fire-services-unveiled/">the original</a> on 20 January 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 January</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=stv.tv&rft.atitle=Police+and+fire+service+merger+%27would+save+%C2%A31.7bn%27&rft.date=2012-01-17&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.stv.tv%2Fscotland%2F293990-bold-plans-to-merge-police-and-fire-services-unveiled%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALaw+enforcement+in+the+United+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150518083527/http://www.spf.org.uk/2014/11/police-oracle-smith-commission-recommends-greater-devolution-in-policing-matters-as-federation-holds-crisis-meeting/">"Police Oracle: Smith Commission recommends greater devolution in policing matters as Federation holds crisis meeting"</a>. <i>Scottish Police Federation</i>. 28 November 2014. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.spf.org.uk/2014/11/police-oracle-smith-commission-recommends-greater-devolution-in-policing-matters-as-federation-holds-crisis-meeting/">the original</a> on 18 May 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 May</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Scottish+Police+Federation&rft.atitle=Police+Oracle%3A+Smith+Commission+recommends+greater+devolution+in+policing+matters+as+Federation+holds+crisis+meeting&rft.date=2014-11-28&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.spf.org.uk%2F2014%2F11%2Fpolice-oracle-smith-commission-recommends-greater-devolution-in-policing-matters-as-federation-holds-crisis-meeting%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALaw+enforcement+in+the+United+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCampbell2015" class="citation web cs1">Campbell, Glenn (10 March 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-scotland-31808646">"Scottish force to police railways"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150521113149/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-scotland-31808646">Archived</a> from the original on 21 May 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 May</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Scottish+force+to+police+railways&rft.date=2015-03-10&rft.aulast=Campbell&rft.aufirst=Glenn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fuk-scotland-31808646&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALaw+enforcement+in+the+United+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto1-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto1_85-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto1_85-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/2018/227/regulation/2/made/data.htm">"The Policing and Crime Act 2017 (Commencement No. 7) Regulations 2018"</a>. <i>www.legislation.gov.uk</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190103161247/http://www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/2018/227/regulation/2/made/data.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 3 January 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 January</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.legislation.gov.uk&rft.atitle=The+Policing+and+Crime+Act+2017+%28Commencement+No.+7%29+Regulations+2018&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.legislation.gov.uk%2Fuksi%2F2018%2F227%2Fregulation%2F2%2Fmade%2Fdata.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALaw+enforcement+in+the+United+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto_86-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_86-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2017/3/section/116?timeline=true">"Policing and Crime Act 2017"</a>. <i>www.legislation.gov.uk</i>. Expert Participation. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171223042645/http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2017/3/section/116?timeline=true">Archived</a> from the original on 23 December 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 December</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.legislation.gov.uk&rft.atitle=Policing+and+Crime+Act+2017&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.legislation.gov.uk%2Fukpga%2F2017%2F3%2Fsection%2F116%3Ftimeline%3Dtrue&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALaw+enforcement+in+the+United+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: others (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_others" title="Category:CS1 maint: others">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-S136-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-S136_87-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-S136_87-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.statutelaw.gov.uk/content.aspx?parentActiveTextDocId=2156203&activetextdocid=2156396">"section 136, Criminal Justice & Public Order Act 1994"</a>. Statutelaw.gov.uk. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240903054002/https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1994/33/section/136/2002-07-24?timeline=true">Archived</a> from the original on 3 September 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 January</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=section+136%2C+Criminal+Justice+%26+Public+Order+Act+1994&rft.pub=Statutelaw.gov.uk&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.statutelaw.gov.uk%2Fcontent.aspx%3FparentActiveTextDocId%3D2156203%26activetextdocid%3D2156396&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALaw+enforcement+in+the+United+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.statutelaw.gov.uk/content.aspx?parentActiveTextDocId=2156203&activetextdocid=2156399">"Criminal Justice and Public Order Act 1994"</a>. <i>statutelaw.gov.uk</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240903053958/https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1994/33/section/139/2013-10-31?timeline=true">Archived</a> from the original on 3 September 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 December</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=statutelaw.gov.uk&rft.atitle=Criminal+Justice+and+Public+Order+Act+1994&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.statutelaw.gov.uk%2Fcontent.aspx%3FparentActiveTextDocId%3D2156203%26activetextdocid%3D2156399&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALaw+enforcement+in+the+United+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-S137-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-S137_89-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-S137_89-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-S137_89-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.statutelaw.gov.uk/content.aspx?parentActiveTextDocId=2156203&activetextdocid=2156397">"Criminal Justice and Public Order Act 1994"</a>. <i>statutelaw.gov.uk</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 December</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=statutelaw.gov.uk&rft.atitle=Criminal+Justice+and+Public+Order+Act+1994&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.statutelaw.gov.uk%2Fcontent.aspx%3FparentActiveTextDocId%3D2156203%26activetextdocid%3D2156397&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALaw+enforcement+in+the+United+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.statutelaw.gov.uk/content.aspx?parentActiveTextDocId=1871554&ActiveTextDocId=1871587">"Police and Criminal Evidence Act 1984"</a>. <i>statutelaw.gov.uk</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 December</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=statutelaw.gov.uk&rft.atitle=Police+and+Criminal+Evidence+Act+1984&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.statutelaw.gov.uk%2Fcontent.aspx%3FparentActiveTextDocId%3D1871554%26ActiveTextDocId%3D1871587&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALaw+enforcement+in+the+United+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.statutelaw.gov.uk/content.aspx?parentActiveTextDocId=3162860&ActiveTextDocId=3162881">"The Police and Criminal Evidence (Amendment) (Northern Ireland) Order 2007"</a>. <i>statutelaw.gov.uk</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240903054522/https://www.legislation.gov.uk/nisi/2007/288/article/15">Archived</a> from the original on 3 September 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 December</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=statutelaw.gov.uk&rft.atitle=The+Police+and+Criminal+Evidence+%28Amendment%29+%28Northern+Ireland%29+Order+2007&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.statutelaw.gov.uk%2Fcontent.aspx%3FparentActiveTextDocId%3D3162860%26ActiveTextDocId%3D3162881&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALaw+enforcement+in+the+United+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-S140-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-S140_92-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-S140_92-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-S140_92-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-S140_92-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-S140_92-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-S140_92-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-S140_92-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.statutelaw.gov.uk/content.aspx?parentActiveTextDocId=2156203&activetextdocid=2156400">"Criminal Justice and Public Order Act 1994"</a>. <i>statutelaw.gov.uk</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240903054521/https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1994/33/section/140/2013-10-31?timeline=true">Archived</a> from the original on 3 September 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 December</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=statutelaw.gov.uk&rft.atitle=Criminal+Justice+and+Public+Order+Act+1994&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.statutelaw.gov.uk%2Fcontent.aspx%3FparentActiveTextDocId%3D2156203%26activetextdocid%3D2156400&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALaw+enforcement+in+the+United+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.statutelaw.gov.uk/content.aspx?parentActiveTextDocId=3162860&ActiveTextDocId=3162881">Article 26</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240903054522/https://www.legislation.gov.uk/nisi/2007/288/article/15">Archived</a> 3 September 2024 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> of the Police and Criminal Evidence (Northern Ireland) Order 1989.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-section_24-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-section_24_94-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-section_24_94-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.statutelaw.gov.uk/content.aspx?parentActiveTextDocId=1871554&ActiveTextDocId=1871587">section 24</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240903054642/https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1984/60/section/24/2003-07-10?timeline=true">Archived</a> 3 September 2024 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> of the Police and Criminal Evidence Act 1984</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.statutelaw.gov.uk/content.aspx?parentActiveTextDocId=3162860&ActiveTextDocId=3162881">Article 26</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240903054522/https://www.legislation.gov.uk/nisi/2007/288/article/15">Archived</a> 3 September 2024 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> of the Police and Criminal Evidence (Northern Ireland) Order 1989</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.statutelaw.gov.uk/content.aspx?parentActiveTextDocId=1871554&ActiveTextDocId=1871591">"Police and Criminal Evidence Act 1984"</a>. <i>statutelaw.gov.uk</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240903054637/https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1984/60/section/28/2003-07-10?timeline=true">Archived</a> from the original on 3 September 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 December</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=statutelaw.gov.uk&rft.atitle=Police+and+Criminal+Evidence+Act+1984&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.statutelaw.gov.uk%2Fcontent.aspx%3FparentActiveTextDocId%3D1871554%26ActiveTextDocId%3D1871591&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALaw+enforcement+in+the+United+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.statutelaw.gov.uk/content.aspx?parentActiveTextDocId=1871554&ActiveTextDocId=1871593">"Police and Criminal Evidence Act 1984"</a>. <i>statutelaw.gov.uk</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240903054527/https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1984/60/section/30/2003-07-10?timeline=true">Archived</a> from the original on 3 September 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 December</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=statutelaw.gov.uk&rft.atitle=Police+and+Criminal+Evidence+Act+1984&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.statutelaw.gov.uk%2Fcontent.aspx%3FparentActiveTextDocId%3D1871554%26ActiveTextDocId%3D1871593&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALaw+enforcement+in+the+United+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.statutelaw.gov.uk/content.aspx?parentActiveTextDocId=1871554&ActiveTextDocId=1871595">"Police and Criminal Evidence Act 1984"</a>. <i>statutelaw.gov.uk</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240903054530/https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1984/60/section/32/1995-09-05?timeline=true">Archived</a> from the original on 3 September 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 December</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=statutelaw.gov.uk&rft.atitle=Police+and+Criminal+Evidence+Act+1984&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.statutelaw.gov.uk%2Fcontent.aspx%3FparentActiveTextDocId%3D1871554%26ActiveTextDocId%3D1871595&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALaw+enforcement+in+the+United+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.statutelaw.gov.uk/content.aspx?parentActiveTextDocId=2934431&ActiveTextDocId=2934471">"The Police and Criminal Evidence (Northern Ireland) Order 1989"</a>. <i>statutelaw.gov.uk</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 December</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=statutelaw.gov.uk&rft.atitle=The+Police+and+Criminal+Evidence+%28Northern+Ireland%29+Order+1989&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.statutelaw.gov.uk%2Fcontent.aspx%3FparentActiveTextDocId%3D2934431%26ActiveTextDocId%3D2934471&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALaw+enforcement+in+the+United+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.statutelaw.gov.uk/content.aspx?parentActiveTextDocId=2934431&ActiveTextDocId=2934473">"The Police and Criminal Evidence (Northern Ireland) Order 1989"</a>. <i>statutelaw.gov.uk</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240903055111/https://www.legislation.gov.uk/nisi/1989/1341/article/32">Archived</a> from the original on 3 September 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 December</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=statutelaw.gov.uk&rft.atitle=The+Police+and+Criminal+Evidence+%28Northern+Ireland%29+Order+1989&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.statutelaw.gov.uk%2Fcontent.aspx%3FparentActiveTextDocId%3D2934431%26ActiveTextDocId%3D2934473&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALaw+enforcement+in+the+United+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.statutelaw.gov.uk/content.aspx?parentActiveTextDocId=2934431&ActiveTextDocId=2934479">"The Police and Criminal Evidence (Northern Ireland) Order 1989"</a>. <i>statutelaw.gov.uk</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240903055047/https://www.legislation.gov.uk/nisi/1989/1341/article/34">Archived</a> from the original on 3 September 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 December</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=statutelaw.gov.uk&rft.atitle=The+Police+and+Criminal+Evidence+%28Northern+Ireland%29+Order+1989&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.statutelaw.gov.uk%2Fcontent.aspx%3FparentActiveTextDocId%3D2934431%26ActiveTextDocId%3D2934479&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALaw+enforcement+in+the+United+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/537277/Factsheet_14b_-_Cross-border_powers.pdf">"Factsheet 14b - Policing and Crime Bill"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>www.gov.uk</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240903055043/https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/537277/Factsheet_14b_-_Cross-border_powers.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 3 September 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 December</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.gov.uk&rft.atitle=Factsheet+14b+-+Policing+and+Crime+Bill&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gov.uk%2Fgovernment%2Fuploads%2Fsystem%2Fuploads%2Fattachment_data%2Ffile%2F537277%2FFactsheet_14b_-_Cross-border_powers.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALaw+enforcement+in+the+United+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.opsi.gov.uk/ACTS/acts1996/ukpga_19960016_en_6#pt5-pb3-l1g98">"section 98, Police Act 1996"</a>. Opsi.gov.uk. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090416232857/http://www.opsi.gov.uk/ACTS/acts1996/ukpga_19960016_en_6#pt5-pb3-l1g98">Archived</a> from the original on 16 April 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 May</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=section+98%2C+Police+Act+1996&rft.pub=Opsi.gov.uk&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.opsi.gov.uk%2FACTS%2Facts1996%2Fukpga_19960016_en_6%23pt5-pb3-l1g98&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALaw+enforcement+in+the+United+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.opsi.gov.uk/ACTS/acts1996/ukpga_19960016_en_6#pt5-pb3-l1g99">"section 99, Police Act 1996"</a>. Opsi.gov.uk. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090416232857/http://www.opsi.gov.uk/ACTS/acts1996/ukpga_19960016_en_6#pt5-pb3-l1g99">Archived</a> from the original on 16 April 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 May</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=section+99%2C+Police+Act+1996&rft.pub=Opsi.gov.uk&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.opsi.gov.uk%2FACTS%2Facts1996%2Fukpga_19960016_en_6%23pt5-pb3-l1g99&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALaw+enforcement+in+the+United+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.statutelaw.gov.uk/content.aspx?parentActiveTextDocId=553765&ActiveTextDocId=553798">"section 23, Prison Act 1952"</a>. Statutelaw.gov.uk. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240903055202/https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/Geo6and1Eliz2/15-16/52/section/23/2004-01-26?timeline=true">Archived</a> from the original on 3 September 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 May</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=section+23%2C+Prison+Act+1952&rft.pub=Statutelaw.gov.uk&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.statutelaw.gov.uk%2Fcontent.aspx%3FparentActiveTextDocId%3D553765%26ActiveTextDocId%3D553798&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALaw+enforcement+in+the+United+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.statutelaw.gov.uk/content.aspx?parentActiveTextDocId=1851852&ActiveTextDocId=1851913">"Terrorism Act 2000"</a>. Statutelaw.gov.uk. 27 May 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240903055151/https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2000/11/section/41/2002-07-26?timeline=true">Archived</a> from the original on 3 September 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 November</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Terrorism+Act+2000&rft.pub=Statutelaw.gov.uk&rft.date=2011-05-27&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.statutelaw.gov.uk%2Fcontent.aspx%3FparentActiveTextDocId%3D1851852%26ActiveTextDocId%3D1851913&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALaw+enforcement+in+the+United+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.statutelaw.gov.uk/content.aspx?parentActiveTextDocId=1851852&ActiveTextDocId=1851915">"Terrorism Act 2000"</a>. Statutelaw.gov.uk. 4 January 2003. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240903055151/https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2000/11/section/43/2002-07-26?timeline=true">Archived</a> from the original on 3 September 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 November</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Terrorism+Act+2000&rft.pub=Statutelaw.gov.uk&rft.date=2003-01-04&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.statutelaw.gov.uk%2Fcontent.aspx%3FparentActiveTextDocId%3D1851852%26ActiveTextDocId%3D1851915&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALaw+enforcement+in+the+United+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.statutelaw.gov.uk/content.aspx?parentActiveTextDocId=1851852&ActiveTextDocId=1851912">"Terrorism Act 2000"</a>. <i>statutelaw.gov.uk</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240903055053/https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2000/11/section/40/2002-07-26?timeline=true">Archived</a> from the original on 3 September 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 December</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=statutelaw.gov.uk&rft.atitle=Terrorism+Act+2000&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.statutelaw.gov.uk%2Fcontent.aspx%3FparentActiveTextDocId%3D1851852%26ActiveTextDocId%3D1851912&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALaw+enforcement+in+the+United+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2011/13/contents/enacted">"Police Reform and Social Responsibility Act 2011 (Section 1)"</a>. <i>UK Legislation</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111005153511/http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2011/13/contents/enacted">Archived</a> from the original on 5 October 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 September</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=UK+Legislation&rft.atitle=Police+Reform+and+Social+Responsibility+Act+2011+%28Section+1%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.legislation.gov.uk%2Fukpga%2F2011%2F13%2Fcontents%2Fenacted&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALaw+enforcement+in+the+United+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2022/jun/30/record-number-of-uk-police-forces-are-failing-and-need-intensive-help">Record number of UK police forces are failing and need intensive help</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240903055049/https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2022/jun/30/record-number-of-uk-police-forces-are-failing-and-need-intensive-help">Archived</a> 3 September 2024 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <i><a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a></i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050301195051/http://www.policereform.gov.uk/reformact/index.html">"Police Reform Act"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.policereform.gov.uk/reformact/index.html">the original</a> on 1 March 2005<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 July</span> 2005</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Police+Reform+Act&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.policereform.gov.uk%2Freformact%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALaw+enforcement+in+the+United+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-HFAQ-112"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-HFAQ_112-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarriott1988" class="citation web cs1">Marriott, Steve (1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100416062340/http://www.constabulary.com/faqs/h-faq.htm">"Bobby Helmet FAQ: British Police Helmets"</a>. <i>PICA Magazine</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.constabulary.com:80/faqs/h-faq.htm">the original</a> on 16 April 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 December</span> 2016</span> – via The Constabulary.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=PICA+Magazine&rft.atitle=Bobby+Helmet+FAQ%3A+British+Police+Helmets&rft.date=1988&rft.aulast=Marriott&rft.aufirst=Steve&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.constabulary.com%3A80%2Ffaqs%2Fh-faq.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALaw+enforcement+in+the+United+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gov.uk/government/news/home-office-announces-10-million-for-taser-uplift">"Home Office announces £10 million for Taser uplift"</a>. <i>GOV.UK</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200617135530/https://www.gov.uk/government/news/home-office-announces-10-million-for-taser-uplift">Archived</a> from the original on 17 June 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 June</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=GOV.UK&rft.atitle=Home+Office+announces+%C2%A310+million+for+Taser+uplift&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gov.uk%2Fgovernment%2Fnews%2Fhome-office-announces-10-million-for-taser-uplift&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALaw+enforcement+in+the+United+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-waldren-114"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-waldren_114-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWaldren2007" class="citation book cs1">Waldren, Michael J. (2007). <i>Armed Police, The Police Use of Firearms since 1945</i>. England: Sutton. p. 224. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7509-4637-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7509-4637-7"><bdi>978-0-7509-4637-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Armed+Police%2C+The+Police+Use+of+Firearms+since+1945&rft.place=England&rft.pages=224&rft.pub=Sutton&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-7509-4637-7&rft.aulast=Waldren&rft.aufirst=Michael+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALaw+enforcement+in+the+United+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-115"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_115-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_115-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">College of Policing: Initial Police Learning (accessed 4 July 2013)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://beta.college.police.uk/career-learning/learning/PEQF">"Policing education qualifications framework (PEQF)"</a>. <i>College of Policing</i>. 16 November 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 February</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=College+of+Policing&rft.atitle=Policing+education+qualifications+framework+%28PEQF%29&rft.date=2020-11-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbeta.college.police.uk%2Fcareer-learning%2Flearning%2FPEQF&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALaw+enforcement+in+the+United+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">College of Policing - Initial Learning for Special Constabulary (IL4SC) (accessed 4 July 2013)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Police Service of Scotland Recruitment Page - Probationer Training) (accessed 17 August 2014)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Scottish Police College - Probationer Training Page) (accessed 17 August 2014)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Police Service of Scotland - Special Constables Training Page) (accessed 17 August 2014)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJoanna_Bale2007" class="citation news cs1">Joanna Bale (27 May 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110902220723/http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/uk/crime/article1847697.ece">"VIP 'stalker' squad set up by government"</a>. <i>The Times</i>. London. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/uk/crime/article1847697.ece">the original</a> on 2 September 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 July</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times&rft.atitle=VIP+%27stalker%27+squad+set+up+by+government&rft.date=2007-05-27&rft.au=Joanna+Bale&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.timesonline.co.uk%2Ftol%2Fnews%2Fuk%2Fcrime%2Farticle1847697.ece&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALaw+enforcement+in+the+United+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.statutelaw.gov.uk/content.aspx?LegType=All+Legislation&title=uk+borders&parentActiveTextDocId=3419168&ActiveTextDocId=3419168&filesize=198579">"UK Borders Act 2007 (c. 30) - Statute Law Database"</a>. Statutelaw.gov.uk. 30 October 2007. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240903055642/https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2007/30/contents">Archived</a> from the original on 3 September 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 May</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=UK+Borders+Act+2007+%28c.+30%29+-+Statute+Law+Database&rft.pub=Statutelaw.gov.uk&rft.date=2007-10-30&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.statutelaw.gov.uk%2Fcontent.aspx%3FLegType%3DAll%2BLegislation%26title%3Duk%2Bborders%26parentActiveTextDocId%3D3419168%26ActiveTextDocId%3D3419168%26filesize%3D198579&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALaw+enforcement+in+the+United+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation pressrelease cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080327210708/http://press.homeoffice.gov.uk/press-releases/border-policing-strengthened">"Border Policing Strengthened"</a> (Press release). Home Office. 11 March 2008. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://press.homeoffice.gov.uk/press-releases/border-policing-strengthened">the original</a> on 27 March 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 June</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Border+Policing+Strengthened&rft.pub=Home+Office&rft.date=2008-03-11&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpress.homeoffice.gov.uk%2Fpress-releases%2Fborder-policing-strengthened&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALaw+enforcement+in+the+United+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEdwardsHope2008" class="citation news cs1">Edwards, Richard; Hope, Christopher (23 June 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080625050603/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/majornews/2182136/Britain-to-get-3,000-strong-border-force-to-fight-terrorism-and-illegal-immigration.html">"Britain to get 3,000-strong border force to fight terrorism and illegal immigration"</a>. <i>The Daily Telegraph</i>. London. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/majornews/2182136/Britain-to-get-3,000-strong-border-force-to-fight-terrorism-and-illegal-immigration.html">the original</a> on 25 June 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 April</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Daily+Telegraph&rft.atitle=Britain+to+get+3%2C000-strong+border+force+to+fight+terrorism+and+illegal+immigration&rft.date=2008-06-23&rft.aulast=Edwards&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft.au=Hope%2C+Christopher&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fmajornews%2F2182136%2FBritain-to-get-3%2C000-strong-border-force-to-fight-terrorism-and-illegal-immigration.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALaw+enforcement+in+the+United+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk_politics/7469619.stm">"Ministers float border force plan"</a>. BBC News. 23 June 2008. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151016114308/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk_politics/7469619.stm">Archived</a> from the original on 16 October 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 June</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Ministers+float+border+force+plan&rft.date=2008-06-23&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F1%2Fhi%2Fuk_politics%2F7469619.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALaw+enforcement+in+the+United+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-politics-17099143">"Theresa May to split up UK Border Agency"</a>. BBC News. 20 February 2012. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240903055640/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-politics-17099143">Archived</a> from the original on 3 September 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 June</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Theresa+May+to+split+up+UK+Border+Agency&rft.date=2012-02-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fuk-politics-17099143&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALaw+enforcement+in+the+United+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-bristol-17105188">"Wiltshire police chief Brian Moore 'will be greatly missed'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. BBC News. 21 February 2012. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171130153157/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-bristol-17105188">Archived</a> from the original on 30 November 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 June</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Wiltshire+police+chief+Brian+Moore+%27will+be+greatly+missed%27&rft.date=2012-02-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fuk-england-bristol-17105188&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALaw+enforcement+in+the+United+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-128"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTagliabue2001" class="citation news cs1">Tagliabue, John (4 May 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9E00E1DF1038F937A35756C0A9679C8B63">"Cross-channel Policing"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240903055553/https://www.nytimes.com/2001/05/04/world/world-briefing-europe-france-cross-channel-policing.html">Archived</a> from the original on 3 September 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 February</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Cross-channel+Policing&rft.date=2001-05-04&rft.aulast=Tagliabue&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fquery.nytimes.com%2Fgst%2Ffullpage.html%3Fres%3D9E00E1DF1038F937A35756C0A9679C8B63&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALaw+enforcement+in+the+United+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFickling2006" class="citation news cs1">Fickling, David (30 May 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2006/may/30/energy.nuclearindustry">"Irish Sellafield appeal ruled illegal"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>. London. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131029215031/http://www.theguardian.com/environment/2006/may/30/energy.nuclearindustry">Archived</a> from the original on 29 October 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 March</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Irish+Sellafield+appeal+ruled+illegal&rft.date=2006-05-30&rft.aulast=Fickling&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fenvironment%2F2006%2Fmay%2F30%2Fenergy.nuclearindustry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALaw+enforcement+in+the+United+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-130"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060618041447/http://www.tispol.org/news/articles/poland2006/">"Crossing Borders to Save Lives"</a>. TISPOL -- European Traffic Police Network. 2006. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tispol.org/news/articles/poland2006/">the original</a> on 18 June 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Crossing+Borders+to+Save+Lives&rft.pub=TISPOL+--+European+Traffic+Police+Network&rft.date=2006&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tispol.org%2Fnews%2Farticles%2Fpoland2006%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALaw+enforcement+in+the+United+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-131"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-131">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070928025836/http://www.north-wales.police.uk/en/blogs/viewblog.asp?UID=1&CID=110">"Polish police officers"</a>. North Wales Police. 24 November 2006. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.north-wales.police.uk/?UID=1&CID=110">the original</a> on 28 September 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Polish+police+officers&rft.pub=North+Wales+Police&rft.date=2006-11-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.north-wales.police.uk%2F%3FUID%3D1%26CID%3D110&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALaw+enforcement+in+the+United+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto2-132"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-auto2_132-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gov.uk/guidance/international-secondments-for-the-foreign-and-commonwealth-office#opportunities-for-police-officers">"International secondments for the Foreign and Commonwealth Office"</a>. 12 December 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210713114949/https://www.gov.uk/guidance/international-secondments-for-the-foreign-and-commonwealth-office#opportunities-for-police-officers">Archived</a> from the original on 13 July 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 September</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=International+secondments+for+the+Foreign+and+Commonwealth+Office&rft.date=2016-12-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gov.uk%2Fguidance%2Finternational-secondments-for-the-foreign-and-commonwealth-office%23opportunities-for-police-officers&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALaw+enforcement+in+the+United+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-133"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-133">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDepartment_of_the_Official_Report_(Hansard),_House_of_Commons,_Westminster" class="citation web cs1">Department of the Official Report (Hansard), House of Commons, Westminster. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm200506/cmhansrd/cm060418/text/60418w84.htm">"Hansard 18 April 2006, Col 328W"</a>. Publications.parliament.uk. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061021085602/http://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm200506/cmhansrd/cm060418/text/60418w84.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 21 October 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 May</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Hansard+18+April+2006%2C+Col+328W&rft.pub=Publications.parliament.uk&rft.au=Department+of+the+Official+Report+%28Hansard%29%2C+House+of+Commons%2C+Westminster&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpublications.parliament.uk%2Fpa%2Fcm200506%2Fcmhansrd%2Fcm060418%2Ftext%2F60418w84.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALaw+enforcement+in+the+United+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-134"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-134">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMuir2004" class="citation news cs1">Muir, Hugh (8 October 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2004/oct/08/london.ukcrime">"Battle to merge London's Police"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>. London. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240903055553/https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2004/oct/08/london.ukcrime">Archived</a> from the original on 3 September 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 August</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Battle+to+merge+London%27s+Police&rft.date=2004-10-08&rft.aulast=Muir&rft.aufirst=Hugh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fuk%2F2004%2Foct%2F08%2Flondon.ukcrime&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALaw+enforcement+in+the+United+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-135"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-135">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm200506/cmselect/cmtran/1070/1070i.pdf">Future of the British Transport Police</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161026083436/http://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm200506/cmselect/cmtran/1070/1070i.pdf">Archived</a> 26 October 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> HoC Transport Committee. 16 May 2006</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-136"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-136">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=10000085&sid=aH4c52H0WYr0&refer=europe">London City Police Tap Bankers to Help Fight Takeover</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240903055600/https://www.bloomberg.com/politics?pid=10000085&refer=europe&sid=aH4c52H0WYr0">Archived</a> 3 September 2024 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Bloomberg 20 March 2006</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-137"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-137">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dft.gov.uk/stellent/groups/dft_railways/documents/page/dft_railways_612143.hcsp">Review of the British Transport Police</a> DfT, 20 July 2006</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-138"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-138">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lslo.gov.uk/pdf/Interim_Fraud_Report_03_06.pdf">Interim Fraud Review</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060620061437/http://www.lslo.gov.uk/pdf/Interim_Fraud_Report_03_06.pdf">Archived</a> 20 June 2006 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> LSLO, January 2006</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-139"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-139">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lslo.gov.uk/pressreleases/Final_Fraud_Review_release_24_07_06.doc">Final fraud Review Report Published</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061109071453/http://www.lslo.gov.uk/pressreleases/Final_Fraud_Review_release_24_07_06.doc">Archived</a> 9 November 2006 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> LSLO, July 2006</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-140"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-140">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCommissioner_of_the_Metropolis2003" class="citation web cs1">Commissioner of the Metropolis (17 February 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://policeauthority.org/metropolitan/committees/x-cop/2003/030217/06/index.html">"MPS merger with Royal Parks Constabulary"</a>. Metropolitan Police Authority. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151018113716/http://policeauthority.org/metropolitan/committees/x-cop/2003/030217/06/index.html">Archived</a> from the original on 18 October 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 November</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=MPS+merger+with+Royal+Parks+Constabulary&rft.pub=Metropolitan+Police+Authority&rft.date=2003-02-17&rft.au=Commissioner+of+the+Metropolis&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpoliceauthority.org%2Fmetropolitan%2Fcommittees%2Fx-cop%2F2003%2F030217%2F06%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALaw+enforcement+in+the+United+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-141"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-141">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation pressrelease cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://content.met.police.uk/News/Royals-Parks-Constabulary-merge-with-MPS/1260267621943/1257246745756">"Royal Parks Constabulary merge with MPS"</a> (Press release). Metropolitan Police Service. 9 May 2006. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170104043257/http://content.met.police.uk/News/Royals-Parks-Constabulary-merge-with-MPS/1260267621943/1257246745756">Archived</a> from the original on 4 January 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 September</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Royal+Parks+Constabulary+merge+with+MPS&rft.pub=Metropolitan+Police+Service&rft.date=2006-05-09&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcontent.met.police.uk%2FNews%2FRoyals-Parks-Constabulary-merge-with-MPS%2F1260267621943%2F1257246745756&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALaw+enforcement+in+the+United+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-142"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-142">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeake2016" class="citation news cs1">Beake, Nick (28 October 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-london-37794847">"Terror review suggests London police forces should merge"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161029111625/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-london-37794847">Archived</a> from the original on 29 October 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 October</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Terror+review+suggests+London+police+forces+should+merge&rft.date=2016-10-28&rft.aulast=Beake&rft.aufirst=Nick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fuk-england-london-37794847&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALaw+enforcement+in+the+United+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-parliament16-143"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-parliament16_143-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-parliament16_143-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-parliament16_143-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://researchbriefings.files.parliament.uk/documents/CBP-7279/CBP-7279.pdf">http://researchbriefings.files.parliament.uk/documents/CBP-7279/CBP-7279.pdf</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170809172911/http://researchbriefings.files.parliament.uk/documents/CBP-7279/CBP-7279.pdf">Archived</a> 9 August 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Bare_URLs" title="Wikipedia:Bare URLs"><span title="A full citation of this PDF document is required to prevent link rot. (March 2022)">bare URL PDF</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-144"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-144">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTeam2018" class="citation web cs1">Team, Full Fact (9 January 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fullfact.org/crime/police-funding-england-and-wales/">"Police funding in England and Wales"</a>. <i>Full Fact</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240903055556/https://fullfact.org/crime/police-funding-england-and-wales/">Archived</a> from the original on 3 September 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 June</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Full+Fact&rft.atitle=Police+funding+in+England+and+Wales&rft.date=2018-01-09&rft.aulast=Team&rft.aufirst=Full+Fact&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffullfact.org%2Fcrime%2Fpolice-funding-england-and-wales%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALaw+enforcement+in+the+United+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-guardianrising-145"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-guardianrising_145-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2017/nov/09/britains-police-budgets-to-lose-700m-by-2020-amid-rising">Britain's police budgets to lose £700m by 2020, amid rising crime</a> <i><a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a></i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-146"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-146">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcKinney2017" class="citation web cs1">McKinney, Conor James (29 March 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fullfact.org/crime/police-funding-up-down/">"Police funding: up or down?"</a>. <i>Full Fact</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170713201446/https://fullfact.org/crime/police-funding-up-down/">Archived</a> from the original on 13 July 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 June</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Full+Fact&rft.atitle=Police+funding%3A+up+or+down%3F&rft.date=2017-03-29&rft.aulast=McKinney&rft.aufirst=Conor+James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffullfact.org%2Fcrime%2Fpolice-funding-up-down%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALaw+enforcement+in+the+United+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bbc2/3/2017-147"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-bbc2/3/2017_147-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bbc2/3/2017_147-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bbc2/3/2017_147-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-39135300">Police 'rationing' puts public at risk, warns watchdog</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180411090219/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-39135300">Archived</a> 11 April 2018 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <i><a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a></i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-148"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-148">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2018/oct/23/police-chiefs-fewer-officers-treasury-shrinks-budgets-pensions">Police chiefs warn of fewer officers after Treasury shrinks budgets further</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240903060619/https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2018/oct/23/police-chiefs-fewer-officers-treasury-shrinks-budgets-pensions">Archived</a> 3 September 2024 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <i><a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a></i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-149"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-149">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/police-conservative-austerity-cuts-public-safety-theresa-may-research-a8626786.html">Four-fifths of people believe police austerity cuts have made Britain's streets less safe, new poll reveals</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181112034346/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/police-conservative-austerity-cuts-public-safety-theresa-may-research-a8626786.html">Archived</a> 12 November 2018 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <i><a href="/wiki/The_Independent" title="The Independent">The Independent</a></i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-150"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-150">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2018/mar/22/police-taking-days-to-respond-to-999-calls-as-budget-cuts-bite">Police taking days to respond to 999 calls as budget cuts bite</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240903060620/https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2018/mar/22/police-taking-days-to-respond-to-999-calls-as-budget-cuts-bite">Archived</a> 3 September 2024 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <i><a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a></i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-151"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-151">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-43497047">Police can take days to respond to 999 calls, says report</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240903060624/https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-43497047">Archived</a> 3 September 2024 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <i><a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a></i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-152"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-152">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2017/feb/03/met-police-chief-bernard-hogan-howe-policing-numbers-london">Met police chief says cuts will lead to fewer officers in London</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240903060621/https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2017/feb/03/met-police-chief-bernard-hogan-howe-policing-numbers-london">Archived</a> 3 September 2024 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <i><a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a></i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-153"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-153">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2017/jun/23/police-budgets-dave-thompson-2011-riots-counter-terror">Police would struggle to deal with repeat of 2011 riots, says senior officer</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240903060651/https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2017/jun/23/police-budgets-dave-thompson-2011-riots-counter-terror">Archived</a> 3 September 2024 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <i><a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a></i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ecomomist-154"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ecomomist_154-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ecomomist_154-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.economist.com/node/13497460">"The camera is mightier than the sword"</a>. <i>The Economist</i>. 16 April 2009. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150907131311/http://www.economist.com/node/13497460">Archived</a> from the original on 7 September 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 September</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Economist&rft.atitle=The+camera+is+mightier+than+the+sword&rft.date=2009-04-16&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.economist.com%2Fnode%2F13497460&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALaw+enforcement+in+the+United+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-155"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-155">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ipcc.gov.uk/sites/default/files/Documents/research_stats/Deaths_Report2011-12.PDF">"Deaths During or Following Police Contact: Statistics for England and Wales 2011/12"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a href="/wiki/Independent_Police_Complaints_Commission" title="Independent Police Complaints Commission">Independent Police Complaints Commission</a>. 2012. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160422221641/http://www.ipcc.gov.uk/sites/default/files/Documents/research_stats/Deaths_Report2011-12.PDF">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 22 April 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 September</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Deaths+During+or+Following+Police+Contact%3A+Statistics+for+England+and+Wales+2011%2F12&rft.pub=Independent+Police+Complaints+Commission&rft.date=2012&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ipcc.gov.uk%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2FDocuments%2Fresearch_stats%2FDeaths_Report2011-12.PDF&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALaw+enforcement+in+the+United+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-156"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-156">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ipcc.gov.uk/news/ipcc-publishes-annual-deaths-during-or-following-police-contact-201213-%E2%80%93-mental-health-key">"IPCC publishes annual deaths during or following police contact for 2012/13 – mental health a key factor"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Independent_Police_Complaints_Commission" title="Independent Police Complaints Commission">Independent Police Complaints Commission</a>. 22 July 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151018113715/https://www.ipcc.gov.uk/news/ipcc-publishes-annual-deaths-during-or-following-police-contact-201213-%E2%80%93-mental-health-key">Archived</a> from the original on 18 October 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 September</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=IPCC+publishes+annual+deaths+during+or+following+police+contact+for+2012%2F13+%E2%80%93+mental+health+a+key+factor&rft.pub=Independent+Police+Complaints+Commission&rft.date=2013-07-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ipcc.gov.uk%2Fnews%2Fipcc-publishes-annual-deaths-during-or-following-police-contact-201213-%25E2%2580%2593-mental-health-key&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALaw+enforcement+in+the+United+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-157"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-157">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ipcc.gov.uk/news/deaths-or-following-police-custody-continue-fall-mental-health-remains-issue">"Deaths in or following police custody continue to fall but mental health remains an issue"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Independent_Police_Complaints_Commission" title="Independent Police Complaints Commission">Independent Police Complaints Commission</a>. 15 July 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151018113716/https://www.ipcc.gov.uk/news/deaths-or-following-police-custody-continue-fall-mental-health-remains-issue">Archived</a> from the original on 18 October 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 September</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Deaths+in+or+following+police+custody+continue+to+fall+but+mental+health+remains+an+issue&rft.pub=Independent+Police+Complaints+Commission&rft.date=2014-07-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ipcc.gov.uk%2Fnews%2Fdeaths-or-following-police-custody-continue-fall-mental-health-remains-issue&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALaw+enforcement+in+the+United+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-158"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-158">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ipcc.gov.uk/news/annual-report-deaths-during-or-following-police-contact-201415-published">"Annual report on deaths during or following police contact in 2014/15 published"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Independent_Police_Complaints_Commission" title="Independent Police Complaints Commission">Independent Police Complaints Commission</a>. 23 July 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 September</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Annual+report+on+deaths+during+or+following+police+contact+in+2014%2F15+published&rft.pub=Independent+Police+Complaints+Commission&rft.date=2015-07-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ipcc.gov.uk%2Fnews%2Fannual-report-deaths-during-or-following-police-contact-201415-published&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALaw+enforcement+in+the+United+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-159"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-159">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/news/datablog/2012/jul/19/deaths-police-custody-data">"Datablog: deaths after police contact or in police custody"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>. 19 July 2012. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240903060622/https://www.theguardian.com/news/datablog/2012/jul/19/deaths-police-custody-data">Archived</a> from the original on 3 September 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 September</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Datablog%3A+deaths+after+police+contact+or+in+police+custody&rft.date=2012-07-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fnews%2Fdatablog%2F2012%2Fjul%2F19%2Fdeaths-police-custody-data&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALaw+enforcement+in+the+United+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-160"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-160">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20060715173033/http://police.homeoffice.gov.uk/news%2Dand%2Dpublications/publication/operational%2Dpolicing/deaths1998.pdf?view%3DBinary">"Deaths in Police Custody: Statistics for England & Wales, April 1997 to March 1998"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>homeoffice.gov.uk</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://police.homeoffice.gov.uk/news-and-publications/publication/operational-policing/deaths1998.pdf?view=Binary">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 15 July 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 December</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=homeoffice.gov.uk&rft.atitle=Deaths+in+Police+Custody%3A+Statistics+for+England+%26+Wales%2C+April+1997+to+March+1998&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpolice.homeoffice.gov.uk%2Fnews-and-publications%2Fpublication%2Foperational-policing%2Fdeaths1998.pdf%3Fview%3DBinary&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALaw+enforcement+in+the+United+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-161"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-161">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMetropolitan_Police_Authority" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Police_Authority" title="Metropolitan Police Authority">Metropolitan Police Authority</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060926140252/http://www.mpa.gov.uk/about/publications/factsheets/deaths-in-custody.htm">"MPA: Publication: Factsheets - Deaths in custody"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mpa.gov.uk/about/publications/factsheets/deaths-in-custody.htm">the original</a> on 26 September 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=MPA%3A+Publication%3A+Factsheets+-+Deaths+in+custody&rft.au=Metropolitan+Police+Authority&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mpa.gov.uk%2Fabout%2Fpublications%2Ffactsheets%2Fdeaths-in-custody.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALaw+enforcement+in+the+United+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-162"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-162">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/society/2016/dec/10/hundreds-of-people-kill-themselves-after-being-in-police-custody-report-finds">"Hundreds of people kill themselves after being in police custody, report finds"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a></i>. 10 December 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240903060623/https://www.theguardian.com/society/2016/dec/10/hundreds-of-people-kill-themselves-after-being-in-police-custody-report-finds">Archived</a> from the original on 3 September 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 December</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Hundreds+of+people+kill+themselves+after+being+in+police+custody%2C+report+finds&rft.date=2016-12-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fsociety%2F2016%2Fdec%2F10%2Fhundreds-of-people-kill-themselves-after-being-in-police-custody-report-finds&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALaw+enforcement+in+the+United+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-163"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-163">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/leicestershire/4948554.stm">"England | Leicestershire | Film shows police 'watching porn'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. BBC News. 26 April 2006. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070103211815/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/leicestershire/4948554.stm">Archived</a> from the original on 3 January 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 May</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=England+%26%23124%3B+Leicestershire+%26%23124%3B+Film+shows+police+%27watching+porn%27&rft.date=2006-04-26&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F1%2Fhi%2Fengland%2Fleicestershire%2F4948554.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALaw+enforcement+in+the+United+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-164"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-164">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDaly2003" class="citation news cs1">Daly, Mark (21 October 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/magazine/3210614.stm">"Magazine | My life as a secret policeman"</a>. BBC News. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090227124656/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/magazine/3210614.stm">Archived</a> from the original on 27 February 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 May</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Magazine+%26%23124%3B+My+life+as+a+secret+policeman&rft.date=2003-10-21&rft.aulast=Daly&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F1%2Fhi%2Fmagazine%2F3210614.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALaw+enforcement+in+the+United+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-165"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_165-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_165-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="guardian-2005-03-04" class="citation news cs1">Marks, Lisa (4 March 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/media/2005/mar/04/raceintheuk.broadcasting">"Police face action after BBC racism film"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0261-3077">0261-3077</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240903060624/https://www.theguardian.com/media/2005/mar/04/raceintheuk.broadcasting">Archived</a> from the original on 3 September 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 January</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Police+face+action+after+BBC+racism+film&rft.date=2005-03-04&rft.issn=0261-3077&rft.aulast=Marks&rft.aufirst=Lisa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fmedia%2F2005%2Fmar%2F04%2Fraceintheuk.broadcasting&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALaw+enforcement+in+the+United+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-166"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-166">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/crime/11655358/Met-chief-accepts-force-may-be-institutionally-racist.html">"Met chief accepts force may be 'institutionally racist'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a></span>. <i>The Daily Telegraph</i>. 5 June 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220112/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/crime/11655358/Met-chief-accepts-force-may-be-institutionally-racist.html">Archived</a> from the original on 12 January 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 June</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Daily+Telegraph&rft.atitle=Met+chief+accepts+force+may+be+%27institutionally+racist%27&rft.date=2015-06-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fuknews%2Fcrime%2F11655358%2FMet-chief-accepts-force-may-be-institutionally-racist.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALaw+enforcement+in+the+United+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-167"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-167">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-london-33025853">"Met acknowledges 'some justification' to claims the force is 'racist'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. BBC News. 5 June 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150827235205/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-london-33025853">Archived</a> from the original on 27 August 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 August</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Met+acknowledges+%27some+justification%27+to+claims+the+force+is+%27racist%27&rft.date=2015-06-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fuk-england-london-33025853&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALaw+enforcement+in+the+United+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-168"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-168">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.computerweekly.com/news/2240059397/Police-IT-agency-signs-122m-contract-despite-doubts-over-future">"Police IT agency signs £122m contract despite doubts over future"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Computer_Weekly" title="Computer Weekly">Computer Weekly</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240903061142/https://www.computerweekly.com/news">Archived</a> from the original on 3 September 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 December</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Computer+Weekly&rft.atitle=Police+IT+agency+signs+%C2%A3122m+contract+despite+doubts+over+future&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.computerweekly.com%2Fnews%2F2240059397%2FPolice-IT-agency-signs-122m-contract-despite-doubts-over-future&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALaw+enforcement+in+the+United+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-169"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-169">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.computerweekly.com/news/2240059905/CCTV-could-be-matched-to-ID-data">"CCTV could be matched to ID data"</a>. <i>Computer Weekly</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161220103758/http://www.computerweekly.com/news/2240059905/CCTV-could-be-matched-to-ID-data">Archived</a> from the original on 20 December 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 December</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Computer+Weekly&rft.atitle=CCTV+could+be+matched+to+ID+data&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.computerweekly.com%2Fnews%2F2240059905%2FCCTV-could-be-matched-to-ID-data&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALaw+enforcement+in+the+United+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-170"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-170">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPook2005" class="citation news cs1">Pook, Sally (10 December 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060228161053/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml?xml=/news/2005/12/10/ngay10.xml">"Police warn author over gay comments"</a>. <i>The Telegraph</i>. London. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml?xml=/news/2005/12/10/ngay10.xml">the original</a> on 28 February 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 May</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Telegraph&rft.atitle=Police+warn+author+over+gay+comments&rft.date=2005-12-10&rft.aulast=Pook&rft.aufirst=Sally&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fmain.jhtml%3Fxml%3D%2Fnews%2F2005%2F12%2F10%2Fngay10.xml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALaw+enforcement+in+the+United+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-171"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-171">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRozenberg2006" class="citation news cs1">Rozenberg, Joshua (12 January 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060721145028/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml?xml=/news/2006/01/12/nsacr12.xml">"Muslim leader faces police questioning about 'homophobic' remarks"</a>. <i>The Telegraph</i>. London. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml?xml=/news/2006/01/12/nsacr12.xml">the original</a> on 21 July 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 May</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Telegraph&rft.atitle=Muslim+leader+faces+police+questioning+about+%27homophobic%27+remarks&rft.date=2006-01-12&rft.aulast=Rozenberg&rft.aufirst=Joshua&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fmain.jhtml%3Fxml%3D%2Fnews%2F2006%2F01%2F12%2Fnsacr12.xml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALaw+enforcement+in+the+United+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-172"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-172">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090413040624/http://www.opsi.gov.uk/si/si2009/uksi_20090058_en_1">"The Counter-Terrorism Act 2008 (Commencement No. 2) Order 2009"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.opsi.gov.uk/si/si2009/uksi_20090058_en_1">the original</a> on 13 April 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Counter-Terrorism+Act+2008+%28Commencement+No.+2%29+Order+2009&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.opsi.gov.uk%2Fsi%2Fsi2009%2Fuksi_20090058_en_1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALaw+enforcement+in+the+United+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-S76-173"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-S76_173-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-S76_173-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-S76_173-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.opsi.gov.uk/acts/acts2008/ukpga_20080028_en_9#pt7-pb3-l1g76">"Counter-Terrorism Act 2008 (c. 28)"</a>. Opsi.gov.uk. 16 January 2007. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090417092730/http://www.opsi.gov.uk/acts/acts2008/ukpga_20080028_en_9#pt7-pb3-l1g76">Archived</a> from the original on 17 April 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 May</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Counter-Terrorism+Act+2008+%28c.+28%29&rft.pub=Opsi.gov.uk&rft.date=2007-01-16&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.opsi.gov.uk%2Facts%2Facts2008%2Fukpga_20080028_en_9%23pt7-pb3-l1g76&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALaw+enforcement+in+the+United+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-174"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-174">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.theiac.org.uk/resourcesnew/filming-in-public/ACPO_Guidance_PhotographsPublicPlaces.pdf">https://www.theiac.org.uk/resourcesnew/filming-in-public/ACPO_Guidance_PhotographsPublicPlaces.pdf</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191001215634/https://www.theiac.org.uk/resourcesnew/filming-in-public/ACPO_Guidance_PhotographsPublicPlaces.pdf">Archived</a> 1 October 2019 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Bare_URLs" title="Wikipedia:Bare URLs"><span title="A full citation of this PDF document is required to prevent link rot. (March 2022)">bare URL PDF</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-175"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-175">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.met.police.uk/advice/advice-and-information/ph/photography-advice/">"Photography advice | The Met"</a>. <i>www.met.police.uk</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200621222642/https://www.met.police.uk/advice/advice-and-information/ph/photography-advice/">Archived</a> from the original on 21 June 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 April</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.met.police.uk&rft.atitle=Photography+advice+%26%23124%3B+The+Met&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.met.police.uk%2Fadvice%2Fadvice-and-information%2Fph%2Fphotography-advice%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALaw+enforcement+in+the+United+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-176"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-176">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMead2010" class="citation news cs1">Mead, David (10 December 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/libertycentral/2010/dec/10/water-cannon-tear-gas-violent-disorder">"Time to reconsider policing by consent? | David Mead"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0261-3077">0261-3077</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240903061126/https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/libertycentral/2010/dec/10/water-cannon-tear-gas-violent-disorder">Archived</a> from the original on 3 September 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 May</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Time+to+reconsider+policing+by+consent%3F+%7C+David+Mead&rft.date=2010-12-10&rft.issn=0261-3077&rft.aulast=Mead&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fcommentisfree%2Flibertycentral%2F2010%2Fdec%2F10%2Fwater-cannon-tear-gas-violent-disorder&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALaw+enforcement+in+the+United+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-177"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-177">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrace2018" class="citation journal cs1">Grace, Jamie (8 May 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200713225814/http://webjcli.org/article/view/556">"A balance of rights and protections in public order policing: A case study on Rotherham"</a>. <i>European Journal of Current Legal Issues</i>. <b>24</b> (1). <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2059-0881">2059-0881</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://webjcli.org/article/view/556">the original</a> on 13 July 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 June</span> 2020</span>. <q>It is of course a vital element of police legitimacy, based on the theory 'policing by consent' that predominates in the UK context, that public protest is policed impartially, and in a politically neutral manner</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=European+Journal+of+Current+Legal+Issues&rft.atitle=A+balance+of+rights+and+protections+in+public+order+policing%3A+A+case+study+on+Rotherham&rft.volume=24&rft.issue=1&rft.date=2018-05-08&rft.issn=2059-0881&rft.aulast=Grace&rft.aufirst=Jamie&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwebjcli.org%2Farticle%2Fview%2F556&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALaw+enforcement+in+the+United+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-178"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-178">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/london/8002586.stm">G20 police receive 145 complaints</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090418160440/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/london/8002586.stm">Archived</a> 18 April 2009 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> BBC News, 16 April 2009</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-179"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-179">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/8004222.stm">G20 officer quizzed after death</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240903061128/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/8004222.stm">Archived</a> 3 September 2024 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> BBC News, 17 April 2009</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-180"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-180">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/london/7992783.stm">G20 police officer is suspended</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090412185940/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/london/7992783.stm">Archived</a> 12 April 2009 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> BBC NEWS, 9 April 2009</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-181"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-181">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/london/7998976.stm">Police to probe 'woman assault'</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090416202141/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/london/7998976.stm">Archived</a> 16 April 2009 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> BBC NEWS, 14 April 2009</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-182"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-182">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/london/7984234.stm">G20 activists want public inquiry</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090407033901/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/london/7984234.stm">Archived</a> 7 April 2009 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> BBC News 5 April 2009</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-183"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-183">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/london/8000246.stm">Police begin G20 tactics review</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090417073732/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/london/8000246.stm">Archived</a> 17 April 2009 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> BBC News, 15 April 2009</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-184"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-184">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/8000641.stm">Police 'kettle' tactic feels the heat</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090419200253/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/8000641.stm">Archived</a> 19 April 2009 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> BBC News, 16 April 2009</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lyall-185"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Lyall_185-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sarah Lyall, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2009/05/31/world/europe/31police.html?pagewanted=all">"Critics Assail British Police for Harsh Tactics During the G-20 Summit Meeting"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201031073704/https://www.nytimes.com/2009/05/31/world/europe/31police.html?pagewanted=all">Archived</a> 31 October 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <i>The New York Times</i>, 30 May 2009.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-LewisLavilleNov25-186"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-LewisLavilleNov25_186-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Paul Lewis, Sandra Laville, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2009/nov/25/police-g20-inquiry-report">"G20 report lays down the law to police on use of force"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201030230856/https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2009/nov/25/police-g20-inquiry-report">Archived</a> 30 October 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <i>The Guardian</i>, 25 November 2009.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-187"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-187">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-45970761">"Overstretched police risk becoming 'irrelevant', MPs warn"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. 25 October 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240903061157/https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-45970761">Archived</a> from the original on 3 September 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 October</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Overstretched+police+risk+becoming+%27irrelevant%27%2C+MPs+warn&rft.date=2018-10-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fuk-45970761&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALaw+enforcement+in+the+United+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hundreds-188"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-hundreds_188-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-hundreds_188-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161208111100/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2016/12/08/hundreds-police-reprieved-sex-abuse-claims-forces-fail-take/">"Hundreds of police officers 'getting away with sexual abuse of crime victims'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>The Telegraph</i>. London. 8 December 2016. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2016/12/08/hundreds-police-reprieved-sex-abuse-claims-forces-fail-take/">the original</a> on 8 December 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 December</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Telegraph&rft.atitle=Hundreds+of+police+officers+%27getting+away+with+sexual+abuse+of+crime+victims%27&rft.date=2016-12-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fnews%2F2016%2F12%2F08%2Fhundreds-police-reprieved-sex-abuse-claims-forces-fail-take%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALaw+enforcement+in+the+United+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-189"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-189">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrierson2016" class="citation news cs1">Grierson, Jamie (8 December 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2016/dec/08/hundreds-police-officers-accused-sex-abuse-inquiry-finds">"Hundreds of police in England and Wales accused of sexual abuse"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>. London. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240903061741/https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2016/dec/08/hundreds-police-officers-accused-sex-abuse-inquiry-finds">Archived</a> from the original on 3 September 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 December</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Hundreds+of+police+in+England+and+Wales+accused+of+sexual+abuse&rft.date=2016-12-08&rft.aulast=Grierson&rft.aufirst=Jamie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fuk-news%2F2016%2Fdec%2F08%2Fhundreds-police-officers-accused-sex-abuse-inquiry-finds&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALaw+enforcement+in+the+United+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-guardian-2018-190"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-guardian-2018_190-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-guardian-2018_190-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoffey2018" class="citation news cs1">Boffey, Daniel (6 August 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2018/aug/06/police-leaders-warn-home-secretary-public-safety-threat-from-no-deal-brexit">"No-deal Brexit poses serious risk to public safety, say police leaders"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0261-3077">0261-3077</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240903061737/https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2018/aug/06/police-leaders-warn-home-secretary-public-safety-threat-from-no-deal-brexit">Archived</a> from the original on 3 September 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 January</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=No-deal+Brexit+poses+serious+risk+to+public+safety%2C+say+police+leaders&rft.date=2018-08-06&rft.issn=0261-3077&rft.aulast=Boffey&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fpolitics%2F2018%2Faug%2F06%2Fpolice-leaders-warn-home-secretary-public-safety-threat-from-no-deal-brexit&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALaw+enforcement+in+the+United+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-191"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-191">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-45093322">"Brexit: Police commissioners concern over 'no deal'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. 7 August 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240101180820/https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-45093322">Archived</a> from the original on 1 January 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 January</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Brexit%3A+Police+commissioners+concern+over+%27no+deal%27&rft.date=2018-08-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fuk-45093322&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALaw+enforcement+in+the+United+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-192"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-192">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPearson2021" class="citation web cs1">Pearson, Jeremy (24 March 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ukandeu.ac.uk/policing-capabilities-lessened-after-brexit/">"Policing capabilities lessened after Brexit"</a>. <i>UK in a changing Europe</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240101182535/https://ukandeu.ac.uk/policing-capabilities-lessened-after-brexit/">Archived</a> from the original on 1 January 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 January</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=UK+in+a+changing+Europe&rft.atitle=Policing+capabilities+lessened+after+Brexit&rft.date=2021-03-24&rft.aulast=Pearson&rft.aufirst=Jeremy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fukandeu.ac.uk%2Fpolicing-capabilities-lessened-after-brexit%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALaw+enforcement+in+the+United+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-shellaker-193"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-shellaker_193-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-shellaker_193-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShellakerTongSwallow2023" class="citation journal cs1">Shellaker, Matthew; Tong, Stephen; Swallow, Paul (3 April 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/17488958231162520">"UK–EU law enforcement cooperation post-Brexit: A UK law enforcement practitioner perspective"</a>. <i>Criminology & Criminal Justice</i>: 174889582311625. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F17488958231162520">10.1177/17488958231162520</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1748-8958">1748-8958</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240101182537/https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/17488958231162520">Archived</a> from the original on 1 January 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 January</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Criminology+%26+Criminal+Justice&rft.atitle=UK%E2%80%93EU+law+enforcement+cooperation+post-Brexit%3A+A+UK+law+enforcement+practitioner+perspective&rft.pages=174889582311625&rft.date=2023-04-03&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F17488958231162520&rft.issn=1748-8958&rft.aulast=Shellaker&rft.aufirst=Matthew&rft.au=Tong%2C+Stephen&rft.au=Swallow%2C+Paul&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjournals.sagepub.com%2Fdoi%2F10.1177%2F17488958231162520&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALaw+enforcement+in+the+United+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-194"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-194">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDruryMair2021" class="citation web cs1">Drury, Michael; Mair, Caroline (15 July 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.openaccessgovernment.org/the-uks-policing-and-law-enforcement-capabilities-in-europe-after-brexit/115469/">"The UK's policing and law enforcement capabilities in Europe after Brexit"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230127151315/https://www.openaccessgovernment.org/the-uks-policing-and-law-enforcement-capabilities-in-europe-after-brexit/115469/">Archived</a> from the original on 27 January 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 January</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+UK%E2%80%99s+policing+and+law+enforcement+capabilities+in+Europe+after+Brexit&rft.date=2021-07-15&rft.aulast=Drury&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft.au=Mair%2C+Caroline&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.openaccessgovernment.org%2Fthe-uks-policing-and-law-enforcement-capabilities-in-europe-after-brexit%2F115469%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALaw+enforcement+in+the+United+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-195"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-195">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLynch2024" class="citation web cs1">Lynch, David (5 August 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/nigel-farage-mark-rowley-prime-minister-priti-patel-parliament-b2591397.html">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Two-tier policing' worries are a non-issue, Sir Keir Starmer insists"</a>. <i>The Independent</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240806152034/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/nigel-farage-mark-rowley-prime-minister-priti-patel-parliament-b2591397.html">Archived</a> from the original on 6 August 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 August</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Independent&rft.atitle=%E2%80%98Two-tier+policing%E2%80%99+worries+are+a+non-issue%2C+Sir+Keir+Starmer+insists&rft.date=2024-08-05&rft.aulast=Lynch&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fuk%2Fnigel-farage-mark-rowley-prime-minister-priti-patel-parliament-b2591397.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALaw+enforcement+in+the+United+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-196"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-196">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlandDodd2024" class="citation news cs1">Bland, Archie; Dodd, Vikram (6 August 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/article/2024/aug/06/england-riots-two-tier-policing-myth-widespread">"England riots: how has 'two-tier policing' myth become widespread?"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0261-3077">0261-3077</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240903061634/https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/article/2024/aug/06/england-riots-two-tier-policing-myth-widespread">Archived</a> from the original on 3 September 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 August</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=England+riots%3A+how+has+%E2%80%98two-tier+policing%E2%80%99+myth+become+widespread%3F&rft.date=2024-08-06&rft.issn=0261-3077&rft.aulast=Bland&rft.aufirst=Archie&rft.au=Dodd%2C+Vikram&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fuk-news%2Farticle%2F2024%2Faug%2F06%2Fengland-riots-two-tier-policing-myth-widespread&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALaw+enforcement+in+the+United+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-197"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-197">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFElgot2024" class="citation web cs1">Elgot, Jessica (5 August 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/politics/article/2024/aug/05/priti-patel-criticises-nigel-farage-response-far-right-riots">"Priti Patel criticises Nigel Farage for comparing far-right riots to BLM protests"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Priti+Patel+criticises+Nigel+Farage+for+comparing+far-right+riots+to+BLM+protests&rft.date=2024-08-05&rft.aulast=Elgot&rft.aufirst=Jessica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fpolitics%2Farticle%2F2024%2Faug%2F05%2Fpriti-patel-criticises-nigel-farage-response-far-right-riots&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALaw+enforcement+in+the+United+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-198"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-198">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEvansBarton2024" class="citation news cs1">Evans, Martin; Barton, Alex (5 August 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2024/08/05/met-chief-grabs-journalists-mic-two-tier-policy-question/">"Watch: Met Police chief grabs journalist's microphone after 'two-tier policing' question"</a>. <i>The Telegraph</i>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0307-1235">0307-1235</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 August</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Telegraph&rft.atitle=Watch%3A+Met+Police+chief+grabs+journalist%27s+microphone+after+%27two-tier+policing%27+question&rft.date=2024-08-05&rft.issn=0307-1235&rft.aulast=Evans&rft.aufirst=Martin&rft.au=Barton%2C+Alex&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fnews%2F2024%2F08%2F05%2Fmet-chief-grabs-journalists-mic-two-tier-policy-question%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALaw+enforcement+in+the+United+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-199"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-199">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lbc.co.uk/news/met-police-chief-sir-mark-rowley-bizzarly-grabs-journalists-microphone/">"Met Police chief Sir Mark Rowley bizarrely grabs journalist's microphone after being quizzed on 'two-tier policing'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>LBC</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 August</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=LBC&rft.atitle=Met+Police+chief+Sir+Mark+Rowley+bizarrely+grabs+journalist%27s+microphone+after+being+quizzed+on+%27two-tier+policing%27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fmet-police-chief-sir-mark-rowley-bizzarly-grabs-journalists-microphone%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALaw+enforcement+in+the+United+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-200"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-200">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith2024" class="citation news cs1">Smith, Matthew (13 August 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://yougov.co.uk/politics/articles/50319-is-there-two-tier-policing-in-the-uk">"Is there two-tier policing in the UK?"</a>. YouGov. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240813145956/https://yougov.co.uk/politics/articles/50319-is-there-two-tier-policing-in-the-uk">Archived</a> from the original on 13 August 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 August</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Is+there+two-tier+policing+in+the+UK%3F&rft.date=2024-08-13&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Matthew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fyougov.co.uk%2Fpolitics%2Farticles%2F50319-is-there-two-tier-policing-in-the-uk&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALaw+enforcement+in+the+United+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-201"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-201">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSawerHoll-Allen2024" class="citation news cs1">Sawer, Patrick; Holl-Allen, Genevieve (24 August 2024). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2024/08/24/notting-hill-carnival-example-two-tier-policing/">"Notting Hill Carnival is 'ultimate example of two-tier policing', says ex-inspector"</a></span>. <i>The Telegraph</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240827015140/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2024/08/24/notting-hill-carnival-example-two-tier-policing/">Archived</a> from the original on 27 August 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 August</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Telegraph&rft.atitle=Notting+Hill+Carnival+is+%E2%80%98ultimate+example+of+two-tier+policing%E2%80%99%2C+says+ex-inspector&rft.date=2024-08-24&rft.aulast=Sawer&rft.aufirst=Patrick&rft.au=Holl-Allen%2C+Genevieve&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fnews%2F2024%2F08%2F24%2Fnotting-hill-carnival-example-two-tier-policing%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALaw+enforcement+in+the+United+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-202"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-202">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/articles/cy94yz3p7xpo">"Reform UK legal action threat over Manchester Airport incident"</a>. BBC. 7 October 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Reform+UK+legal+action+threat+over+Manchester+Airport+incident&rft.pub=BBC&rft.date=2024-10-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Farticles%2Fcy94yz3p7xpo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALaw+enforcement+in+the+United+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-203"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-203">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFConstabularyFire" class="citation web cs1">Constabulary, © Her Majesty's Inspectorate of; Fire. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.justiceinspectorates.gov.uk/hmicfrs/our-work/cat/international-and-specialist-agencies/">"International and specialist agencies Archives"</a>. <i>HMICFRS</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200620231158/https://www.justiceinspectorates.gov.uk/hmicfrs/our-work/cat/international-and-specialist-agencies/">Archived</a> from the original on 20 June 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 July</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=HMICFRS&rft.atitle=International+and+specialist+agencies+Archives&rft.aulast=Constabulary&rft.aufirst=%C2%A9+Her+Majesty%27s+Inspectorate+of&rft.au=Fire&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.justiceinspectorates.gov.uk%2Fhmicfrs%2Four-work%2Fcat%2Finternational-and-specialist-agencies%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALaw+enforcement+in+the+United+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-collections.europarchive.org-204"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-collections.europarchive.org_204-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20020805032057/http://www.fco.gov.uk/servlet/Front?pagename=OpenMarket/Xcelerate/ShowPage&c=Page&cid=1013618138295">"Overseas Territories"</a>. UK Overseas Territories Foreign & Commonwealth Office. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fco.gov.uk/servlet/Front%3fpagename=OpenMarket/Xcelerate/ShowPage&c=Page&cid=1013618138295">the original</a> on 5 August 2002<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 December</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Overseas+Territories&rft.pub=UK+Overseas+Territories+Foreign+%26+Commonwealth+Office&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fco.gov.uk%2Fservlet%2FFront%253fpagename%3DOpenMarket%2FXcelerate%2FShowPage%26c%3DPage%26cid%3D1013618138295&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALaw+enforcement+in+the+United+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Law_enforcement_in_the_United_Kingdom&action=edit&section=70" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.police.uk/">Police.uk</a> - England, Wales and Northern Ireland</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scotland.police.uk/">Police Scotland</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Specialist_units_of_the_United_Kingdom_police" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Specialist_police_units_of_Britain" title="Template:Specialist police units of Britain"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Specialist_police_units_of_Britain" title="Template talk:Specialist police units of Britain"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Specialist_police_units_of_Britain" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Specialist police units of Britain"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Specialist_units_of_the_United_Kingdom_police" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Specialist units of the <a class="mw-selflink selflink">United Kingdom police</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Basic_command_unit" title="Basic command unit">Basic Command Unit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criminal_investigation_department" class="mw-redirect" title="Criminal investigation department">Criminal Investigation Department (CID)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Firearms_unit" title="Firearms unit">Firearms Unit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forward_intelligence_team" title="Forward intelligence team">Forward Intelligence Team</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fraud_squad_(United_Kingdom)" title="Fraud squad (United Kingdom)">Fraud squad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Police_support_unit_(United_Kingdom)" title="Police support unit (United Kingdom)">Police Support Unit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Road_policing_unit" class="mw-redirect" title="Road policing unit">Road Policing Unit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_Branch#United_Kingdom" title="Special Branch">Special Branch</a> (<a href="/wiki/Special_Branch_(Metropolitan_Police)" title="Special Branch (Metropolitan Police)">Met Police</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=United_Kingdom&#124;link=United_Kingdom_Law_enforcement_agencies_of_the_United_Kingdom" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:UK_law_enforcement_agencies" title="Template:UK law enforcement agencies"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:UK_law_enforcement_agencies" title="Template talk:UK law enforcement agencies"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:UK_law_enforcement_agencies" title="Special:EditPage/Template:UK law enforcement agencies"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=United_Kingdom&#124;link=United_Kingdom_Law_enforcement_agencies_of_the_United_Kingdom" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom"><img alt="United Kingdom" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/List_of_law_enforcement_agencies_in_the_United_Kingdom,_Crown_Dependencies_and_British_Overseas_Territories" title="List of law enforcement agencies in the United Kingdom, Crown Dependencies and British Overseas Territories">Law enforcement agencies of the United Kingdom</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible expanded navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Police_forces" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Police forces</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group wraplinks" style="width:11.0em;white-space:normal;">Territorial</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">England</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Avon_and_Somerset_Police" title="Avon and Somerset Police">Avon and Somerset</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bedfordshire_Police" title="Bedfordshire Police">Bedfordshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambridgeshire_Constabulary" title="Cambridgeshire Constabulary">Cambridgeshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cheshire_Constabulary" title="Cheshire Constabulary">Cheshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_of_London_Police" title="City of London Police">City of London</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cleveland_Police" title="Cleveland Police">Cleveland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cumbria_Constabulary" title="Cumbria Constabulary">Cumbria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Derbyshire_Constabulary" title="Derbyshire Constabulary">Derbyshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devon_and_Cornwall_Police" title="Devon and Cornwall Police">Devon & Cornwall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorset_Police" title="Dorset Police">Dorset</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Durham_Constabulary" title="Durham Constabulary">Durham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Essex_Police" title="Essex Police">Essex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gloucestershire_Constabulary" title="Gloucestershire Constabulary">Gloucestershire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Manchester_Police" title="Greater Manchester Police">Greater Manchester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hampshire_and_Isle_of_Wight_Constabulary" title="Hampshire and Isle of Wight Constabulary">Hampshire and Isle of Wight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hertfordshire_Constabulary" title="Hertfordshire Constabulary">Hertfordshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humberside_Police" title="Humberside Police">Humberside</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kent_Police" title="Kent Police">Kent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lancashire_Constabulary" title="Lancashire Constabulary">Lancashire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leicestershire_Police" title="Leicestershire Police">Leicestershire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lincolnshire_Police" title="Lincolnshire Police">Lincolnshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merseyside_Police" title="Merseyside Police">Merseyside</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Police" title="Metropolitan Police">Metropolitan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norfolk_Constabulary" title="Norfolk Constabulary">Norfolk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Yorkshire_Police" title="North Yorkshire Police">North Yorkshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northamptonshire_Police" title="Northamptonshire Police">Northamptonshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northumbria_Police" title="Northumbria Police">Northumbria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nottinghamshire_Police" title="Nottinghamshire Police">Nottinghamshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Yorkshire_Police" title="South Yorkshire Police">South Yorkshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Staffordshire_Police" title="Staffordshire Police">Staffordshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suffolk_Constabulary" title="Suffolk Constabulary">Suffolk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surrey_Police" title="Surrey Police">Surrey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sussex_Police" title="Sussex Police">Sussex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thames_Valley_Police" title="Thames Valley Police">Thames Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warwickshire_Police" title="Warwickshire Police">Warwickshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Mercia_Police" title="West Mercia Police">West Mercia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Midlands_Police" title="West Midlands Police">West Midlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Yorkshire_Police" title="West Yorkshire Police">West Yorkshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wiltshire_Police" title="Wiltshire Police">Wiltshire</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Wales</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dyfed-Powys_Police" title="Dyfed-Powys Police">Dyfed-Powys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gwent_Police" title="Gwent Police">Gwent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Wales_Police" title="North Wales Police">North Wales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Wales_Police" title="South Wales Police">South Wales</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Scotland</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Police_Scotland" title="Police Scotland">Police Scotland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Northern Ireland</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Police_Service_of_Northern_Ireland" title="Police Service of Northern Ireland">Police Service of Northern Ireland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group wraplinks" style="width:11.0em;white-space:normal;">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_Transport_Police" title="British Transport Police">British Transport Police</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_Nuclear_Constabulary" title="Civil Nuclear Constabulary">Civil Nuclear Constabulary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Defence_Police" title="Ministry of Defence Police">Ministry of Defence Police</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:11.0em"><a href="/wiki/Airport_policing_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Airport policing in the United Kingdom">Airports</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Belfast_International_Airport_Constabulary" title="Belfast International Airport Constabulary">Belfast International</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Airport_policing_in_the_United_Kingdom#British_Airports_Authority_Constabulary" title="Airport policing in the United Kingdom">British Airports Authority</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Birmingham_Airport_Police" title="Birmingham Airport Police">Birmingham</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Liverpool_Airport_Police" title="Liverpool Airport Police">Liverpool</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Manchester_Airport_Police" title="Manchester Airport Police">Manchester</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Airport_policing_in_the_United_Kingdom#Ministry_of_Civil_Aviation_Constabulary" title="Airport policing in the United Kingdom">Ministry of Civil Aviation</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:11.0em">Markets</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/City_of_London_market_constabularies" title="City of London market constabularies">City of London (Billingsgate, Smithfields and Spitalfields)</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Birmingham_Market_Police" title="Birmingham Market Police">Birmingham</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Liverpool_Markets_Police" title="Liverpool Markets Police">Liverpool</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Manchester_Market_Police" title="Manchester Market Police">Manchester</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:11.0em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_law_enforcement_agencies_in_the_United_Kingdom,_Crown_Dependencies_and_British_Overseas_Territories#Other" title="List of law enforcement agencies in the United Kingdom, Crown Dependencies and British Overseas Territories">Miscellaneous</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Constabulary" title="Cambridge University Constabulary">Cambridge University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liverpool_Cathedral_Constables" title="Liverpool Cathedral Constables">Liverpool Cathedral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mersey_Tunnels_Police" title="Mersey Tunnels Police">Mersey Tunnels</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Police" title="Oxford University Police">Oxford University</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Salisbury_Cathedral#Cathedral_constables" title="Salisbury Cathedral">Salisbury Cathedral</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/York_Minster_Police" title="York Minster Police">York Minster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland_Security_Guard_Service" title="Northern Ireland Security Guard Service">Northern Ireland Security Guard Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canterbury_Cathedral_Close_Constables" title="Canterbury Cathedral Close Constables">Canterbury Cathedral Close Constables</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chester_Cathedral_Constables" title="Chester Cathedral Constables">Chester Cathedral Constables</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:11.0em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_law_enforcement_agencies_in_the_United_Kingdom,_Crown_Dependencies_and_British_Overseas_Territories#Parks_police" title="List of law enforcement agencies in the United Kingdom, Crown Dependencies and British Overseas Territories">Parks</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">London</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Barking_and_Dagenham_Parks_Constabulary" title="Barking and Dagenham Parks Constabulary">Barking and Dagenham</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Brent_Parks_Constabulary" title="Brent Parks Constabulary">Brent</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epping_Forest_Keepers" title="Epping Forest Keepers">Epping Forest</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Greenwich_Parks_Constabulary" title="Greenwich Parks Constabulary">Greenwich</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hammersmith_and_Fulham_Parks_Constabulary" title="Hammersmith and Fulham Parks Constabulary">Hammersmith and Fulham</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hampstead_Heath_Constabulary" title="Hampstead Heath Constabulary">Hampstead Heath</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Haringey_Parks_Constabulary" title="Haringey Parks Constabulary">Haringey</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Havering_Parks_Constabulary" title="Havering Parks Constabulary">Havering</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hillingdon_Parks_Patrol_Service" title="Hillingdon Parks Patrol Service">Hillingdon</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kew_Constabulary" title="Kew Constabulary">Kew</a></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Newham_Community_Constabulary" title="Newham Community Constabulary">Newham</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Redbridge_Parks_Police" title="Redbridge Parks Police">Redbridge</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Borough_of_Kensington_and_Chelsea_Parks_Police" title="Royal Borough of Kensington and Chelsea Parks Police">Royal Borough of Kensington and Chelsea</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Royal_Parks_Constabulary" title="Royal Parks Constabulary">Royal Parks</a></i></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sutton_Parks_Constabulary" title="Sutton Parks Constabulary">Sutton</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wandsworth_Parks_and_Events_Police" title="Wandsworth Parks and Events Police">Wandsworth</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Brighton_Parks_Police" title="Brighton Parks Police">Brighton </a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Birmingham_Parks_Police" title="Birmingham Parks Police">Birmingham</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Liverpool_Parks_Police" title="Liverpool Parks Police">Liverpool</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:11.0em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_law_enforcement_agencies_in_the_United_Kingdom,_Crown_Dependencies_and_British_Overseas_Territories#Ports_police" title="List of law enforcement agencies in the United Kingdom, Crown Dependencies and British Overseas Territories">Ports</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Belfast_Harbour_Police" title="Belfast Harbour Police">Belfast Harbour</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bute_Dock_Police" title="Bute Dock Police">Bute Docks</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falmouth_Docks_Police" title="Falmouth Docks Police">Falmouth Docks</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Larne_Harbour_Police" class="mw-redirect" title="Larne Harbour Police">Larne Harbour</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Port_of_Bristol_Police" title="Port of Bristol Police">Port of Bristol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Port_of_Dover_Police" title="Port of Dover Police">Port of Dover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Port_of_Felixstowe_Police" title="Port of Felixstowe Police">Port of Felixstowe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Port_of_Liverpool_Police" title="Port of Liverpool Police">Port of Liverpool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Port_of_Portland_Police_(United_Kingdom)" title="Port of Portland Police (United Kingdom)">Port of Portland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Port_of_Tilbury_Police" title="Port of Tilbury Police">Port of Tilbury</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Southampton_Harbour_Board_Police" title="Southampton Harbour Board Police">Southampton Harbour</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tees_and_Hartlepool_Harbour_Police" title="Tees and Hartlepool Harbour Police">Tees and Hartlepool Harbour</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:11.0em">Rivers & canals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Lee_Conservancy_Police" title="Lee Conservancy Police">Lee Conservancy</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Manchester_Ship_Canal_Police" title="Manchester Ship Canal Police">Manchester Ship Canal</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Marine_Policing_Unit#Inception" title="Marine Policing Unit">Thames River Police</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/City_of_Glasgow_Police#Marine_Police" title="City of Glasgow Police">River Clyde</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/River_Tyne_Police" title="River Tyne Police">River Tyne</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tyne_Improvement_Commission_Docks_and_Piers_Police" class="mw-redirect" title="Tyne Improvement Commission Docks and Piers Police">Tyne Improvement Commission</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:11.0em"><a href="/wiki/Military_police_of_the_United_Kingdom#Service_police" title="Military police of the United Kingdom">Service police</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Air_Force_Police" title="Royal Air Force Police">Royal Air Force Police</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Marines_Police" title="Royal Marines Police">Royal Marines Police</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Military_Police" title="Royal Military Police">Royal Military Police</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Navy_Police" title="Royal Navy Police">Royal Navy Police</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><i>Italics</i> indicate defunct agencies</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Police_forces_of_the_Crown_Dependencies_and_British_Overseas_Territories" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Police_forces_of_the_Crown_Dependencies_and_British_Overseas_Territories" title="Template:Police forces of the Crown Dependencies and British Overseas Territories"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Police_forces_of_the_Crown_Dependencies_and_British_Overseas_Territories" title="Template talk:Police forces of the Crown Dependencies and British Overseas Territories"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Police_forces_of_the_Crown_Dependencies_and_British_Overseas_Territories" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Police forces of the Crown Dependencies and British Overseas Territories"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Police_forces_of_the_Crown_Dependencies_and_British_Overseas_Territories" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Police forces of the <a href="/wiki/Crown_Dependencies" title="Crown Dependencies">Crown Dependencies</a> and <a href="/wiki/British_Overseas_Territories" title="British Overseas Territories">British Overseas Territories</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Crown Dependencies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Guernsey_Police" title="Guernsey Police">Guernsey Police</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isle_of_Man_Constabulary" title="Isle of Man Constabulary">Isle of Man Constabulary</a></li> <li>Jersey <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Honorary_Police" title="Honorary Police">Honorary Police</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/States_of_Jersey_Police" title="States of Jersey Police">States of Jersey Police</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">British Overseas Territories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Anguilla_Police_Force" title="Royal Anguilla Police Force">Anguilla</a></li> <li>Bermuda <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Airport_Security_Police_(Bermuda)" title="Airport Security Police (Bermuda)">Airport Police</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bermuda_Police_Service" title="Bermuda Police Service">Police</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Indian_Ocean_Territory_Police" title="British Indian Ocean Territory Police">British Indian Ocean Territory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Virgin_Islands_Police_Force" title="Royal Virgin Islands Police Force">British Virgin Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Cayman_Islands_Police_Service" title="Royal Cayman Islands Police Service">Cayman Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Falkland_Islands_Police" title="Royal Falkland Islands Police">Falkland Islands</a></li> <li>Gibraltar <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Gibraltar_Police" title="Royal Gibraltar Police">RGP (civilian police)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gibraltar_Defence_Police" title="Gibraltar Defence Police">GDP (defence police)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borders_and_Coastguard_Agency" title="Borders and Coastguard Agency">Borders & Coastguard</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Montserrat_Police_Service" title="Royal Montserrat Police Service">Montserrat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_the_Pitcairn_Islands" title="Law enforcement in the Pitcairn Islands">Pitcairn Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Helena_Police_Service" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Helena Police Service">Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha</a></li> <li>Sovereign Base Areas <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sovereign_Base_Areas_Customs_and_Immigration" title="Sovereign Base Areas Customs and Immigration">Customs and Immigration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sovereign_Base_Areas_Police" title="Sovereign Base Areas Police">Police</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Turks_and_Caicos_Islands_Police_Force" title="Royal Turks and Caicos Islands Police Force">Turks and Caicos</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible expanded navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Non-police_agencies" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Non-police agencies</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:11.0em">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Border_Force" title="Border Force">Border Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gangmasters_and_Labour_Abuse_Authority" title="Gangmasters and Labour Abuse Authority">Gangmasters and Labour Abuse Authority</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HM_Revenue_and_Customs" title="HM Revenue and Customs">HM Revenue and Customs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_Enforcement" title="Immigration Enforcement">Immigration Enforcement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Crime_Agency" title="National Crime Agency">National Crime Agency</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:11.0em">England</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Environment_Agency" title="Environment Agency">Environment Agency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_and_Safety_Executive" title="Health and Safety Executive">Health and Safety Executive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/His_Majesty%27s_Prison_Service" title="His Majesty's Prison Service">His Majesty's Prison Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_Management_Organisation" title="Marine Management Organisation">Marine Management Organisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serious_Fraud_Office_(United_Kingdom)" title="Serious Fraud Office (United Kingdom)">Serious Fraud Office (SFO)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:11.0em">Wales</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Health_and_Safety_Executive" title="Health and Safety Executive">Health and Safety Executive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/His_Majesty%27s_Prison_Service" title="His Majesty's Prison Service">His Majesty's Prison Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_and_Fisheries_Division_(Wales)" title="Marine and Fisheries Division (Wales)">Marine and Fisheries Division</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serious_Fraud_Office_(United_Kingdom)" title="Serious Fraud Office (United Kingdom)">Serious Fraud Office (SFO)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:11.0em">Scotland</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Health_and_Safety_Executive" title="Health and Safety Executive">Health and Safety Executive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_Scotland" class="mw-redirect" title="Marine Scotland">Marine Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Environment_Protection_Agency" title="Scottish Environment Protection Agency">Scottish Environment Protection Agency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Prison_Service" title="Scottish Prison Service">Scottish Prison Service</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:11.0em">Northern Ireland</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Health_and_Safety_Executive_for_Northern_Ireland" title="Health and Safety Executive for Northern Ireland">Health and Safety Executive for Northern Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland_Prison_Service" title="Northern Ireland Prison Service">Northern Ireland Prison Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organised_Crime_Task_Force_(Northern_Ireland)" title="Organised Crime Task Force (Northern Ireland)">Organised Crime Task Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serious_Fraud_Office_(United_Kingdom)" title="Serious Fraud Office (United Kingdom)">Serious Fraud Office (SFO)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Law_enforcement_in_Europe" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Europe_topic" title="Template:Europe topic"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Europe_topic" title="Template talk:Europe topic"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Europe_topic" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Europe topic"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Law_enforcement_in_Europe" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="Law enforcement in Europe">Law enforcement in Europe </a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sovereign states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Albania" title="Law enforcement in Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Andorra" class="mw-redirect" title="Law enforcement in Andorra">Andorra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Armenia" class="mw-redirect" title="Law enforcement in Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Austria" title="Law enforcement in Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Azerbaijan" title="Law enforcement in Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Belarus" title="Law enforcement in Belarus">Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Belgium" title="Law enforcement in Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Law enforcement in Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Bulgaria" title="Law enforcement in Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Croatia" title="Law enforcement in Croatia">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Cyprus" class="mw-redirect" title="Law enforcement in Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_the_Czech_Republic" title="Law enforcement in the Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Denmark" title="Law enforcement in Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Estonia" class="mw-redirect" title="Law enforcement in Estonia">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Finland" title="Law enforcement in Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_France" title="Law enforcement in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Georgia_(country)" title="Law enforcement in Georgia (country)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Germany" title="Law enforcement in Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Greece" class="mw-redirect" title="Law enforcement in Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Hungary" title="Law enforcement in Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Iceland" class="mw-redirect" title="Law enforcement in Iceland">Iceland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Law enforcement in the Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Italy" title="Law enforcement in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Kazakhstan" title="Law enforcement in Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Latvia" title="Law enforcement in Latvia">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Liechtenstein" class="mw-redirect" title="Law enforcement in Liechtenstein">Liechtenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Lithuania" class="mw-redirect" title="Law enforcement in Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Luxembourg" class="mw-redirect" title="Law enforcement in Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Malta" class="mw-redirect" title="Law enforcement in Malta">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Moldova" class="mw-redirect" title="Law enforcement in Moldova">Moldova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Monaco" class="mw-redirect" title="Law enforcement in Monaco">Monaco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Montenegro" class="mw-redirect" title="Law enforcement in Montenegro">Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_the_Netherlands" class="mw-redirect" title="Law enforcement in the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_North_Macedonia" class="mw-redirect" title="Law enforcement in North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Norway" class="mw-redirect" title="Law enforcement in Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Poland" title="Law enforcement in Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Portugal" title="Law enforcement in Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Romania" class="mw-redirect" title="Law enforcement in Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Russia" title="Law enforcement in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_San_Marino" title="Law enforcement in San Marino">San Marino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Serbia" class="mw-redirect" title="Law enforcement in Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Slovakia" title="Law enforcement in Slovakia">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Slovenia" class="mw-redirect" title="Law enforcement in Slovenia">Slovenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Spain" title="Law enforcement in Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Sweden" title="Law enforcement in Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Switzerland" title="Law enforcement in Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Turkey" title="Law enforcement in Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Ukraine" class="mw-redirect" title="Law enforcement in Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Vatican_City" class="mw-redirect" title="Law enforcement in Vatican City">Vatican City</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">States with limited<br />recognition</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Abkhazia" title="Law enforcement in Abkhazia">Abkhazia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Kosovo" class="mw-redirect" title="Law enforcement in Kosovo">Kosovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Northern_Cyprus" title="Law enforcement in Northern Cyprus">Northern Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Law_enforcement_in_South_Ossetia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Law enforcement in South Ossetia (page does not exist)">South Ossetia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Transnistria" title="Law enforcement in Transnistria">Transnistria</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Dependencies and<br />other entities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_%C3%85land" title="Law enforcement in Åland">Åland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_the_Faroe_Islands" title="Law enforcement in the Faroe Islands">Faroe Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Gibraltar" class="mw-redirect" title="Law enforcement in Gibraltar">Gibraltar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Guernsey" class="mw-redirect" title="Law enforcement in Guernsey">Guernsey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_the_Isle_of_Man" class="mw-redirect" title="Law enforcement in the Isle of Man">Isle of Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Jersey" title="Law enforcement in Jersey">Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Svalbard" class="mw-redirect" title="Law enforcement in Svalbard">Svalbard</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other entities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_the_European_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Law enforcement in the European Union">European Union</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Police_forces_by_country" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Police" title="Template:Police"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Police" title="Template talk:Police"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Police" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Police"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Police_forces_by_country" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Police" title="Police">Police</a> forces by country</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algerian_police" title="Algerian police">Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Police_of_Angola" class="mw-redirect" title="Police of Angola">Angola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Police_of_Benin" class="mw-redirect" title="Police of Benin">Benin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Botswana_Police_Service" title="Botswana Police Service">Botswana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Police_of_Burkina_Faso" class="mw-redirect" title="Police of Burkina Faso">Burkina Faso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Burundi" title="Law enforcement in Burundi">Burundi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Police_of_Cameroon" class="mw-redirect" title="Police of Cameroon">Cameroon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Cape_Verde" title="Law enforcement in Cape Verde">Cape Verde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Police_of_the_Central_African_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Police of the Central African Republic">Central African Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Police_of_Chad" class="mw-redirect" title="Police of Chad">Chad</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Police_of_Comoros&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Police of Comoros (page does not exist)">Comoros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congolese_National_Police" title="Congolese National Police">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Police_of_the_Republic_of_the_Congo" class="mw-redirect" title="Police of the Republic of the Congo">Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Police_of_Djibouti" class="mw-redirect" title="Police of Djibouti">Djibouti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_National_Police" title="Egyptian National Police">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Police_of_Equatorial_Guinea&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Police of Equatorial Guinea (page does not exist)">Equatorial Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eritrean_Police_Force" title="Eritrean Police Force">Eritrea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Police_of_Eswatini" class="mw-redirect" title="Police of Eswatini">Eswatini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Police_of_Ethiopia" class="mw-redirect" title="Police of Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Police_of_Gabon" class="mw-redirect" title="Police of Gabon">Gabon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Gambia_Police_Force" title="The Gambia Police Force">The Gambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghana_Police_Service" title="Ghana Police Service">Ghana</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Police_of_Guinea&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Police of Guinea (page does not exist)">Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Police_of_Guinea-Bissau&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Police of Guinea-Bissau (page does not exist)">Guinea-Bissau</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Police_of_Ivory_Coast&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Police of Ivory Coast (page does not exist)">Ivory Coast (Côte d'Ivoire)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenya_Police" title="Kenya Police">Kenya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lesotho_Mounted_Police_Service" title="Lesotho Mounted Police Service">Lesotho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberian_National_Police" title="Liberian National Police">Liberia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Police_of_Libya&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Police of Libya (page does not exist)">Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Police_of_Madagascar" class="mw-redirect" title="Police of Madagascar"> Madagascar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malawi_Police_Service" title="Malawi Police Service">Malawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Mali" title="Law enforcement in Mali">Mali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Police_of_Mauritania" class="mw-redirect" title="Police of Mauritania">Mauritania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauritius_Police_Force" title="Mauritius Police Force">Mauritius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%BBret%C3%A9_Nationale_(Morocco)" title="Sûreté Nationale (Morocco)">Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Police_of_Mozambique&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Police of Mozambique (page does not exist)">Mozambique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namibian_Police_Force" title="Namibian Police Force">Namibia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Police_of_Niger" title="National Police of Niger">Niger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigeria_Police_Force" title="Nigeria Police Force">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rwanda_National_Police" title="Rwanda National Police">Rwanda</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Police_of_S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Police of São Tomé and Príncipe (page does not exist)">São Tomé and Príncipe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Senegal" class="mw-redirect" title="Law enforcement in Senegal">Senegal</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Police_of_Seychelles&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Police of Seychelles (page does not exist)">Seychelles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leone_Police" title="Sierra Leone Police">Sierra Leone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somali_Police_Force" title="Somali Police Force">Somalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_African_Police_Service" title="South African Police Service">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Sudan_Police_Service" title="South Sudan Police Service">South Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Police_of_Sudan" class="mw-redirect" title="Police of Sudan">Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Police_of_Tanzania&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Police of Tanzania (page does not exist)">Tanzania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Police_of_Togo" class="mw-redirect" title="Police of Togo">Togo</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Police_of_Tunisia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Police of Tunisia (page does not exist)">Tunisia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uganda_National_Police" class="mw-redirect" title="Uganda National Police">Uganda</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Police_of_Zambia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Police of Zambia (page does not exist)">Zambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zimbabwe_Republic_Police" title="Zimbabwe Republic Police">Zimbabwe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Americas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Police_Force_of_Antigua_and_Barbuda" title="Royal Police Force of Antigua and Barbuda">Antigua and Barbuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argentine_Federal_Police" title="Argentine Federal Police">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Bahamas_Police_Force" title="Royal Bahamas Police Force">Bahamas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Barbados_Police_Force" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Barbados Police Force">Barbados</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belize_Police_Department" title="Belize Police Department">Belize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Bolivia" title="Law enforcement in Bolivia">Bolivia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Brazil" title="Law enforcement in Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Canada" title="Law enforcement in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carabineros_de_Chile" title="Carabineros de Chile">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Police_of_Colombia" title="National Police of Colombia">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_Forces_of_Costa_Rica" class="mw-redirect" title="Public Forces of Costa Rica">Costa Rica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Cuba" class="mw-redirect" title="Law enforcement in Cuba">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Law_enforcement_in_Dominica&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Law enforcement in Dominica (page does not exist)">Dominica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominican_Republic_National_Police" title="Dominican Republic National Police">Dominican Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Police_of_Ecuador" title="National Police of Ecuador">Ecuador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Civil_Police_(El_Salvador)" title="National Civil Police (El Salvador)">El Salvador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Greenland" title="Law enforcement in Greenland">Greenland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Grenada_Police_Force" title="Royal Grenada Police Force">Grenada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Guatemala" title="Law enforcement in Guatemala">Guatemala</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Law_enforcement_in_Guyana&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Law enforcement in Guyana (page does not exist)">Guyana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haitian_National_Police" title="Haitian National Police">Haiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Honduras" title="Law enforcement in Honduras">Honduras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamaica_Constabulary_Force" title="Jamaica Constabulary Force">Jamaica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Police_(Mexico)" title="Federal Police (Mexico)">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Police_of_Nicaragua" title="National Police of Nicaragua">Nicaragua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panamanian_National_Police" title="Panamanian National Police">Panama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Paraguay" title="Law enforcement in Paraguay">Paraguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Police_of_Peru" title="National Police of Peru">Peru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_St_Christopher_and_Nevis_Police_Force" title="Royal St Christopher and Nevis Police Force">St. Kitts and Nevis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Saint_Lucia_Police_Force" title="Royal Saint Lucia Police Force">Saint Lucia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines_Police_Force" title="Royal Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Police Force">St. Vincent and the Grenadines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Suriname" title="Law enforcement in Suriname">Suriname</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trinidad_and_Tobago_Police_Service" title="Trinidad and Tobago Police Service">Trinidad and Tobago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_the_United_States" title="Law enforcement in the United States">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Police_of_Uruguay" title="National Police of Uruguay">Uruguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polic%C3%ADa_Nacional_Bolivariana" class="mw-redirect" title="Policía Nacional Bolivariana">Venezuela</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Asia and Oceania</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afghan_National_Police" title="Afghan National Police">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Police_of_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Police of Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_Security_Forces" title="Public Security Forces">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh_Police" title="Bangladesh Police">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Bhutan_Police" title="Royal Bhutan Police">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Brunei_Police_Force" title="Royal Brunei Police Force">Brunei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myanmar_Police_Force" title="Myanmar Police Force">Burma (Myanmar)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Cambodia" title="Law enforcement in Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Police_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="People's Police of the People's Republic of China">PR China</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_Police_Force" title="Hong Kong Police Force">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macau_Security_Force" class="mw-redirect" title="Macau Security Force">Macau</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Police_Service" title="Indian Police Service">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesian_National_Police" title="Indonesian National Police">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_Enforcement_Force_of_the_Islamic_Republic_of_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="Law Enforcement Force of the Islamic Republic of Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Police" title="Iraqi Police">Iraq</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zeravani" title="Zeravani">Kurdistan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israel_Police" title="Israel Police">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Police_Agency_(Japan)" title="National Police Agency (Japan)">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_Security_Directorate" title="Public Security Directorate">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Kazakhstan" title="Law enforcement in Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Police_of_North_Korea" class="mw-redirect" title="Police of North Korea">North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Police_Agency_(South_Korea)" title="National Police Agency (South Korea)">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuwait_Police" title="Kuwait Police">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Kyrgyzstan" title="Law enforcement in Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Public_Security_(Laos)" title="Ministry of Public Security (Laos)">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internal_Security_Forces" title="Internal Security Forces">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Malaysia_Police" title="Royal Malaysia Police">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Police_Agency_(Mongolia)" title="National Police Agency (Mongolia)">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nauru_Police_Force" title="Nauru Police Force">Nauru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepal_Police" title="Nepal Police">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_Police" title="New Zealand Police">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Oman_Police" title="Royal Oman Police">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Investigation_Agency" title="Federal Investigation Agency">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestinian_Security_Services" title="Palestinian Security Services">Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_National_Police" title="Philippine National Police">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qatar_State_Security" title="Qatar State Security">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Saudi_Arabia" class="mw-redirect" title="Law enforcement in Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singapore_Police_Force" title="Singapore Police Force">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka_Police_Service" class="mw-redirect" title="Sri Lanka Police Service">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Syria" title="Law enforcement in Syria">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Thai_Police" title="Royal Thai Police">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Tajikistan" title="Law enforcement in Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuvalu_Police_Force" title="Tuvalu Police Force">Tuvalu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Police_of_East_Timor" title="National Police of East Timor">East Timor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Turkmenistan" title="Law enforcement in Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_the_United_Arab_Emirates" title="Law enforcement in the United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Uzbekistan" title="Law enforcement in Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnam_People%27s_Public_Security" title="Vietnam People's Public Security">Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_Security_Forces_(Yemen)" title="Special Security Forces (Yemen)">Yemen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/State_Police_(Albania)" title="State Police (Albania)">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Police_Corps_of_Andorra" title="Police Corps of Andorra">Andorra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Police_of_Armenia" title="Police of Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Police_(Austria)" title="Federal Police (Austria)">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Azerbaijan" title="Law enforcement in Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Militsiya_(Belarus)" title="Militsiya (Belarus)">Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Police_(Belgium)" title="Federal Police (Belgium)">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosnian_Police" class="mw-redirect" title="Bosnian Police">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Police_Service_(Bulgaria)" title="National Police Service (Bulgaria)">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Police_of_Croatia" class="mw-redirect" title="Police of Croatia">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyprus_Police" title="Cyprus Police">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Police_of_the_Czech_Republic" title="Police of the Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Police_of_Denmark" title="Police of Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Police_and_Border_Guard_Board" title="Police and Border Guard Board">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_the_Faroe_Islands" title="Law enforcement in the Faroe Islands">Faroe Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Police_of_Finland" title="Police of Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Police_(France)" title="National Police (France)">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Georgia_(country)" title="Law enforcement in Georgia (country)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Police_(Germany)" title="Federal Police (Germany)">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellenic_Police" title="Hellenic Police">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rend%C5%91rs%C3%A9g" title="Rendőrség">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Icelandic_Police" title="Icelandic Police">Iceland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garda_S%C3%ADoch%C3%A1na" title="Garda Síochána">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polizia_di_Stato" title="Polizia di Stato">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_Police_(Latvia)" title="State Police (Latvia)">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_Police_Force" title="Lithuanian Police Force">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Ducal_Police" title="Grand Ducal Police">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malta_Police_Force" title="Malta Police Force">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_Police_Inspectorate" class="mw-redirect" title="General Police Inspectorate">Moldova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monaco_Police_Department" title="Monaco Police Department">Monaco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Montenegro" class="mw-redirect" title="Law enforcement in Montenegro">Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Police_Corps_(Netherlands)" title="National Police Corps (Netherlands)">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Police_of_North_Macedonia" title="Police of North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_Police_Service" title="Norwegian Police Service">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Police_of_Poland" title="Police of Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pol%C3%ADcia_de_Seguran%C3%A7a_P%C3%BAblica" title="Polícia de Segurança Pública">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_Police" title="Romanian Police">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Police_of_Russia" title="Police of Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_Police_(San_Marino)" title="Civil Police (San Marino)">San Marino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Serbia" class="mw-redirect" title="Law enforcement in Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Slovakia" title="Law enforcement in Slovakia">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovenian_National_Police_Force" title="Slovenian National Police Force">Slovenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Spain" title="Law enforcement in Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_Police_Authority" title="Swedish Police Authority">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Office_of_Police" title="Federal Office of Police">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_Directorate_of_Security_(Turkey)" title="General Directorate of Security (Turkey)">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Police_of_Ukraine" title="National Police of Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">United Kingdom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_law_enforcement_agencies_in_the_United_Kingdom,_Crown_Dependencies_and_British_Overseas_Territories#England_and_Wales" title="List of law enforcement agencies in the United Kingdom, Crown Dependencies and British Overseas Territories">England and Wales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Police_Scotland" title="Police Scotland">Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Police_Service_of_Northern_Ireland" title="Police Service of Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Gibraltar_Police" title="Royal Gibraltar Police">Gibraltar</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">states with limited recognition</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_the_Republic_of_Artsakh" class="mw-redirect" title="Law enforcement in the Republic of Artsakh">Artsakh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosovo_Police" title="Kosovo Police">Kosovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Directorate_General_for_Police" title="Directorate General for Police">Northern Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_the_Sahrawi_Arab_Democratic_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Law enforcement in the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic">Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somaliland_Police" title="Somaliland Police">Somaliland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Police_Agency_(Taiwan)" title="National Police Agency (Taiwan)">Republic of China (Taiwan)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">defunct</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Albania (<a href="/wiki/Royal_Albanian_Gendarmerie" title="Royal Albanian Gendarmerie">Royal Albanian Gendarmerie</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_Security_(Czechoslovakia)" title="Public Security (Czechoslovakia)">Czechoslovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volkspolizei" title="Volkspolizei">East Germany</a></li> <li>Philippines <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Integrated_National_Police" title="Integrated National Police">INP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_Constabulary" title="Philippine Constabulary">Philippine Constabulary</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milicja_Obywatelska" title="Milicja Obywatelska">Polish People's Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Militsiya" title="Militsiya">Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Vietnam_National_Police" title="Republic of Vietnam National Police"> South Vietnam</a></li> <li>Yugoslavia (<a href="/wiki/Militia_(Yugoslavia)" title="Militia (Yugoslavia)">SFR Yugoslavia</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Border_protection_agencies" title="Template:Border protection agencies">Border guard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Coast_guards" title="Template:Coast guards">Coast guard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Customs_services" title="Template:Customs services">Customs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Police" title="Template:Police">Law enforcement agency</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Types_of_law_enforcement_agencies" title="Template:Types of law enforcement agencies">Types</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:National_intelligence_agencies" title="Template:National intelligence agencies">Intelligence agency</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="United_Kingdom_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:United_Kingdom_topics" title="Template:United Kingdom topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:United_Kingdom_topics" title="Template talk:United Kingdom topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:United_Kingdom_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:United Kingdom topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="United_Kingdom_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> articles</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="History of the United Kingdom">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_British_history" title="Timeline of British history">Chronology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Formation_of_the_United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Northern_Ireland" class="mw-redirect" title="Formation of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland">Formation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Union_of_England_and_Scotland_Act_1603" title="Union of England and Scotland Act 1603">Union of England and Scotland Act 1603</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Union" title="Treaty of Union">Treaty of Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acts_of_Union_1707" title="Acts of Union 1707">Acts of Union 1707</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_with_Scotland_(Amendment)_Act_1707" title="Union with Scotland (Amendment) Act 1707">Union with Scotland (Amendment) Act 1707</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_era" title="Georgian era">Georgian era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victorian_era" title="Victorian era">Victorian era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edwardian_era" title="Edwardian era">Edwardian era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_Kingdom_during_the_First_World_War" title="History of the United Kingdom during the First World War">First World War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interwar_Britain" title="Interwar Britain">Interwar</a></li> <li>Second World War <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_home_front_during_World_War_II" title="United Kingdom home front during World War II">civilian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_United_Kingdom_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of the United Kingdom during World War II">military</a></li></ul></li> <li>Postwar <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Postwar_Britain_(1945%E2%80%931979)" class="mw-redirect" title="Postwar Britain (1945–1979)">political</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_history_of_Postwar_Britain_(1945%E2%80%931979)" class="mw-redirect" title="Social history of Postwar Britain (1945–1979)">social</a></li></ul></li> <li>Since 1979 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Political_history_of_the_United_Kingdom_(1979%E2%80%93present)" title="Political history of the United Kingdom (1979–present)">political</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_history_of_the_United_Kingdom_(1979%E2%80%93present)" title="Social history of the United Kingdom (1979–present)">social</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">By topic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Economic history of the United Kingdom">Economic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_foreign_relations_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="History of the foreign relations of the United Kingdom">Foreign relations</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_relations_(1814%E2%80%931919)" title="International relations (1814–1919)">1814–1919</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_law_enforcement_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="History of law enforcement in the United Kingdom">Law enforcement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maritime_history_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Maritime history of the United Kingdom">Maritime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_mass_surveillance_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="History of mass surveillance in the United Kingdom">Mass surveillance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Military history of the United Kingdom">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_taxation_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="History of taxation in the United Kingdom">Taxation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_women_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="History of women in the United Kingdom">Women's history</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Geography of the United Kingdom">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Administrative_geography_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Administrative geography of the United Kingdom">Administrative</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Counties_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Counties of the United Kingdom">Counties of the United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Countries_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Countries of the United Kingdom">Countries of the United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crown_Dependencies" title="Crown Dependencies">Crown Dependencies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Overseas_Territories" title="British Overseas Territories">Overseas territories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_status_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="City status in the United Kingdom">City status</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_towns_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="List of towns in the United Kingdom">Towns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_that_have_gained_independence_from_the_United_Kingdom" title="List of countries that have gained independence from the United Kingdom">Former colonies</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Geography of the United Kingdom">Physical</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_Isles" title="British Isles">British Isles</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Terminology_of_the_British_Isles" title="Terminology of the British Isles">terminology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Britain" title="Great Britain">Great Britain</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Climate of the United Kingdom">Climate</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Climate change in the United Kingdom">change</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coastline_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Coastline of the United Kingdom">Coastline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geology_of_Great_Britain" title="Geology of Great Britain">Geology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lakes_and_lochs_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="List of lakes and lochs of the United Kingdom">Lakes and lochs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_mountains_and_hills_in_the_British_Isles" title="Lists of mountains and hills in the British Isles">Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="List of rivers of the United Kingdom">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_volcanoes_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="List of volcanoes in the United Kingdom">Volcanoes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_renewable_resources_produced_and_traded_by_the_United_Kingdom" title="List of renewable resources produced and traded by the United Kingdom">Resources</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Agriculture in the United Kingdom">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Energy in the United Kingdom">Energy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biodiesel_in_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Biodiesel in the United Kingdom">biodiesel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coal_mining_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Coal mining in the United Kingdom">coal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geothermal_power_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Geothermal power in the United Kingdom">geothermal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydraulic_fracturing_in_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydraulic fracturing in the United Kingdom">hydraulic frac.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydroelectricity_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Hydroelectricity in the United Kingdom">hydroelectricity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_the_United_Kingdom#Ocean_power" title="Renewable energy in the United Kingdom">marine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Sea_oil" title="North Sea oil">North Sea oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Renewable energy in the United Kingdom">Renewable energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_power_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Solar power in the United Kingdom">solar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wind_power_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Wind power in the United Kingdom">wind</a></li></ul></li> <li>Fishing <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fishing_industry_in_England" title="Fishing industry in England">English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fishing_industry_in_Scotland" title="Fishing industry in Scotland">Scottish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fishing_industry_in_Wales" title="Fishing industry in Wales">Welsh</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunting_and_shooting_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Hunting and shooting in the United Kingdom">Hunting</a></li> <li>Materials <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Forestry_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Forestry in the United Kingdom">forestry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mining_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Mining in the United Kingdom">mining</a></li></ul></li> <li>Wildlife <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fauna_of_Great_Britain" title="Fauna of Great Britain">fauna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flora_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland" title="Flora of Great Britain and Ireland">flora</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Politics of the United Kingdom">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Constitution of the United Kingdom">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Corruption in the United Kingdom">Corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devolution_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Devolution in the United Kingdom">Devolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Elections in the United Kingdom">Elections</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/UK_parliamentary_by-elections" title="UK parliamentary by-elections">By-elections</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Foreign relations of the United Kingdom">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Human rights in the United Kingdom">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in the United Kingdom">LGBT</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judiciaries_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Judiciaries of the United Kingdom">Judiciary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Law of the United Kingdom">Law</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Law enforcement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Local_government_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Local government in the United Kingdom">Local government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Monarchy of the United Kingdom">Monarchy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_British_monarchs" title="List of British monarchs">monarchs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republicanism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Republicanism in the United Kingdom">republicanism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_nationality_law" title="British nationality law">Nationality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Parliament of the United Kingdom">Parliament</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Commons_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="House of Commons of the United Kingdom">House of Commons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Lords" title="House of Lords">House of Lords</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="List of political parties in the United Kingdom">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_female_leaders_of_British_political_parties" title="List of female leaders of British political parties">Female party leaders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_scandals_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="List of political scandals in the United Kingdom">Political scandals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Official_Opposition_Shadow_Cabinet_(United_Kingdom)" title="Official Opposition Shadow Cabinet (United Kingdom)">Shadow Cabinet</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Government_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Government of the United Kingdom">Government</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Cabinet of the United Kingdom">Cabinet</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_British_governments" title="List of British governments">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_Service_(United_Kingdom)" title="Civil Service (United Kingdom)">Civil service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Departments_of_the_Government_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Departments of the Government of the United Kingdom">Departments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunak_ministry" title="Sunak ministry">Ministers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_government_ministers_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="List of government ministers of the United Kingdom">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Prime Minister of the United Kingdom">Prime Minister</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_prime_ministers_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="List of prime ministers of the United Kingdom">list</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/British_Armed_Forces" title="British Armed Forces">Military</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/His_Majesty%27s_Naval_Service" title="His Majesty's Naval Service">His Majesty's Naval Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Army" title="British Army">British Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Air_Force" title="Royal Air Force">Royal Air Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_and_weapons_of_mass_destruction" title="United Kingdom and weapons of mass destruction">Weapons of mass destruction</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Economy of the United Kingdom">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_banks_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="List of banks in the United Kingdom">Banks</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bank_of_England" title="Bank of England">Bank of England</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Budget_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Budget of the United Kingdom">Budget</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_geography_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Economic geography of the United Kingdom">Economic geography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_trade_agreements_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Free trade agreements of the United Kingdom">Free trade agreements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Income_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Income in the United Kingdom">Income</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manufacturing_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Manufacturing in the United Kingdom">Manufacturing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pound_sterling" title="Pound sterling">Pound sterling <span style="font-size:85%;">(currency)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Science and technology in the United Kingdom">Science and technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_stock_exchanges_in_the_United_Kingdom,_the_British_Crown_Dependencies_and_United_Kingdom_Overseas_Territories" title="List of stock exchanges in the United Kingdom, the British Crown Dependencies and United Kingdom Overseas Territories">Stock exchanges</a> (<a href="/wiki/London_Stock_Exchange" title="London Stock Exchange">London Exchange</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Taxation in the United Kingdom">Taxation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Telecommunications in the United Kingdom">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Tourism in the United Kingdom">Tourism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Transport in the United Kingdom">Transport</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air_transport_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Air transport in the United Kingdom">Air transport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bus_transport" class="mw-redirect" title="Bus transport">Bus transport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Driving_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Driving in the United Kingdom">Driving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roads_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Roads in the United Kingdom">Roads</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rail_transport_in_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Rail transport in the United Kingdom">Rail transport</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Category:Society of the United Kingdom">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Cannabis in the United Kingdom">Cannabis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Crime in the United Kingdom">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Demographics of the United Kingdom">Demography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_policy_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Drug policy of the United Kingdom">Drug policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Education in the United Kingdom">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_inequality_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Environmental inequality in the United Kingdom">Environmental inequality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Environmental issues in the United Kingdom">Environmental issues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Ethnic groups in the United Kingdom">Ethnic groups</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Health in the United Kingdom">Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homelessness_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Homelessness in the United Kingdom">Homelessness</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Homelessness_in_England" title="Homelessness in England">England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homelessness_in_Scotland" title="Homelessness in Scotland">Scotland</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Housing_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Housing in the United Kingdom">Housing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunger_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Hunger in the United Kingdom">Hunger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_immigration_to_the_United_Kingdom" title="Modern immigration to the United Kingdom">Immigration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_British_innovations_and_discoveries" title="List of British innovations and discoveries">Innovation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Languages of the United Kingdom">Languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_British_regions_by_life_expectancy" title="List of British regions by life expectancy">Life expectancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mental_health_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Mental health in the United Kingdom">Mental health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Poverty in the United Kingdom">Poverty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostitution_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Prostitution in the United Kingdom">Prostitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Public holidays in the United Kingdom">Public holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Racism in the United Kingdom">Racism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_care_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Social care in the United Kingdom">Social care</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Social class in the United Kingdom">Social class</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Suicide in the United Kingdom">Suicide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_basic_income_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Universal basic income in the United Kingdom">Universal basic income (UBI)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Water supply and sanitation in the United Kingdom">Water supply and sanitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Waste in the United Kingdom">Waste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welfare_state_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Welfare state in the United Kingdom">Welfare state</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Culture of the United Kingdom">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Art_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Art of the United Kingdom">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_Save_the_King" title="God Save the King">Anthem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Cinema of the United Kingdom">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_cuisine" title="British cuisine">Cuisine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wine_from_the_United_Kingdom" title="Wine from the United Kingdom">Wine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_national_identity" title="British national identity">Identity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_literature" title="British literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_media_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Mass media in the United Kingdom">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Music of the United Kingdom">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Religion in the United Kingdom">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Sport in the United Kingdom">Sport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_national_symbols_of_the_United_Kingdom,_the_Channel_Islands_and_the_Isle_of_Man" title="List of national symbols of the United Kingdom, the Channel Islands and the Isle of Man">Symbols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theatre_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Theatre of the United Kingdom">Theatre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stereotypes_of_the_British" class="mw-redirect" title="Stereotypes of the British">Stereotypes of the British</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="List of World Heritage Sites in the United Kingdom">World Heritage Sites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglosphere" title="Anglosphere">Anglosphere</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Countries_of_the_United_Kingdom" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Countries_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Countries of the United Kingdom">Countries of the United Kingdom</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_England" title="History of England">History</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/English_society" title="English society">social</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_English_history" title="Timeline of English history">timeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_England" title="Geography of England">Geography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_England" title="Politics of England">Politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_law" title="English law">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_England" title="Economy of England">Economy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_England" title="Tourism in England">tourism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_England" title="Education in England">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_England" title="Healthcare in England">Health care</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homelessness_in_England" title="Homelessness in England">Homelessness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_England" title="Culture of England">Culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_England" title="Religion in England">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_symbols_of_England" title="National symbols of England">Symbols</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland" title="Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Northern_Ireland" title="History of Northern Ireland">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland#Geography_and_climate" title="Northern Ireland">Geography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Northern_Ireland" title="Politics of Northern Ireland">Politics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland_Assembly" title="Northern Ireland Assembly">Assembly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland_Executive" title="Northern Ireland Executive">Executive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Minister_and_deputy_First_Minister_of_Northern_Ireland" class="mw-redirect" title="First Minister and deputy First Minister of Northern Ireland">First Minister and deputy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_Northern_Ireland" title="Law of Northern Ireland">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Northern_Ireland" title="Economy of Northern Ireland">Economy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tourist_attractions_in_Ireland" title="List of tourist attractions in Ireland">tourism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Northern_Ireland" title="Education in Northern Ireland">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_and_Social_Care_(Northern_Ireland)" title="Health and Social Care (Northern Ireland)">Health care</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Northern_Ireland" title="Culture of Northern Ireland">Culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Northern_Ireland" title="Religion in Northern Ireland">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland#Symbols" title="Northern Ireland">Symbols</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland">Scotland</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Scotland" title="History of Scotland">History</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Scottish_history" title="Timeline of Scottish history">timeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Scotland" title="Geography of Scotland">Geography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Scotland" title="Politics of Scotland">Politics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Parliament" title="Scottish Parliament">Parliament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Government" title="Scottish Government">Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Minister_of_Scotland" title="First Minister of Scotland">First Minister</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scots_law" title="Scots law">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Scotland" title="Economy of Scotland">Economy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Scotland" title="Tourism in Scotland">tourism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Scotland" title="Education in Scotland">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_Scotland" title="Healthcare in Scotland">Health care</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homelessness_in_Scotland" title="Homelessness in Scotland">Homelessness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Scotland" title="Culture of Scotland">Culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Scotland" title="Religion in Scotland">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_symbols_of_Scotland" title="National symbols of Scotland">Symbols</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Wales" title="Wales">Wales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Wales" title="History of Wales">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Wales" title="Geography of Wales">Geography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Wales" title="Politics of Wales">Politics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Senedd" title="Senedd">Senedd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_Government" title="Welsh Government">Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Minister_of_Wales" title="First Minister of Wales">First Minister</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_law" title="Welsh law">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Wales" title="Economy of Wales">Economy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Wales" title="Tourism in Wales">tourism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Wales" title="Education in Wales">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_Wales" title="Healthcare in Wales">Health care</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Wales" title="Culture of Wales">Culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Wales" title="Religion in Wales">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_symbols_of_Wales" title="National symbols of Wales">Symbols</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div><div style="margin-bottom:-0.4em;"><ul><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Outline of the United Kingdom">Outline</a></span></li><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Index_of_United_Kingdom%E2%80%93related_articles" title="Index of United Kingdom–related articles">Index</a></span></li></ul></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:United_Kingdom" title="Category:United Kingdom">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:United_Kingdom" title="Portal:United Kingdom">Portal</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Law_enforcement_in_the_United_Kingdom&oldid=1259370429">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Law_enforcement_in_the_United_Kingdom&oldid=1259370429</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Category</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Law_enforcement_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Category:Law enforcement in the United Kingdom">Law enforcement in the United Kingdom</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" title="Category:Webarchive template wayback links">Webarchive template wayback links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_bare_URLs_for_citations" title="Category:All articles with bare URLs for citations">All articles with bare URLs for citations</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_bare_URLs_for_citations_from_March_2022" title="Category:Articles with bare URLs for citations from March 2022">Articles with bare URLs for citations from March 2022</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_PDF_format_bare_URLs_for_citations" title="Category:Articles with PDF format bare URLs for citations">Articles with PDF format bare URLs for citations</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_others" title="Category:CS1 maint: others">CS1 maint: others</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_September_2024" title="Category:Use dmy dates from September 2024">Use dmy dates from September 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_British_English_from_March_2019" title="Category:Use British English from March 2019">Use British English from March 2019</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements" title="Category:All articles with unsourced statements">All articles with unsourced statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_September_2013" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from September 2013">Articles with unsourced statements from September 2013</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Irish-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Irish-language text">Articles containing Irish-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_in_need_of_updating_from_October_2024" title="Category:Wikipedia articles in need of updating from October 2024">Wikipedia articles in need of updating from October 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_Wikipedia_articles_in_need_of_updating" title="Category:All Wikipedia articles in need of updating">All Wikipedia articles in need of updating</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_January_2024" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from January 2024">Articles with unsourced statements from January 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Commons_category_link_is_defined_as_the_pagename" title="Category:Commons category link is defined as the pagename">Commons category link is defined as the pagename</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 24 November 2024, at 20:30<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Law_enforcement_in_the_United_Kingdom&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-5c9b544f44-xmd29","wgBackendResponseTime":234,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"2.499","walltime":"2.936","ppvisitednodes":{"value":24068,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":698095,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":43483,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":16,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":46,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":679188,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 2354.367 1 -total"," 47.80% 1125.347 2 Template:Reflist"," 25.63% 603.421 114 Template:Cite_web"," 11.01% 259.179 14 Template:Navbox"," 8.84% 208.149 31 Template:Cite_news"," 7.15% 168.424 1 Template:Europe_topic"," 6.05% 142.460 49 Template:Iso2country"," 5.28% 124.273 1 Template:Lang"," 5.22% 122.930 1 Template:Law_enforcement_in_the_United_Kingdom"," 5.07% 119.451 1 Template:Sidebar_with_collapsible_lists"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"1.378","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":19176363,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-profile":[["?","240","15.8"],["dataWrapper \u003Cmw.lua:672\u003E","240","15.8"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","200","13.2"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::match","100","6.6"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::gsub","100","6.6"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getAllExpandedArguments","60","3.9"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::redirectTarget","60","3.9"],["is_alias_used \u003CModule:Citation/CS1/Utilities:275\u003E","40","2.6"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getExpensiveData","40","2.6"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::anchorEncode","40","2.6"],["[others]","400","26.3"]]},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-5cd4cd96d5-9v494","timestamp":"20241127030612","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Law enforcement in the United Kingdom","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Law_enforcement_in_the_United_Kingdom","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q1527859","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q1527859","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2003-10-22T15:59:44Z","dateModified":"2024-11-24T20:30:26Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/e\/ee\/Very_friendly_MPS_officers_in_London.jpg","headline":"national law enforcement of the U.K."}</script> </body> </html>